1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Girls Aloud
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Girls Aloud are an English-Irish pop girl group, which was created through the ITV talent show Popstars, The Rivals in 2002. The group comprised singers Cheryl Cole, Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, the group achieved a string of twenty consecutive top ten singles in the United Kingdom, including four number ones. They also achieved seven certified albums, of which two reached number one and they have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for The Promise. The groups musical style was pop, but throughout their career they had experimented with electropop and dance-pop, Girls Alouds collaborations with Brian Higgins and his songwriting and production team Xenomania earned the group critical acclaim, due to an innovative approach to mainstream pop music. The group became one of the few UK reality television acts to achieve continued success, guinness World Records lists them as Most Successful Reality TV Group in the 2007 edition. They also hold the record for Most Consecutive Top Ten Entries in the UK by a Female Group in the 2008 edition, and are credited again for Most Successful Reality TV Group in the 2011 edition. The group was named the United Kingdoms biggest selling girl group of the 21st century. In March 2013, after the Ten, The Hits Tour, the group Girls Aloud was formed on 30 November 2002, in front of millions of viewers on ITVs Popstars, The Rivals. The concept of the programme, hosted by Big Brother presenter Davina McCall was to produce a boyband, following the initial success of HearSay, several thousand applicants attended auditions across the United Kingdom in hope of being selected. Ten girls and ten boys were chosen as finalists by judges Pete Waterman, Louis Walsh, Kimberley Walsh and Nicola Roberts, who had made it into the final fifteen but not the final ten, were chosen as their replacements. During October and November, the finalists took to the participating in weekly Saturday night live performances. Each week the contestant polling the fewest phone votes was eliminated, the group was named Girls Aloud and were managed by Louis Walsh until 2005 when Hilary Shaw replaced him. The new group competed with the winning group, One True Voice to have 2002s Christmas number one single. Girls Aloud won the battle with their single Sound of the Underground, produced by Brian Higgins, the song spent four consecutive weeks at number one and was certified platinum in March 2003. After the success of their first single Sound of the Underground, Girls Aloud spent five months recording the follow-up single, Sound of the Underground was completed in April 2003 and released the following month. The album entered the charts at two and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. The second single, No Good Advice, was released in May 2003 to similar success. Girls Alouds third single, Life Got Cold, charted at number three in August 2003, in November 2003, Girls Aloud released a cover version of the Pointer Sisters 1980s dance hit Jump
3.
Out of Control (Girls Aloud album)
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Out of Control is the fifth and final studio album by British girl group Girls Aloud, released in the United Kingdom on 3 November 2008 by Fascination Records. Like their previous albums, it was crafted by the team of Brian Higgins. Out of Control builds on the sound of Girls Alouds previous albums, Out of Control debuted to positive reviews from contemporary music critics. The album debuted at No.1 on the UK Albums Chart, Girls Alouds first studio album to do so and it was certified 2x platinum in the UK and Ireland. It yielded three singles, including chart-topping The Promise, which was awarded Best British Single at the 2009 BRIT Awards, Girls Aloud announced they would begin work on their fifth studio album in May 2008, while on the Tangled Up Tour. Sarah Harding told MTV News that they had working on it all summer. Brian Higgins said, By the time we did the last album and they were ready to sell a million albums immediately, so they didnt something a bit highbrow. They needed something that would hit you right between the eyes The group has moved more and more into the mainstream, because that was what was required, Girls Alouds website describes Out of Control as their most exciting and thrilling album yet. According to Kimberley Walsh, the title came from Girls Alouds record company telling the girls, We dont know what to say. It also comes from a lyric in We Wanna Party, nicola Roberts revealed that the album was nearly titled Girls Aloud, Revolution, after the song Revolution in the Head. The artwork for Out of Control was revealed on Girls Alouds official website on 16 October 2008, the Sun described the album as a mixture of ballads and the relentlessly upbeat, catchy hits we have come to expect. Kimberley Walsh has said that the album is a lot older sounding, the girl group were very involved in the albums direction. The 60s thing is quite prominent, Walsh told the BBC, but its out of the ordinary. Nicola Roberts said that the album features a lot of 1980s-inspired electropop. Sarah Harding said that Girls Aloud wanted to stay upbeat but try something a bit different, I dont think anything weve ever done has ever sounded the same. But we have that same vibe whatever we do because of our vocals, Nadine Coyle said the aim from the beginning was to come up with songs that didnt sound like anything else out there. Walsh continued, We want to impress the fans with what we do, so tried to up our game with this album. Girls Aloud co-wrote four songs on the album, Love Is the Key, Miss You Bow Wow, Revolution in the Head, in particularly, the bridge of Love Is the Key was written by Kimberley Walsh
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
6.
