1.
Oliver Stone
–
William Oliver Stone is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer. Stone won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as writer of Midnight Express and he also wrote the acclaimed gangster movie Scarface. As a director, Stone achieved prominence as director/writer of the war drama Platoon, for which Stone won the Academy Award for Best Director, Platoon was the first in a trilogy of films based on the Vietnam War, in which Stone served as an infantry soldier. He continued the series with Born on the Fourth of July —for which Stone won his second Best Director Oscar—and Heaven & Earth. Many of Stones films focus on controversial American political issues during the late 20th century and they often combine different camera and film formats within a single scene, as evidenced in JFK, Natural Born Killers, and Nixon. Stone was born September 15,1946, in New York City, the son of Jacqueline and Louis Stone and he grew up in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut. His parents met during World War II, when his father was fighting as a part of the Allied force in France and his American-born father was a non-practicing Jew, and his French-born mother was a non-practicing Roman Catholic. Stone was raised in the Episcopal Church, and now practices Buddhism, Stone attended Trinity School in New York City before his parents sent him away to The Hill School, a college-preparatory school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. His parents were divorced abruptly while he was away at school, Stones mother was often absent and his father made a big impact on his life, father-son relationships were to feature heavily in Stones films. He often spent parts of his vacations with his maternal grandparents in France. Stone also worked at 17 in the Paris mercantile exchange in sugar, Stone graduated from The Hill School in 1964. Stone was admitted into Yale University, but left in June 1965 at age 18 to teach school students English for six months in Saigon at the Free Pacific Institute in South Vietnam. Afterwards, he worked as a wiper on a United States Merchant Marine ship in 1966 and he returned to Yale, where he dropped out a second time. In April 1967, Stone enlisted in the United States Army, from September 16,1967 to April 1968, he served in Vietnam with 2nd Platoon, B Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Infantry Division and was twice wounded in action. He was then transferred to the First Cavalry Division participating in long range patrols before being transferred again to drive for an infantry unit of the division until November 1968. Stone graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film in 1971, Stone made a short, well received 12-minute film Last Year in Viet Nam. In 1979, Stone won his first Academy Award, after adapting true-life prison story Midnight Express into a hit film for British director Alan Parker. Stones screenplay for Midnight Express was criticized by some for its inaccuracies in portraying the events described in the book, the original author, Billy Hayes, around whom the film is set, spoke out against the film, protesting that he had many Turkish friends while in jail
Oliver Stone
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Stone at the
Subversive Festival, May 2013
Oliver Stone
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Oliver Stone with
Rino Barillari in "Piazza dé Ricci" exit of the restaurant "Pierluigi" in
Rome – September 25, 2012
Oliver Stone
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Stone with Hugo Chávez at the
Venice International Film Festival, July 9, 2009 for the screening of South of the Border
2.
John Ridley
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John Ridley IV is an American screenwriter, film director, novelist, and showrunner, known for 12 Years a Slave, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He is also the creator and showrunner of the acclaimed anthology series American Crime. He has two sisters and is the middle sibling, Ridley graduated from Homestead High School in Mequon, Wisconsin in 1982. He enrolled in Indiana University but transferred to New York University, following college, Ridley performed standup comedy in New York City, with appearances on a David Letterman late-night talk show and The Tonight Show. Moving to Los Angeles in 1990, he began writing for television sitcoms as Martin, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Ridley went on to write the novels Love Is a Racket and his novel Spoils of War was adapted into the 1999 David O. Russell-directed Three Kings. His other novels are The Drift, Those Who Walk in Darkness and he also wrote the graphic novel The American Way. His work as screenwriter also includes 12 Years a Slave, Red Tails and his script for 12 Years a Slave won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, making Ridley the second African-American to win the award after Geoffrey S. Fletcher. As of April 2015, he was developing an ABC television series involving an existing Marvel Comics character, Love Is a Racket, A Novel. New York, Alfred A. Knopf,1999, a Conversation with the Mann, A Novel. ISBN 978-0-446-53093-4 Ridley, John, and Patricia R. Floyd, Prince Frederick, MD, Recorded Books,2011,2007. ISBN 978-1-456-10151-0 Ridley, John, and Ben Oliver, the Authority, Human on the Inside. La Jolla, CA, WildStorm Productions,2004, Ridley, John, Georges Jeanty, and Karl C. La Jolla, Calif, WildStorm/DC Comics,2007, the Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger. Esquire, December 2006, Volume 146, Issue 6, Ridley is married to wife Gayle, a former script supervisor. Gennusa, Chris R. John Ridley, Burnt Noir. Winter 1997, v.4 n.4, pp. 33–38 Archived pages of official site, December 1,2006 – March 1,2007, January 8 – April 12,2007. John Ridley at the Internet Movie Database
John Ridley
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John Ridley at the
Stockholm Film Festival in 2013.
3.
