1.
Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company
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The Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company located in Mobile, Alabama, was one of the largest marine production facilities in the United States of America during the 20th century. During the defense buildup, which included other shipyards, Mobile became the second-largest city in the state, Shipbuilding declined in the United States in the later 20th century, and ADDSCO closed its yard in the mid-1970s. ADDSCO is now owned by BAE Systems, which purchased the yard from Atlantic Marine in May 2010, the first yard was built on Pinto Island in Mobile Bay. During World War II, the facility was tasked for production of the Liberty ships. Twenty Liberty ships were produced in Mobile, from 1943 to 1945,102 T2 tanker ships were produced at ADDSCO. Thousands made their way to Mobile to find work, by 1943 some 18,500 men were employed at ADDSCO, including 6,000 African Americans. White hostility to blacks being promoted to welder positions resulted in a white riot starting the evening of May 24,1943, an estimated 4,000 white workers at the shipyard attacked black workers, others threw bricks at black housing in the city. The governor ordered National Guard troops to protect the workers, in order to settle the riot, federal, city, union and NAACP leaders agreed to four segregated shipways, where African Americans could occupy all positions. Those employed in highly skilled jobs earned wages equal to the white defense workers and had the chance to have equally skilled positions. Achieving racial equality continued to be a problem at the following the war. Legal segregation of facilities in the state did not end until the late 1960s, although racial tensions were addressed repeatedly by both management and trade unions, a small race riot erupted and forced temporary closing of the yard. In the mid-1970s, the Mobile yard closed due to declining business, the facility later re-opened and remains in operation today. The ship repair subsidiary of ADDSCO closed in September 1988, a portion of the facility was leased to Atlantic Marine in March 1989, which acquired the site outright in December 1992. The investment company, headed by former U. S. Navy Secretary John Lehman and it was acquired by BAE Systems in May 2010, which continues to operate it as a full service shipyard, BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards
2.
Ingalls Shipbuilding
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Ingalls Shipbuilding is a shipyard located in Pascagoula, Mississippi, United States, originally established in 1938, and is now part of Huntington Ingalls Industries. It is a producer of ships for the United States Navy, and at 12,500 employees and going to hire 1,500 more employees. In 1938, Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation was founded by Robert Ingersoll Ingalls, Sr. of Birmingham, Alabama, Ingalls was located where the Pascagoula River runs into the Gulf of Mexico. It started out building commercial ships including the USS George Clymer, in the 1950s Ingalls started bidding on Navy work, winning a contract in 1957 to build 12 nuclear-powered attack submarines. Litton Industries acquired Ingalls in 1961, and in 1968 expanded its facilities to the side of the river. Ingalls reached a point of employment in 1977, with 27,280 workers. In April 2001, Litton was acquired by the Northrop Grumman Corporation, on August 29,2005, Ingalls facilities were damaged by Hurricane Katrina, most of the ships in dock and construction escaped serious harm. While shipbuilding was halted for a due to the destruction of many buildings, most vehicles, and the large overhead cranes. On March 31,2011, Northrop Grumman spun off its shipbuilding sector into a new corporation, Huntington Ingalls Industries, in 2015, Ingalls Shipbuilding Company signed a contract with US Navy for new destroyers, littoral combat ships and new landing craft. USS John Finn was one of the first destroyers was launched on March 28, Company also is building Ralph Johnson, Paul Ignatius and Delbert D. Black. On March 21,2015, the new San Antonio LPD 17-class amphibious ship John P. Murtha was ceremonially christened, the vessel having been launched on October 30 and scheduled to be delivered in 2016. On March 27,2015, the shipyard received construction contracts for their next destroyers, Ingalls Shipbuilding Company was awarded a $604.3 million contract modification to build the yet-to-be-named DDG121. On March 31,2015, the shipyard also received another contract with a $500 million fixed price to build the eighth, most of them will be under construction until 2019. The cutters are the most advanced ships ever built for the Coast Guard, on June 30,2016, Ingalls Shipbuilding signed a contract with US Navy to build the U. S. Navys next large-deck amphibious assault warship. The contract included planning, advanced engineering and procurement of material, is just over $272 million. If options are exercised, the value of the contract would be $3.1 billion Ingalls primary product has been naval ships, and naval projects for Egypt, Israel. In the 1950s, Ingalls attempted to enter the diesel locomotive market and they catalogued an extensive product line, but only one example, known as the model 4-S, was produced. It was sold to the Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad, Ingalls also manufactured covered hopper railroad cars in the early 1980s, producing around 4,000 units, primarily for the lease market via North American Car
3.
BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support
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BAE Systems Electronic Systems is one of three operating groups of BAE Systems Inc. the North American subsidiary of the British global defence contractor BAE Systems Plc. The former was the Lockheed Martin Aerospace Electronic Systems business, acquired by BAE in 2000, Lockheed identified AES as a candidate for disposal following a strategic review in 1999. BAE Systems agreed to acquire the group in July and completed its acquisition of AES on 27 November 2000, the group encompassed Sanders Associates, Fairchild Systems and Lockheed Martin Space Electronics & Communications. The purchase of this group by BAE has been described as precedent setting given the advanced and classified nature of many of that companys products and this division was formerly known as Lockheed Martin Control Systems. LMCS was acquired by BAE from Lockheed Martin in April 2000 for $510 million USD, in August 2004 BAE acquired Boeing Commercial Electronics for $66 million and merged it into Platform Solutions. The division has its HQs in Endicott, New York and sites in Fort Wayne, Indiana, Ontario, California, Redmond, Washington, and Rochester, Kent. The companys flight control systems are used on Boeings 757,767,777, C-17, F/A-18 and V-22 aircraft as well as the Northrop Grumman B-2 bomber, the Saab Gripen and the F-35. Platform Solutions also provides the engine controls for all General Electric. Products include Joint Tactical Radio Systems and the Link 16 Data Link, BAE Systems Ship Repair of Norfolk, Virginia is a major non-nuclear ship repair business in the United States, formerly known as United States Marine Repair. The companys primary customer is the United States Navy, other customers include other branches of the US military, USMR had acquired Norfolk Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in 1998. In 2004 USMR purchased Honolulu Shipyard Inc. for $16 million, HSI was another U. S. Navy ship repair business. USMR was owned by the Carlyle Group who planned to float the company, BAE acquired the latter in 2005. The seven shipyards are Norfolk, San Francisco, Pearl Harbor, San Diego, Mobile, Mayport, BAE Systems Advanced Information Technologies is a division of BAE Systems Technology Solutions formerly known as ALPHATECH, Inc. The company manufactures processing systems for images and signals that are employed by United States intelligence agencies, based in Burlington, Massachusetts, the company also has facilities in Virginia and Maryland. ALPHATECH was founded in 1979 as a spin-off from MIT by Nils Sandell, Sol Gully, BAE completed its acquisition of ALPHATECH in November 2004 for $88m
4.
Vigor Shipyards
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Vigor Shipyards was founded in 1916 as the William H. The Seattle shipyard could trace its history back to 1882, when Robert Moran opened a repair shop at Yeslers Wharf. This shop became the Moran Brothers Shipyard in 1906 and the Seattle Construction & Dry Dock Company at the end of 1911. The shipyard has performed building and maintenance work for, among others, the U. S. and Royal Australian Navies, the United States Coast Guard, and its headquarters and operations are on Harbor Island at the mouth of Seattles Duwamish Waterway. Todd ranked 26th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts, the 105-foot-long hull of Disneylands Mark Twain riverboat was built at Todd Shipyards in San Pedro, California in 1955. In February 2011, Vigor Industrial purchased Todd for US$130 million and this included the Seattle, Everett and Bremerton operations. Today, Vigor Shipyards is a government repair subsidiary of Vigor Industrial, originally, the Coast Guard wanted to acquire 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters and spend about $8 billion for them. In April 2013, it was reported that Vigor proposed an Ulstein X-bow hull in the competition for the OPC vessels. If successful in landing the contract, Vigor would have assembled the vessels at its Portland, however, in February 2014, the USCG announced that Bollinger Shipyards, Eastern Shipbuilding Group, Inc. and General Dynamics Bath Iron Works had been awarded design contracts for the OPC. In total, the 25-ship deal could be worth up to $10.5 billion, locations, Seattle, Washington Bremerton, Washington Everett, Washington Portland, Oregon Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California. Property is now part of the Port of Los Angeles, and has been converted into Berth 100 / West Basin Container Terminal. Opened 1901, by United Engineering Company, later named Bethlehem-Alameda Shipyard, mostly used as a repair or conversion facility, now closed. Documented by the Historic American Engineering Record as United Engineering Company Shipyard, SS Jacona Todd Shipyards Seattle, Washington
5.
