1.
United States presidential election, 2016
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20,2017. Concurrent with the election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state. While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates, a further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, Trump is the fifth person in U. S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote. It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Democrat Andrew Jackson that a vote split occurred in Maine. On January 6,2017, the United States governments intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections. A joint U. S. intelligence review stated with confidence that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U. S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Hillary Clinton, investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee. Traditionally, the elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U. S. The series of primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia. With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23,2015, prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1,2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1,2016, the first of four Super Tuesday primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas, failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later. On March 15,2016, the second Super Tuesday, Kasich won his only contest in his state of Ohio
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
3.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
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Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
5.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
6.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
7.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
8.
Tim Kaine
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Timothy Michael Tim Kaine is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from Virginia. A Democrat, Kaine was elected to the Senate in 2012 and was the nominee of his party for Vice President of the United States in the 2016 election. He was first elected to office in 1994, when he won a seat on the Richmond. He was then elected Mayor of Richmond in 1998, and was in position until being elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in 2001. Kaine was elected Governor of Virginia in 2005 and was in office from 2006 to 2010. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 2009 to 2011, Kaine was born at Saint Josephs Hospital in St. Paul, Minnesota. He is the eldest of three born to Mary Kathleen, a home economics teacher, and Albert Alexander Kaine, Jr. a welder. One of Kaines great-grandparents was Scottish and the seven were Irish. Kaines family moved to Overland Park, Kansas, when Kaine was two old, and he grew up in the Kansas City area. In 1976, he graduated from Rockhurst High School, a Jesuit all-boys preparatory school in Kansas City, at Rockhurst, Kaine joined the debate team and was elected student body president. Kaine received his B. A. in economics from the University of Missouri in 1979 and he was a Coro Foundation fellow in Kansas City in 1978. While running a vocational center that taught carpentry and welding, he helped increase the schools enrollment by recruiting local villagers. Kaine is fluent in Spanish as a result of his nine months in Honduras, after returning from Honduras, Kaine met his future wife, first-year Harvard Law student, Anne Holton. He graduated from Harvard Law School with a J. D. degree in 1983, Kaine and Holton moved to Holtons hometown of Richmond, Virginia, after graduation, and Kaine was admitted to the Virginia Bar in 1984. After graduating from law school, Kaine was a law clerk for Judge R. Lanier Anderson III of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, in Macon, Kaine then joined the Richmond law firm of Little, Parsley & Cluverius, P. C. In 1987, Kaine became a director with the law firm of Mezzullo & McCandlish, Kaine practiced law in Richmond for 17 years, specializing in fair housing law and representing clients discriminated against on the basis of race or disability. Kaine won a $100.5 million verdict in the case, the judgment was overturned on appeal, Kaine did regular pro bono work. In 1988, Kaine started teaching legal ethics as a professor at the University of Richmond School of Law
9.
Mike Pence
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Michael Richard Mike Pence is an American politician, lawyer, and the 48th Vice President of the United States. He previously served as the 50th Governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017, born and raised in Columbus, Indiana, Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice. After losing two bids for a U. S. congressional seat in 1988 and 1990, he became a conservative radio and he served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2009 to 2011. Pence positioned himself as an ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement, noting he was a Christian, a conservative. Pence signed bills intended to restrict abortions, including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the race, gender. He later signed an additional bill acting as an amendment intended to protect LGBT people. Michael Richard Mike Pence was born June 7,1959, in Columbus, Indiana, one of six children of Nancy Jane and Edward J. Pence and his family were Irish Catholic Democrats. He was named after his grandfather, Richard Michael Cawley, who emigrated from County Sligo, Ireland, to the United States through Ellis Island and became a bus driver in Chicago and his maternal grandmothers parents were from Doonbeg, County Clare. Pence graduated from Columbus North High School in 1977 and he earned a BA degree in history from Hanover College in 1981, and a JD degree from the Indiana Universitys Robert H. McKinney School of Law in Indianapolis in 1986. While at Hanover, Pence joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, after graduating from Hanover, Pence was an admissions counselor at the college from 1981 to 1983. In his childhood and early adulthood, Pence was a Roman Catholic, kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. While in college, Pence became an evangelical, born-again Christian, after graduating from law school in 1986, Pence was an attorney in private practice. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in 1988 and in 1990. He became the president of the Indiana Policy Review Foundation, a self-described free-market think tank in 1991, Pence left the Indiana Policy Review Foundation in 1993, a year after beginning to host The Mike Pence Show, a talk radio program based in WRCR-FM in Rushville, Indiana. Pence called himself Rush Limbaugh on decaf since he considered himself politically conservative while not as outspoken as Limbaugh, the show was syndicated by Network Indiana and aired weekdays 9 a. m. to noon on 18 stations throughout the state, including WIBC in Indianapolis. From 1995 to 1999, Pence also hosted a political talk show from Indianapolis. In 1988, Pence ran for Congress against Democratic incumbent Phil Sharp and he ran against Sharp again in 1990, quitting his job in order to work full-time in the campaign, but once again was unsuccessful. During the race, Pence used political donations to pay the mortgage on his house, his credit card bill, groceries, golf tournament fees
10.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
11.
Electoral College (United States)
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Citizens of the United States vote in each state at a general election to choose a slate of electors pledged to vote for a partys candidate. The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president, each state chooses electors, amounting in number to that states combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, the Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College, all states except Maine and Nebraska and California before 1913 have chosen electors on a winner-take-all basis since the 1880s. Under the winner-take-all system, the electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska use the congressional district method, selecting one elector within each district by popular vote. Although no elector is required by law to honor their pledge. If no person receives a majority of votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president. The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, the Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president. Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election, however once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred popular election of the executive, the right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States, and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections, the Convention approved the Committees Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6,1787. Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut, New Jersey, in The Federalist Papers, James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. 39, Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government, Congress would have two houses, the state-based Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes, alexander Hamilton in Federalist No.68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only and this avoided a party-run legislature, or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. Hamilton explained the election was to place among all the states. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, Hamilton argued, electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public
12.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
13.
Orange County, California
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Orange County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232 making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States and its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, the countys four largest cities, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine, and Huntington Beach each have populations exceeding 200,000. Several of Orange Countys cities are on the Pacific coast, including Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirty-four incorporated cities are located in the county, the newest is Aliso Viejo, Anaheim was the first city, incorporated in 1870, when the region was still part of neighboring Los Angeles County. Whereas most population centers in the United States tend to be identified by a major city and it is mostly suburban except for some traditionally urban areas at the centers of the older cities of Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, Orange, and Santa Ana. There are several edge city-style developments such as Irvine Business Center, Newport Center, the county is famous for its tourism as the home of attractions like Disneyland, Knotts Berry Farm, and several beaches along its more than 40 miles of coastline. It is part of the Tech Coast, members of the Tongva, Juaneño, and Luiseño Native American groups long inhabited the area. After the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish expedition led by Junipero Serra named the area Valle de Santa Ana, on November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano became the areas first permanent European settlement. Among those who came with Portolá were José Manuel Nieto and José Antonio Yorba, both these men were given land grants—Rancho Los Nietos and Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, respectively. The Nieto heirs were granted land in 1834, the Nieto ranches were known as Rancho Los Alamitos, Rancho Las Bolsas, and Rancho Los Coyotes. Yorba heirs Bernardo Yorba and Teodosio Yorba were also granted Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana and Rancho Lomas de Santiago, other ranchos in Orange County were granted by the Mexican government during the Mexican period in Alta California. A severe drought in the 1860s devastated the industry, cattle ranching. In 1887, silver was discovered in the Santa Ana Mountains, attracting settlers via the Santa Fe and this growth led the California legislature to divide Los Angeles County and create Orange County as a separate political entity on March 11,1889. The county is said to have named for the citrus fruit in an attempt to promote immigration by suggesting a semi-tropical paradise–a place where anything could grow. Other citrus crops, avocados, and oil extraction were important to the early economy. Orange County benefited from the July 4,1904 completion of the Pacific Electric Railway, the link made Orange County an accessible weekend retreat for celebrities of early Hollywood. It was deemed so significant that Pacific City changed its name to Huntington Beach in honor of Henry E. Huntington, president of the Pacific Electric, Transportation further improved with the completion of the State Route and U. S. Route 101 in the 1920s
14.
