1.
Tronc
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Tronc, Inc. is an American newspaper print and online media publishing company based in Chicago, Illinois. It also publishes several local newspapers in metropolitan regions, which are organized in subsidiary groups. It is the nations third-largest newspaper publisher, with ten daily newspapers, on June 20,2016, the company adopted the name tronc, short for Tribune online content. Troncs history dates back to 1847, when the Chicago Tribune published its first edition on June 10 of that year, in a plant located at LaSalle. The Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring Chicago Shall Rise Again, the newspapers editor and part-owner, Joseph Medill, was elected mayor and led the citys reconstruction. A native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, Medill gained full control of the newspaper in 1874, medills two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911. That same year, the Chicago Tribunes first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, the mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, in which Tribune held an investment interest until 1995. The Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate was formed in 1918, leading to Joseph Pattersons establishment of the second newspaper. Tribunes ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered interlocking due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson, the company acquired the Fort Lauderdale-based Sun-Sentinel newspaper in 1963, this was later followed by its purchase of the Orlando Sentinel in 1965. In 1973, the company began sharing stories among 25 subscriber newspapers via the newly formed news service, by 1990, this service was known as Knight-Ridder/Tribune and provided graphics, photo and news content to its member newspapers. KRT became McClatchy-Tribune Information Services, which is owned by the Tribune Company and McClatchy. Tribune later acquired the Newport News, Virginia-based Daily Press in 1986, in the wake of a dispute with some of its labor unions, the New York Daily News was sold to British businessman Robert Maxwell in 1991. In June 2000, Tribune acquired the Los Angeles-based Times Mirror Company in a deal worth $8.3 billion. The merger added seven daily newspapers to Tribunes portfolio, including the Los Angeles Times, the Long Island-based Newsday, The Baltimore Sun and the Hartford Courant. Tribune Media Net, the advertising sales organization of Tribune Publishing, was established in 2000 to take advantage of the companys expanded scale. Later in the decade, Tribune launched daily newspapers targeting urban commuters, including the Chicago Tribunes RedEye edition in 2002, in 2006, Tribune acquired the minority equity interest in AM New York, giving it full ownership of the newspaper. The company sold both Newsday and AM New York to Cablevision Systems Corporation in 2008, with the sale of the latter paper closing on July 29 of that year. On April 2,2007, Chicago-based investor Sam Zell announced plans to buy out the Tribune Company for $34.00 a share, totaling $8.2 billion, the deal was approved by 97% of the companys shareholders on August 21,2007
2.
Tribune Tower
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The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic structure located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the home of the Chicago Tribune, Tribune Media, WGN Radio broadcasts from the building, while the ground level houses the large restaurant Howells & Hood, whose patio overlooks nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue. CNNs Chicago bureau is located in the building and it is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. The original Tribune Tower was built in 1868, but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, the competition worked brilliantly for months as a publicity stunt, and the resulting entries still reveal a unique turning point in American architectural history. More than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, with buttresses near the top. The entry that many perceived as the best, by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen, took second place, the 1929 Gulf Building in Houston, Texas, designed by architects Alfred C. Finn, Kenneth Franzheim, and J. E. R. Carpenter, is a realization of that Saarinen design. César Pellis 181 West Madison Street Building in Chicago is also thought to be inspired by Saarinens design, archival materials regarding the competition and the building are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. By 1922 the neo-Gothic skyscraper had become an established design tactic and this was a late example, perhaps the last important example, and criticized for its perceived historicism. Construction on the Tribune Tower was completed in 1925 and reached a height of 462 feet above ground, the ornate buttresses surrounding the peak of the tower are especially visible when the tower is lit at night. As was the case with most of Hoods projects, the sculptures, the tower features carved images of Robin Hood and a howling dog near the main entrance to commemorate the architects. Rene Paul Chambellan contributed his talents to the buildings ornamentation, gargoyles. Rene Chambellan worked on projects with Raymond Hood including the American Radiator Building. Also, among the gargoyles on the Tribune Tower is one of a frog and that piece was created by Rene Chambellan to represent himself jokingly as he is of French ancestry. Many of these reliefs have been incorporated into the lowest levels of the building and are labeled with their location of origin, there are 149 fragments in the building. More recently a rock brought from the moon was displayed in a window in the Tribune giftstore, a piece of steel recovered from the World Trade Center has been added to the wall. Several buildings around the world reference to the design of the Tribune tower. Most notably in Australia, the spires of the Grace Building in Sydney, on April 11,2006 the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum opened, occupying two stories of the building, including the previous location of high-end gift store Hammacher-Schlemmer
3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
4.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
5.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
6.
NASDAQ
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The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, the exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic and Nasdaq Baltic stock market network and several other US stock and options exchanges. When it was founded, NASDAQ stood for the acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers, which divested itself of NASDAQ in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc. the stocks of which were listed on its own stock exchange marketing July 2,2002, when the Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8,1971, it was the worlds first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a system and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades. The Nasdaq Stock Market helped lower the spread but was unpopular among brokerages which made much of their money on the spread. As late as 1987, the NASDAQ exchange was still referred to as OTC in media. Over the years, the Nasdaq Stock Market became more of a market by adding trade and volume reporting. The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted new companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, Oracle and Dell. Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has published since its inception. In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of securities markets, the National Association of Securities Dealers spun off the Nasdaq Stock Market in 2000 to form a publicly traded company. In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a market to a licensed national securities exchange. In 2007, Nasdaq merged with OMX, an exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint. NASDAQ OMX could be looking to acquire the American exchanges cash equities business, at the time, NYSE Euronext’s market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion. Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid. The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market and it was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. Operations were shut down, however, as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble, in 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived as Equiduct, and is currently operating under Börse Berlin
7.
Sinclair Broadcast Group
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Sinclair Broadcast Group is an American telecommunications company that is owned by the family of company founder Julian Sinclair Smith. Sinclair also owns or operates four stations, all located in the Pacific Northwest. Among other non-broadcast properties, Sinclair also owns the Ring of Honor professional wrestling promotion and it Owns a Broadcasting Network, Comet. Smith currently heading the company as its Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, the company, founded by Julian Sinclair Smith, originated in 1971 as the Chesapeake Television Corporation. Its founding television station property was WBFF in Baltimore, Maryland, a subsidiary of Chesapeake Television Corporation, the Commercial Radio Institute, later founded WPTT in Pittsburgh, in 1978, and WTTE in Columbus, Ohio, in 1984. All three stations originally were independents, though WBFF and WTTE became charter affiliates of the Fox Broadcasting Company at its launch in 1986, smiths son David D. Smith began taking a more active role in the company in the 1980s. In 1985, the Chesapeake Television Corporation changed its name to the Sinclair Broadcast Group, in 2001, the FCC levied a $40,000 fine against Sinclair for illegally controlling Glencairn. Sinclair became a listed company in 1995, while the Smith family retained a controlling interest. However, the companys seemingly recovered its financial fortunes enough, as it would begin a string of acquisitions involving television stations. On May 21,2011, it was announced that Sinclair had purchased the professional wrestling promotion Ring of Honor and it also announced that the company was in talks to purchase Columbus, Ohio CW affiliate WWHO from LIN TV. Sinclair would also supply working capital to the stations in consideration of service fees, the group deal was officially completed on January 1,2012 after the FCC approved it on December 21,2011. On November 2,2011, it was announced that Sinclair would purchase all eight stations owned by Freedom Communications in a move for Freedom to eliminate its debt. Sinclair took over the operations of the Freedom stations on December 1,2011 through time brokerage agreements, the deal was granted approval by the FCC on March 13,2012 and was consummated on April 1. On May 15,2012, Sinclair renewed its agreement for its 19 Fox affiliates for five years through 2017. The agreement included the option for Sinclair to purchase Baltimore MyNetworkTV affiliate WUTB from Fox Television Stations at any point between July 1,2012 and March 31,2013. Of these stations, WLFL and WTVZ are both former Fox charter affiliates, having disaffiliated with the network in 1998 to become affiliates of The WB.5 million, concurrently, Sinclair announced that it would also acquire Tampa station WTTA outright from Bay Television, for $40 million. Sinclair also sold two stations, WSTR-TV and KMYS, to Deerfield Media, a company owned by Stephen P. Mumblow, Sinclair continues to operate these two stations under shared services agreements. Sinclair also gave Deerfield Media the option to purchase WJTC and WPMI at a later date, on November 26,2012, Sinclair exercised its option on WUTB through its recently formed LMA partner Deerfield Media
8.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
11.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
12.
