1.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
2.
General Dynamics Electric Boat
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General Dynamics Electric Boat is a subsidiary of General Dynamics Corporation. It has been the builder of submarines for the United States Navy for more than 100 years. Holland VI was the first submarine that this shipyard built, later renamed USS Holland, on 11 April 1900, it became the first modern submarine to be purchased and commissioned into the United States Navy. The success of Holland VI created a demand for follow-up models that began with the prototype submersible Fulton built at Electric Boat, after the war, the US Navy did not order another submarine from the company until Cuttlefish in 1931. During World War II, the company built 74 submarines, while Elco built nearly 400 PT boats, Electric Boat ranked 77th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. In 1952, Electric Boat was reorganized as General Dynamics Corporation under John Jay Hopkins, General Dynamics acquired Convair the following year, and the holding company assumed the General Dynamics name, with the submarine building operation reverting to the Electric Boat name. Electric Boat built the first nuclear submarine USS Nautilus which was launched in January 1954, submarines of the Ohio-, Los Angeles-, Seawolf-, and Virginia-classes were also constructed by Electric Boat. Electric Boats first submarine Holland was scrapped in 1932, in some cases, the repairs resulted in practically dismantling and then rebuilding what had been a nearly completed submarine. The Navy eventually settled with General Dynamics in 1981, paying out $634 million of $843 million in Los Angeles class submarine cost-overrun, as it happened, the United States Navy was also the yards insurer, liable to compensate the yard for losses and other mishaps. Veliotis was subsequently indicted by a grand jury under racketeering. He nonetheless eventually escaped into exile and a life of luxury in his native Greece, Electric Boat overhauls and undertakes repair work on fast attack class boats. The company built the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines and Seawolf-class submarines, however, most of the work done in the shipyard today is focused on construction of the Virginia-class, notably the new Block III evolution. In April 2014, General Dynamics Electric Boat was awarded a $17.8 billion contract with U. S. Naval Sea Systems Command for ten Block IV Virginia-class attack submarines and it is the largest single shipbuilding contract in the service’s history. The Company builds the submarine along with Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News Shipbuilding, the boats of Block IV Virginia will cost less than Block III. Electric Boat decided to reduce the cost of the submarines by increasing efficiency in the construction process, the submarines of this type will build on the improvements to allow the boats to spend less time in the yard. Gardiner, Robert, Conways all the fighting ships 1906–1921 Conway Maritime Press,1985. The Defender, The Story of General Dynamics, by Roger Franklin, published by Harper and Row 1986. Brotherhood of Arms, General Dynamics and The Business of Defending America, the Legend of Electric Boat, Serving The Silent Service
3.
Groton, Connecticut
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Groton /ˈɡrɒtən/ is a town located on the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 40,115 at the 2010 census, Groton is the home of the Electric Boat Corporation, which is the major contractor for submarine work for the United States Navy. The Naval Submarine Base New London is located in Groton, the Avery Point section of Groton is home to a regional campus of the University of Connecticut. Groton was established in 1705 when it separated from New London, Groton is the home of General Dynamics Electric Boat which has been supplying the Navy with submarines since 1899, employing thousands in the Groton/New London area. The Old Mystic Baptist Church was founded in Groton, the first Baptist church in Connecticut, a hundred years before the town was established, the Nehantic people settled in the area between the Thames and Pawcatuck rivers. The Nehantics were brutally attacked by the Pequots and these invaders burned their wigwams, destroyed their cornfields and food supplies, and a few possessions were stolen. Many of the Nehantic warriors were tomahawked, the survivors fled to Misquamicut in what is now Rhode Island, United States. The newcomers to the land were the Pequots, a branch of the Mohawk people who moved eastward into the Connecticut River Valley, the Pequots finally rested and made their headquarters in what is now Groton. They built three villages at Groton Heights, Fort Hill, and Mystic, the Pequots made canoes from burning out the insides of straight tree trunks. The rivers in Groton were their transportation routes, on the west side was the deep Thames River, on the east is the Mystic River with shelving shores and a safe anchorage. Between the rivers, the land was undulating and rough, with the exception of Poquonnock Plains in the center, the summer of 1614 was the first time that the Pequots encountered white settlers. They started trading furs for the goods, such as steel knives, needles. In 1633, the Dutch bought land from the Pequots and opened a fur trading post, meanwhile, the English bought land for settlement from the local tribes. The Dutch had unintentionally killed the Pequots chief, and this prompted revenge by the Pequot tribe, soon after, Sassacus, the new leader of the Pequots, realized that they were in grave danger because both the English and the surrounding Indians hated them. The first settlers of Groton were subsistence farmers, trees had to be removed before they could work the ground. Livestock was also important to the settlers. Cattle provided dairy, pigs and sheep provided animal protein and wool, in 1660, gray wolves in the area had become such a problem that the settlers offered to give 20 shillings for each wolf that was killed. Though the land was poor, access to the regions waterways left room for commerce, Groton became a town of oceangoing settlers
4.
