1.
United States presidential election, 1976
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The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2,1976. The winner was the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter, a former Governor from Georgia with his mate, Walter Mondale. Senator from Minnesota, the Democratic candidates, over the incumbent President Gerald Ford from Michigan and his mate, Bob Dole. Senator from Kansas, the Republican candidates, Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. The race was so close that Ford was unable to secure the nomination until the Party Convention, Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. He narrowly won the election, becoming the president to date ever elected from Georgia. It was an election as all four presidential and vice-presidential candidates would ultimately lose a presidential election. This would be the election in which the Democratic party would win in a 28 year period. Democratic candidates Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia Morris Udall, representative from Arizona Jerry Brown, Governor of California George Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ellen McCormack, housewife from New York Frank Church, U. S. Senator from Idaho Henry M. Jackson, U. S, Senator from Washington Fred R. Harris, former U. S. Senator from Oklahoma Robert Byrd, U. S, Senator from West Virginia Milton Shapp, Governor of Pennsylvania Sargent Shriver, former U. S. Ambassador to France, from Maryland Birch Bayh, U. S. Senator from Indiana Lloyd Bentsen, U. S, Senator from Texas Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina Walter Fauntroy, U. S. The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one. Senator Jackson made a decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carters main challenger, however, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination, by June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot, Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate
2.
United States presidential election
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These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for President and Vice President. The candidate who receives a majority of electoral votes for President or Vice President is then elected to that office. The Electoral College and its procedure is established in the U. S, Constitution by Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4, and the Twelfth Amendment. C. Casts the same number of votes as the least-represented state. Also under Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by state legislature. Many state legislatures used to select their electors directly, but over all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors. In modern times, faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the outcome of an election. The Electoral College electors then formally cast their votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their respective state capitals. Congress then certify the results in early January, and the term begins on Inauguration Day. These primary elections are held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections and this was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president, and those who preferred a national popular vote. Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined. With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961, however, U. S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College. Constitutionally, the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature, during the first presidential election in 1789, only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote. Gradually throughout the years, the states began conducting popular elections to choose their slate of electors, resulting in the overall. Under the original system established by Article Two, electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president, the candidate with the highest number of votes became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the election of 1800 when Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamiltons influence in the House of Representatives and this added to the deep rivalry between Burr and Hamilton which resulted in their famous 1804 duel
3.
United States presidential election in Utah, 1980
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The 1980 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 4,1980. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election, Utah voters chose four electors to the Electoral College, which selected the President and Vice President of the United States. Utah was won by former Governor of California Ronald Reagan, the Republican nominee, who was running against incumbent President and former Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter, the Democratic nominee. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and Carter ran with Walter Mondale, incumbent Vice President, Reagan won the election nationally by a landslide. Utah was the most Republican state in the nation, Reagan won Carbon County by a mere three votes, but smashed Carter, who was widely criticized for his inability to understand issues specific to the West everywhere else. Carter’s next best county was Tooele where Reagan obtained 62 percent of the vote, liberal Republican John B.4 percent of the vote in any county, polling merely three votes in Piute County and only 1.4 percent in Wayne County. Iran–Contra affair Nicaragua guerrilla war Presidency of Ronald Reagan
4.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
5.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
6.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
7.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
8.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
9.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
10.
Bob Dole
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In the 1976 presidential election, Dole was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President and incumbent President Gerald Fords running mate. He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 and 1988, in 1996, Dole secured the Republican nomination for President of the United States, but lost the general election to incumbent President Bill Clinton. Dole is currently a member of the council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington. Dole is married to former U. S. cabinet member and former U. S, Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Dole was born on July 22,1923, in Russell, Kansas, Doles father, who had moved the family to Russell shortly before Robert was born, earned money by running a small creamery. One of Doles fathers customers was the father of future Senator Arlen Specter, during the Great Depression, which severely impacted Kansas and its residents, the Dole family moved to the basement of their home and eventually rented out the upper floors to raise money. As a boy, Dole worked as a jerk in the local drug store. Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941, Dole had been a star high school athlete in Russell, and Kansas basketball coach Phog Allen traveled to Russell to recruit him to play for the Jayhawks basketball team. While at KU, Dole played for the team, the track team. In football, Dole played at the end position, earning varsity letters in 1942 and 1944, while in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and in 1970 was bestowed with the Fraternitys Man of the Year honor. Doles pre-med studies at KU were interrupted by World War II, after the war, Dole returned to become a law student. Dole attended the University of Arizona from 1948 to 1951 and earned both his law degree and BA degrees from Washburn University in 1952, Dole was initiated as a Freemason of Russell Lodge No. 177, Russell, Kansas on April 19,1955, Dole grew up in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence throughout his political career. In 1942, Dole joined the United States Armys Enlisted Reserve Corps to fight in World War II, Dole was transported to the United States, where his recovery was slow, interrupted by blood clots and a life-threatening infection. After large doses of penicillin had not succeeded, Dole overcame the infection with the administration of streptomycin and he nevertheless remained despondent, not ready to accept the fact that my life would be changed forever. He was encouraged to see Hampar Kelikian, an orthopedist in Chicago who had working with veterans returning from war. Dr. K, as Dole later came to call him, operated on him seven times, free of charge, and had, in Doles words. Dole recovered from his wounds at the Percy Jones Army Hospital, Dole was decorated three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with combat V for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman
11.