United States Maritime Administration
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The United States Maritime Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation. Its programs promote the use of transportation and its seamless integration with other segments of the transportation system. The Maritime Administration works in areas involving ships and shipping, shipbuilding, port operations, vessel operations, national security, environment. On June 4, Deputy Maritime Administrator Paul “Chip” Jaenichen was named Acting Maritime Administrator and he will serve in this role until the appointment and confirmation of a new Maritime Administrator. On August 6,1981, MARAD came under control of the Department of Transportation thereby bringing all transportation programs under one cabinet-level department, MARAD administers financial programs to develop, promote, and operate the U. S. Maritime Service and the U. S. S. Documented vessels to foreign registries, maintains equipment, shipyard facilities, the Maritime Subsidy Board negotiates contracts for ship construction and grants operating-differential subsidies to shipping companies. The Maritime Security Program authorizes MARAD to enter contracts with U. S. -flag commercial ship owners to provide service during times of war or national emergencies. As of 2007, ten companies have signed contracts providing the MSP with a reserve of sixty cargo vessels, United States Maritime Service, a training organization for the U. S
6.
Containerization
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Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers made of weathering steel. The handling system is completely mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes, all containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems. The system, developed after World War II, dramatically reduced the costs of transport, supported the boom in international trade. Containerization did away with the sorting of most shipments and the need for warehousing. It displaced many thousands of workers who formerly handled break bulk cargo. Containerization also reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time and reduced losses from damage, before containerization, goods were usually handled manually as break bulk cargo. Typically, goods would be loaded onto a vehicle from the factory, when the vessel arrived, they would be moved to the side of the ship along with other cargo to be lowered or carried into the hold and packed by dock workers. The ship might call at other ports before off-loading a given consignment of cargo. Each port visit would delay the delivery of other cargo, delivered cargo might then have been offloaded into another warehouse before being picked up and delivered to its destination. Multiple handling and delays made transport costly, time consuming and unreliable, containerization has its origins in early coal mining regions in England beginning in the late 18th century. In 1766 James Brindley designed the box boat Starvationer with 10 wooden containers, in 1795, Benjamin Outram opened the Little Eaton Gangway, upon which coal was carried in wagons built at his Butterley Ironwork. The horse-drawn wheeled wagons on the gangway took the form of containers, which, loaded coal, could be transshipped from canal barges on the Derby Canal. By the 1830s, railroads on several continents were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in the United Kingdom was one of these. Simple rectangular timber boxes, four to a wagon, they were used to convey coal from the Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, originally used for moving coal on and off barges, loose boxes were used to containerize coal from the late 1780s, at places like the Bridgewater Canal. By the 1840s, iron boxes were in use as well as wooden ones, the early 1900s saw the adoption of closed container boxes designed for movement between road and rail. Later in 1919, his system was extended to over 200 containers serving 21 railway stations with 14 freight trucks, prior to the Second World War, many European countries independently developed container systems. In 1919, Stanisław Rodowicz, an engineer, developed the first draft of the system in Poland. In 1920, he built a prototype of the biaxial wagon, the Polish-Bolshevik War stopped development of the container system in Poland
7.
National Defense Reserve Fleet
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The NDRF is managed by the U. S. Department of Transportations Maritime Administration. It is a different entity from the United States Navy reserve fleets, NDRF vessels are at the fleet sites at James River, Virginia–the James River Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas–the Beaumont Reserve Fleet, and Suisun Bay, California, and at designated outported berths. Former anchorage sites included Stony Point, New York - the Hudson River Reserve Fleet, Wilmington, North Carolina, Mobile, Alabama, Astoria, Oregon, and Olympia, Washington. Through the 2010s, the oldest, most decrepit hulls at Suisun Bay will be stripped of materials, then broken up in Texas. Twenty of the most polluting mothball ships are slated for recycling by 2012, at its peak in 1950, the NDRF had 2,277 ships in lay-up. In July 2007, it held 230 ships, primarily dry cargo ships with some tankers, military auxiliaries, by the end of August,2015, it held 100. The NDRF was established under Section 11 of the Merchant Ship Sales Act of 1946 to serve as a reserve of ships for national defense, NDRF vessels were used in seven wars and crises. During the Korean War,540 vessels were out to move military forces. During a worldwide tonnage shortfall in 1951–53, more than 600 ships were reactivated to carry coal to Northern Europe, from 1955 through 1964, another 600 ships were used to store grain for the Department of Agriculture. Another 223 cargo ships and 29 tankers were activated during a tonnage shortfall after the Suez Canal was closed in 1956, during the Berlin crisis of 1961,18 vessels were activated and remained in service until 1970. Another 172 vessels were activated for the Vietnam War and these are crewed with a reduced crew but kept available for activation within four, five, ten or twenty days. An additional 28 ships are held under United States Maritime Administration custody for other Government agencies on a cost-reimbursable basis. Vessels with military utility or logistic value are held in status and are in a preservation program that is designed to keep them in the same condition as when they enter the fleet. The internal spaces are dehumidified to slow the corrosion of metal, DC power is distributed through anodes to the exterior underwater portions of the hull, creating an electric field that suppresses corrosion and preserves the surface of the hull. External painting and other work is generally deferred since it does not affect the ability to activate and operate the vessel. MARAD is authorized as the government’s disposal agent through the NDRF program for merchant type vessels equal to or greater than 1,500 gross tons. A state agency can file an application to request title to a vessel as-is where-is from the NDRF for the purpose of creating an artificial reef, of the 132 non-retention vessels in the NDRF, there are 117 that are being prepared for disposal. The NDRF program can give and lend historic artifacts to maritime-heritage organizations, battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers which have been stricken or those awaiting final disposition may be transferred to MARAD locations for berthing
8.
