1.
Flagler County, Florida
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Flagler County is a county on the east coast of the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 95,696, created in 1917 from portions of Saint Johns and Volusia Counties, it was named for Henry Morrison Flagler, who built the Florida East Coast Railway. Flagler County is included in the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, FL metropolitan statistical area, in 1974, Marco Polo Park, a theme park off Interstate 95 opened. It was never profitable and closed soon after, in 1998, when two brush fires threatened to become one huge brush fire in Flagler County, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for the entire county. This was the first and so far the only time a county was evacuated in Florida. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 571 square miles. The population density was 103 people per square mile, there were 24,452 housing units at an average density of 50 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 87. 27% White,8. 83% Black or African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 17% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 96% from other races, and 1. 47% from two or more races. 5. 09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,90. 1% spoke English,5. 0% Spanish and 1. 2% German as their first language. 1. 8% of the population identified themselves as being of non-Hispanic West Indian Ancestry,21. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.67. In the county, the population was out with 17. 90% under the age of 18,4. 80% from 18 to 24,20. 30% from 25 to 44,28. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 50 years, for every 100 females there were 92.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $40,214, and the median income for a family was $45,625. Males had an income of $31,184 versus $24,865 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,879, about 6. 70% of families and 8. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 70% of those under age 18 and 4. 40% of those age 65 or over. Flagler county was ranked the county in the nation by the US Census Bureau from 2000 to 2005, boasting a 53. 3% change. Flagler County Airport Interstate 95 U. S.1 SR A1A SR11 SR20 SR100 The Florida East Coast Railway provides rail services in the county
2.
Type C1 ship
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Type C1 was a designation for small cargo ships built for the U. S. Maritime Commission before and during World War II. The first C1 types were the smallest of the three original Maritime Commission designs, meant for shorter routes where high speed and capacity were less important, only a handful were delivered prior to Pearl Harbor. But many C1-A and C1-B ships were already in the works and were delivered during 1942, many were converted to military purposes including troop-transports during the war. The Type C1-M ship was a design, for a significantly smaller and shallower draft vessel. This design evolved as an answer for the needs for military transport. Note any Type C1 ship in the control of the British Ministry of War Transport took an Empire name even if being built as another name e. g. Cape Turner. S, shipping Board which had existed since World War I. S. By the end of the war, U. S. shipyards working under MARCOM contracts had built a total of 5,777 oceangoing merchant, what was later known as the C1-A was among the three original cargo ship designs including the basic C2 and C3. Deliveries of the C1-B began before the models, in mid 1941. The C series of ships differed from the Liberty and Victory ships, the first C series vessels were designed prior to hostilities and were meant to be commercially viable ships to modernize the US Merchant Marine, and reduce the US reliance on foreign shipping. The C series ships were more expensive to produce, but their economic viability lasted well into the late 1960s and early 1970s in military, several ships are still in operation. The Type C1-A and C1-B ships were similar in design, All had a top speed of 14 knots. The primary difference between them was that C1-A ships were shelter deck ships, while C1-B ships were full scantling ships, there were many adaptations of the design for special purposes from hospital ships to petroleum gas carriers. With the exception of ships built for specific shipping lines before the war, forty-six Type C1-A ships were built at Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc. in Beaumont, Texas, with another 19 being built by Pusey and Jones in Wilmington, Delaware. Most were built with motors, though 19 were built with steam turbine engines. These were shelter deck ships, having a very light upper deck, the first keels were laid in 1939. Two of the Pusey and Jones ships were converted to PT boat tenders before entering service, some of the diesel vessels were powered by 2, 6-cylinder Nordberg 2-stroke engines driving the single shaft via magnetic couplings and a reduction gear-box. They were manufactured by Nordberg Manufacturing Company, the engine speed was 220 rpm and the shaft 110 rpm. The engine room was a pleasure to operate and the workmanship outstanding, the Type C1-B ships were built in six different yards, the majority at Consolidated Steel Corporation in Wilmington, California
3.