Walter Mondale
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He was the Democratic Partys presidential nominee in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and Washington, D. C. Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota and he then served in the U. S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955 and he was appointed to the U. S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphreys election as vice president under President Lyndon Johnson. Mondale was subsequently elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and again in 1972, while in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform, and the desegregation of schools. Importantly, he served as a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, in 1976, Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice presidential running mate in the forthcoming election. The Carter/Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his presidential running mate. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes. After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney, President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993, he retired in 1996. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race and he then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesotas Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Walter Frederick Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, the son of Claribel Hope, a music teacher, and Theodore Sigvaard Mondale. Walters half-brother Lester Mondale became a Unitarian minister and his paternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants, and his mother, the daughter of an immigrant from Ontario, was of Scottish and English descent. The surname Mondale comes from Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway, Mondale attended public schools and Macalester College in St. Paul before transferring to the University of Minnesota, where he earned a B. A. in political science in 1951. As Mondale did not have money to attend law school, he enlisted in the U. S. Army. He married Joan Adams in 1955, through the support of the G. I. Bill, he graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956, while at law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk in the Minnesota Supreme Court under Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. He then practiced law in Minneapolis, and continued to do so for four years before entering the political arena, Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At the age of 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphreys successful Senate campaign in 1948, Humphreys campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district
12.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
13.
United States presidential election in Utah, 1984
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The 1984 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 6,1984. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1984 United States presidential election, Utah voters chose 5 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the President and Vice President of the United States. Utah was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California, Reagan ran for a second time with former C. I. A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York, every county in Utah voted in majority for the Republican candidate, a particularly strong turn out even in this typically conservative leaning state. Reagan did the best in Box Elder County, and Mondale did the best in Carbon County, Utah weighed in for this election as 16% more Republican than the national average. A very significant political move during this election, the Democratic Party nominated Representative Geraldine Ferraro to run with Mondale as Vice-President, Ferraro is the first female candidate to receive such a nomination in United States history. She said in an interview at the 1984 Democratic National Convention that this opened a door which will never be closed again. By 1984, Reagan was very popular with voters across the nation as the President who saw them out of the stagflation of the early and middle 1970’s. The economic success seen under Reagan was politically accomplished in two ways, the first was initiation of deep tax cuts for the wealthy, and the second was a wide-spectrum of tax cuts for crude oil production and refinement, namely, with the 1980 Windfall profits tax cuts. Collectively called Reaganomics, these policies were established through several pieces of legislation passed between 1980 and 1987. Some of these new policies also arguably curbed several existing tax loopholes, preferences, Reaganomics has been criticized by many analysts as setting the stage for economic troubles in the United State after 2007, such as the Great Recession. Virtually unopposed during the Republican primaries, Reagan ran on a campaign of furthering his economic policies, Reagan vowed to continue his war on drugs, passing sweeping legislation after the 1984 election in support of mandatory minimum sentences for drug possession. Reagan won the election in Utah with a resounding 50 point sweep-out landslide, Utah continued its typical trend during this election cycle of having the largest percentage voting Republican in the nation, a trend that started in 1980 and has continued to current times. This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election, no Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American West at large, as Reagan did. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, there he stated that he intended to increase taxes. To quote Mondale, By the end of my first term and it must be done, it must be done. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I, Reagan also enjoyed high levels of bipartisan support during the 1984 presidential election, both in Utah, and across the nation at large. These public opinion contributed to Reagan’s 1984 landslide victory, in Utah
14.