Sean Penn
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Sean Justin Penn is an American actor, filmmaker, and political activist. He has won two Academy Awards, for his roles in the mystery drama Mystic River and the biopic Milk, Penn began his acting career in television with a brief appearance in episode 112 of Little House on the Prairie, directed by his father Leo Penn. He became known as a prominent leading actor with the drama Dead Man Walking, for which he earned his first Academy Award nomination, Penn made his feature film directorial debut with The Indian Runner, followed by the drama film The Crossing Guard and the mystery film The Pledge. Penn directed one of the 11 segments of 110901 September 11 and his fourth feature film, the biographical drama survival movie Into the Wild, garnered critical acclaim and two Academy Award nominations. In January 2016, Penn published an interview with Mexican drug lord Joaquín El Chapo Guzmán in Rolling Stone, Penn was born in Los Angeles County, California, to actor and director Leo Penn, and actress Eileen Ryan. His older brother is musician Michael Penn and his younger brother, actor Chris Penn, died in 2006. His paternal grandparents were Ashkenazi Jewish emigrants from Lithuania and Russia, while his mother is a Catholic of Irish, Penn was raised in a secular home and attended Santa Monica High School. He began making films with some of his childhood friends, including actors Emilio Estevez and Charlie Sheen. Penn appeared in a 1974 episode of the Little House on the Prairie television series as an extra when his father, Leo, Penn launched his film career with the action-drama Taps, where he played a military high school cadet. A year later, he appeared in the hit comedy Fast Times at Ridgemont High, in the role of surfer-stoner Jeff Spicoli, next, Penn appeared as Mick OBrien, a troubled youth, in the drama Bad Boys. The role earned Penn favorable reviews and jump-started his career as a serious actor, Penn played Andrew Daulton Lee in the film The Falcon and the Snowman, which closely followed an actual criminal case. Lee was a drug dealer by trade, convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union and originally sentenced to life in prison. Penn starred in the drama At Close Range which received critical acclaim and he stopped acting for a few years in the early 1990s, having been dissatisfied with the industry, and focused on making his directing debut. The Academy Awards first recognized his work in nominating him for playing a racist murderer on death row in the drama film Dead Man Walking and he was nominated again for his comedic performance as an egotistical jazz guitarist in the film Sweet and Lowdown. He received his nomination after portraying a mentally handicapped father in I am Sam. Penn finally won for his role in the Boston crime-drama Mystic River, in 2004, Penn played Samuel Bicke, a character based on Samuel Byck, who in 1974 attempted and failed to assassinate President Richard Nixon, in The Assassination of Richard Nixon. The same year, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts, next, Penn portrayed governor Willie Stark in an adaptation of Robert Penn Warrens classic 1946 American novel All the Kings Men. The film was a critical and commercial failure, named by a 2010 Forbes article as the biggest flop in the last five years, the film also earned Penn his fifth nomination and second win for the Academy Award for Best Actor
Sean Penn
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Penn at the premiere of
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, 2013
New York Film Festival
Sean Penn
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At the
1997 Cannes Film Festival.
Sean Penn
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Penn with
Robin Wright in September 2006
Sean Penn
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Penn at an
anti-war rally in Washington, D.C., January 27, 2007
4.
Jennifer Lopez
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Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as JLo, is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, author, and producer. Lopez gained her first high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color in 1991 and she received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997, a portrayal that earned her a Golden Globe nomination. For her role in Out of Sight the following year, Lopez became the first Latina actress to earn over US$1 million for a film. She ventured into the industry in 1999 with her debut studio album On the 6. With the simultaneous release of her studio album J. Lo and her film The Wedding Planner in 2001, Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album. Her 2002 remix album, J to tha L–O, the Remixes, became the first in history to debut at number one on the U. S. Billboard 200. Following her second divorce, Lopez had a relationship with Ben Affleck. Then, while also overshadowing the release of Gigli, a critical and commercial failure and she subsequently married longtime friend Marc Anthony, and rebounded with the box office successes Shall We Dance. and Monster-in-Law. Her fifth studio album, Como Ama una Mujer, received the highest first-week sales for a debut Spanish album in the United States, in 2016, she began starring as Harlee Santos in the crime drama series Shades of Blue. Time listed her as one of the 25 most influential Hispanic Americans, for her contributions to the arts, Lopez has received a landmark star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Billboard Icon Award, among other honors. Beyond entertainment, she enjoys a successful business career consisting of various clothing lines, accessories, fragrances, a company. Jennifer Lynn Lopez was born on July 24,1969, in the Castle Hill neighborhood of The Bronx, New York, to Puerto Rican parents Guadalupe Rodríguez and she has an older sister, Leslie, and a younger sister, Lynda, a journalist. David worked the night shift at the Guardian Insurance Company before becoming a technician at the firm. When Lopez was born, the family was living in a small apartment, a few years later, her parents had saved up enough money to be able to purchase a two-story house, which was considered a big deal for the relatively poor family. At the age of five, Lopez began taking singing and dancing lessons and she toured New York with her school when she was seven years old. Her parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English and they encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home—singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay out of trouble. Lopez spent her academic career in Catholic schools, finishing at Preston High School. In school, Lopez did gymnastics, ran track on a national level and she excelled athletically rather than academically, competing in national track championships
Jennifer Lopez
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Lopez at the
25th GLAAD Media Awards, April 2014
Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer Lopez
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Lopez in 2004
Jennifer Lopez
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Lopez performing during her
Dance Again World Tour, June 2012.
5.
Nick Nolte
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Nicholas King Nick Nolte is an American actor and former model. He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and he went on to receive Academy Award nominations for Affliction and Warrior. His other film appearances include The Deep,48 Hrs, down and Out in Beverly Hills, Another 48 Hrs. Everybody Wins, Cape Fear, Lorenzos Oil, The Thin Red Line, Hulk, The Good Thief, Hotel Rwanda, Tropic Thunder, A Walk in the Woods and The Ridiculous 6. He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy for his role in the TV series Graves, Nolte was born February 8,1941 in Omaha, Nebraska. His father, Franklin Arthur Nolte, was a son who ran away from home. His mother, Helen, was a department store buyer and his ancestry includes German, English, Scots-Irish, Scottish and Swiss-German. Noltes maternal grandfather, Matthew Leander King, invented the hollow-tile silo and was prominent in early aviation and his maternal grandmother ran the student union at Iowa State University. He has a sister, Nancy, who was an executive for the Red Cross. Nolte attended Kingsley Elementary School in Waterloo, Iowa and he studied at Westside High School in Omaha, where he was the kicker on the football team. He also attended Benson High, but was expelled for fighting and hiding beer before practice, at Eastern Arizona, Nolte lettered in football as a tight end and defensive end in basketball with forward, and as a catcher on the baseball team. Poor grades eventually ended his studies, at which point his career in began in earnest. While in college, Nolte worked for the Falstaff Brewery in Omaha, Nolte was a model in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1992, Nolte was named the Sexiest Man Alive by People magazine, Nolte first starred in the television miniseries, Rich Man, Poor Man, based on Irwin Shaws 1970 best-selling novel. Later he appeared in forty films, playing a wide variety of characters. Diversity of character, and his athleticism, and gravelly voice are signatures of his career. In 1973, he guest-starred in the Griff episode, Who Framed Billy the Kid. as Billy Randolph, a football player accused of murder. He co-starred with Andy Griffith in Winter Kill, a film made as the pilot of a possible television series, and another one, Adams of Eagle Lake
Nick Nolte
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Nolte at the 2000
Cannes Film Festival
Nick Nolte
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Nolte as Tom Jordache in Rich Man, Poor Man
6.