United States Maritime Commission
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It also formed the United States Maritime Service for the training of seagoing ships officers to man the new fleet. The purpose of the Maritime Commission was multifold as described in the Merchant Marine Acts Declaration of Policy. S, Merchant Marine prior to the Act. Another function given to the Commission involved the formation of the U. S. Maritime Service for the training of seagoing ships officers to man the new fleet, the actual licensing of officers and seamen still resided with the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation. President Roosevelt nominated Joseph P. Kennedy first head of the Commission, Kennedy held that position until February 1938 when he left to become US Ambassador to Great Britain. The other four members of the Commission in the years before the beginning of World War II were a mix of retired officers and men from disciplines of law. The man most notable in the group Land brought to the Commission was Commander Howard L. Vickery, USN, as a symbol of the rebirth of the U. S. Upon the U. S. entry into World War II, America was requisitioned by the U. S. Navy and became USS West Point. Most of the C2s and C3s were converted to Navy auxiliaries, notably attack cargo ships, attack transports, the Commission also was tasked with the construction of many hundred military type vessels such as Landing Ship, Tank s and Tacoma-class frigates and large troop transports. By the end of the war, U. S. shipyards working under Maritime Commission contracts had built a total of 5,777 oceangoing merchant, in early 1942 both the training and licensing was transferred to the U. S. S. With the end of World War II, both the Emergency and Long Range shipbuilding programs were terminated as there were far too many merchant vessels now for the Nations peacetime needs. In 1946, the Merchant Ship Sales Act was passed to sell off a portion of the ships previously built during the war to commercial buyers. Although not sold outright to nations that were enemies during the war, for the next 25 years, in ports all around the world one could find dozens of ships which had been built during the war but which now were used in peace. Ships not disposed of through the Ship Sales Act were placed one of eight National Defense Reserve Fleet sites maintained on the Atlantic, Pacific. On several occasions in the postwar years ships in the fleets were activated for both military and humanitarian aid missions. The last major mobilization of the NDRF came during the Vietnam War, since then, a smaller fleet of ships called the Ready Reserve Force has been mobilized to support both humanitarian and military missions. The Maritime Commission was abolished on 24 May 1950, and its functions were divided between the U. S. S. Merchant Marine Academy which had built and opened during World War II. 1936, Merchant Marine Act abolishes Shipping Board and establishes Maritime Commission,1937, Joseph P. S. merchant shipping has been held by many agencies since 1917
4.
Richmond Shipyards
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The four Richmond Shipyards, located in the city of Richmond, California, United States, were run by Permanente Metals and part of the Kaiser Shipyards. During World War II, Richmond built more ships than any other shipyard, the shipyards are part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park, whose Rosie the Riveter memorial sits on the former grounds of Shipyard #2. Shipyard #3 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, henry J. Kaiser had been building cargo ships for the U. S. Maritime Commission in the late 1930s. When he received orders for ships from the British government, already at war with Nazi Germany, the four Richmond Kaiser Shipyards built 747 ships during World War II, a rate never equaled. Compared to the ship built elsewhere, Richmond ships were completed in two-thirds the time. The Liberty ship SS Robert E. Peary was assembled in less than five days as a part of a competition among shipyards, by 1944, the yard routinely needed only a bit more than two weeks to assemble a Liberty ship. By the end of the war the Richmond Shipyards had built $1.8 billion worth of ships, Kaiser and his workers applied mass assembly line techniques to building the ships. This sped up construction, allowed more workers to be mobilized, during the war, thousands of men and women worked in this area in hazardous jobs. Actively recruited by Kaiser, they came from all over the United States to swell the population of Richmond from 20,000 to over 100,000 in three years. For many of them, this was the first time worked, earned money. Women and minorities entered the workforce in areas previously denied to them, however, they still faced unequal pay, were shunted off into auxiliary unions and still had to deal with prejudice and inequities. During the war, labor strikes and sit-down work stoppages eventually led to better conditions, the SS Red Oak Victory is docked nearby. Images and oral history transcripts describing the early days of the Richmond Shipyards, via Calisphere, Permanente Metals Corporation - Kaiser Richmond CA Shipyards Birth of Victory - Shipbuilding in Richmond on YouTube
5.