United States presidential election in Utah, 1988
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The 1988 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 8,1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election, Utah voters chose 5 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the President and Vice President. Utah was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. Utah weighed in for this election as 13% more Republican than the national average, every county in Utah voted in majority for the Republican candidate, except for Carbon County, which voted primarily for Dukakis. Bush won the election in Utah with a 34-point sweep-out landslide- his strongest victory in the nation, the election results in Utah are somewhat reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the deregulation of corporate interests. Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal agenda, and advocated for higher economic regulation. Gulf War Presidency of George H. W. Bush
15.
United States presidential election in Utah, 1992
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The 1992 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 7,1992 throughout all 50 states and D. C. which was part of the 1992 United States presidential election. Voters chose 5 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, Utah was won by President George H. W. Bush by a 16. 0% margin of victory. This was one of two states, the other one being Maine, to have Ross Perot come in second place. Also, it is Perots third best performance as a far as percent of vote, likewise it was the only time Bill Clinton finished third in a state, in either the 1992 or 1996 election. This was Bushs eighth best performance as percent of vote and second best performance as far as margin of victory, technically the voters of Utah cast their ballots for electors, representatives to the Electoral College. Utah is allocated 5 electors because it has 3 congressional districts and 2 senators, all candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 5 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 5 electoral votes and their chosen electors then vote for President and Vice President. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them, an elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met in December 1992 to cast their votes for President, the Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols, all electors from Utah were pledged to and voted for George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle
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United States presidential election in Utah, 1996
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The 1996 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 7,1996 as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose 5 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, Utah was won by Republican nominee Bob Dole by a 21. 1% margin of victory. This was Doles highest margin of victory for any state in the country, Dole also obtained 54. 4% of the vote in Utah, higher than any other state. Technically the voters of Utah cast their ballots for electors, representatives to the Electoral College, Utah is allocated 5 electors because it has 3 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 5 electors, whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 5 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for President and Vice President, although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met in December 1996 to cast their votes for President, the Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols, all electors from Utah were pledged to and voted for Bob Dole and Jack Kemp
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United States presidential election in Utah, 2000
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The 2000 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 7,2000 throughout all 50 states and D. C. which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election. Voters chose 5 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, Utah was won by Governor George W. Bush by a 40. 5% margin of victory. This was one of Bushs best and one of Gores worst performances in the country, Bush won all three congressional districts. Technically the voters of Utah cast their ballots for electors, representatives to the Electoral College, Utah is allocated 5 electors because it has 3 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 5 electors, whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 5 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for President and Vice President, although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 18,2000 to cast their votes for President, the Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols, the following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All were pledged to and voted for George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, Michael Leavitt Olene Walker Lewis Billings Arlene Ellis Ron Fox
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United States presidential election in Utah, 2004
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The 2004 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 2,2004 throughout all 50 states and D. C. which was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 5 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, Utah was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 45. 5% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win and it is a strongly Republican state that in 2004 had a state legislature with a super-majority of Republicans in its make-up, both U. S. Senators being Republican as well as two of the three members of the U. S. House of Representatives, Utah was Bushs strongest state in the 2004 election. Utah Democratic primary,2004 There were 12 news organizations who made state by state predictions of the election, here are their last predictions before election day. Neither campaign advertised or visited this state during the fall election, Republicans dominate Utah state politics because of the very high Mormon population that accounts for almost 70% of the residents throughout the state. Mormons have been known for having very conservative values, while every county voted for Bush, areas such as Park City, Moab, Carbon County, Salt Lake City and San Juan County did give a number of their votes to Kerry. However, other areas were uniformly Republican in voting, Utah Countys Republican vote was by far the largest percentage of any county its size in America. Bush won all three congressional districts, technically the voters of Utah cast their ballots for electors, representatives to the Electoral College. Utah is allocated 5 electors because it has 3 congressional districts and 2 senators, all candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 5 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 5 electoral votes and their chosen electors then vote for President and Vice President. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them, an elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13,2004 to cast their votes for President, the Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols, the following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 5 were pledged to Bush/Cheney, Olene S. Walker Gayle McKeachnie Lewis K, cannon Scott F. Simpson US Election Atlas, by David Leip Official 2004 Utah General Election Results