Powers Boothe
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Powers Allen Boothe is an American television and film actor. Boothe, the youngest of three boys, was born on a farm in Snyder, the seat of Scurry County, Texas, to Emily Kathryn and Merrill Vestal Boothe, a rancher. He has been married to his college sweetheart Pam since 1969 and his New York stage debut was in the 1974 Lincoln Center production of Richard III. Five years later, his Broadway theater debut came in a role in the one-act play Lone Star. Boothe first came to attention in 1980, playing Jim Jones in the CBS-TV movie Guyana Tragedy. Boothes portrayal of the cult leader received critical acclaim. In Times story on the production, Boothe was praised, There is one extraordinary performance, a young actor named Powers Boothe captures all the charisma and evil of Dad, Jim Jones. Boothe won the Emmy Award for his role, beating out veterans Henry Fonda, Powers Boothe made an appearance during the 1987 Celebrity Golf Challenge for Charity where he made the current long drive record for celebrities of 490 yards. For these efforts, Boothe was awarded the Golden Pumpkin, but, because of scheduling conflicts, Boothe joined the ranks of Humphrey Bogart and other actors when he portrayed Philip Marlowe in a series of short films for HBO in the 1980s. He appeared in films as Southern Comfort, A Breed Apart, Red Dawn, The Emerald Forest and Extreme Prejudice, as well as the HBO films Into the Homeland. Additionally, he appeared in the 1990 CBS-TV film Family of Spies, Boothe portrayed Curly Bill Brocius in the hit 1993 Western Tombstone, the disloyal senior Army officer in Blue Sky, and the sinister lead terrorist in Sudden Death. He was also part of the ensemble casts for Oliver Stones Nixon. In 2001, he starred as Flavius Aëtius, the Roman general in charge of stopping the Hun invasion in the made-for-TV miniseries Attila. Boothe played a role as brothel-owner Cy Tolliver on the HBO series Deadwood. He is the voice of one of the characters in the 2005 video game Area 51 and of Gorilla Grodd and he voiced the villain, Kane, in the 2008 video game Turok. He was a special guest star on 24, where he played Vice President Noah Daniels and he returned in the prequel to the seventh season,24, Redemption. Just after taking the role as acting President, Boothe is seen exiting Air Force Two with F-15s in the background, Boothe played a downed F-15 pilot in Red Dawn. In March 2008, he narrated a television ad for Senator John McCains presidential campaign
Powers Boothe
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Boothe at the premiere of Sin City, March 22, 2005
7.
Claire Danes
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Claire Catherine Danes is an American actress. She is the recipient of three Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2012, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world, Danes gained recognition with her role as Angela Chase in the acclaimed 1994 teen drama series My So-Called Life. The role won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and she made her film debut the same year in Little Women. From 1998 to 2000, Danes attended Yale University before dropping out to return to acting and she appeared in an Off-Broadway production of The Vagina Monologues in 2000, and made her Broadway debut playing Eliza Doolittle in the 2007 revival of Pygmalion. She is married to actor Hugh Dancy, with whom she has one child, Danes was born in Manhattan, New York, the daughter of a sculptor and printmaking artist, Carla Danes, and a photographer, Christopher Danes. She has a brother, Asa, who is a lawyer. Danes parents met when they were studying at the Rhode Island School of Design, during Danes childhood her father worked as a general contractor for 20 years, working on residential buildings in a company he ran called Overall Construction in New York. He also worked as a photographer and computer consultant and he is the son of Gibson Andrew Danes, a former dean of the Yale School of Art and Architecture from 1958 to 1968. Danes is named after her grandmother, Claire Danes, who died in 1953. The family lived in a loft on Crosby Street. 3 and PS11 for elementary school and Professional Performing Arts School for junior high school, Danes attended the New York City Lab School for Collaborative Studies in New York City. She attended The Dalton School for one year of school before moving with her parents to Santa Monica. Danes said they moved two days after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Danes graduated from the Lycée Français de Los Angeles in 1997. In 1998, Danes went to Yale University, director Oliver Stone wrote a letter of recommendation. After studying for two years as a major, she dropped out to focus on her film career. Danes started studying dance when she was six years old, Danes took dance classes from Ellen Robbins at Dance Theater Workshop and acting classes at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute at the age of ten. She appeared in theater and video productions in New York City, although she continued to dance, Danes said that her focus shifted to acting by the time she was nine years old
Claire Danes
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Danes at the 2015
PaleyFest
Claire Danes
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Danes in Toronto, for a
MuchOnDemand promotion of
Stardust, 2007
Claire Danes
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Danes at the
2012 Time 100
8.