John W. Davis
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John William Davis was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a United States Representative from West Virginia from 1911 to 1913, then as Solicitor General of the United States, the culmination of his political career came when he ran for President in 1924 under the Democratic Party ticket, losing to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge. Over a 60-year legal career, Davis argued 140 cases before the US Supreme Court and he famously argued the winning side in Youngstown Steel. He also represented the side in Briggs v. Elliott. Daviss great-grandfather, Caleb Davis, was a clockmaker in the Shenandoah Valley, in 1816, his grandfather, John Davis, moved to Clarksburg in what would later become West Virginia, which had a population of 600–700 at the time, and ran a saddle and harness business. John J. John W. Daviss mother Anna Kennedy was from Baltimore and his maternal grandparents were William Wilson Kennedy and his wife Catherine Esdale Martin. Catherine was the daughter of Tobias Martin, dairy farmer and amateur poet, and his wife, the Esdales were members of the Religious Society of Friends, settled near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. They had reportedly helped provide for the Continental Army under George Washington which had camped there in the winter of 1777–1778, Daviss Sunday school teacher recalled John W. Davis had a noble face even when small. His biographer went on to say that e used better English, kept himself cleaner, Davis education began at home, as his mother taught him to read before he had even memorized the alphabet. She then had him read poetry and other literature throughout the home library, after he turned ten, he was put in a class with older students to prepare him for the state teachers examination. A few years later, he was enrolled in a previously all-female seminary that doubled as a private boarding, there he received nothing less than a 94 for grades. Davis entered Washington and Lee University at the age of sixteen and he graduated in 1892 with a major in Latin. He joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, participated in intramural sports and he would have started law school directly after graduation, but he lacked funds. Instead, he became a teacher for Major Edward H. McDonald of Charles Town, West Virginia, Davis taught McDonalds nine children and his six nieces and nephews, one of whom, Julia, nineteen at the time, would become Daviss wife. He graduated with a law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1895 and was elected Law Class Orator and his speech gave a glimpse of his advocacy skills, lawyer has been always the sentinel of the watchtower of liberty. Fellow classmates of 1895, shall we, Washington and Lee University School of Law has shown great pride in Davis. In 1947, W&L began awarding the John W. Davis Prize to the law student with the highest GPA
15.
Libertarian Party (United States)
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The Libertarian Party is a Libertarian political party in the United States that promotes civil liberties, non-interventionism, laissez-faire capitalism and the abolition of the welfare state. The LP was conceived at meetings in the home of David F. Nolan in Westminster, Colorado in 1971 and was formed on December 11,1971, in Colorado Springs. The founding of the party was prompted in part due to concerns about the Nixon administration, the Vietnam War, conscription, the party generally promotes a classical liberal platform, in contrast to the Democrats modern liberalism and progressivism and the Republicans conservatism. Gary Johnson, the presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, states that the LP is more culturally liberal than Democrats. Current cultural policy positions include ending the prohibition of drugs, supporting same-sex marriage, ending capital punishment. Many libertarians believe in lowering the age to 18. While it is the third largest political party in the United States, there are 499,492 voters registered as Libertarian in the 27 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D. C. The LP was the party under which the first electoral vote was cast for a woman, Tonie Nathan, for Vice President in a United States presidential election, the first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972. In 1978, Dick Randolph of Alaska became the first elected Libertarian state legislator, in 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time. 1995 saw a membership and voter registration for the party. In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first third party to earn ballot status in all 50 states two presidential elections in a row, by the end of 2009,146 Libertarians were holding elected offices. He was renominated for president in 2016, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor William Weld as his running mate, johnson/Weld shattered the Libertarian record for a presidential ticket, earning over 4.4 million votes. Though the party has never won a seat in the United States Congress, it has seen success in the context of state legislatures. Three Libertarians were elected to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992, rhode Island State Representative Daniel P. Gordon was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011. Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016, dyer changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017. In 1972, Libertarian Party was chosen as the partys name, the current slogan of the party is The Party of Principle. Also in 1972, the Libersign—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation TANSTAAFL—was adopted as a party symbol, by the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the current Torch Eagle logo. In the 1990s several state libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin as their official mascot, another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006, that is also often associated with the Free State Project
16.
Gary Johnson
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Gary Earl Johnson is an American businessman, author, and politician. He was the 29th Governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003 as a member of the Republican Party and he was also the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections. Johnson founded one of New Mexicos largest construction companies and he entered politics for the first time by running for Governor of New Mexico in 1994 on a low-tax, anti-crime platform, promising a common sense business approach. He beat incumbent Democratic governor Bruce King by 50% to 40% and he cut the 10% annual growth in the budget, in part due to his use of the gubernatorial veto 200 times during his first six months. Johnson sought re-election in 1998, winning by 55% to 45%, in his second term, he concentrated on the issue of school voucher reforms as well as campaigning for cannabis decriminalization. Term-limited, Johnson retired from politics in 2003. In December 2011, he withdrew his candidacy for the Republican nomination and stood for the Libertarian nomination instead, Johnson received 1.3 million votes, more than all other minor candidates combined. Johnson ran again in 2016, once winning the Libertarian nomination. Johnson received 4.4 million votes, which is most for a third party candidate since 1996. Since the 2016 presidential election, Johnson has stated he not run for public office again. Johnson was born on January 1,1953, in Minot, North Dakota, the son of Lorraine B. who worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Earl W. Johnson, a public school teacher. In 1971, Johnson graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico and he attended the University of New Mexico from 1971 to 1975 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in political science. While at UNM, he joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and it was there that he met his future wife, Denise Dee Simms. While in college, Johnson earned money as a door-to-door handyman and his success in that industry encouraged him to start his own business, Big J Enterprises, in 1976. When he started the business, which focused on mechanical contracting and his firms major break came when he received a large contract from Intels expansion in Rio Rancho, which increased Big Js revenue to $38 million. To cope with the growth of the company, Johnson enrolled in a management course at night school. He eventually grew Big J into a corporation with over 1,000 employees. By the time he sold the company in 1999, it was one of New Mexicos leading construction companies, Johnson entered politics in 1994 with the intention of running for governor and was advised by Republican Elders to run for the State Legislature instead
17.