Richmond, California
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Richmond is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. The city was incorporated on August 7,1905, under the McLaughlin Administration, Richmond was the largest city in the United States served by a Green Party mayor. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the population is at 103,710. The largest, Richmond, Virginia, is the namesake of the California city, the Ohlone Indians were the first inhabitants of the Richmond area, settling an estimated 5,000 years ago. The name Richmond appears to predate actual incorporation by more than fifty years, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad had its terminus at Richmond. The first post office opened in 1900, Richmond was founded and incorporated in 1905, carved out of Rancho San Pablo, from which the nearby town of San Pablo inherited its name. Until the enactment of prohibition in 1919, the city had the largest winery in the world, in the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan was active in the city. In 1930 the Ford Motor Company opened a plant called Richmond Assembly Plant which moved to Milpitas in the 1960s. The old Ford plant has been a National Historic Place since 1988, the city was a small town at that time, until the onset of World War II which brought on a rush of migrants and a boom in the industrial sector. Standard Oil set up here in 1901, including a what is now the Chevron Richmond Refinery and tank farm. There is a pier into San Francisco Bay south of Point Molate for oil tankers, the western terminus of the Santa Fe Railroad was established in Richmond with ferry connections at Ferry Point in the Brickyard Cove area of Point Richmond to San Francisco. Many of these lived in specially constructed houses scattered throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, including Richmond, Berkeley. A specially built rail line, the Shipyard Railway, transported workers to the shipyards, kaisers Richmond shipyards built 747 Victory and Liberty ships for the war effort, more than any other site in the U. S. The city broke many records and even built one Liberty ship in a five days. On average the yards could build a ship in thirty days, the medical system established for the shipyard workers at the Richmond Field Hospital eventually became todays Kaiser Permanente HMO. It remained in operation until 1993 when it was replaced by the modern Richmond Medical Center hospital, Point Richmond was originally the commercial hub of the city, but a new downtown arose in the center of the city. It was populated by many department stores such as Kress, J. C. Penney, Sears, Macys, during the war the population increased dramatically and peaked at around 120,000 by the end of the war. Once the war ended the workers were no longer needed
6.
International Code of Signals
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The International Code of Signals is an international system of signals and codes for use by vessels to communicate important messages regarding safety of navigation and related matters. Signals can be sent by flaghoist, signal lamp, flag semaphore, radiotelegraphy, the International Code is the most recent evolution of a wide variety of maritime flag signalling systems. It has done this by first establishing an alphabet, along with a spoken form of each letter. Combinations of these characters are assigned as codes for various standardized messages. One simply raises the Kilo flag, or sends the Morse Code equivalent by flashing light, one of the elegant aspects of the ICS is that all of the standardized messages come in nine languages. It is immaterial if the sender and receiver are using different languages, the code also covers procedural aspects, how naval ships indicate that they are using the ICS, use in radiotelephony, and various other matters. Prior to 1969, the code was more extensive, covering a wider range of messages. Since 1969, it has reduced to focus on navigation and safety. Signals can be sorted into three groups, Single-letter signals which are very urgent, important, or common, two-letter signals for other messages, sometimes followed with a numerical complement which supplements or modifies the message. Three-letter signals beginning with M, these are the Medical Signal Codes, in some cases, additional characters are added to indicate quantities, bearing, course, distance, date, time, latitude, or longitude. There is also provision for spelling words and for indicating use of other codes, several of the more common single-letter signals are shown at the right. Two-letter signals cover a broad gamut of situations, the reader is urged to download a copy of the Code from the link below. Repeated characters can be a problem in flaghoist, to avoid having to carry multiple sets of signal flags, the Code uses three substitute flags. These repeat the flag at the indicated position, for instance, to signal MAA the Mike, Alfa, and 2nd substitute flags would be flown, the substitute indicating a repeat of the second character. The Medical Signal Code is a means of providing assistance when medical personnel are not present, even where there are no language problems, the Medical Signal Code is useful in providing a standard method of case description and treatment. There is also a standard list of medicaments, keyed to a standard ships medicine chest carried by all merchant ships, the Medical signals all begin with the letter M followed by two more letters, and sometimes with additional numerals or letters. The International Code of Signals was preceded by a variety of signals and private signals, most notably Marryats Code. What is now the International Code of Signals was drafted in 1855 by the British Board of Trade and it came in two parts, the first containing universal and international signals, and the second British signals only
7.