Joaquin Phoenix
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Joaquín Rafael Phoenix, known formerly as Leaf Phoenix, is a Puerto Rican–born American actor, producer, music video director, musician and activist. For his work as an artist, Phoenix has received a Grammy Award, Phoenix started acting in television shows with his brother River Phoenix and sister Summer Phoenix. His first major release was in the comedy-drama film Parenthood. During his period as an actor he was credited as Leaf Phoenix. He received international attention for his portrayal of Commodus in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, to this date, he and River Phoenix hold the distinction of being the first and only brothers to be nominated for acting Academy Awards. Aside from his career, he has also ventured into directing music videos, as well as producing films. He has recorded an album, the soundtrack to Walk The Line, Phoenix is a social activist, lending his support to a number of charities and humanitarian organizations. He is also known for his animal rights advocacy. He has been a vegan since the age of three, and actively campaigns for PETA and In Defense of Animals, Phoenix was born Joaquín Rafael Bottom in the Río Piedras district of San Juan, Puerto Rico, to parents from the U. S. mainland. He is the third of five children, including River, Rain, Liberty and Summer and he also has a half-sister named Jodean from a previous relationship of his fathers. Phoenixs father, John Lee Bottom, originally from Fontana, California, was a lapsed Catholic, of English, Phoenixs mother, Arlyn, was born in the Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents whose families emigrated from Russia and Hungary. Arlyn left her family in 1968 and moved to California, later meeting Phoenixs father while hitchhiking and they married in 1969, then later joined a religious group, the Children of God, and began traveling throughout South America. His parents eventually became disenchanted with the Children of God, they made the decision to leave the group and they changed their last name to Phoenix, after the mythical bird that rises from its own ashes, symbolizing a new beginning. Around this time, Joaquín began calling himself Leaf, desiring to have a name like his siblings. Leaf became the name he used as a actor, until at age 15. He first used it as a credit in his big comeback film To Die For. In order to provide food and financial support for the family, in Los Angeles, his mother started working as a secretary for NBC, and his father worked as a landscaper. He went on to himself as a child actor before deciding to withdraw from acting for a while and travel to Mexico
Joaquin Phoenix
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Phoenix at the
New York Film Festival in 2014
Joaquin Phoenix
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Phoenix in Cannes for
The Yards in May 2000.
Joaquin Phoenix
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The cast of
Her at the
New York Film Festival in 2013.
9.
Billy Bob Thornton
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Billy Bob Thornton is an American actor, filmmaker, singer, songwriter, and musician. In 2016, he starred in an Amazon original series, Goliath about a washed up attorney with a new case. He has been vocal about his disrespect for celebrity culture, choosing to keep his life out of the public eye, however, the attention of the media has proven unavoidable in certain cases, his marriage to Angelina Jolie being a notable example. Thornton has appeared in at least one film per year every year since 1991. Thornton has written a variety of films, usually set in the Southern United States and mainly co-written with Tom Epperson, including A Family Thing, after Sling Blade, he directed several other films, including Daddy and Them, All the Pretty Horses, and Jayne Mansfields Car. He was also nominated for an Emmy Award, four Golden Globes, in addition to film work, Thornton began a career as a singer-songwriter. He has released four albums and is the vocalist of a blues rock band The Boxmasters. His brother Jimmy Don wrote a number of songs, two of which Thornton has recorded on his solo albums, during his childhood, Thornton lived in numerous places in Arkansas, including Alpine, Mount Holly, and Malvern. He was raised a Methodist in a family in a shack that had neither electricity nor plumbing. He graduated from school in 1973. A good high school player, he tried out for the Kansas City Royals. After a short period laying asphalt for the Arkansas State Transportation Department, he attended Henderson State University to pursue studies in psychology, in the mid-1980s, Thornton settled in Los Angeles to pursue his career as an actor, with future writing partner Tom Epperson. He initially had a difficult time succeeding as an actor, and worked in telemarketing, offshore wind farming and he also played drums and sang with South African rock band Jack Hammer. While Thornton worked as a waiter for an event, he served film director. Thornton struck up a conversation with Wilder, who advised Thornton to consider a career as a screenwriter, thorntons first screen role was in 1980s South of Reno, where he played a small role as a counter man in a restaurant. He also made an appearance as a store clerk in the 1987 Matlock episode The Photographer. Another one of his screen roles was as a cast member on the CBS sitcom Hearts Afire. His role as the villain in 1992s One False Move, which he also co-wrote and he also had small roles in the 1990s films Indecent Proposal, On Deadly Ground, Bound by Honor, and Tombstone
Billy Bob Thornton
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Thornton receiving a
star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 6, 2012
Billy Bob Thornton
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Thornton at the
South by Southwest in
Austin, Texas on March 11, 2008
Billy Bob Thornton
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Thornton at a San Francisco concert in 2007
10.
Jon Voight
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Jonathan Vincent Jon Voight is an American actor. He is the winner of one Academy Award, having nominated for four. He has also won four Golden Globe Awards and was nominated for eleven and he is the father of actress Angelina Jolie and actor James Haven. Voight came to prominence in the late 1960s with his performance as Joe Buck, although his output slowed during the 1980s, Voight received critical acclaim for his performance as a ruthless bank robber in Runaway Train. During the 1990s, Voight made somewhat of a comeback, starring in Michael Manns cult classic Heat opposite Robert DeNiro, Roosevelt in Michael Bays Pearl Harbor and as Pope John Paul II in the eponymous miniseries. Voight also appears in Showtimes Ray Donovan TV series as Mickey Donovan, Voight was born on December 29,1938, in Yonkers, New York, the son of Barbara and Elmer Voight, a professional golfer. He has two brothers, Barry Voight, a former volcanologist at Pennsylvania State University, and Wesley Voight, known as Chip Taylor, Voights paternal grandfather and his paternal grandmothers parents were Slovak immigrants, while his maternal grandfather and his maternal grandmothers parents were German immigrants. Following his graduation in 1956, he enrolled at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. where he majored in art, after graduation, Voight moved to New York City, where he pursued an acting career. In 1962, Voight married actress Lauri Peters, who he met when both appeared in the original Broadway production of The Sound of Music. He married actress Marcheline Bertrand in 1971 and they separated in 1976, filed for divorce in 1978, and divorced in 1980. Their children, James Haven and Angelina Jolie, would go on to enter the business as actors and producers. Voight was estranged from his children for years, but they reconciled in 2007 after Bertrands death. His theatre career took off in January 1965, playing Rodolfo in Arthur Millers A View from the Bridge in an Off-Broadway revival, Voights film debut did not come until 1967, when he took a part in Phillip Kaufmans crimefighter spoof, Fearless Frank. Voight also took a role in 1967s western, Hour of the Gun. In 1968 Voight took a role in director Paul Williamss Out of It, in 1969, Voight was cast in the groundbreaking Midnight Cowboy, a film that would make his career. Voight played Joe Buck, a male hustler from Texas. He comes under the tutelage of Dustin Hoffmans Ratso Rizzo, a petty thief. The film explored late 1960s New York and the development of an unlikely, directed by John Schlesinger and based on a novel by James Leo Herlihy, the film struck a chord with critics and audiences
Jon Voight
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Voight in Los Angeles in October 2011
Jon Voight
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Voight at the
Cannes Film Festival in 1993
Jon Voight
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Voight in June 2013
11.