Green Party of the United States
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The Green Party of the United States is a green and progressive political party in the United States. On the political spectrum the party is seen as left-wing. The GPUS was founded in 2001 as the evolution of the Association of State Green Parties, the ASGP had increasingly distanced itself from the G/GPUSA in the late 1990s. The Greens gained widespread attention during the 2000 presidential election. Nader was vilified by many Democrats and even some Greens, who accused him of spoiling the election for Al Gore, the degree of Naders impact on the 2000 election remains controversial. The GPUS had several members elected in state legislatures, including in California, Maine, a number of Greens around the United States hold positions on the municipal level, including on school boards, city councils and as mayors. The organization conducted grassroots organizing efforts, educational activities, and electoral campaigns and those who saw electoral strategies as a crucial engine of social change. The G/GPUSA was recognized by the FEC as a political party in 1991. The compromise agreement subsequently collapsed and two Green party organizations have co-existed in the United States since, the Green Politics Network was organized in 1990 and The National Association of Statewide Green Parties formed by 1994. Divisions between those pressing to break onto the political stage and those aiming to grow roots at the local level continued to widen during the 1990s. The Association of State Green Parties encouraged and backed Naders presidential runs in 1996 and 2000, by 2001, the push to separate electoral activity from the G/GPUSA issue-based organizing led to the Boston Proposal and subsequent rise of the Green Party of the United States. The G/GPUSA lost most of its affiliates in the following months, in 2016, Mark Salazar set a new record for a Green Party nominee for U. S. Congress. Running in the Arizona 8th district, against incumbent Republican Congressman Trent Franks, the GPUS follows the ideals of green politics, which are based on the Four Pillars of the Green Party, Ecological wisdom, Social justice, Grassroots democracy and Nonviolence. An avocado is Green on the outside and Green on the inside and it goes on to explain that Greens have a vital role in bringing Democracy to the otherwise undemocratic two party system of the U. S. The Green Party does not accept donations from corporations, political committees,527 organizations or soft money. The partys platforms and rhetoric harshly criticize any corporate influence and control over government, media, the state parties also appoint delegates to serve on the various standing committees of the GNC. The National Committee elects a Steering Committee of seven Co-chairs, a Secretary, the National Committee performs most of its business online, but also holds an Annual National Meeting to conduct business in person. Californians have elected 55 of the 226 office-holding Greens nationwide as of June 2007, other states with high numbers of Green elected officials include Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Maine
18.
Jill Stein
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Jill Ellen Stein is an American physician, activist, and politician. She was the Green Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections and she was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 2002 and 2010. Stein was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of Gladys and she was raised in Highland Park, Illinois. Her parents were descended from Russian Jews, and Stein was raised in a Reform Jewish household, in 1973, Stein graduated magna cum laude from Harvard College, where she studied psychology, sociology, and anthropology. She then attended Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1979 and she also served as an instructor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. She retired from practicing and teaching medicine in 2005 and 2006, since 1998, she has served on the board of the Greater Boston chapter of Physicians for Social Responsibility. Stein also founded and served as co-chair of the Lexington Solid Waste Action Team, the committee was approved by Lexingtons Board of Selectmen and later featured in the textbook Approaches to Sustainable Development, The Public University in the Regional Economy. Other organizations Stein has worked with include Clean Water Action, Toxic Action Center, Global Climate Convergence, Physicians for a National Health Program, and Massachusetts Medical Society. As a medical doctor and researcher, Stein has published various materials and teaching plans and she coauthored two reports by the Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility, In Harms Way, Toxic Threats to Child Development, and Environmental Threats to Healthy Aging. The In Harms Way report was republished in the peer-reviewed Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics in 2002, Stein also coauthored articles about health in publications such as The Huffington Post. She also lectured and gave presentations at other institutions, Stein is an advocate for campaign finance reform. In 1998, she helped campaign for the Clean Elections Law in Massachusetts, the law was later repealed by a Democratic-majority legislature, leading Stein to leave the Democratic party and join the Green Party. Stein has also served on the board of MassVoters for Fair Elections and has campaigned for implementing instant runoff voting in Massachusetts, alongside her political career, Stein also recorded musical albums with collaborator Ken Selcer in the folk-rock band Somebodys Sister. She plays the conga and djembe drums and the guitar, during the 1990s and 2000s, the duo released four studio albums, Flashpoint, Somebodys Sister, Green Sky, and Circuits To The Sun. The pair also performed at live events, such as the 2008 Green-Rainbow Convention in Leominster. The band was a semifinalist in Musicians best unsigned bands contest in 1996 and 1998, Stein is a former elected member of the Lexington Town Meeting, the local legislative body in Lexington, Massachusetts. She was elected to two terms, but resigned during her second term to run for governor. Stein was the Green-Rainbow Party candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 2002 and finished third in a field of five candidates, after her debate performances received good reviews, supporters of the Democratic nominee purchased the rights to jillstein. org
19.
Bernie Sanders
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Bernard Bernie Sanders is an American politician who has been the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007. Sanders is the longest serving independent in U. S. congressional history, Sanders became the ranking minority member on the Senate Budget Committee in January 2015, he had previously been chair of the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee for two years. Since January 2017, he has been Chair of the Senate Democratic Outreach Committee, a self-described democratic socialist, Sanders is pro-labor and emphasizes reversing economic inequality. Many scholars consider his views to be more in line with social democracy, Sanders was born and raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1964. While a student he was an active protest organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality, after settling in Vermont in 1968, Sanders ran unsuccessful third-party campaigns for governor and U. S. senator in the early to mid-1970s. As an independent, he was elected mayor of Burlington—Vermonts most populous city of 42,417 in 2010—in 1981 and he went on to be reelected as mayor three times. In 1990, he was elected to represent Vermonts at-large congressional district in the U. S. House of Representatives and he served as a congressman for 16 years before being elected to the U. S. Senate in 2006. In 2012, he was reelected with 71% of the popular vote, polls indicate that he is among the senators most popular with their constituents, ranking third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016. Sanders rose to prominence following his 2010 filibuster against the Middle Class Tax Relief Act of 2010. Sanders has long been critical of U. S. foreign policy and was an early and outspoken opponent of the Iraq War, the First Gulf War, Sanders announced his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 30,2015. Initially considered a shot, Sanders won 23 primaries and caucuses. His campaign was noted for the enthusiasm of its supporters, as well as his rejection of large donations from corporations, the financial industry, and any associated Super PAC. In November 2016, Sanderss book Our Revolution, A Future to Believe In was released, upon its release, it was on The New York Times best-seller list at number 3. In 2016 Sanders formed an organization, Our Revolution, to educate voters about issues, get people involved in the political process. In February 2017, Sanders began webcasting The Bernie Sanders Show on Facebook, Bernard Sanders was born on September 8,1941, in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, Elias Sanders, was born on September 14,1904, in Słopnice, Poland, to a Jewish family, in 1921, the 17-year-old Elias immigrated to the United States, where he became a paint salesman. His mother, Dorothy Sanders, was born in New York City on October 2,1912, to Jewish immigrant parents from Poland, many of Eliass relatives back in Poland were killed in the Holocaust. Sanders became interested in politics at an age, A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932
20.