Electropop
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Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 2000s, the media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars and indeed, saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, lady Gaga had major commercial success since 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, the second album by British singer Lily Allen released in 2009 called Its Not Me, Its You is largely electropop as opposed to her first ska album. Other female electropop acts that emerged were Ladyhawke, Kesha, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Elly Jackson of La Roux and Perfume. The Korean pop music scene has become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, F. Male acts that have emerged included British writer and producer Taio Cruz, who charted well in the U. S. along with one-man act Owl City, who had a U. S. number-one single, DJ Kaskade, and LMFAO. Singer Michael Angelakos of the Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, so everything weve been put on to is electronic in nature. Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason, Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno
7.
Dance-pop
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Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable, the genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions. Dance-pop borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producer, artist, such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, new jack swing, funk, synthpop, electropop and some forms of europop. Dance-pop is a mainstream style of music and there have been numerous pop artists. As the term started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as post-disco, club. Dance-pop music emerged in the 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs. In the beginning of the 80s disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, according to prominent Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna launched dance-pop and set the standard for the genre for the two decades. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album drew the blueprint for future dance-pop, in the 1980s dance-pop was closely aligned to other up-tempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, during the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk, new jack swing, and contemporary R&B. Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, by the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, during the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music, as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a song called Believe which made usage of a technological innovation of the time. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch, since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music. Celine Dion also released a dance-pop song Thats the Way It Is by the end of 1999 and it has a moderately slow tempo but an up-beat song. At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop often borrowed a lot of its influences from urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson, in Madonnas case, her album Music contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single. Britney Spears album Blackout contained influences of Euro disco, the mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry
8.
Trance music
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Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that developed during the 1990s in Germany. Although trance is a genre of its own, it incorporates influences from other musical styles such as techno, house, pop, chill-out, classical music, tech house, ambient. A trance refers to a state of hypnotism and heightened consciousness and this is portrayed in trance music by the mixing of layers with distinctly foreshadowed build-up and release. Trance tracks are often lengthy to allow for such progression and commonly have sufficiently sparse opening and closing sections to facilitate mixing by DJs, Trance can be purely instrumental, although vocals are also a common feature. Typically they are performed by mezzo-soprano to soprano female soloists, often without verse/chorus structure, structured vocal form in trance music forms the basis of the vocal trance subgenre, which has been described as grand, soaring, and operatic and ethereal female leads floating amongst the synths. It was promoted by the well-known UK club-night megatripolis whose scene catapulted it to international fame, One writer traces the roots of trance to Paul van Dyks 1993 remix of Humates Love Stimulation. However, van Dyks trance origins can be traced back to his work with Visions Of Shiva. With film music also being influential, Trance was arguably at its commercial peak in the second part of 1990s and early 2000s. Classic trance employs a 4/4 time signature, a tempo of 125 to 150 BPM, a kick drum is usually placed on every downbeat and a regular open hi-hat is often placed on the upbeat or every 1/8th division of the bar. Rapid arpeggios and minor keys are common features of Trance, the latter being almost universal, instruments are added or removed every 4,8,16, or 32 bars. In the section before the breakdown, the motif is often introduced in a sliced up and simplified form. Then later, the climax is usually a culmination of the first part of the track mixed with the main melodic reprise. As is the case with many music tracks, trance tracks are usually built with sparser intros and outros in order to enable DJs to blend them together immediately. As trance is more melodic and harmonic than other dance music. More recent forms of trance music incorporate other styles and elements of music such as electro. It emphasizes harsher basslines and drum beats which decrease the importance of offbeats, the bpm of more recent styles tends to be on par with house music at 120 -135 beats per minute. However, unlike house music, recent forms of trance stay true to their melodic breakdowns, Trance music is broken into a large number of subgenres. Chronologically, the major subgenres are classic trance, acid trance, progressive trance, uplifting trance, closely related to Uplifting Trance is Euro-trance, which has become a general term for a wide variety of highly commercialized European dance music
9.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
10.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
11.