Ennio Morricone
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Ennio Morricone, Grand Officer OMRI is an Italian composer, orchestrator, conductor, and former trumpet player. He composes a wide range of styles, making him one of the most versatile, experimental and influential composers of all time. Since 1946 Morricone has composed over 500 scores for cinema and television, after playing the trumpet in jazz bands in the 1940s, he became a studio arranger for RCA Victor and in 1955 started ghost writing for film and theatre. Throughout his career, he has composed music for such as Paul Anka, Mina, Milva, Zucchero. From 1960 to 1975, Morricone gained international fame for composing music for westerns and his score to 1966s The Good, the Bad and the Ugly is considered one of the most influential soundtracks in history and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. With an estimated 10 million copies sold, Once Upon a Time in the West is one of the best-selling scores worldwide and he also scored seven westerns for Sergio Corbucci, Duccio Tessaris Ringo duology and Sergio Sollimas The Big Gundown and Face to Face. Morricone worked extensively for other genres with directors such as Mauro Bolognini, Giuliano Montaldo, Roland Joffé, Roman Polanski. His acclaimed soundtrack for The Mission was certified gold in the United States, the album Yo-Yo Ma Plays Ennio Morricone stayed 105 weeks on the Billboard Top Classical Albums. Morricones best-known compositions include The Ecstasy of Gold, Se Telefonando, Man with a Harmonica, Heres to You and he functioned during the period 1966–1980 as a main member of Il Gruppo, one of the first experimental composers collectives. In 1969, he co-founded Forum Music Village, a recording studio. In 1977, he composed the theme for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He continued to compose music for European productions, such as Marco Polo, La Piovra, Nostromo, Fateless, Karol and En mai, fais ce quil te plait. Morricones music has been reused in television series, including The Simpsons and The Sopranos, as of 2013, Ennio Morricone has sold over 70 million records worldwide. In 1971, he received a Targa dOro for the sales of 22 million. In 2007, he received the Academy Honorary Award for his magnificent and he has been nominated for a further six Oscars. In 2016, Morricone received his first Academy Award for his score to Quentin Tarantinos film The Hateful Eight, Morricone was born in Rome, the son of Libera Ridolfi and Mario Morricone, a musician. His family came from Arpino, near Frosinone, Morricone, who had four siblings, Adriana, Aldo, Maria and Franca, lived in Trastevere, in the centre of Rome, with his parents. Mario was a player who worked professionally in different light-music orchestras
Ennio Morricone
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Morricone at the
2012 Cannes Film Festival
Ennio Morricone
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Goffredo Petrassi, Morricone's teacher
Ennio Morricone
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Morricone in 1978 with
Gruppo di Improvvisazione di Nuova Consonanza
Ennio Morricone
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Ennio Morricone at the
United Nations Headquarters
12.
TriStar Pictures
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TriStar Pictures is an American film production/distribution studio of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, owned by the Sony subsidiary Sony Pictures Entertainment. On May 16,1983, it was given the name Tri-Star Pictures and it was the first new major Hollywood studio to be established since RKO Pictures was founded in 1928. The studios first produced film in 1984 was The Natural starring Robert Redford, during this venture, many of Tri-Stars releases were released on VHS by either RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, CBS/Fox Video, or HBO Video. In addition, HBO would gain exclusive distribution rights to these films. CBS dropped out of the venture in 1985, though still distributed some of TriStars films on home video until at least 1992. In 1986, HBO dropped out of the Tri-Star venture as well, the same year, Tri-Star entered into the television business as Tri-Star Television. It was formed when the studio joined forces with Stephen J. Cannell Productions and Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions, both studios continued to produce and distribute films under their separate names. On April 13,1988, CPE spun off Tri-Star Pictures, in 1989, all of Cokes entertainment holdings were acquired by Sony Corporation of Japan, who merged Columbia and Tri-Star, but continued to use the separate labels. On July 11,1990, Tri-Star Pictures dissolved and sold its venture in TeleVentures to Stephen J. Cannell Productions, most of the series and the Tri-Star film packages that were distributed by TeleVentures were transferred to Columbia Pictures Television Distribution. The Tri-Star film packages were transferred to Columbia Pictures Television Distribution, both studios continued to operate separately until TriStar folded in 1999 and CPT in 2001. In addition to its own slate, TriStar was the distributor for many films produced by Carolco Pictures. TriStar also theatrically distributed some FilmDistrict movies, TriStar was relaunched on May 13,2004 as a marketing and acquisitions unit that had a particular emphasis on genre films. Screen Gems executive vice president Valerie Van Galder was tapped to run the studio after being dormant. However, the release of its 2013 film Elysium represents the labels first big-budget release since The Mask of Zorro in 1998, the same year, former 20th Century Fox co-chairman Tom Rothman joined Sony Pictures and created TriStar Productions as a joint venture with existing Sony Pictures executives. The new TriStar will develop, finance and produce up to four films per year, as well as programming and acquisitions. Sonys TriStar Pictures unit will be retained for other product, including titles from Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions, TriStars logo of Pegasus, introduced in 1984, has become something of a cultural icon. The idea came about because of executive Victor Kaufman and his familys interest in riding horses, the original logo was created with the assistance of Sydney Pollack, who was an adviser at Tri-Star. The horse in that logo was the one used in Pollacks film The Electric Horseman
TriStar Pictures
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The current TriStar logo.
TriStar Pictures
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TriStar Pictures logo used until 1993.
TriStar Pictures
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The TriStar logo used until 2015.
TriStar Pictures
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Primary businesses
13.