Cargo ship
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A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the worlds seas and oceans each year, cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built by welded steel, cargo ships/freighters can be divided into five groups, according to the type of cargo they carry. Tankers carry petroleum products or other liquid cargo, dry bulk carriers carry coal, grain, ore and other similar products in loose form. Multi-purpose vessels, as the name suggests, carry different classes of cargo – e. g. liquid, a Reefer ship is specifically designed and used for shipping perishable commodities which require temperature-controlled, mostly fruits, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products and other foodstuffs. Specialized types of cargo vessels include ships and bulk carriers. Cargo ships fall into two categories that reflect the services they offer to industry, liner and tramp services. Those on a published schedule and fixed tariff rates are cargo liners. Tramp ships do not have fixed schedules, users charter them to haul loads. Generally, the shipping companies and private individuals operate tramp ships. Cargo liners run on fixed schedules published by the shipping companies, each trip a liner takes is called a voyage. However, some cargo liners may carry passengers also, a cargo liner that carries 12 or more passengers is called a combination or passenger-cum-cargo line. The desire to trade routes over longer distances, and throughout more seasons of the year. Before the middle of the 19th century, the incidence of piracy resulted in most cargo ships being armed, sometimes heavily, as in the case of the Manila galleons. They were also escorted by warships. Piracy is still common in some waters, particularly in the Malacca Straits. In 2004, the governments of three nations agreed to provide better protection for the ships passing through the Straits. The waters off Somalia and Nigeria are also prone to piracy, while smaller vessels are also in danger along parts of the South American, Southeast Asian coasts, the words cargo and freight have become interchangeable in casual usage
8.
Deadweight tonnage
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Deadweight tonnage or tons deadweight is a measure of how much mass a ship is carrying or can safely carry, it does not include the weight of the ship. DWT is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, DWT is often used to specify a ships maximum permissible deadweight, although it may also denote the actual DWT of a ship not loaded to capacity. Deadweight tonnage is a measure of a weight carrying capacity. It should not be confused with displacement which includes the ships own weight, nor other volume or capacity measures such as gross tonnage or net tonnage
9.
Nordberg Manufacturing Company
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Nordberg Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of steam engines, large diesel engines, pumps, hoists and compressors for the mining and quarry industries located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The company was founded by Bruno V. Nordberg and Jacob Elias Friend in 1886 in Milwaukee, by 1926, they were manufacturing diesel engines, steam engines, air compressors, gas compressors, mine hoists and blowing engines. In 1944, they designed and built the largest diesel engine that has ever built in the United States. It was built for a Victory ship built for the United States Maritime Commission, in 1946, they bought the Busch-Sulzer Diesel Engine Company which was formed in 1911 by Adolphus Busch of Anheuser-Busch Brewery. Busch had acquired the first American rights to the engine in 1898. Nordberg was acquired by Rex ChainBelt Inc in 1970, and was to become a division of Rex, Nordberg was acquired by Finlands Rauma Corporation in 1989, which was later merged into Metso in 1999. Metso closed Nordbergs former Milwaukee factory in 2004, illustrations and photographs of Nordberg factory and diesel engines from sales brochures and private sources
United States
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the 