Real estate
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Also, the business of real estate, the profession of buying, selling, or renting land, buildings or housing. It is a term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law, such as India, the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Pakistan, Australia. Residential real estate may contain either a family or multifamily structure. Residences can be classified by, if, and how they are connected to neighbouring residences, different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For example, connected residents might be owned by an entity and leased out. Major categories in North America and Europe Attached / multi-unit dwellings Apartment or Flat – An individual unit in a multi-unit building, the boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in apartment buildings. Multi-family house – Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is an apartment or unit. Terraced house – A number of single or multi-unit buildings in a row with shared walls. Condominium – Building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by individuals, common grounds and common areas within the complex are owned and shared jointly. There are townhouse or rowhouse style condominiums as well, semi-detached dwellings Duplex – Two units with one shared wall. Single-family detached house Portable dwellings Mobile homes – Potentially a full-time residence which can be movable on wheels, houseboats – A floating home Tents – Usually very temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of fabric-like material. The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet or meters, in the United States, this includes the area of living space, excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. It can be described roughly by the number of rooms. A studio apartment has a bedroom with no living room. A one-bedroom apartment has a living or dining room separate from the bedroom, Two bedroom, three bedroom, and larger units are common. Major categories in India and the Asian Subcontinent Co-operative Housing Societies Condominiums Chawls Villas Havelis The size is measured in Gaz, Quila, Marla, Beegha, and acre. See List of house types for a listing of housing types and layouts, real estate trends for shifts in the market
13.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
14.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
15.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
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Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
17.
Oaktree Capital Management
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Oaktree Capital Management is an American global asset management firm specializing in alternative investment strategies. As of December 31,2015, the company managed $97 billion, primarily on behalf of public funds, pension funds, foundations, corporate and insurance companies, endowments, on April 12,2012, Oaktree Capital Group LLC became listed on the NYSE, OAK. The firm was co-founded in 1995 by a group who had worked together at the TCW Group starting in the 1980s. Oaktree quickly established a reputation in the high-yield and distressed-debt markets, with headquarters in Los Angeles, the firm has over 900 employees and offices in 17 cities worldwide. Oaktree has a value-oriented investment philosophy, emphasizing risk-control, consistency and specialization, on November 12,2011, the Financial Times said of Oaktree’s approach, “the heart of risk management Oaktree-style, with its emphasis on living to fight another day, is simple. Oaktree eschews overly complicated hedging strategies. ”The firm specializes in off-the-beaten-path and contrarian investments, and favors companies with tangible assets. The firms motto is “if we avoid the losers, the winners will take care of themselves. ”Oaktree invests across the structure, with an emphasis on senior debt in companies and markets where it has what it calls a “knowledge advantage. ”Distressed or otherwise ailing companies, according to Oaktree. Since its 1995 formation, Oaktree has become the largest distressed-debt investor in the world, in 2008, it raised $10.9 billion for what was the largest-ever distressed debt fund, its Opportunities Fund VIIb. As reported in The Washington Post on June 26,2011, in addition to credit investments in distressed debt and high-yield bonds, Oaktree also invests in areas such as private equity, real estate and listed equities. In recent years, the company has expanded its real estate activities, Oaktree’s clientele includes 75 of the 100 largest U. S. S. institutional investors. According to the Wall Street Journal, Oaktree has “long been considered a repository for pension-fund and endowment money. ”The company’s distressed-debt funds are often over-subscribed. Within three months of its founding in 1995, “more than 30 TCW clients transferred $1.5 billion in assets to Oaktree. ”Oaktree has formed various sub-advisory relationships since 1995, in 1996, Oaktree was selected as the sub-advisor for the Vanguard Convertible Securities Fund. Since 1995, Oaktree has created what it refers to as “step-out” strategies and its growth in strategies has largely focused on expanding into European and Asian markets. Between 1997 and 1999, Oaktree created 3 new strategies, Emerging Markets Absolute Return in 1997, European High Yield Bonds in 1999, Oaktree was one of the first U. S. -headquartered alternative asset managers with dedicated European investment teams focused on credit. In 2001 Oaktree continued to introduce new strategies, starting with Mezzanine Finance. Asia Principal Opportunities and Asia Special Situations followed, along with European Principal Investments, Senior Loans and Value Opportunities, European Senior Loans, Global High Yield Bonds, and Emerging Markets Equities. Oaktree was required to put in place policies and procedures to prevent violations in the future, in 2008, the firm raised $11 billion for their distressed debt fund. In 2009, Oaktree was selected by the U. S. Treasury, at the time of Oaktree’s inclusion in the PPIP program, The New York Times reported, “Howard S
18.
Angelo, Gordon & Co.
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The firm is 100% employee-owned, SEC-registered, and has approximately 350 employees. Angelo, Gordon focuses on four main investment disciplines, credit, real estate, private equity, Angelo, Gordon offers two types of investment structures, open-ended hedge fund products and closed-ended private equity-style products. The firm is headquartered in New York City with additional offices worldwide including in Washington DC, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, London, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, Seoul, and Tokyo. John Angelo and Michael Gordon founded the firm on strategies with which they had 15 years prior experience, distressed securities, risk arbitrage, in 1998, the leveraged loan business was added as an extension of the distressed debt business. The firm began buying real estate as early as 1990 through investments in the debt of bankrupt real estate companies. In early 2002 the company added core plus real estate to its real estate strategies as it was able to benefit from its partner network. Since 2005, the firm has expanded its real estate offerings through a dedicated opportunistic Asian real estate strategy, net Lease real estate strategy was established in 2005 to focus on below investment grade tenants. Angelo, Gordon further expanded into the intersections of real estate and credit with the addition of real estate debt in 2006 and residential, the U. S. government invested alongside the selected firms to unlock the frozen credit markets in the wake of the global financial crisis. In October 2013 Larry Schloss became the president of Angelo, Gordon, in March 2016, Mr. Schloss left the firm. Mr. Michael L Gordon, Co-Founder, CEO and Chief Investment Officer Mr. Kirk Wickman, Co-Founder John M Angelo died in 2016 Angelo, Gordon’s portfolio managers have in recent years been noted for top performance in their investment strategies. Liquid strategies — credit opportunities, convertible arbitrage and risk arbitrage, multi-strategy — takes advantage of attractive alternative investment opportunities from a range of the firms disciplines
19.