Sony Pictures Entertainment
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Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. is an American entertainment company that produces, acquires and distributes filmed entertainment through multiple platforms. It operates as a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment Inc. which is the parent company for both the music and motion picture businesses of Sony Corporation, based in Culver City, California, it encompasses Sonys motion picture, television production and distribution units. Its group sales in the fiscal year 2015 has been reported to be of $8.3 billion, Sony Pictures film franchises include Spider-Man, Men in Black, Underworld, Resident Evil, and Robert Langdon. Sony Pictures is one of Hollywoods major film studios and a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, on September 1,1987, The Coca-Cola Company announced plans to spin-off its assets of Columbia Pictures, which it had owned since 1982. Under this arrangement, Coca-Cola would sell its entertainment assets to TriStar Pictures, Tri-Star would be renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. with Coca-Cola owning 49%, its shareholders owning 31%, and Tri-Stars shareholders owning 20%. A new company was formed in early 1988 with the Tri-Star name to take over the studios operations, on September 28,1989, Sony obtained an option to purchase all of The Coca-Cola Companys stock in CPE for $27 per share. This was all led by Norio Ohga, who was the president, the hiring of Guber and Peters by Sony to run Columbia was conflicted by a previous contract the producers had signed at Warner Bros. Time Warners chairman, Steve Ross, threatened Sony with a lawsuit for breach of contract, the lawsuit would be subsequently dropped when Sony sold half-interest in Columbia House and cable distribution rights to Columbias feature films, TV movies, and miniseries to Warner Bros. Said agreement also saw Columbia sell its 35% interest in the Burbank Studios, on November 8,1989, Sony completed the acquisition by a short-form merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Sony Columbia Acquisition Corporation into CPE under Delaware law. Sony also completed a tender offer for shares of stock of the Guber-Peters Entertainment Company on November 6,1989. The acquisition cost Sony $4.9 billion and was backed by five major Japanese banks Mitsui, Tokyo, Fuji, Mitsubishi, the company was renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment on August 7,1991. On June 4,2008, SPEs wholly owned group 2JS Productions B. V. acquired Dutch production company 2waytraffic N. V. famous for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and You Are What You Eat for £114.3 million. In 2011, the Sony Pictures computer network was breached and approximately one million user accounts associated with the SonyPictures. com website were leaked. On November 21,2013, SPE and Sony Entertainments CEO Michael Lynton announced that SPE will shift emphasis from movies to television by cutting its 2014 film slate, on January 22,2014, SPE folded its technology unit into its various cores of its businesses. On February 6,2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment, through their legal name Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal Ltda. announced that they close their offices in Portugal on March 31. On November 20,2015, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that they will release Ultra HD Blu-ray releases, the first set will be in early 2016 and will include film and television content. In November 2014, the Sony Pictures computer network was compromised by a group of hackers named Guardians of Peace, disabling many computers. Later the same week, five of Sony Pictures movies were leaked, including some not yet released, as well as confidential data about 47,000 current and former Sony employees
Sony Pictures Entertainment
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Sony Pictures Plaza in Culver City, California
Sony Pictures Entertainment
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Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc.
Sony Pictures Entertainment
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Entrance to SPE main lot in Culver City
Sony Pictures Entertainment
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Primary businesses
14.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
Western (genre)
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Justus D. Barnes, from
The Great Train Robbery
Western (genre)
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The
Lone Ranger; a famous heroic
gunslinger
Western (genre)
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Gary Cooper in
Vera Cruz
Western (genre)
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Western set at
Universal Studios in
Hollywood
15.
Crime thriller
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
Crime thriller
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Sherlock Holmes, pipe-puffing hero of crime fiction, confers with his colleague
Dr. Watson; together these characters popularized the genre.
16.
Superior, Arizona
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Superior is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of the town is 2,837. Such films as U Turn by Oliver Stone, Eight Legged Freaks, How the West Was Won, Blind Justice, The Prophecy, Skinwalkers, The Gauntlet with Clint Eastwood, and Young Billy Young are set in Superior. In 2005, a film named The Salena Incident, also called Alien Invasion Arizona, was filmed in Superior. Superior is located approximately 70 miles east of Phoenix and the distance north of Tucson. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 1.9 sq mi. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,254 people,1,237 households, the population density was 1,684.6 people per square mile. There were 1,470 housing units at a density of 761.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 72. 68% White,0. 46% Black or African American,1. 63% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,23. 05% from other races, and 1. 75% from two or more races. 69. 08% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.20. In the town, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,21. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $27,069, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had an income of $34,297 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,490, about 22. 5% of families and 27. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39. 0% of those under age 18 and 16. 5% of those age 65 or over. The Boyce Thompson Arboretum State Park is a 323-acre botanical collection includes a wide range of habitats. Founded in 1925, the arboretum is the largest and oldest botanical garden in Arizona, Superior has a hot semi-arid climate
Superior, Arizona
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Apache Leap in Superior
Superior, Arizona
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The riparian (river-associated) area of the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. The Boyce Thompson mansion can be seen at the right.
Superior, Arizona
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Superior from the air, looking north, 2010.
17.
Convenience store
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In some jurisdictions, corner stores are licensed to sell alcohol, typically beer and wine. Such stores may also offer money order and wire transfer services and they differ from general stores and village shops in that they are not in a rural location and are used as a convenient supplement to larger stores. A convenience store may be part of a station, so customers can purchase goods conveniently while filling their vehicle with fuel. It may be located alongside a road, in an urban area, near a railway or railroad station. In some countries, convenience stores have long shopping hours, some remaining open 24 hours, however, convenience stores make up for this loss by having longer open hours, serving more locations, and having shorter cashier lines. A convenience store may also be called a c-store, Cold Store, party store, small store, bodega, mini-market, mini-mart. Various types exist, for example, liquor stores, mini-markets, typically junk food, lottery tickets, newspapers and magazines are sold although merchandise varies widely from store to store. Unless the outlet is a store, the range of alcohol beverages is likely to be limited or non-existent. Most stores carry cigarettes and other tobacco products, varying degrees of food and grocery supplies are usually available, from household products, to prepackaged foods like sandwiches and frozen burritos. Automobile-related items such as oil, maps and car kits may be sold. Often toiletries and other products are stocked, as well as feminine hygiene. Stores may carry apparel, home furnishings, and CDs and DVDs, some of these stores also offer money orders and wire transfer services. Convenience stores that are near fishing destinations may carry live fishing bait as well as fishing equipment, Convenience stores may also carry small appliances as well as other household items such as coolers and back packs. Convenience stores have also known to carry candles, stationery, artwork. Many convenience stores offer food ready to eat, such as breakfast sandwiches, throughout Europe convenience stores now sell fresh French bread. A process of freezing parbaked bread allows easy shipment and baking in-store, some stores have a delicatessen counter, offering custom-made sandwiches and baguettes. Others have racks offering fresh delivered or baked doughnuts from local doughnut shops, some stores have a self-service microwave oven for heating purchased food. In the United States, some fast food chains offer a counter in convenience stores, instead of cooking food in the store, these counters offer a limited menu of items delivered several times a day from a local branch of the restaurant
Convenience store
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Interior of a
Japanese convenience store.