American President Lines
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American President Lines Ltd. along with its parent company CMA CGM, is the worlds third-largest container transportation and shipping company, providing more than 80 weekly services. APL operates a fleet, including 153 container vessels. In 1938, the U. S. government took over the management of the Dollar Steamship Co. which was in financial difficulties, following the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, the United States Pacific coastline now extended from Puget Sound to San Diego. This company was to move the mail from Panama to the West Coast, in January 1848, the company ordered three mail steamers from the shipyard of William Henry Webb, the SS California, SS Panama and SS Oregon. Prior to founding Pacific Mail, Aspinwall had extensive experience in the business as a partner in Howland & Aspinwall. Howland & Aspinwall operated some of the most famous ships ever built. In 1845, while it owned the Ann McKim, which was regarded as the fastest ship afloat, the firm built the Rainbow. The Rainbow is considered to be the first of the extreme clippers, the next year, the company had the Sea Witch built, which set a speed record from China to New York which still stands. Clipper ships sacrificed cargo capacity for speed, but in some markets, also, faster speed meant that the vessel could complete more voyages in a given time period, which also helped make up for the diminished cargo capacity. When in 1850, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company established a line to the U. S. Mail Steamship Company between New York and Chagres, George Law placed an opposition Pacific Line of steamers in the Pacific running from Panama to San Francisco, in April 1851 the rivalry was ended when an agreement was made between the companies, the U. S. Mail Steamship Company purchased the Pacific Mail steamers on the Atlantic side, by 1850 Pacific Mail maintained a monopoly over the Panama-Oregon trade, helped by the purchase of two steamers from Empire City Line. Large numbers of gold miners paying for passage to California had meant that by 1850. Pacific Mail also ordered four new ships, designed to meet the needs of trade to and from California, Aspinwall invested in the Panama Railroad Company, which would replace old wagon trails across the Isthmus, cutting travel time from four days to four hours. In 1852 George Law went into partnership with Aspinwall and developed its eastern terminal next to the wharf at Aspinwall, Columbia, then sold his interest in 1853. This line was completed in 1855, and coordination between steamships and this meant the travel time from San Francisco to New York was cut to 21 days. In 1856, Aspinwall retired from the position of president of the Pacific Mail Company, with the secretary, William H. Davidge. Under his control, the companys capital doubled, to $4 million, but the turning point of his presidency of the company was in 1858
9.
SS Gem State (T-ACS-2)
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SS Gem State is a crane ship in ready reserve for the United States Navy. The ship was named for the state of Idaho, which is known as the Gem State. Gem State was laid down on 30 May 1965, as the a combination breakbulk-container ship, SS President Monroe, ON501712, IMO6520911, built by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, San Diego, CA, hull no. 340, she was launched on 10 February 1965 and delivered to MARAD on 25 April 1966, for service with American President Lines. She was converted to a MARAD type container ship, in 1973, in 1984-1985 she was converted to a type Crane Ship by Continental Marine, San Francisco, CA. She was placed in service as SS Gem State 7 May 1984, Gem State is one of 10 Crane Ships in the Surge Force and is berthed at Alameda, CA, assigned to Maritime Prepositioning Ship Squadron Three and is maintained in a five-day readiness status. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet, SS Gem State This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U. S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here
10.
SS Keystone State (T-ACS-1)
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SS Keystone State is a crane ship in ready reserve for the United States Navy. The ship was named for the state of Pennsylvania, which is known as the Keystone State. Keystone State was laid down on 23 January 1965, as the combination breakbulk-container ship SS President Harrison, ON502569, IMO6605022, built by National Steel and Shipbuilding Co. 339, she was launched 10 February 1965, and delivered to MARAD on 25 April 1966, in 1983-1984 the ship was converted to a type Crane Ship at Bay Shipbuilding, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. She was placed in service as SS Keystone State 7 May 1984, the Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet. SS Keystone State MARAD Ship History This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U. S. government publication, is in the public domain