JPMorgan Chase
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JPMorgan Chase & Co. is a U. S. multinational banking and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City. It is the largest bank in the United States, the third largest bank by total assets, with total assets of roughly US$2.5 trillion. It is a provider of financial services, and according to Forbes magazine is the worlds sixth largest public company based upon a composite ranking. The hedge fund unit of JPMorgan Chase is the second largest hedge fund in the United States, the company was formed in 2000, when Chase Manhattan Corporation merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. The J. P. Morgan brand, historically known as Morgan, is used by the investment banking, asset management, private banking, private wealth management, and treasury & securities services divisions. Fiduciary activity within private banking and private wealth management is done under the aegis of JPMorgan Chase Bank, the Chase brand is used for credit card services in the United States and Canada, the banks retail banking activities in the United States, and commercial banking. The corporate headquarters is located at 270 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, the retail and commercial bank is headquartered in 270 Park Avenue, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York, U. S. JPMorgan Chase & Co. is considered to be a universal bank. As of 2016, JPMorgan Chase is one of the Big Four banks of the United States, followed by Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. JPMorgan Chase, in its current structure, is the result of the combination of several large U. S. banking companies since 1996, including Chase Manhattan Bank, Bank One, Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual. The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed upon the 1955 purchase of Chase National Bank by the Bank of the Manhattan Company, the Bank of the Manhattan Company was the creation of Aaron Burr, who transformed The Manhattan Company from a water carrier into a bank. This of course injected a powerful element of politics into the process and invited what today would be called corruption, the innocuous-looking clause allowed the company to invest surplus capital in any lawful enterprise. Within six months of the creation, and long before it had laid a single section of water pipe, the company opened a bank. Still in existence, it is today J. P. Morgan Chase, weakened by the real estate collapse in the early 1990s, it was acquired by Chemical Bank in 1996, retaining the Chase name. Before its merger with J. P. Morgan & Co. the new Chase expanded the investment, in 1999, it acquired San Francisco-based Hambrecht & Quist for $1.35 billion. In April 2000, UK-based Robert Fleming & Co. was purchased by the new Chase Manhattan Bank for $7.7 billion, the New York Chemical Manufacturing Company was founded in 1823 as a maker of various chemicals. In 1824, the company amended its charter to perform banking activities, in the 1980s and early 1990s, Chemical emerged as one of the leaders in the financing of leveraged buyout transactions. In 1984, Chemical launched Chemical Venture Partners to invest in equity transactions alongside various financial sponsors. At many points throughout history, Chemical Bank was the largest bank in the United States
20.
Tribune Broadcasting
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Tribune Broadcasting is an American media company which operates as a subsidiary of Tribune Media, a media conglomerate based in Chicago, Illinois. Tribune Broadcastings development originated with the June 1924 purchase of Chicago, the new owners changed the stations call letters to WGN, to match the Tribunes slogan, Worlds Greatest Newspaper. The Tribune would launch a station in Chicago, WGN-TV, in April 1948 as a dual affiliate of CBS. WGN-TV and WPIX are the stations that Tribune has owned since their inceptions. Tribune also operated local cable television systems from 1977 to 1985. From January 1995 to September 2006, Tribune Broadcasting was a partner in The WB Television Network, on July 2,1996, Tribune acquired Renaissance Broadcasting, which owned Fox- and WB-affiliated stations in several large and mid-sized markets. In April 2007, Tribunes broadcasting interests were included in the sale of the company to Chicago investor Sam Zell. The deal was completed on December 20,2007, on December 8,2008, Tribune announced that it would voluntarily restructure its debt obligations, as part of its filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court. As the company had sufficient funds to do so, Tribune continued to operate its newspaper publishing and broadcasting, the Federal Communications Commission approved the acquisition on December 20, and the sale was completed one week later on December 27. Tribune Entertainment was Tribunes television production, syndication and advertising sales subsidiary, founded in 1981, this subsidiary produced and/or distributed several first-run syndicated programs including most notably Geraldo, Soul Train and the U. S. Farm Report, Tribune Entertainments production and syndication divisions were shut down in December 2007, on March 19,2013, Tribune Company announced its return to television production with the formation of Tribune Studios. The new company will produce programs primarily for Tribune Broadcastings television stations and WGN America, as of April 2015, Tribune Broadcasting currently owns 39 television stations located in 33 markets. 31 of its stations are affiliated with each of the current post-1986 broadcast networks,14 are affiliated with Fox,12 with The CW, in addition, the company owns five CBS affiliates, two ABC affiliates, two NBC affiliates and one independent station. WGN Radio is the sole remaining radio station, and serves as the flagship station for a regional distribution service known as the Tribune Radio Network. Its primary features are farm reports from longtime WGN agriculture broadcasters Orion Samuelson, WGN also maintains a second online-only service known as WGN. FM. Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license, note, – Indicates a station that was built and signed-on by Tribune. – Indicates a station owned by Renaissance Broadcasting prior to its acquisition by Tribune in 1997, KDVR and WCCT were divested by Renaissance years prior, only to be acquired by Tribune in future acquisitions. – Indicates a station owned by Local TV LLC prior to its acquisition by Tribune in 2013, – Indicates a station owned by Dreamcatcher Broadcasting, LLC, Tribune operates these stations through shared services agreements
21.
Local marketing agreement
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In U. S. and Canadian broadcasting, a local marketing agreement is a contract in which one company agrees to operate a radio or television station owned by another party. In essence, it is a sort of lease or time-buy and its original licensee still remains legally responsible for the station and its operations, such as compliance with relevant regulations regarding content. Occasionally, a marketing agreement may refer to the sharing or contracting of only certain functions. This may also be referred to as a brokerage agreement, local sales agreement, management services agreement, or most commonly. JSAs are counted toward ownership caps for television and radio stations. S. -based radio station in a border market, in 2014 under chairman Tom Wheeler, the FCC began to increase its scrutiny regarding the use of such agreements—particularly joint sales—to evade its policies. Wheeler indicated that he planned to address local marketing and shared services agreements in the future and these alliances gave larger broadcasters a way to expand their reach, and smaller broadcasters a means of obtaining a stable stream of revenue. In 1992, the FCC began allowing broadcasting companies to own radio stations in a single market. However, broadcasters still used local marketing agreements to help transition acquired stations to their new owners, the first local marketing agreement in North American television was formed in 1991, when the Sinclair Broadcast Group purchased Fox affiliate WPGH-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sinclairs use of local marketing agreements would lead to issues in 1999. After the FCC updated its media ownership rules to allow a company to own two television stations in the same market in August 1999, Sinclair restructured the deal to acquire KOKH outright. In 2001, the FCC issued a $40,000 fine against Sinclair for illegally controlling Glencairn, the most common use of an LMA in television broadcasting is to create a virtual duopoly, where the stations operated under the agreement are consolidated into a single entity. The operations of the stations can be streamlined for cost-effectiveness through the sharing of resources, such as facilities, advertising sales, personnel, sharing agreements may also be used as a loophole to control television stations in situations where it is legally impossible to own them outright. Both companies have since spun out their arms as independent companies. Tegna, who holds the former Gannetts broadcasting and digital media properties, cable television providers advocated barring sharing agreements between television stations for this particular reason. In the United States, the FCC no longer allows broadcasters to collude with one another in negotiating retransmission consent fees, benson had received offers from Raycom and others to buy the station, but was not prepared to sell WVUE outright. Rogers owns a 47% stake in WLYKs licensee, Border International Broadcasting. W, scripps Company stations WPTV and KIVI-TV. News-Press & Gazette Company is affiliated with the sidecar VistaWest Media for stations such as KIDK, both companies are based in St. Joseph, Missouri. Alternatively, the stations may consolidate their news programming under a joint brand
22.