Peace and Freedom Party
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The Peace and Freedom Party is a nationally organized left-wing political party, with affiliates in more than a dozen American states, including California, Florida, Colorado, and Hawaii. The Peace and Freedom Party went national in 1968 as an organization opposed to the Vietnam War. In 2004,2008, and 2012, the presidential candidates were Leonard Peltier, Ralph Nader. According to its website, PFP is committed to socialism, democracy, ecology, feminism and racial equality. It is an advocate of environmentalism, aboriginal rights, rights to sexuality, health care, abortion, education, housing, employment. The Peace and Freedom Party grew out of unhappiness with the Democratic Partys support for the war in Vietnam, in 1966, three men ran for the U. S. House using the Peace and Freedom Party label. Herbert Aptheker received 3,562 votes in New Yorks 12th Congressional District, shaw received 1,974 votes in Washingtons 7th Congressional District, and Frank L. Patterson received 1,105 votes in Washingtons 2nd Congressional District. The party achieved ballot status in California in January 1968 by registering over 105,000 voters under its banner. It later got ballot status in 13 other states, but in most of those, the PFPs first national convention to nominate candidates for President and Vice President was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan on August 17-August 18,1968. Eldridge Cleaver was nominated for President over Richard C. Dick Gregory by a margin of 161.5 to 54. Cleaver, a felon and Black Panther spokesman, was technically not eligible to run. Cleaver personally preferred Yippie leader Jerry Rubin, Gregory appeared on the ballot in several states as the Peace and Freedom Party candidate as well as in New York and New Jersey as the candidate of the Freedom and Peace Party. Two states refused to list Cleaver on the ballot, although each state listed the Presidential Electors, a variety of people joined the PFP in its first election. Bob Avakian was a spokesman for the party in the San Francisco Area, the New York Peace and Freedom Party consisted of a fractious coalition of competing Marxist groups, along with libertarians led by economist Murray Rothbard. In the election of 1968, the PFP fared fairly well for a new third party, Gregory outpolled Cleaver, receiving 47,097 votes to Cleavers 36,623. In California and Utah, where no presidential nominee appeared on the ballot, the full nationwide vote for Presidential Electors was thus 111,607. PFP candidates for the U. S. Senate garnered an aggregate total of 105,411 votes. In Utah, the PFP fielded folk musician Bruce Utah Phillips for Congress, the PFP retained ballot status in California, which it retained except for the brief period 1999-2003
21.
Gloria La Riva
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She was the PSLs 2008 presidential candidate, La Riva ran as the PSLs presidential candidate in the 2016 race, with Eugene Puryear and Dennis J. Banks as her running mate. La Riva was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico on August 13,1954 and she graduated from high school and began attending Brandeis University in 1972. She had also been the Workers World Party vice-presidential candidate in the elections of 1984,1988,1996 and she joined the Party for Socialism and Liberation in its split from the Workers World Party. La Riva was also the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Governor of California in 1994 and she ran again in the 1998 gubernatorial election, capturing 59,218 votes. She also ran for San Francisco Mayor in 1983 and 1991, in the 2008 Presidential election, La Riva received 6,821 votes, the 10th highest vote total. La Riva has also been the director of the National Committee to Free the Cuban Five, in 2012, La Riva was a presidential stand-in for Peta Lindsay, PSL nominee for President who was not allowed on the ballot in some states due to her age. As of August 2012, La Riva was on the ballot in Iowa, Utah, in July 2015, La Riva was announced as the PSL presidential nominee, with Eugene Puryear as her running mate. As of July 24,2016 La Riva and her campaign raised $25,234, La Riva attained ballot access in eight states, Vermont, New Mexico, Iowa, Louisiana, Colorado, Washington, New Jersey, and California. 2016 campaign website Standing for Castro at the US election, a report on Gloria La Riva by France 24, October 29,2008 Meet Gloria
22.
Laurence Kotlikoff
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Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff is an American academic and politician, who is a William Warren Fairfield Professor at Boston University. Kotlikoff ran, as he did in the elections, as a write-in candidate for President of the United States in the November 8,2016 election. He has also work on Social Security, healthcare, tax. Kotlikoffs thesis examined, in a simulation model, the impact of intergenerational redistribution on the long-run position of the economy. He also studied whether the rich spend a larger or smaller share of their resources than do the poor. And he provided a new approach to understanding the impact of Social Security on saving. At UCLA, Kotlikoff wrote a paper with Avia Spivak on intra-family risk-sharing entitled The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market and he also wrote a widely cited paper with Lawrence Summers questioning the importance of saving for retirement in determining total U. S. wealth accumulation. The publication suggested that most of U. S. wealth accumulation was not attributed to life-cycle saving, the article was the subject of a lively debate between Kotlikoff and Franco Modigliani, who won the Nobel Prize in part for his work on the life-cycle model. Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, pioneered Generational Accounting, Kotlikoffs work on the relativity of fiscal language claims to show that conventional fiscal measures, including the governments deficit, are not well defined from the perspective of economic theory. According to Kotlikoff, their measurement reflects economically arbitrary fiscal labeling conventions, in 1991, Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, produced the first set of generational accounts for the United States. Recent generational accounting by the IMF and fiscal gap accounting by Kotlikoff claim to confirm the truly severe long-run fiscal problems facing the U. S, the model and its offspring have been used extensively to study future fiscal and demographic transitions in the U. S. and abroad. Demographically realistic overlapping generations models, in which agents can live for up to, the paths of capital and labor will be determined by the aggregation of the saving and labor supply decisions of the individual agents alive through time. Thus a young persons decision about consuming and working today depends, in part, on what he believes will be the interest and wage rates when hes middle age and old, for example, age 90. But the value of factor prices when hes age 90 depend on how much capital. This depends, in part, on the saving and labor supply of unborn generations who will be saving and working when he reaches old age, and the path of interest and wage rates must be such as to clear these factor markets at each point in time. Under standard assumptions about the nature of technology and in the simplest framework and this ratio summaries both the relative supplies of and demands for the two factors. In equilibrium, the ratio of factor inputs supplied each year must equal the ratio of factor inputs demanded, there are no mathematical techniques for calculating the exact solution of high order non-linear difference equations. In 1984, Kotlikoff wrote a paper entitled Deficit Delusion
23.