Convenience store
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A 7 Eleven convenience store in Japan.
Convenience store
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Personal care products at a
FamilyMart convenience store
Convenience store
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Entrance of a Couche-Tard convenience store in
Montreal,
Quebec
18.
Illegitimate child
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Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, illegitimacy is the status of a child born outside marriage, depending on the cultural context, legitimacy can affect a childs rights of inheritance to the putative fathers estate and the childs right to bear the fathers surname or title. Illegitimacy has also had consequences for the mothers and childs right to support from the putative father, in medieval Wales, a bastard was defined simply as a child not acknowledged by its father. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, that were acknowledged by the father enjoyed the legal rights. Englands Statute of Merton stated, regarding illegitimacy, He is a bastard that is born before the marriage of his parents and this definition also applied to situations when a childs parents could not marry, as when one or both were already married or when the relationship was incestuous. The Poor Law of 1576 formed the basis of English bastardy law and its purpose was to punish a bastard childs mother and putative father, and to relieve the parish from the cost of supporting mother and child. By an act of 1576, it was ordered that bastards should be supported by their putative fathers, if the genitor could be found, then he was put under very great pressure to accept responsibility and to maintain the child. Under English law, a bastard was unable to be an heir to real property, in contrast to the situation under civil law, a younger non-bastard brother would have no claim to the land. The Legitimacy Act 1926 of England and Wales legitimized the birth of a if the parents subsequently married each other. The Legitimacy Act 1959 extended the legitimization even if the parents had married others in the meantime, neither the 1926 nor 1959 Acts changed the laws of succession to the British throne and succession to peerage titles. The Family Law Reform Act 1969 allowed a bastard to inherit on the intestacy of his parents, in canon and in civil law, the offspring of putative marriages have also been considered legitimate. Since 2003 in England and Wales,2002 in Northern Ireland and 2006 in Scotland, still, children born out of wedlock may not be eligible for certain federal benefits unless the child has been legitimized in the appropriate jurisdiction. Many other countries have abolished by any legal disabilities of a child born out of wedlock. In France, legal reforms regarding illegitimacy began in the 1970s, the European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock came into force in 1978. Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this Convention, the Convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988. Use of the illegitimate child is now rare, even in legal contexts. It has been stricken from passports and legal documents as needlessly insulting and stigmatizing to the child, terms such as extra-marital child, love child and child born out of wedlock are more commonly used. Also used in Britain and other English-speaking countries is bastard, though such as natural child are preferred in polite society
Illegitimate child
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Elizabeth I of England
Illegitimate child
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The Outcast, by
Richard Redgrave, 1851. A patriarch casts his daughter and her illegitimate baby out of the family home.
Illegitimate child
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Magdalene laundries were institutions that existed from the 18th to the late 20th centuries, throughout Europe and North America, where "fallen women", including unmarried mothers, were detained. Photo: Magdalene laundry in
Ireland, ca. early twentieth century.
Illegitimate child
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Edwin Booth
19.
Tomahawk (axe)
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A tomahawk is a type of single-handed axe from North America, traditionally resembling a hatchet with a straight shaft. The name came into the English language in the 17th century as an adaptation of the Powhatan word, tomahawks were general purpose tools used by Native Americans and European colonials alike, and often employed as a hand-to-hand or a thrown weapon. The metal tomahawk heads were originally based on a Royal Navy boarding axe and used as a trade-item with Native Americans for food, the name comes from Powhatan tamahaac, derived from the Proto-Algonquian root *temah- to cut off by tool. Algonquian cognates include Lenape təmahikan, Malecite-Passamaquoddy tomhikon, Abenaki demahigan, the Algonquian Indians in early America created the tomahawk. Before Europeans came to the continent, Native Americans would use stones attached to wooden handles, though typically used as weapons, they could also be used for everyday tasks, such as chopping, cutting or hunting. When Europeans arrived, they introduced the metal blade to the natives, metal did not break as readily as stone and could be fashioned for additional uses. Native Americans created a poll, the side opposite the blade. These became known as pipe tomahawks, which consisted of a bowl on the poll and these were created by European and American artisans for trade and diplomatic gifts for the tribes. Pre-contact Native Americans lacked ironmaking technology, so tomahawks were not fitted with metal axe heads until they could be obtained from trade with Europeans, the tomahawks original designs were fitted with heads of bladed or rounded stone or deer antler. The modern tomahawk shaft is usually less than 2 ft in length, traditionally made of hickory, ash, the heads weigh anywhere from 9–20 oz, with a cutting edge usually not much longer than four inches from toe to heel. The poll can feature a hammer, spike, or may simply be rounded off and these sometimes had a pipe-bowl carved into the poll, and a hole drilled down the center of the shaft for smoking tobacco through the tomahawk. There are also metal-headed versions of this unusual pipe, pipe tomahawks are artifacts unique to North America, created by Europeans as trade objects but often exchanged as diplomatic gifts. They were symbols of the choice Europeans and Native Americans faced whenever they met, one end was the pipe of peace, in colonial French territory, a very different tomahawk design, closer to the ancient European francisca, was in use by French settlers and indigenous peoples. In the late 18th century, the British Army issued tomahawks to their colonial regulars during the American Revolutionary War as a weapon, tomahawks are a category within competitive knife throwing. Todays hand-forged tomahawks are being made by master craftsmen throughout the United States, a similar wood handle Vietnam tomahawk is produced today by Cold Steel. The tomahawk was later redesigned featuring synthetic shafts by American Tomahawk Company, SOG Knives Inc. has also entered the field with its own version of the Vietnam tomahawk, the Fusion Tactical Tomahawk. Original Vietnam tomahawks are rare and expensive, tomahawks are useful in camping and bushcraft scenarios. They are mostly used as an alternative to a hatchet, as they are lighter and slimmer than hatchets
Tomahawk (axe)
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Pipe tomahawk
Tomahawk (axe)
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American made tomahawk
Tomahawk (axe)
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Tomahawk, Oglala, Lakota, Sioux (Native American), late 19th-early 20th century,
Brooklyn Museum
Tomahawk (axe)
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Nez Perce tomahawk
20.