Cable television in the United States
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Cable television first became available in the United States in 1948, with subscription services following in 1949. Data by SNL Kagan shows that as of 2006 about 58. 4% of all American homes subscribe to cable television services. Most cable viewers in the U. S. reside in the suburbs and tend to be middle class, cable television is less common in low income, urban, and rural areas. According to reports released by the Federal Communications Commission, traditional cable television subscriptions in the US peaked around the year 2000, since then, cable subscriptions have been in slow decline, dropping to 54.4 million subscribers by December 2013. Some telephone service providers have started offering television, reaching to 11.3 million video subscribers as of December 2013, walsons first claim is highly disputed, however, since his claimed starting date cannot be verified. The United States Congress and the National Cable Television Association have recognized Walson as having invented cable television in the spring of 1948. A CATV system was developed in the late 1940s by James F. Reynolds in his town of Maple Dale, Pennsylvania, which grew to include Sandy Lake, Stoneboro, Polk, Cochranton, and Meadville. Davidson was the movie theater manager and ran a radio repair business on the side. In 1948, Parsons owned a station in Astoria, Oregon. A year earlier he and his wife had first seen television at a broadcasters convention, in the spring of 1948, Parsons learned that radio station KRSC in Seattle –125 miles away – was going to launch a television station that fall. He found that with a large antenna he could receive KRSCs signal on the roof of the Hotel Astoria, when the station went on the air in November 1948, Parsons was the only one in town able to see television. According to MSNBCs Bob Sullivan, Parsons charged a $125 one-time set-up fee, in May 1968, Parsons was acknowledged as the father of community antenna television. In 1950, Robert Tarlton developed the first commercial television system in the United States. The system was featured in stories in The New York Times, Newsweek, the publicity of this successful early system set off a wave of cable system construction throughout the United States, and Tarlton himself became a highly sought-after consultant. Tarlton used equipment manufactured by a new company, Jerrold Electronics, after seeing the success of the Tarlton system in 1950, Jerrold President Milton Shapp reorganized his company to build equipment for the now-growing cable industry. In 1952, Tarlton went to work for Jerrold, helping to construct most of the systems built by that company in the 1950s. Tarlton was also responsible for training many of the operators of cable systems in the 1950s. In 2003, Tarlton was inducted in the Cable Television Hall of Fame for his building the first widely publicized cable television company in America
23.
WGN America
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WGN America is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Tribune Broadcasting. As of July 2015, WGN America is available in approximately 72.987 million pay television households in the United States, conversely, WGN-TV does not carry WGN Americas original series, outside of any special presentations of a programs series premiere. Until December 31,2015, WGN America broadcast on an Eastern Time schedule, as such, promos for WGN America programs referenced airtimes for both the Eastern and Pacific time zones. WGN America is available in the United States on most cable providers, as well as on DirecTV, AT&T U-verse, however, it continues not to be available on cable in portions of the western United States and much of the New England region of the northeastern United States. Moreover, some providers in select markets where Tribune Broadcasting owns a television station do not carry WGN America on analog or digital cable. 8% ownership interest in Newsday Holdings. On 12 June 2016, the contract between Dish Network and Tribune Broadcasting expired. At 19,00 EDT, Dish Network ceased carriage of Tribune Broadcastings television networks, including WGN America, local station feeds, like those of WGN-TV, were replaced with a repeating recorded video message prepared by Dish Network. WGN America was replaced by a feed of TNT. The 2 sides reached a deal to re-add the networks on 3 September, in the Chicago metropolitan area, WGN America is not available over-the-air as a digital subchannel of WGN-TV. The channel is available within the Chicago market via the three major cable providers, AT&T U-verse and DirecTV, in addition to the WGN-TV broadcast signal. Prior to its conversion into a cable channel in December 2014. The decision to switch to the Chicago area feed is believed to have made in order to avoid paying fees that are required to carry the then WGN superstation feed. In response, a national feed of WGN-TV was launched on January 1,1990 to avoid any potential blackouts. On December 3,1993, Tribune Broadcasting signed an agreement with WGN-TV/Chicago to become a charter affiliate of The WB Television Network. While The WBs programming was split between two stations in the Chicago market, WGN-TV, and WCIU-TV, The WBs entire programming schedule was carried by the WGN superstation feed. m. Eastern Time slot on nights without WB network programming with either sports telecasts from WGN-TV that were cleared for national broadcast or movies, in several U. S. cities outside of the Chicago area. The move was made in order to make room for additional cable networks due to limited space. Outcry from some TCI subscribers over the decision to drop WGN resulted in the cable provider later backing off plans to drop the superstation feed in five Midwestern states
24.
Chicagoland Television
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Chicagoland Television is an American regional cable news television channel located in Chicago, Illinois. The channel currently serves the Chicago metropolitan area, with availability in the nearby Rockford and South Bend. The Chicago Tribune, owned by tronc since Tribunes publishing assets were spun-off in summer 2014, chicagoland Television operates from the studios of WGN-TV on Bradley Place in Chicagos North Center neighborhood. The channel began operations on January 1,1993, originally broadcasting out of studios located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Brook. As a result of the integration of the operations, CLTV relocated from its Oak Brook studio to WGNs Bradley Place studios on the northwest side of Chicago. The move became official on August 28,2009, when control of the cable channel was also turned over to WGN-TVs news department. Prior to this, Tribune integrated CLTVs weather operations with channel 9, upon the completion of the merger, CLTV received a new on-air logo, implemented new graphics based on those used by WGN-TV for that stations newscasts and upgraded to high definition broadcasts. The wheel format is subject to interruption due to breaking news events within the city or significant national events that necessitate longer-form coverage, live news broadcasts on the channel begin daily at 4 a. m. and run in blocks of varying lengths until 12 a. m. Due to CLTVs ownership by the Tribune Company, the channel shares content, news footage is shared extensively between CLTV and WGN-TV. All of CLTVs weather coverage is provided by WGN-TV, columnists from the Chicago Tribune also provide in-depth reporting for many feature stories seen on CLTV. The primetime program initially aired on a basis until 2008. CLTV reaches an estimated 1.8 million households, making it one of the most widely distributed cable news channels in the United States. Three months later on January 19,2010, Comcast began offering CLTV on digital cable in the companys Rockford, the SportsChannel/Fox Sports Net and Comcast SportsNet overflow content was not exclusive before October 2009, and was used on other systems that did not carry CLTV. CLTV currently remains unavailable to WOW, aT&T U-verse, Dish Network and DirecTV subscribers in the Chicago market. com – WGN-TV official website
25.
WGN (AM)
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WGN,720 kHz, is a commercial AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The stations studios are located at the Tribune Tower on Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Loop, since around 1990, WGN has maintained a news/talk format. WGN does not broadcast in HD, WGN is a clear channel Class A station operating with the maximum AM Radio power of 50,000 watts, using a non-directional antenna. During daytime hours, it can be heard as far as Windsor, Ontario, around 250 miles away, the station also streams its programming on its website. In addition to WGN AM 720s online stream, Tribune also operates an additional internet-only stream, the WGN call letters refer to the Chicago Tribune, following the pattern of other stations such as WLS and WGH in the Tidewater region of Virginia. The predecessor to WGN was WDAP, which signed on the air on May 19,1922, originally based in the Wrigley Building, the station moved its operations to the Drake Hotel in July. On May 12,1923, the Zenith Radio Company signed on radio station WJAZ from the Edgewater Beach Hotel. However, after this period, the Tribune switched its operations to WDAP, and the Zenith station became WEBH. Early programming was noted for its creativity and innovation, in 1926, WGN broadcast Sam & Henry, a daily serial with comic elements created and performed by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll. After a dispute with the station in 1927, Gosden and Correll took the concept and announcer Bill Hay across town to WMAQ and created the first syndicated radio show. WGN served as a member of the Mutual Broadcasting System. On November 1,1931, WGNs network affiliation changed from NBC to CBS as a result of NBCs purchase of a half-interest in WMAQ, which then became Chicagos NBC station. During this period, Count Cutelli installed one of the most advanced sound system to date into the WGN studios. On April 5,1948, sister station WGN-TV Channel 9 signed on the air, in November 1958, WGN became the first radio station in Chicago to broadcast helicopter traffic reports featuring Police Officer Leonard Baldy. Flying Officer Baldy was killed in a crash, while on duty. WGN radio moved back to North Michigan Avenue in 1986, relocating its operations to a studio in the Pioneer Court extension, over many decades, WGN was a full service radio station. The station aired Middle of the Road music until the 1970s, music programming was phased out during the 1980s, and by 1990, the stations lineup mainly consisted of talk shows. Some former well-known personalities on WGN include longtime morning hosts Wally Phillips, Bob Collins, Spike ODell, Paul Harvey, orion Samuelson has been the stations farm reporter since 1960
26.