Jerry White (socialist)
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Jerome Jerry White is an American politician and journalist, and is the Labor Editor reporting for the World Socialist Web Site. He is a member of the Socialist Equality Party of the United States, White ran as the SEP candidate for United States President in 1996 and 2008, and again in 2012 with running mate Phyllis Scherrer. White was again the SEP presidential nominee in the 2016 election, jarome White was raised in a working-class family in Queens, New York. In 1979, while working at United Parcel Service and attending the City University of New York, he joined the Workers League, the predecessor of the Socialist Equality Party. As a reporter for the World Socialist Web Site, White has written extensively on the US auto industry, and has interviewed autoworkers in Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. White authored a book, published in 1990, entitled Death on the Picket Line, the book, an investigative report, treats the killing of a militant coal miner, McCoy, as well as the history of the United Mine Workers in West Virginia. White has been active in Detroits Committee Against Utility Shutoffs and organized hearings on fires in low income neighborhoods and he has criticized the Obama Administration for what he has described as its policies favoring Wall Street at the expense of workers. White is the Editor of the World Socialist Web Site Autoworkers Newsletter, the Autoworkers Newsletter played a substantial role in the No vote carried out by Fiat Chrysler workers and Nexteer workers in 2015 against the proposed contract. White ran as the first presidential candidate for the newly formed Socialist Equality Party in 1996, White ran for Michigans 112th Congressional seat in 2006, and for president in 2008 with vice-presidential candidate Bill Van Auken. The write-in campaign was accompanied by a redesign of the Socialist Equality Partys website, White had run for president as a candidate for the Socialist Equality Party with running-mate Fred Mazelis earlier in 1996. In 2012, the Socialist Equality Party ran White and Phyllis Scherrer for U. S. President, the campaign was announced from the Cooper Tire factories in Findley, Ohio, where workers were locked out for contesting contract negotiations. White called for the defense of rights to housing, retirement, food. The White-Scherrer ticket was on the ballot in Wisconsin, Louisiana, White visited Canada, Germany, England and Sri Lanka to campaign for socialism and an international working class movement. White has been nominated by the Socialist Equality Party to run again as the presidential candidate in 2016. World Socialist Web Site Socialist Equality Party Jerome White
24.
Presidential primaries
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The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each U. S. state and territory forms part of the nominating process of United States presidential elections. The United States Constitution has never specified the process, political parties have developed their own procedures over time, some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered, generally beginning in either late-January or early-February, State and local governments run the primary elections, while caucuses are private events that are directly run by the political parties themselves. These delegates then in turn select their partys presidential nominee, the first state in the union to hold its presidential primary was New Hampshire in 1920. Each party determines how many delegates it allocates to each state, along with those pledged delegates chosen during the primaries and caucuses, state delegations to both the Democratic and Republican conventions also include unpledged delegates who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials who serve At Large from each state and territory, Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called superdelegates, who are party leaders and elected officials. In some of the less populous states, this allows campaigning to take place on a more personal scale. However, the results of the primary season may not be representative of the U. S. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries, known as front-loading, the national parties have used penalties and awarded bonus delegates in efforts to stagger the system over broadly a 90-day window. Where state legislatures set the primary or caucus date, sometimes the out-party in that state has endured penalties in the number of delegates it can send to the national convention. There is no provision for the role of parties in the United States Constitution. In Federalist Papers No.9 and No,10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. Thus in the first two elections, the Electoral College handled the nominations and elections in 1789 and 1792 that selected George Washington. The beginnings of the American two-party system then emerged from Washingtons immediate circle of advisors, starting with the 1796 election, Congressional party or a state legislature party caucus selected the partys presidential candidates. Before 1820, Democratic-Republican members of Congress would nominate a candidate from their party. That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a national convention, the first national convention was called by the Anti-Masonic Party in 1831, as they could not use the caucus system because they had no Congressmen. The party leaders called for a national meeting of supporters to select the partys candidate. This convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland on September 26,1831 which selected William Wirt as their Presidential candidate, delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions
25.
American Independent Party
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The American Independent Party is a far-right political party of the United States that was established in 1967. The party split in 1976 into the modern American Independent Party, from 1992 until 2008, the party was the California affiliate of the national Constitution Party. Its exit from the Constitution Party led to a dispute during the 2016 election. In 2016, the AIP cross-nominated Donald Trump and Mike Pence, the presidential and vice presidential nominees of the Republican Party, in 1968, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace as its candidate and retired U. S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia. No third-party candidate won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election, in 1969, representatives from forty states established the American Party as the successor to the American Independent Party. In some places, such as Connecticut, the American Party was constituted as the American Conservative Party. Their candidate, William J. Davis, out-polled Republican Leonard Dunavant, with 16,375 votes to Dunavants 15,773, the American Party ran occasional congressional and gubernatorial candidates, but few made any real impact. In 1970, the AIP fielded a candidate for governor of South Carolina, Alfred W. Bethea, west defeated the Republican nominee, Albert Watson, an outgoing member of the United States House of Representatives. Carruth received 36,132 votes, not enough to affect the outcome in which Bumpers handily unseated Rockefeller, both parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices. Neither the American Party nor the American Independent Party has had success. In the early 1980s, Bill Shearer led the American Independent Party into the Populist Party, since 1992, the American Independent Party has been the California affiliate of the national Constitution Party, formerly the U. S. Taxpayers Party, whose founders included the late Howard Phillips, a split in the American Independent Party occurred during the 2008 presidential campaign, one faction recognizing Jim King as chairman of the AIP with the other recognizing Ed Noonan as chairman. Noonans faction claims the old AIP main website while the King organization claims the AIPs blog, kings group met in Los Angeles on June 28–29, elected King to state chair. Ed Noonans faction, which included 8 of the 17 AIP officers, issues in the split were U. S. foreign policy and the influence of Constitution Party founder Howard Phillips on the state party. The King group elected to stay in the Constitution Party and supported its presidential candidate and it was not listed as the Qualified Political Party by the California Secretary of State and Baldwins name was not printed in the states ballots. Kings group sued for access and their case was dismissed without prejudice
26.
Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016
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The 2016 presidential campaign of Hillary Rodham Clinton was announced in a YouTube video, on April 12,2015. Hillary Clinton was the 67th United States Secretary of State and served during the first term of the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013 and she was previously the United States Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 and is the wife of former President Bill Clinton. This campaign marked her second bid for the presidency after losing in her first attempt to Obama in the 2008 Democratic primary, Clintons main competitor in the 2016 Democratic primary election was Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders. She received the most support from middle aged and older voters and from black, Latino and she focused her platform on several issues, including expanding racial and womens rights, raising wages and ensuring equal pay for women, and improving healthcare. Sanders endorsed Clintons campaign for president on July 12, for her running mate, Clinton chose Virginia Senator Tim Kaine. Clinton and Kaine were officially nominated at the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 26, Clinton announced her decision to run for the 2008 presidential election on January 20,2007. Early in the race, she was considered the frontrunner for the Democratic Party, Clinton ran ahead in the polls, until Illinois Senator Barack Obama began pulling ahead following the South Carolina primary. In the prolonged battle that ensued, during which she received more than 18 million votes. Obama won the election against Arizona Republican Senator John McCain on November 4,2008. As soon as Clinton ended her 2008 campaign there was talk of her again in 2012 or 2016. After she ended her tenure as Secretary of State in 2013, in the meantime, Clinton earned over $11 million giving 51 paid speeches to various organizations, including Goldman Sachs and other Wall Street banks. The speeches, and Clintons not releasing their transcripts, would be raised as an issue by her opponents during the upcoming primary, in October 2016, leaked excerpts from a Goldman Sachs Q&A session cast doubts about her support for the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial oversight legislation. By September 2013, amid political and media speculation, Clinton said she was considering a run but was in no hurry to decide. While many political analysts came to assume during this time that Clinton would run and she reportedly studied Obamas 2008 campaign to see what had gone right for Obama as compared to her own campaign. Not until December 2014, around the time of the Clintons annual winter vacation in the Dominican Republic, according to nationwide opinion polls in early 2015, Clinton was considered the front-runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. Warren decided not to run for president, despite pressure from some progressives, the Clinton campaign had planned for a delayed announcement, possibly as late as July 2015. On April 3,2015, it was reported that Clinton had taken a lease on an office at 1 Pierrepont Plaza in Brooklyn. It was widely speculated that the space would serve as her campaign headquarters, on April 12,2015, Clinton released a YouTube video formally announcing her candidacy via email
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Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016
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Sanders had been considered a potential candidate for president since at least September 2014. Though he had run as an independent, he routinely caucused with the Democratic Party. Running as a Democrat made it easier to participate in debates, Sanders drew large crowds to his speaking events and his populist, socialist, and social democratic politics won him particular support among Americans under 40. He performed strongly with voters, but consistently trailed Clinton by 30 or more percentage points among black voters. Sanders focused on income and wealth inequality, which he argued is eroding the American middle class, unlike most other major presidential candidates, Sanders eschewed an unlimited super PAC, instead choosing to receive most of his funding from direct individual campaign donations. Following the final election, Clinton became the presumptive Democratic nominee. Sanders did not yet endorse Clinton, but said he would work with her to defeat the presumptive Republican nominee, on June 16 Sanders gave a live online speech to his supporters, saying, The political revolution continues. On July 12, Sanders officially endorsed Clinton at a unity rally with her in Portsmouth, Schultz subsequently resigned as DNC chair and was replaced by Donna Brazile, who was also implicated in the leaks and apologized to Sanders and his supporters. After the roll call, Sanders put forward a motion to formally nominate Clinton, Sanders would additionally be the first president who was born during World War II and the first Jew since fellow New Englander Joe Lieberman to be nominated for a major party ticket. Sanders previous political successes have been in Vermont and he has been politically active nearly his entire adult life. While in college, Sanders protested against police brutality, led a weeks-long sit-in against housing segregation, in 1963 he travelled to Washington to attend the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. As mayor of Burlington, Sanders played a prominent role in building support in Vermont for Jesse Jacksons presidential campaigns in 1984 and 1988. In a March 6,2014, interview with The Nation, Sanders stated that he was prepared to run for President of the United States in 2016, but did not officially announce a campaign. When pressed on the issue, Sanders said he was discussing the possibility with people around the country, after the 2014 congressional elections, Sanders continued to discuss running for president. On April 28,2015, Vermont Public Radio reported that Sanders would announce his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 30. In an interview with USA Today on April 29, Sanders stated that he was running in this election to win, Sanders said he was motivated to enter the race by what he termed obscene levels of income disparity, and the campaign finance system. On May 26,2015, Sanders officially announced his candidacy at Burlingtons Waterfront Park, the 2016 Democratic Party presidential debates occurred among candidates in the campaign for the partys nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election. The DNC announced in May 2015 that there would be six debates, in February 2016, Clintons and Sanders campaigns agreed in principle to holding four more, for a total of ten
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Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
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The delegates also approved the party platform and vice-presidential nominee. This was the largest presidential primary field for any party in American history. Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham, despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, Huckabee, Paul and Santorum performed poorly at the ballot box and bowed out. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina, Bush capitulated after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On Super Tuesday, March 1,2016, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his state of Texas. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later, on March 15,2016, nicknamed Super Tuesday II, Kasich won his first contest in Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state, but he retained a share of his delegates for the national convention. From March 16,2016, to May 3,2016, Cruz won most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates. However, Trump scored landslide victories in New York and five North-Eastern states in April, Kasich dropped out the next day. After winning the Washington primary and gaining support from unbound North Dakota delegates on May 26,17 major candidates were listed in major independent nationwide polls and filed as candidates with the Federal Election Commission. A total of 2,472 delegates went to the 2016 Republican National Convention, as of June 7,2016,56 primary contests have been conducted to choose 2,472 delegates. In 50 states and territories the delegates are allocated to candidates by popular vote either statewide or on the district level. In 6 states and territories, the popular vote did not allocate any delegates, they were elected later at local conventions. Most delegates are elected as delegates, meaning that they must vote for a specific candidate on the first ballot at the national convention. Some delegates attended the convention as unbound or uncommitted delegates, meaning that they are free to vote for anyone at the first ballot and these 130 uncommitted delegates include 18 unbound RNC delegates, and 112 delegates that have been elected or allocated as uncommitted. Uncommitted delegates can still express a preference for a candidate, although it is not binding, the voting obligations of those 712 delegates bound to the most recent withdrawn candidates have not yet been published. If no candidate is elected in the first round of voting, the situation was only clarified after the last two opponents dropped out and Trump was declared the presumptive nominee on May 3. Convention rules are based on votes, not the popular vote
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Ben Carson
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Prior to his cabinet position, he was a candidate for President of the United States in the Republican primaries in 2016. Born in Detroit, Michigan, and a graduate of Yale University and he was the subject of a television drama film in 2009. He was the Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Maryland from 1984 until his retirement in 2013 and he became the youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery in the country at age 33. He has received more than 60 honorary doctorate degrees, dozens of national merit citations, in 2008, he was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Carsons widely publicized speech at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast catapulted him to fame for his views on social and political issues. On May 4,2015, he announced he was running for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election at a rally in his hometown of Detroit and he then endorsed the candidacy of Donald Trump. On March 2,2017, Carson was confirmed by the United States Senate as the next Secretary of Housing, Carson was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Robert Solomon Carson Jr. a World War II U. S. Army veteran, and his wife Sonya Copelan. Robert Carson was a Baptist minister, but later a Cadillac automobile plant laborer, both of his parents came from large families in rural Georgia, and they were living in rural Tennessee when they met and married. Carsons older brother, Curtis, was born in 1949, when his mother was twenty, in 1950, Carson’s parents purchased a new 733-square foot single-family detached home on Deacon Street in the Boynton neighborhood in southwest Detroit. When Carson was five, his mother learned that his father had a family and had not divorced his first wife. Carson attended the predominantly white Higgins Elementary School for fifth and sixth grades and the predominantly white Wilson Junior High School for seventh, in 1965, when Carson was thirteen, he moved with his mother and brother back to their house on Deacon Street. He attended the predominantly black Hunter Junior High School for the half of eighth grade. Carson attended the predominantly black Southwestern High School for ninth through twelfth grades, in his book Gifted Hands, Carson relates that as youth as he had a violent temper. As a teenager, I would go after people with rocks, and bricks, and baseball bats, and hammers, Carson told NBCs Meet the Press in October 2015. He said he tried to hit his mother on the head with a hammer over a clothing dispute. Fortunately, the broke in his friends belt buckle. Carson said that the victim, whose identity he wants to protect, was a classmate. After this incident, Carson said that he began reading the Book of Proverbs, as a result, he states he never had another problem with temper