Naval Base Kitsap
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Naval Base Kitsap is a U. S. Navy base located on the Kitsap Peninsula in Washington state. It was created in 2004 by merging the former Naval Station Bremerton with Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Naval Base Kitsap also provides service, programs, and facilities to meet the needs of their hosted combat commands, tenant activities, ships crews, and civilian employees. Naval Base Kitsap is the largest naval organization in Navy Region Northwest, and it is composed of installations at Bremerton, Bangor, Manchester, Indian Island, and Keyport, Washington. Naval Base Kitsap was the recipient of the 2005 Commander in Chiefs Award for Installation Excellence - the Best Base in the U. S. Navy, Naval Base Kitsap is the third-largest Navy base in the U. S. Pacific Fleet, this Trident submarine base is the one of two such bases operated by the U. S. Navy. The Trident submarine base at Kings Bay, Georgia, used by the U. S, atlantic Fleet is the only other. Nearby is Strategic Weapons Facility Pacific, where missiles are stored and maintained, Naval Base Kitsap is home to Naval Hospital Bremerton. In 2010, after purchasing the bases first hybrid bus on April 29,2010, Naval Base Kitsap purchased two additional hybrid buses, with five others to be delivered by the end of July. On Nov.2,2009, five protesters, including 82-year-old priest William J. Bichsel, the protesters put up banners, sprinkled blood on the ground, scattered sunflower seeds and prayed until they were arrested, all faced prison sentences. Bichsel was released from prison on February 9,2012
5.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
6.
Audemus jura nostra defendere
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Audemus jura nostra defendere — Latin for We Dare Defend Our Rights or We Dare Maintain Our Rights — is the state motto of Alabama and is depicted on the official Coat of arms of Alabama. The current coat of arms was created in 1923 at the request of historian and director of the Alabama Department of Archives and History. It was not officially adopted until March 14,1939, the motto itself is emblazoned on a golden band across the bottom of the coat of arms. Bald eagles serve as supporters to side of the escutcheon. All is surmounted by a crimson and white torse and the Baldine, the modern Alabama motto was added to the current coat of arms when it was created in 1923. It was officially adopted for use in 1939 and it is the second state motto. The first motto was adopted by the Reconstruction Era state legislature on December 29,1868 for use on the second Seal of Alabama and it depicted a bald eagle atop an American shield, holding a banner inscribed with the motto Here We Rest in its beak. The source of the current motto is drawn from the lines of An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus, also known by its first line and it was published in 1781 by the eighteenth-century liberal English philologist Sir William Jones. This poem advanced his ideas on government and morality and was considered by scholars as his greatest political poem, in it he criticizes the widespread corruption of the day and misuse of monarchical power. The words were adjusted by Marie Bankhead Owen into a motto, saffold, of the University of Alabama
7.