Food Network
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Food Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network, G. P. A joint venture between Scripps Networks Interactive and the Tribune Cable Ventures Inc, despite this ownership structure, the channel is managed as a division of Scripps Networks Interactive. The channel airs both specials and regular episodic programs about food and cooking, in addition to its headquarters in New York City, Food Network has offices in Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Jersey City, Cincinnati, and Knoxville, Tennessee. As of February 2015, Food Network is available to approximately 96,931,000 pay television households in the United States. Food Network was founded on April 19,1993 as TV Food Network and was launched on November 22 of that year, its name remains Television Food Network. Within a few years, the network had shortened its brand name by removing the TV from its name. It was developed by Reese Schonfeld, under the direction of Providence Journal president Trygve Myrhen, the network was initially launched as a preview in September 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. Schonfeld, who was also a partner in the company, was appointed as managing director of TV Food Network and maintained a spot on its management board along with two Providence Journal employees. The original lineup for the network included Emeril Lagasse, Debbi Fields, Donna Hanover, David Rosengarten, Curtis Aikens, Dr. Louis Arrone, Jacques Pépin, the following year, the network acquired the rights to the Julia Child library from WGBH. In 1995, Schonfeld resigned as managing director of the network, but remained on its board until 1998, in fact, in 1997, it was the second fastest growing cable network. Greg Willis and Cathy Rasenberger were the two of the members of the start-up team who led the affiliate sales and marketing of the company from 1995 to 1998. Greg Willis served as vice president of worldwide distribution until he left to join Liberty Media in 1998. The A. H. Belo Corporation acquired Food Network when it purchased The Providence Journal Company in 1996, Myrhen left the Journal Company the following year. Belo sold the network to the E. W. Scripps Company in 1997, in a deal that resulted in Belo acquiring the television-radio station combination of KENS-AM/TV in San Antonio. In March 2009, the Food Network launched a repurposed Food. com as a site that allows users to aggregate. The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of Food Network launched on March 31,2008, Food Network was first launched outside of North America in the United Kingdom on November 9,2009, and in Asia on July 5,2010. Since the UK launch on November 9,2009 on Sky, Food Network programming is divided into a daytime block known as Food Network in the Kitchen and a primetime lineup branded as Food Network Nighttime. Promos identify Food Network Nighttime programming but not In the Kitchen daytime programming, Food Network airs infomercials on Sundays from 4,00 to 9,30 a. m
27.
Corporate spin-off
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A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, or starburst, is a type of corporate action where a company splits off a section as a separate business. Shareholders of the parent company receive equivalent shares in the new company in order to compensate for the loss of equity in the original stocks. In contrast, divestment can also sever one business from another, many times the management team of the new company are from the same parent organization. Spin-offs also allow high-growth divisions, once separated from other low-growth divisions, the United States Securities and Exchange Commissions definition of spin-off is more precise. Spin-offs occur when the equity owners of the parent company receive equity stakes in the spun off company. For example, when Agilent Technologies was spun off from Hewlett-Packard in 1999, a company not considered a spin-off in the SECs definition may also be called a spin-off in common usage. A second definition of a spin-out is a firm formed when an employee or group of leaves a existing entity to form an independent start-up firm. The prior employer can be a firm, a university, or another organization, spin-outs typically operate at arms length from the previous organizations and have independent sources of financing, products, services, customers, and other assets. In some cases, the spin-out may license technology from the parent or supply the parent with products or services, conversely, such spin-outs are important sources of technological diffusion in high-tech industries. For example, Fosters Group, an Australian beverage company, was prepared to sell its wine business, but due to the lack of a decent offer, it decided to spin off the wine business, which is now called Treasury Wine Estates. Some examples of spin-offs, Guidant was spun off from Eli Lilly and Company in 1994, formed from Lillys Medical Devices, Agilent Technologies spun off from Hewlett-Packard in 1999, formed from HPs former test-and-measurement equipment division. Cenovus Energy was spun off from Encana Corporation in 2009, ocean Rig UDW Inc was spun off from Dryships Inc in September 2011. AOL was a Time Warner spin-off, this effectively was a demerger, DreamWorks Animation was spun off from DreamWorks Studios in 2004. Nuage Networks was spun off from Alcatel Lucent in 2012 News Corporations publishing operations were spun off as News Corp in 2013, the previous News Corporations remaining media properties were retained under the name 21st Century Fox. Over £266 million in external investment has been raised by Isis spin-out companies since 2000, mirror company formation is a specialized form of spin-off used to create a new public company. It simplifies the process of listing the shares on a stock exchange. It works by a public company issuing a bonus share at a 1-for-1 rate in the new company. This new company is sold to another company that does not want to go through the complex
28.
Gannett Company
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Gannett Company, Inc. is a publicly traded American media holding company headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia, near McLean in Greater Washington DC. It is the largest U. S. newspaper publisher as measured by total daily circulation and its assets include the national newspaper USA Today and the erstwhile weekly USA Weekend. Its largest non-national newspaper is The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2015, Gannett Co. Inc. spun off its publishing business into a separate publicly traded entity, while retaining the internet media divisions. Immediately following the spin off, the former parent Company renamed itself Tegna, the spun off publishing business renamed itself Gannett. Gannett Company, Inc. was formed in 1923 by Frank Gannett in Rochester, New York as an outgrowth of the Elmira Gazette, by 1979, the chain had grown to 79 newspapers. In 1979, Gannett acquired Combined Communications Corp. operator of 17 television stations, as well as an advertising division. The company was headquartered in Rochester until 1986, when it moved to Arlington County and its former headquarters building, the Gannett Building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Gannetts oldest newspaper still in circulation is the Leaf-Chronicle located in Clarksville, in 2001, the company moved to its current headquarters in Tysons Corner, a suburb of Washington, D. C. The practice has spread throughout the chain, on March 7,2011, Gannett replaced the stylized G logo in use since the 1970s, and adopted a new company tagline, Its all within reach. In 2010, Gannett increased executive salaries and bonuses, for example, Bob Dickey, Gannetts U. S. newspapers division president, was paid $3.4 million in 2010, the next year, the company laid off 700 U. S. employees to cut costs. In the memo announcing the layoffs, Dickey wrote, While we have many ways to reduce costs. The USA Today website became the one to allow unrestricted access. On August 21,2012, Gannett acquired Blinq Media, around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dishs AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for Gannetts television station, Gannett threatened to pull all of its stations should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours. On June 13,2013, Gannett announced plans to buy Dallas-based Belo Corporation for $1.5 billion, the purchase would add 20 additional stations to Gannetts portfolio and make the company the fourth largest television broadcaster in the U. S. with 43 stations. On December 16,2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that Gannett, Belo, the deal was approved by the FCC on December 20, and it was completed on December 23. On February 28,2014, Meredith Corporation officially took over control of KMOV
29.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
30.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
31.