Radiator (engine cooling)
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Engine coolant is usually water-based, but may also be oil. It is common to employ a water pump to force the engine coolant to circulate, in automobiles and motorcycles with a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine, a radiator is connected to channels running through the engine and cylinder head, through which a liquid is pumped. This liquid may be water, but is commonly a mixture of water. Antifreeze itself is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, the radiator transfers the heat from the fluid inside to the air outside, thereby cooling the fluid, which in turn cools the engine. Radiators are also used to cool automatic transmission fluids, air conditioner refrigerant, intake air. Radiators are typically mounted in a position where they receive airflow from the movement of the vehicle. Where engines are mid- or rear-mounted, it is common to mount the radiator behind a front grill to achieve sufficient airflow, alternatively, the radiator may draw air from the flow over the top of the vehicle or from a side-mounted grill. For long vehicles, such as buses, side airflow is most common for engine and transmission cooling, automobile radiators are constructed of a pair of header tanks, linked by a core with many narrow passageways, giving a high surface area relative to volume. This core is made of stacked layers of metal sheet, pressed to form channels. For many years radiators were made from brass or copper cores soldered to brass headers, modern radiators have aluminum cores, and often save money and weight by using plastic headers. This construction is more prone to failure and less easily repaired than traditional materials, an earlier construction method was the honeycomb radiator. Round tubes were swaged into hexagons at their ends, then stacked together, as they only touched at their ends, this formed what became in effect a solid water tank with many air tubes through it. Some vintage cars use radiator cores made from coiled tube, a less efficient, radiators first used downward vertical flow, driven solely by a thermosyphon effect. Coolant is heated in the engine, becomes less dense, as the radiator cools the fluid, the coolant becomes denser and falls. This effect is sufficient for low-power stationary engines, but inadequate for all, all automobiles for many years have used centrifugal pumps to circulate the engine coolant because natural circulation has very low flow rates. A system of valves or baffles, or both, is incorporated to simultaneously operate a small radiator inside the vehicle. This small radiator, and the associated blower fan, is called the heater core, like the radiator, the heater core acts by removing heat from the engine. For this reason, automotive technicians often advise operators to turn on the heater and set it to if the engine is overheating
Radiator (engine cooling)
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A typical engine coolant radiator used in an
automobile
Radiator (engine cooling)
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Coolant being poured into the radiator of an
automobile
Radiator (engine cooling)
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Honeycomb radiator tubes
Radiator (engine cooling)
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Thermosyphon cooling system of 1937, without circulating pump
21.
Abraham Benrubi
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Benrubi was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, the eldest son of Patricia and Asher Benrubi, who was a rock singer and is currently a radio personality known as Smash to St. Louis radio audiences. His paternal grandfather was from a Greek Jewish family and his paternal grandmother, who was born to a Greek Orthodox Christian family, helped shelter Jews in Greece during World War II and later converted to Judaism. Benrubi graduated from Broad Ripple High School in Indianapolis, the high school alma mater of David Letterman. Benrubis first major role was on the show Wings, as Roy R. J and he would appear as R. J. twice, once during the shows second season, and again during the seventh season, shortly after he began working on NBCs ER. Between the first and second seasons of Parker Lewis Cant Lose, Benrubi, Benrubi starred as one of the main characters in ABCs show Men in Trees, playing bartender/millionaire Ben Tomasson. This was a role where he got noticeably more main dialog and depth than with his previous longtime characters on ER and Parker Lewis Cant Lose, Ben Tomasson was described as the cuddliest TV character since Jorge Garcias Hurley on Lost by TV-critic David Bianculli. Other previous work includes playing Mose in the 2003 western Open Range and he frequently voices characters on Adult Swims stop-motion animation show Robot Chicken, and has also contributed to a second show from Chickens creators, Titan Maximum. Following the cancellation of Men In Trees in early 2007, Benrubi returned to the cast of ER in late 2008 for the final season. Benrubi played a young Dan Conner, the character portrayed by John Goodman, Benrubi starred in the short lived ABC show, Happy Town where he played the part of Big Dave Duncan. Almost right after the cancellation was announced he appeared in a new show Memphis Beat. Jody JC Lightfoot, a desk sergeant that is 1/16 Chickasaw by a distant relative, Benrubi is currently working on an independent film called To Kill a Memory. In May 2011 it was announced that he would star in Glutton, Benrubi will play Jethro, a 1, 200-pound man, forced to save his sisters life. Jethros sister is played by Patricia Arquette, while Kacey Barnfield also stars as his blind neighbour, Benrubi is a member of Los Angeles Sacred Fools Theater Company. Abe Ferguson George of the Jungle, geddy Paretti I Woke Up Early the Day I Died Under Oath. Geoff Carmichael Out in Fifty Twister, bubba The Man Who Wasnt There. Young Man at Dance War Story, bruno Miss Congeniality 2, Armed and Fabulous. Jimbo A Night In Old Mexico, Big Rosco Hamill The Finest Hours. George Tiny Myers The Belko Experiment, Roy R. J. Biggins, Jr. Parker Lewis Cant Lose
Abraham Benrubi
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Abraham Benrubi at a 2012
NASA Social to preview the landing of the
Curiosity rover.