Ohio-class submarine
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The Ohio class is a class of nuclear-powered submarines currently used by the United States Navy. The navy has 18 Ohio-class submarines,14 ballistic missile submarines, the Ohio class was named after the lead submarine of this class, USS Ohio. The 14 Trident II SSBNs together carry approximately fifty percent of the total US active inventory of strategic thermonuclear warheads. All the Ohio-class submarines, except for USS Henry M. Jackson, are named for U. S. states, the Ohio-class submarines are the largest submarines ever built for the U. S. Navy. The Ohio-class submarines were designed specifically for extended war-deterrence patrols, each of these submarines is provided with two complete crews, called the Blue crew and the Gold crew, with each crew serving typically on 70- to 90-day deterrent patrols. To decrease the time in port for crew turnover and replenishment, the classs design allows the warship to operate for about fifteen years between major overhauls. These submarines are reported to be as quiet at their speed of 20 knots or more than the previous Lafayette-class submarines at 6 knots. Fire control for their Mark 48 torpedoes is carried out by Mark 118 Mod 2 system, the Ohio-class submarines were constructed from sections of hull, with each four-deck section being 42 ft in diameter. The sections were produced at the General Dynamics Electric Boat facility, Quonset Point, Rhode Island, the US Navy has a total of 18 Ohio-class submarines which consist of 14 ballistic missile submarines, and four cruise missile submarines. The SSBN submarines are known as Trident submarines, and provide the sea-based leg of the U. S. nuclear triad. Each SSBN submarine is armed with up to 24 Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles, each SSGN is capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles, plus a complement of Harpoon missiles to be fired through their torpedo tubes. The first eight Ohio-class submarines were armed at first with 24 Trident I C4 SLBMs, beginning with the ninth Trident submarine, Tennessee, the remaining boats were equipped with the larger, three-stage Trident II D5 missile. Starting with Alaska in 2000, the Navy began converting its remaining ballistic missile submarines armed with C4 missiles to carry D5 missiles and this task was completed in mid-2008. The first eight submarines had their home ports at Bangor, Washington, the remaining ten submarines originally had their home ports at Kings Bay, Georgia, replacing the Poseidon and Trident Backfit submarines of the Atlantic Fleet. During the conversion of the first four submarines to SSGNs, five of the submarines, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Nebraska, Maine, further transfers occur as the strategic weapons goals of the United States change. In 2011, Ohio-class submarines carried out 28 deterrent patrols, each patrol lasts around 70 days. Four boats are on station in designated areas at any given time. From January to June 2014, Pennsylvania carried out a 140-day-long patrol, after the end of the Cold War, plans called for Ohio to be retired in 2002, followed by three of her sister boats
8.
Ballistic missile submarine
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A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine deploying submarine-launched ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. These submarines became a weapon system in the Cold War because of their nuclear deterrence capability. Their deployment has been dominated by the United States and the Soviet Union / Russia, with numbers in service with France, the United Kingdom, China. This submarine launched the worlds first SLBM, an R-11FM on 16 September 1955, five additional Project V611 and AV611 submarines became the worlds first operational SSBs with two R-11FM missiles each, entering service in 1956-57. They were followed by a series of 23 specifically designed Project 629 SSBs completed 1958-62, the Polaris missile and the first US SSBNs were developed by a Special Project office under Rear Admiral W. F. Red Raborn, appointed by Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke, George Washington was redesigned and rebuilt early in construction from a Skipjack-class fast attack submarine, USS Scorpion, with a 130 ft missile compartment welded into the middle. Nuclear power was an advance, allowing a ballistic missile submarine to remain undetected at sea by remaining submerged or occasionally at periscope depth for an entire patrol. With more missiles on one US SSBN than on five Golf-class boats, the Soviets were only a year behind the US with their first SSBN, the ill-fated K-19 of Project 658, commissioned in November 1960. However, this carried the same three-missile armament as the Golfs. The first Soviet SSBN with 16 missiles was the Project 667A, the short range of the early SLBMs dictated basing and deployment locations. By the late 1960s the Polaris A-3 was deployed on all US SSBNs with a range of 4,600 kilometres, the A-3 also had three warheads that landed in a pattern around a single target. The Yankee class was equipped with the R-27 Zyb missile with a range of 2,400 kilometres. The US was much more fortunate in its basing arrangements than the Soviets, with two rotating crews per SSBN, about one-third of the total US force could be in a patrol area at any time. These missiles were the R-29 Vysota series, equipped on Projects 667B, 667BD, 667BDR, the SS-N-8, with a range of 7,700 kilometres, entered service on the first Delta-I boat in 1972, before the Yankee class was even completed. A total of 43 Delta-class boats of all entered service 1972-90, with the SS-N-18 on the Delta III class. The new missiles had increased range and eventually Multiple Independently-targeted Re-entry Vehicles, the Delta-I class had 12 missiles each, the others have 16 missiles each. All Deltas have a superstructure to accommodate their large liquid-fueled missiles. Although the US did not commission any new SSBNs from 1967 through 1981, thirty-one of the 41 original US SSBNs were built with larger diameter launch tubes with future missiles in mind
9.
S8G
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The S8G reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships. The 220 MWth S8G reactor compartment for the Ohio submarines is 42 feet in diameter,55 feet long and this nuclear reactor utilizes natural circulation which is capable of operating at a significant fraction of full power without reactor coolant pumps. A land-based prototype of the plant was built at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratorys Kesselring Site in West Milton. The prototype was used for testing and crew training throughout the 1980s, in 1994, the core was replaced with an S6W reactor, designed for the then-new Seawolf-class submarine. The prototype is equipped with an automatic fill system that can flood the reactor with borated water in the event of a loss-of-coolant accident
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United States