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United States presidential election in Utah, 2008
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The 2008 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 4,2008 throughout all 50 states and D. C. which was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 5 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, Utah was won by Republican nominee John McCain by a 28. 0% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state McCain would win, highlighting its status as a GOP bastion, the Beehive State gave McCain one of his largest victories over Democrat Barack Obama, a near two-to-one margin. Obama did, however, manage to carry three counties, and he improved on John Kerrys performance here in 2004. However, in the next election Obama performed much worse among voters, Utah Democratic primary,2008 Utah Republican primary,2008 There were 17 news organizations who made state by state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day, D. C, the final 3 poll average showed McCain leading 59% to 31%. John McCain raised a total of $1,165,621 in the state, Utah is a heavily Republican state that has not voted for a Democratic presidential nominee since Lyndon B. Johnsons landslide election in 1964, and even then the margin of victory was small, the majority of the states population is Mormon and highly conservative, especially on social issues. Utah gave George W. Bush his largest margin of victory in 2004 over John Kerry, as Bush received over 71 percent to Kerrys 26 percent, although McCain easily won Utah in 2008, Obama did very well for a Democrat in this Republican stronghold. Obama was able to reduce McCains margin of victory by narrowly winning Salt Lake County, Obama also carried Summit County and Grand County, both of which have significantly lower Mormon populations than the rest of the state. Election 2008 proved to be remarkable as it was a Democratic presidential nominees best showing in the Beehive State since 1968, at the state level, however, Democrats did manage to pick up two seats in the Utah House of Representatives. John McCain swept all three of the congressional districts. Technically the voters of Utah cast their ballots for electors, representatives to the Electoral College, Utah is allocated 5 electors because it has 3 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 5 electors, whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 5 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for President and Vice President, although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15,2008 to cast their votes for President, the Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols, the following were the members of the Electoral College from the state
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United States presidential election in Utah, 2012
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The 2012 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 6,2012 as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Romney would win and he carried every county in the state, all by large margins. Due to Obama running for reelection without opposition for the Democratic Party in 2012. The Republican primary took place on 26 June 2012,37 delegates were chosen, for a total of 40 delegates to go to the national convention, all pledged to the primary winner. In 2008, Mitt Romney received major support from the Mormon, Romney led the polling in 2012 and won the primary by a large margin
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United States presidential primary
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The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each U. S. state and territory forms part of the nominating process of United States presidential elections. The United States Constitution has never specified the process, political parties have developed their own procedures over time, some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered, generally beginning in either late-January or early-February, State and local governments run the primary elections, while caucuses are private events that are directly run by the political parties themselves. These delegates then in turn select their partys presidential nominee, the first state in the union to hold its presidential primary was New Hampshire in 1920. Each party determines how many delegates it allocates to each state, along with those pledged delegates chosen during the primaries and caucuses, state delegations to both the Democratic and Republican conventions also include unpledged delegates who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials who serve At Large from each state and territory, Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called superdelegates, who are party leaders and elected officials. In some of the less populous states, this allows campaigning to take place on a more personal scale. However, the results of the primary season may not be representative of the U. S. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries, known as front-loading, the national parties have used penalties and awarded bonus delegates in efforts to stagger the system over broadly a 90-day window. Where state legislatures set the primary or caucus date, sometimes the out-party in that state has endured penalties in the number of delegates it can send to the national convention. There is no provision for the role of parties in the United States Constitution. In Federalist Papers No.9 and No,10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. Thus in the first two elections, the Electoral College handled the nominations and elections in 1789 and 1792 that selected George Washington. The beginnings of the American two-party system then emerged from Washingtons immediate circle of advisors, starting with the 1796 election, Congressional party or a state legislature party caucus selected the partys presidential candidates. Before 1820, Democratic-Republican members of Congress would nominate a candidate from their party. That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a national convention, the first national convention was called by the Anti-Masonic Party in 1831, as they could not use the caucus system because they had no Congressmen. The party leaders called for a national meeting of supporters to select the partys candidate. This convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland on September 26,1831 which selected William Wirt as their Presidential candidate, delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions
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United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
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United States Senate election in Utah, 1992
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The 1992 United States Senate election in Utah was held on November 3,1992. Senator Jake Garn decided to instead of seeking a fourth term. Republican Bob Bennett won the open seat, wayne Owen, U. S Representative Bob Bennett, CEO of FranklinCovey
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United States Senate election in Utah, 1998
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The 1998 United States Senate election in Utah was held on November 3,1998. Senator Bob Bennett won re-election to a second term, scott Leckman, physician Bob Bennett, incumbent U. S