Orlando Sentinel
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The Orlando Sentinel is the primary newspaper of Orlando, Florida and the Central Florida region. The Sentinel is owned by Tribune Publishing, the Sentinel prices are $1.50 daily and $2 on Saturdays, Sundays and Thanksgiving Day, sales tax is included at newsracks. The Sentinels predecessors date to 1876, when the Orange County Reporter was first published, the Reporter became a daily newspaper in 1905, and merged with the Orlando Evening Star in 1906. Another Orlando paper, the South Florida Sentinel, started publishing as a daily in 1913. Then known as the Morning Sentinel, it bought the Reporter-Star in 1931, Andersen eventually bought both papers outright in 1945, selling them to the Tribune Company of Chicago in 1965. In 1973, the two merged into the daily Sentinel Star. Tribune appointed Charles T. Brumback as president in 1976, harold Tip Lifvendahl was named president and publisher in 1981. The newspaper was renamed the Orlando Sentinel in 1982, john Puerner succeeded Lifvendahl in 1993, who was replaced by Kathleen M. Waltz in 2000. She announced her resignation in February 2008, howard Greenberg, already publisher of fellow Tribune newspaper the Sun-Sentinel of Fort Lauderdale, was named publisher of both papers after Waltz left. In 2008, the Tribune Company called for a redesign of the Sentinel, according to one listing, some of the Sentinels predecessors are, Orlando Reporter, 1892–1903. 1993, investigative reporting, Jeff Brazil and Steve Berry, for exposing the unjust seizure of millions of dollars from motorists—most of them minorities—by a sheriffs drug squad. Bersia, for his editorial campaign attacking predatory lending practices in the state
32.
Sun-Sentinel
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The Sun-Sentinel is the main daily newspaper of Broward County, Florida. Owned by Tronc, it all throughout the three counties that comprise South Florida. It is the newspaper in the area. Howard Saltz of Delray Beach, Florida has held the position of editor since 2011, Saltz was named publisher and editor-in-chief in 2016. Saltz has been in media since 1983 and held positions including reporter and editor in other cities before moving to South Florida. For many years, the Sun-Sentinel exclusively targeted Broward County, however, it expanded its coverage to all of South Florida, including the Miami-Dade and Palm Beach areas, in the late 1990s. In the former area, The Miami Herald is its primary competition, the Sun-Sentinel emphasizes local news, through its Community News and Local sections. It has a circulation of 163,728 and a Sunday circulation of 228,906. It also produced a significant contribution to information graphics in the form of News Illustrated, the photography department has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize twice in the Spot News category. It was a finalist in 1982 for its coverage of a Haitian refugee boat disaster, the Sun-Sentinel publishes several websites, including SunSentinel. com, SouthFlorida. com, SouthFloridaParenting. com, CityLinkMix. com, and TeenlinkSouthFlorida. com. It also publishes a Spanish-language weekly, El Sentinel, and an alternative weekly distributed for free throughout the region, in 1925, the Everglades Breeze was renamed the Sentinel. That same year, two Ohio publishers bought both the Sentinel and the Herald, consolidating the newspapers into a publication called the Daily News. In 1926, Horace and Tom Stillwell purchased the paper, however, the devastation wrought by the 1926 Miami hurricane caused circulation to drop and, in 1929, Tom Stillwell sold the paper to the Gore Publishing Company, headed by R. H. Gore, Sr. By 1945, circulation of the Daily News and Evening Sentinel had climbed to 10,000, in 1953, Gore Publishing changed the name of the paper to the Fort Lauderdale News and added a Sunday morning edition. In 1963, the Tribune Company acquired Gore Publishing, in the 1970s, the morning paper changed its name to the Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel. In 1982, the two merged their editorial staffs. The two papers merged into a single morning paper under the Sun-Sentinel name. In 2000, after expanding its coverage, the changed its name to the South Florida Sun-Sentinel
33.
The Baltimore Sun
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The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the American state of Maryland and provides coverage of local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries. Founded in 1837, it is owned by tronc, abell was born in Rhode Island, where he began journalism with the Providence Patriot. He later worked with newspapers in New York City and Boston, from 1947 to 1986, The Sun was the owner of Marylands first television station, WMAR-TV. In the postwar years, The Sun significantly expanded its overseas presence, the newspaper opened its first foreign bureau in London in 1924. Between 1955 and 1961, it added four new foreign offices, as Cold War tensions grew, it set up shop in Bonn, West Germany, in February 1955. Eleven months later, The Sun opened a Moscow bureau, becoming one of the first U. S. newspapers to do so, a Rome office followed in July 1957, and in 1961, The Sun expanded to New Dehli. At its height, The Sun ran eight foreign bureaus, giving rise to its boast in a 1983 ad that The Sun never sets on the world, the paper was sold in 1986 to the Times-Mirror Company of the Los Angeles Times. The same week, the rival News American, with publishing antecedents since 1773, the oldest paper in the city, it had been owned by the Hearst Corporation since the 1920s. In 1997, The Sun acquired the Patuxent Publishing Company, a suburban newspaper publisher that had a stable of weekly papers. In the 1990s and 2000s, The Sun began cutting back its foreign coverage, in 1995 and 1996, closed its Tokyo, Mexico City and Berlin bureaus. Two more — Beijing and London — fell victim to cost-cutting in 2005, the final three bureaus — Moscow, Jerusalem, and Johannesburg, South Africa — fell a couple years later. All were closed by 2008, as the Tribune Co. streamlined and downsized the newspaper chains foreign reporting, some material from The Suns foreign correspondents is archived at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. In 2000, the Times-Mirror company was purchased by the Tribune Company of Chicago, I,2014 it transferred its newspapers, including The Sun, to Tribune Publishing. On September 19,2005, and again on August 24,2008 and its circulation as of 2010 was 195,561 for the daily edition and 343,552 on Sundays. On April 29,2009, the Tribune Company announced that it would lay off 61 of the 205 staff members in the Sun newsroom. On September 23,2011, it was reported that the Baltimore Sun would be moving its web edition behind a paywall starting October 10,2011, BSMG content reaches more than one million Baltimore-area readers each week and is the regions most widely read source of news. On February 20,2014, The Baltimore Sun Media Group announced they are going to buy the alternative weekly City Paper, in April, the Sun acquired the Maryland publications of Landmark Media Enterprises. The Evening Sun was first published in 1910 under the leadership of Charles H. Grasty, former owner of the Evening News, for most of its existence, The Evening Sun led its morning sibling in circulation
34.