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Ted Cruz
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Rafael Edward Ted Cruz /ˈkruːz/ is an American politician and attorney, who has served as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013. He was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election, Cruz graduated from Princeton University, New Jersey, in 1992, and from Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, in 1995. Bush on the 2000 George W. Bush Presidential campaign, Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas, from 2003 to 2008, appointed by Texas Attorney General, Greg Abbott. He was the first Hispanic, and the longest-serving, Solicitor General in Texas history, from 2004 to 2009, Cruz was an Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas, where he taught U. S. Supreme Court litigation. Cruz ran for the Senate seat vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison and, in July 2012, defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst during the Republican primary runoff and he defeated former State Representative Paul Sadler in the November 2012 general election, winning 56–41%. He is the first Hispanic American to serve as a U. S, Senator representing Texas, and is one of three senators of Cuban descent. He chairs the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Oversight, Federal Rights and Agency Activities, in November 2012, he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. Cruz began campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination in March 2015, Cruzs victory in the February 2016 Iowa caucuses marked the first time a Hispanic person won a U. S. presidential caucus or primary. He eventually emerged as the challenger to frontrunner Donald Trump. He suspended his campaign for president on May 3,2016, Rafael Edward Cruz was born on December 22,1970, at Foothills General Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, to parents Eleanor Elizabeth Wilson and Rafael Bienvenido Cruz y Díaz. Cruzs mother was born in Wilmington, Delaware and she is of three-quarters Irish and one-quarter Italian descent. She earned a degree in mathematics from Rice University in the 1950s. Cruz paternal grandfather, Rafael, immigrated to Cuba as an infant with his parents from the Canary Islands of Spain. Cruzs father is a Cuban American, he was born in Cuba and grew up in the middle class and he obtained political asylum in the U. S. after his four-year student visa expired, as the Cuban Revolution had changed the government. He earned Canadian citizenship in 1973 and he became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 2005. Eleanor and Rafael Cruz divorced in 1997, at the time of his birth, Cruzs parents had lived in Calgary for three years and were working in the oil business as owners of a seismic-data processing firm for oil drilling. Cruz has said, Im the son of two mathematicians/computer programmers, in 1974, his father left the family and moved to Texas. Later that year, his parents reconciled and relocated to Houston, Cruz has two older half-sisters, Miriam Ceferina Cruz and Roxana Lourdes Cruz, from his fathers first marriage
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John Kasich
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John Richard Kasich is an American politician and former television host. He is the 69th and current Governor of Ohio, first elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014, Kasich is a member of the Republican Party. His second term is set to end on January 14,2019, a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Kasich has lived much of his adulthood in Ohio, specifically the state capital of Columbus. Kasich served nine terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives and his tenure in the House included 18 years on the House Armed Services Committee and six years as chairman of the House Budget Committee. He was a key figure in the passage of both 1996 welfare reform legislation and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Kasich worked for Fox News, hosting Heartland with John Kasich from 2001 to 2007 and was a fill-in host for The OReilly Factor. He also worked as an investment banker, serving as managing director of the Lehman Brothers office in Columbus, in the 2010 Ohio gubernatorial election, Kasich defeated Democratic incumbent Ted Strickland. He was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democrat Ed FitzGerald by 30 percentage points, Kasich unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 2000 and in 2016. In 2016, Kasich refused to support the Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, Senator and former 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain. John Richard Kasich, Jr. was born and raised in the Pittsburgh suburb of McKees Rocks and he is the son of Anne and John Kasich, Sr. who worked as a mail carrier. Kasichs father was of Czech descent, while his mother was of Croatian descent, both his father and mother were children of immigrants and were practicing Roman Catholics. He has described himself as a Croatian and a Czech, as a freshman, he wrote a letter to President Richard Nixon describing concerns he had about the nation and requesting a meeting with the President. The letter was delivered to Nixon by the Universitys president Novice Fawcett, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Ohio State University, in 1974, he went on to work as a researcher for the Ohio Legislative Service Commission. From 1975-78, he served as an assistant to then-state Senator Buz Lukens. In 1978, Kasich ran against Democratic incumbent Robert OShaughnessy for State Senate, a political ally of Kasich remembers him during that time as a persistent campaigner, People said, ‘If you just quit calling me, I’ll support you. At age 26, Kasich won with 56% of the vote, Kasich was the youngest person ever elected to the Ohio Senate. One of his first acts as a State Senator was to refuse a pay raise. Republicans gained control of the State Senate in 1980, but Kasich went his own way, for example, by opposing a proposal he believed would raise taxes. In 1982, Kasich ran for Congress in Ohios 12th congressional district, which included portions of Columbus as well as the cities of Westerville, Reynoldsburg, Worthington and he won the Republican primary with 83% of the vote and defeated incumbent Democrat U. S
32.
Jim Gilmore
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James Stuart Jim Gilmore III is an American politician who was the 68th Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002. A native Virginian, Gilmore graduated as a Bachelor of Arts and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia and he was later elected to public office as a county prosecutor, as the Attorney General of Virginia, and as Governor of Virginia. From 1999 to 2003, he chaired the Congressional Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction and he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 and 2016 elections. Gilmore was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Margaret Evelyn, a church secretary and he graduated from John Randolph Tucker High School and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia in 1971. Gilmore also received rigorous foreign language education at the United States Defense Language Institute in Monterey, Gilmore then worked for three years in the early 1970s, in the 650th Military Intelligence Group. Serving in West Germany during the Vietnam War and fluent in German, Gilmore graduated from University of Virginia Law School in 1977, A decade later, he was elected Commonwealths Attorney in Henrico County and was re-elected in 1991. In 1993, he was elected Virginias attorney general, defeating Democrat Bill Dolan by more than 10 percentage points, Gilmore resigned in 1997 to run for governor. In 1997, Gilmore faced then-Lieutenant Governor Don Beyer and Reform Party candidate Sue Harris Debauche in a bid to succeed George Allen as governor. Gilmore campaigned heavily on the promises of hiring 4,000 new teachers in public schools. Gilmore was elected, winning 56% of the vote to Beyers 43%, in his first year as governor, Gilmore pushed for car tax reduction legislation that was eventually passed by the Democratic-controlled General Assembly. Beginning in 2001, Virginias economy slowed and tax revenues flattened, despite the economic downturn, Gilmore insisted on advancing the car tax phase out from a 47. 5% reduction of each taxpayers bill in 2000 to the scheduled 70% reduction in 2001. Gilmore signed an order, which was passed by Congress, reducing state spending by all agencies, except for education. Democrats criticized the spending reductions and car tax cut, according to the Washington Post, Virginias politicians struggled to balance car-tax relief against demands for public services. When Gilmore left office in January 2002, the rainy day fund. Gilmore also implemented new Standards of Learning reforms in Virginias public schools, during Gilmores term, Virginias public school students scores increased on these state tests as well as nationally normed tests. In 1999, Gilmore proposed and signed into law legislation that reduced tuitions at public colleges and universities by 20%, Gilmore also commissioned a Blue Ribbon Commission on Higher Education that studied accountability and governance of public colleges and universities. Gilmores Commission authored the first blueprint for decentralized regulatory and administrative authority to some universities in return for agreements to meet agreed upon performance objectives, Gilmore also proposed and signed into law Virginias first stand-alone Martin Luther King Holiday. Prior to this proposal, Virginia had observed a combined Lee-Jackson-King Day that recognized Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Gilmore and his wife hosted a historic reception in the Governors Mansion for Coretta Scott King and announced a technology partnership between Virginia and the King Center for Nonviolence
33.
Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016
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The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump, an American businessman, television personality, and author, was formally launched on June 16,2015, at Trump Tower in New York City. Trump was the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, having won the most state primaries, caucuses and he chose Mike Pence, the sitting Governor of Indiana, as his vice presidential running mate. On November 8,2016, Trump and Pence were elected president, some of his remarks were controversial and helped his campaign garner extensive coverage by the mainstream media, trending topics, and social media. Trumps campaign rallies attracted large crowds, as well as public controversy, Trump was accused of inciting violence at his rallies. Trumps disdain for political correctness was a theme of his campaign. Many, including some mainstream commentators and some prominent Republicans, viewed him as appealing to racism, since the 1988 presidential election, Trump was discussed as a potential candidate for President in nearly every election. In October 1999, Trump declared himself a candidate for the Reform Partys presidential nomination. In 2004, Trump said that he identified as a Democrat, Trump rejoined the Republican Party in September 2009, chose no party affiliation in December 2011, and again rejoined the GOP in April 2012. In early 2011, presidential speculation reached its highest point and Trump began to take a lead in polls among Republican candidates in the 2012 election, at the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference, Trump said he is pro-life and against gun control. He also spoke before Tea Party supporters, early polls for the 2012 election had Trump among the leading candidates. In December 2011, Trump placed sixth in the ten most admired men and women living of 2011 USA Today/Gallup telephone survey, however, Trump announced in May 2011 that he would not be a candidate for the office. In 2013, Trump researched a possible run for President of the United States in 2016, in February 2015, Trump did not renew his television contract for The Apprentice, which raised speculation of his candidacy for President of the United States in 2016. Later that year, Trump was a speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference. Trump formally announced his candidacy on June 16,2015, with a campaign rally, in his speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U. S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism. The campaign slogan was announced as Make America Great Again, Trump declared that he would self-fund his presidential campaign, and would refuse any money from donors and lobbyists. Ladbrokes offered 150/1 odds of Trump winning the presidency, following the announcement, most of the medias attention focused on Trumps comment on illegal immigration, When Mexico sends its people, theyre not sending their best. Theyre sending people that have lots of problems, and theyre bringing those problems with, and some, I assume, are good people. Trumps statement was controversial and led several businesses and organizations—including NBC, Macys, Univision, after the public backlash, Trump stood by his comments, citing news articles to back his claims
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John Kasich presidential campaign, 2016
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The 2016 presidential campaign of John Kasich, the 69th Governor of Ohio, was announced on July 21,2015. He was a candidate for the 2016 Republican Party presidential nomination and he earned 154 delegates and won only one contest, his home state, Ohio. Kasich suspended his campaign on May 4,2016, one day becoming the last major challenger to Donald Trump for the nomination. Kasich vied to become the first Pennsylvania native to hold the office since James Buchanan in 1856, in 1982, Kasich ran for and was elected the U. S. Representative for Ohios 12th Congressional District, defeating incumbent Democrat Bob Shamansky, as Chairman of the budget committee, Kasich took part in the crafting and passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which led to the first fiscal year without a deficit since 1969. In 1999, Kasich sought a bid for the Presidency in the Republican primaries of 2000, following his exit from Congress, Kasich hosted Heartland with John Kasich, a television talk show on the Fox News Channel, until his exit in April 2007. In 2001, Kasich joined Lehman Brothers investment banking division as a managing director and he remained at Lehman Brothers until the firm declared bankruptcy in 2008. Lehman Brothers paid Kasich a $182,692 salary and $432,200 bonus in 2008, Kasich stated that the bonus was for work performed in 2007. In May 2009, Kasich announced his candidacy for Governor of Ohio, winning the Republican nomination, in 2014, Kasich won his reelection for Governor in a landslide, winning 86 of the 88 Ohio counties against Democratic candidate Ed FitzGerald. On July 21,2015, Kasich announced his candidacy for the presidency in 2016 at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. Kasich had declared that his campaign would not be getting people riled up about how bad everything is, according to Kasich, his campaign had deferred from attacks on other candidates. During the CNBC Republican debate, Trump accused Kasich of having struck luck with fracking and sitting on the board of Lehman Brothers at the time of its bankruptcy, Trump furthered, He was such a nice guy. And he said, Oh, Im never going to attack, but then his poll numbers tanked. Hes got – thats why hes on the end – and he got nasty, in the fourth GOP debate which was moderated by the Fox Business Network and The Wall Street Journal, Kasich, along with Jeb Bush, slammed Trumps plan. Kasich responded at one point, Its a silly argument and we all know you cant pick them up and ship them back across the border. In late November 2015, Kasich began stepping up his attacks on Trump with a new round of attack ads against him, New Day for Americas 47-second ad spliced together some of the Republican front-runners most awkward video moments. By the first week of January, Kasich had held his fiftieth town hall meeting in New Hampshire, more than any presidential candidate in the state. A Monmouth University poll released on January 11 showed Kasich in second place in New Hampshire, tied with Ted Cruz, in mid-January, Kasich began to surge in some polls, leading journalist E. J
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Ted Cruz presidential campaign, 2016
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The 2016 presidential campaign of Ted Cruz, the junior United States Senator from Texas, was announced on March 23,2015. He was a candidate for the Republican Partys 2016 presidential nomination and won the second-most state contests, Cruz themed his campaign around being an outsider and a strict conservative. In the crowded field, he chose not to directly confront the leading candidate, Donald Trump. His cordial and sympathetic tone towards Trump contrasted with the critical approach of rivals such as Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio. As the field narrowed, Cruzs position in the race strengthened, owing to his debate performances and he won the Iowa Caucuses in February, the first contest of the race. But as the field narrowed and less-viable candidates dropped out, Republican support concentrated around Trump rather than Cruz, Trump beat Cruz handily on Super Tuesday and in most subsequent primaries. At this point, with the race narrowed to one between Cruz and Trump, the two candidates began to openly criticize each other. Trump repeatedly called Cruz Lyin Ted and deprecated the physical appearance of Cruz wife, Cruz called Trump a chronic liar, completely amoral, and questioned whether he was a genuine conservative. In late April, while trailing Trump heavily in the delegate count, a week later, he lost the Indiana primary, which he had called pivotal to stopping Trump from clinching the nomination. Having become mathematically disqualified from achieving a majority of delegates prior to the first convention vote, leading up to the 2016 presidential election cycle, commentators expressed their opinion that Cruz would run for President in 2016. On March 14,2013, he gave the speech at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington. He tied for 7th place in the 2013 CPAC straw poll on March 16 and he performed even more strongly in the 2014 CPAC straw poll, coming in second with 11% behind Kentucky senator Rand Paul. In the 2015 CPAC poll, he came in third with 11. 5% behind Wisconsin governor Scott Walker and Paul. In October 2013, Cruz won the Values Voter Summit Presidential straw poll with 42% of the vote, a year later, he won the same poll again by a smaller margin of 25%, becoming the first person to ever win more than one VVS straw poll. On April 12,2014, Cruz spoke at the Freedom Summit, the event was attended by several potential presidential candidates. He also said that the growth and opportunity should be tattooed on the hands of every Republican politician. The campaign logo consisted of a Flag of the United States spliced with the Torch of Liberty, the design became one of the most recognized political brand logos during the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. It has also compared to the Church of Pentecost symbol