LaSalle Street
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LaSalle Street is a major north-south street in Chicago named for Sieur de La Salle, an early explorer of Illinois. The portion that runs through the Chicago Loop is considered to be Chicagos financial district, South of the Financial District, LaSalle Street gets cut off for a while by the Amtrak/Metra Rail yard from Taylor St to 1600 South. It runs parallel to the Rock Island District Metra line, South of 26th Street, it serves as a frontage road for the Dan Ryan Expressway until 47th street, where it merges with Wentworth Avenue. South of 47th, it starts and stops as a street until it finally terminates at West 147th Street in Riverdale. The stretch of LaSalle Street and its adjacent buildings in the Loop is recognized as the West Loop—LaSalle Street Historic District, the south end of LaSalle Street terminates at the art-deco Chicago Board of Trade Building, a Chicago Landmark and National Historic Landmark. The LaSalle Street Station commuter terminal is located south of the Board of Trade. An art deco skyscraper at 135 S. LaSalle and a modern skyscraper 190 S. LaSalle line the street, one North LaSalle, the former Field Building, Chicago City Hall and the James R. Thompson Center are located within the Loop on LaSalle Street. The Rookery Building is a landmark located at 219 South LaSalle Street. Completed by John Wellborn Root and Daniel Burnham of Burnham and Root in 1888 and it measures 181 feet, is twelve stories tall and is one of the oldest standing high-rises in Chicago. It has a style with exterior load-bearing walls and an interior steel frame. Closed in 1906, the tunnel was deepened and reopened to electric street car traffic in 1911-12, the tunnel was closed permanently in 1939 to make way for subway construction. Moving north from the Loop, the crosses the Chicago River using the La Salle Street Bridge. In the Near North Side,300 North LaSalle is located on the banks of the Chicago River. On the corner at Chicago Avenue, LaSalle is adjacent to the entrance of Moody Bible Institute, the street ends 10-blocks north, in Lincoln Park, just past its intersection with North Avenue, where Moody Church stands on the east side of LaSalle. North of the river, the signage refers to, LaSalle Boulevard. Between North Avenue and Lake Shore Drive, the signage refers to, the street, Chicago Board of Trade Building, and 200 North LaSalle were used in the 2005 film Batman Begins and its sequel The Dark Knight, as well as in the 1999 movie Payback. The view facing south down the canyon has been used in the movies The Untouchables, Public Enemies, Transformers, Dark of the Moon, the canyon was in the movie Ferris Buellers Day Off. Notes Media related to Financial District, Chicago at Wikimedia Commons
35.
Lake Street (Chicago)
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Lake Street is an east-west street in Chicago and its suburbs. Part of Lake Street is designated as U. S. Route 20, Lake Street begins in the city of Chicago and travels west and slightly north to the Chicago suburbs. It ends at the terminus of the Elgin Bypass around Elgin. This is a distance of about 34.4 miles, Lake Street begins at Stetson Avenue in the Illinois Center area of the Chicago Loop and then runs to the west as a one-way eastbound street. From the first two-way traffic segment at Canal Street, it continues to the west through the city of Chicago before heading into the western suburbs. For most of the first 7 miles miles between Wabash Avenue and Laramie Avenue, Lake Street runs beneath the elevated Green Line CTA tracks, in Stone Park, Lake Street runs concurrent with U. S.20 at Mannheim Road. Eastbound U. S.20 turns south with U. S, westbound U. S.20 follows Lake Street westbound to the western terminus of Lake Street for 20.7 miles. A portion of Lake Street in Elmhurst has been replaced by the Eisenhower Expressway, at this point, Lake Street parallels the Eisenhower until the interchange with Interstate 355. Continuing west, Lake Street becomes a six lane divided highway passing through the western suburbs, at Roselle. At the current western terminus of the Elgin-OHare Expressway41. 9819°N88. 13957°W /41.9819, -88.13957, just west of the Villa Olivia Country Club, Lake Street ends at the eastern terminus of the Elgin Bypass. All of Lake Street was once marked as U. S.20, in 1938, U. S.20 was moved onto Mannheim Road and La Grange Road. The remaining segment of Lake Street became City U. S.20, in 1960, it was renamed to Business U. S.20. In 1968, all designations were dropped from Lake Street east of Mannheim Road
36.
Great Chicago Fire
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The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10,1871. The fire killed up to 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. The fire started at about 9,00 p. m. on October 8, the shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire, but city officials never determined the exact cause of the blaze. There has, however, been much speculation over the years, the most popular tale blames Mrs. OLearys cow, who allegedly knocked over a lantern, others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern. Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to fires in the Midwest that day. The fires spread was aided by the use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called balloon frame. More than two thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood, with most of the houses, all of the citys sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood. In 1871, the Chicago Fire Department had 185 firefighters with just 17 horse-drawn steam engines to protect the entire city. The initial response by the department was quick, but due to an error by the watchman, Matthias Schaffer. These factors combined to turn a small barn fire into a conflagration, when firefighters finally arrived at DeKoven Street, the fire had grown and spread to neighboring buildings and was progressing towards the central business district. Firefighters had hoped that the South Branch of the Chicago River, all along the river, however, were lumber yards, warehouses, and coal yards, and barges and numerous bridges across the river. As the fire grew, the southwest wind intensified and became superheated, causing structures to catch fire from the heat, around 11,30 p. m. flaming debris blew across the river and landed on roofs and the South Side Gas Works. With the fire across the river and moving rapidly towards the heart of the city, about this time, Mayor Roswell B. Mason sent messages to nearby towns asking for help. When the courthouse caught fire, he ordered the building to be evacuated, at 2,30 a. m. on the 9th, the cupola of the courthouse collapsed, sending the great bell crashing down. Some witnesses reported hearing the sound from a mile away, as more buildings succumbed to the flames, a major contributing factor to the fire’s spread was a meteorological phenomenon known as a fire whirl. As overheated air rises, it comes into contact with cooler air and these fire whirls are likely what drove flaming debris so high and so far. Such debris was blown across the branch of the Chicago River to a railroad car carrying kerosene. The fire had jumped the river a second time and was now raging across the north side
37.
Joseph Medill
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Joseph Medill was a Canadian-American newspaper editor, publisher, and Republican party politician. He was co-owner and managing editor of the Chicago Tribune, and was Mayor of Chicago after the fire of 1871. Joseph Medill was born April 6,1823, in Saint John, New Brunswick and he read law in Ohio and was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1846. Medill married Katherine Kitty Patrick on September 2,1852, in 1853, Medill and Edwin Cowles started the Leader, a newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1854, the Tribunes part-owner, Captain J. D. Webster, Medill was further encouraged to come to Chicago by Dr. Charles H. Ray of Galena, Illinois, and editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. In 1855, Medill sold his interest in the Leader to Cowles, under Medills management, the Tribune flourished, becoming one of the largest newspapers in Chicago. Medill served as its editor until 1864, when Horace White became editor-in-chief. At that time Medill left day-to-day operations of the Tribune for political activities, but White clashed with Medill over the presidential election of 1872. So, in 1873 Medill bought additional equity from Cowles and from White, in 1874, he replaced White as editor-in-chief. Medill served as editor-in-chief until his death, under Medill, the Tribune became the leading Republican newspaper in Chicago. Medill was strongly anti-slavery, supporting both the Free-Soil cause and Abolitionism, Medill was a major supporter of Abraham Lincoln in the 1850s. Medill and the Tribune were instrumental in Lincolns presidential nomination, and were supportive of the Union cause during the American Civil War. The Tribunes chief adversary through this period was the Chicago Times, in 1864, Medill left the Tribune editorship for political activity, which occupied him for the next ten years. He was appointed by President Grant to the first Civil Service Commission, in 1870, he was elected as a delegate to the Illinois Constitutional convention. In 1871, after the Great Chicago Fire, Medill was elected mayor of Chicago as candidate of the temporary Fireproof party, serving for two years. As mayor, Medill gained more power for the office, created Chicagos first public library, enforced blue laws. But the stress of the job impaired his health, in August 1873, he appointed Lester L. Bond as Acting Mayor for the remaining 3½ months of his term, and went to Europe on a convalescent tour. Medill was a strong Republican loyalist who supported President Grant for re-election in 1872, the breach with White came because White supported the breakaway Liberal Republicans, reformists who nominated Horace Greeley for president
38.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
39.
Robert R. McCormick
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Robert Rutherford Colonel McCormick was a member of the McCormick family of Chicago who became owner and publisher of the Chicago Tribune newspaper. McCormick was born July 30,1880 in Chicago to a distinguished family and his maternal grandfather was Tribune editor and former Chicago mayor Joseph Medill. On his fathers side, his great-uncle was inventor and businessman Cyrus McCormick and his elder brother Joseph Medill McCormick was slated to take over the family newspaper business but was more interested in running for political office. Later, his father was ambassador to Austria-Hungary and Imperial Russia In 1905 he replaced Horace Porter as ambassador to France, in London, Bertie attended Ludgrove School. On his return to the United States, he was sent to Groton School, in 1899, McCormick went to Yale College, where he was elected to the prestigious secret society Scroll and Key, graduating in 1903. He attended law school at Northwestern University School of Law and served as a clerk in a Chicago law firm, the following year, he co-founded the law firm that became Kirkland & Ellis, which represented the Tribune Company. He was a partner until 1920, in 1904 a Republican ward leader persuaded him to run for alderman, and he was elected, serving on the Chicago City Council for two years. In 1905, at the age of 25, he was elected to a term as president of the board of trustees of the Chicago Sanitary District. In 1907 he was appointed to the Chicago Charter Commission and the Chicago Plan Commission, however, his political career ended abruptly when he took control of the Tribune. He visited the Eastern and Western Fronts and was fire on both. His father had been ambassador to Russia, and he used his contacts to attend formal dinners with Grand Duke Nicholas, on this trip, McCormick collected fragments of the cathedral of Ypres and the city hall of Arras. It is popularly believed that these pieces were the first of the collection of stones that were embedded in the facade of the Tribune Tower. They are not, however, on display, returning to the United States in 1915, he joined the Illinois National Guard on June 21,1916, and, being an expert horseman, became a major in its 1st Cavalry Regiment. McCormick accompanied his regiment to the Mexican border, soon after the United States entered the war, McCormick again became part of the U. S. Army on June 13,1917, when the entire Illinois National Guard was mobilized for federal service in Europe. He was sent to France as an officer on the staff of General Pershing. Seeking more active service, he was assigned to an artillery school, by June 17,1918, McCormick became a lieutenant colonel, and by September 5,1918 had become a full colonel in the field artillery, in which capacities he saw action. He took part in the capture of Cantigny, after which he named his estate in Wheaton, Illinois, and in the battles of Soissons, Saint-Mihiel. He served in the 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Regiment and his service ended on December 31,1918, though he remained a part of the Officers Reserve Corps from October 8,1919 to September 30,1929
40.
Joseph Medill Patterson
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Joseph Medill Patterson was an American journalist, publisher and founder of the Daily News in New York. His younger sister was publisher Cissy Patterson and he was the father of publisher Alicia Patterson, who founded and edited Newsday. His father was Robert W. Patterson Jr. a journalist at the Chicago Tribune who married the owners daughter and his grandfather was publisher Joseph Medill, founder of the Chicago Tribune and a mayor of Chicago, Illinois. Joseph Medill Patterson became one of the most significant newspaper publishers in the United States, founding New Yorks Daily News and he was groomed to follow in the footsteps of his famous grandfather. His mother, Elinor, and his aunt, Kate, both named their sons after their famous father. As a young adult, he asked his father if he could go to China to cover the Boxer Rebellion, granted permission, he went as a correspondent for William Randolph Hearst but did not arrive in time. He attended Yale University where he was a member of Scroll, upon graduation, he returned to Chicago, and covered the police beat for the Chicago Tribune. Patterson served in Illinois legislature briefly, married and was the father of three daughters by 1906. The youngest, Alicia, explained, “He had wanted a boy, instead of three daughters in succession, and that meant one of the Patterson girls would have to be his substitute son. ”Nearly 20 years later, in 1923, after his three daughters had become young women, his mistress gave birth to his son, James Joseph Patterson. Joseph Medill Patterson feuded with his father and resigned from the Tribune and he announced he was a socialist and wrote a muckraking article published in Colliers. Patterson moved to a farm in the country, wrote a novel, after his father died, Patterson took over the management of the Tribune. He had a dispute about how to run the Tribune with his cousin, after World War I ended, he visited London and observed a newspaper in tabloid form for the first time. Patterson moved to New York City and founded the New York Daily News as a tabloid on June 26,1919, with McCormick as co-editor and publisher. However, the two were unable to resolve their dispute, so in 1925 Patterson ceded full authority over the Tribune to McCormick in return for control of the Daily News. Initially, the Daily News was somewhat more liberal than the Tribune, however, over the years, it became more conservative as Patterson drifted rightward. He took an approach to managing the various comic strip properties in his papers. He suggested the character of Gasoline Alley adopt a foundling child who became Skeezix. Patterson influenced Chester Goulds Dick Tracy, changing the title from Plainclothes Tracy, milton Caniff credited Patterson for suggesting a comic strip about the Orient, which led to the creation of Caniffs Terry and the Pirates
41.
Thorold
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Thorold is a city in Ontario, Canada, located on the Niagara Escarpment. It is also the seat of the Regional Municipality of Niagara, the Welland Canal passes through the heart of the city, and the Twin Flight Locks, located downtown, attract thousands of tourists annually. The first survey of Thorold, or Township 9 as it was known then, Thorold, located on the brow of the Niagara Escarpment, soon became dominant and was incorporated as a village in 1850 and as a town in 1870. When the Regional Municipality of Niagara was formed in 1970, the Town of Thorold expanded to include the former Thorold Township, in 1975 the town became incorporated as the City of Thorold. Decew House, on DeCew Road, was constructed in the late 18th century as a home for British Captain John B and it served as the areas British headquarters during the War of 1812. On June 22,1813, Laura Secord journeyed from Queenston to DeCew House to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack, FitzGibbon and his men were able to capture the American force and help turn the tide of the war. The house was destroyed by fire in 1950 but the site is commemorated by the rebuilt foundation, the Old Fire Hall, at 12 Albert Street West, was constructed next to the Second Welland Canal in 1878. This building once housed Thorolds police force and, to this day, for many years, the fire bell tolled for the towns strictly enforced nine oclock curfew. The Old Firehall was designed by the architect John Latshaw and built for $2,483 and it has a combination bell tower and hose tower, yellow and red brickwork, semi-circular wood windows, and a circular wood window in the gable end at the tower. Decorative yellow brick arches frame each window, the bell which hung in its tower remained in use until 1964, when the fire department moved into its new hall on nearby Towpath Street. In 1967 the old bell was installed outside the new firehall, the Old Hall was used as the Thorold YMCA for several years thereafter. Chestnut Hall, at 14 Ormond Street North, is a carefully restored 1862 building that was home to John McDonagh. Chestnut Hall currently houses the Thorold & Beaverdams Historical Society, in addition to the Thorold Museum, St. Johns School House, on Hollow Road, is a single-room wooden school house located in the west portion of Thorold. Opening in 1804, it was the first free school in Upper Canada, the first teacher at the school was Samuel Birdsall. The enrolment in 1826 was recorded as 29 students, the building was fully restored in 1974. Maplehurst, at 14 Saint Davids Road West, is a Thorold landmark, the mansion sits on the highest rise in the city offering a commanding view of the community below. Built by Hugh Keefer in 1885, this red stone structure with elaborate gables and dormers has been used in the past as a residence, a hospital. Maplehurst was recently restored to its condition and is currently known as the Keefer Mansion
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New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
US$1.94 billion (2016)