Xenomania
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Xenomania is an English songwriting and production team founded by Brian Higgins and based in Kent, England. In particular, all but one of Girls Alouds studio albums have been entirely written, Sugababes Round Round and Girls Alouds Sound of the Underground have been credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. Gabriella Cilmis Sweet About Me and Girls Alouds The Promise were named Best Single at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009, the team has been referred to as a Phil Spector and a Motown of the 21st-century. Higgins himself has said that Xenomania aspires to be a version of RAK Records. Of Higgins and Xenomania, Girls Alouds former manager Louis Walsh says and they just jump out at you and stay in your brain. There are wide influences present in their productions, including electronic, glam rock, Motown soul, punk, the name Xenomania means, according to Higgins, the exact opposite of Xenophobia a love of everything, of all cultures. Current members of the Xenomania writing and production team are Higgins, long term members Tim Powell and Nick Coler left in 2010. There is also a Xenomania house band who work on backing tracks, members include Florrie Arnold, Kieran Jones. Parisian remixer Fred Falke also frequently works with Xenomania, Xenomania started a record label of the same name in 2008, developing artists and working on material before looking for major label deals. Artists include Alex Gardner, Jessie Malakouti, Brooke X, Mini Viva, Brian Higgins found early success after producing Australian singer Dannii Minogues third album, Girl, which gained favorable reviews at the time but failed to enter the British Top 40. However, the success of the single, All I Wanna Do, led to a collaboration with American singer Cher. Although the song outperformed all expectations and won him three Ivor Novello awards, Higgins found himself without a label when London Records was sold in 2000, Nick Coler programmed The KLFs singles and Tim Powell started out in 1989 doing hardcore rave stuff. Higgins attempted to launch Cooper as a solo artist under the stage name Moonbaby, thats when we started writing for other people, according to Cooper. Id had writers block for myself, but as soon as it was for somebody else all these songs popped out, moonbabys Here We Go would later be recorded by both Lene Nystrøm Rasted and Girls Aloud. Higgins says, We developed this sound of electronics and guitars fusing together but this was in the late Nineties when RnB lite dominated pop music, the song would later become a UK number-one single for Sugababes in 2002. Higgins praised Sugababes for the role in Xenomanias subsequent success—To me they represented something superior to what was out there. As a result, the Sugababes undoubtedly brought the best out of us as we always felt pressure to produce results that would do justice to their voices. Xenomania were approached to create the single for a girl group formed through the television talent show Popstars
12.
The Loving Kind
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The Loving Kind is a song performed by British girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their fifth studio album Out of Control. The song was written by Pet Shop Boys, Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, described as a synth pop ballad, The Loving Kind was originally written for inclusion on Pet Shop Boys Yes before being given to Girls Aloud. Upon its release in January 2009, The Loving Kind entered the UK Singles Chart at number ten, in the music video, the group portrays the good and bad Girls Aloud as they perform in mirrored boxes. The Loving Kind was promoted through numerous live appearances and was performed on 2009s Out of Control Tour, the song was largely praised by most contemporary music critics, although maligned by others for its similarities with Call the Shots. Xenomania and Pet Shop Boys wrote the song in sessions for the latters album Yes, Pet Shop Boys member Neil Tennant said that they co-wrote the song while working with Xenomania, and described it as beautiful but still dancey. It was the second song Girls Aloud recorded for Out of Control, the band were intimidated when learning the harmonies from Tennant. They found themselves reproducing his delivery, until he advised them to sing their own renditions and it was said that the lyrics have the sadness and melancholy of a massive proper ballad but the production drags the song straight to the dancefloor and lends it an undeniable sense of optimism. Lowe said he was absolutely over the moon with the result, the Loving Kind is a synth pop ballad, in the same vein as much of the Pet Shop Boys output. It has been described as a sad account of a waning relationship. The song is written in D♭ major with a signature in common time. The basic chord progression of the song is G♭, D♭, B♭m, Fm, the song begins instantly with a synthesised introduction, followed by the first verse and refrain. There is a bridge and a middle 8. The verse repeats, followed by the chorus, a section. The radio mix differs slightly, the introduction is less abrupt, the single was confirmed on 21 November 2008 via Girls Alouds official website. The CD single includes a Girls Aloud megamix, released to celebrate Girls Alouds twentieth single release, the megamix was created by Jewels & Stone, and features the intro and outro from the famous Stars on 45 medleys. There was also 7 picture disc made available, which included a previously unreleased B-side entitled Memory of You, remixes by Wideboys and Utah Saints were also commissioned. There was a controversy surrounding the fact that the singles B-side Memory of You was only available on the vinyl format. The song was originally called Japan, fans campaigned to get the song available in a high quality format, which even gained the attention of The Sun
13.
Something New (Girls Aloud song)
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Something New is a song recorded by British girl group Girls Aloud from their second compilation album, Ten. It was released by Polydor Records on 16 November 2012, as the first single from the album, in April 2012, bandmate Cheryl Cole revealed the girls had been in talks to regroup for the groups tenth anniversary later that year. In October 2012, a countdown was activated on Girls Alouds official website, which would last until 19 October 2012, however the date was brought forward to 16 October 2012 following an early online leak of the track. Something New is a song produced by Girls Alouds long-time collaborator Brian Higgins. Music critics were positive towards the production, and compared it to songs by David Guetta, Nicki Minaj. They also noted that the tracks follow the groups signature style. Something New debuted and peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, the song also peaked inside the top five in Ireland and Scotland. The accompanying music video was directed by Ray Kay, and features a mixture of black-and-white and coloured shots of the entire group, while also showcasing each member in a separate set-up. Girls Aloud performed Something New in few programmes, such as Strictly Come Dancing and Top of the Pops and this is the second Children in Need song that the band have released, the first being Ill Stand by You in 2004. In February 2009, Girls Aloud signed a new deal with Fascination Records that would see the group release another three studio albums. However, in July 2009, the announced that they were taking a year-long hiatus to pursue solo projects but would reunite for a new studio album in 2010. Two months later, the hiatus was briefly interrupted when they did two shows supporting Coldplay along with Jay-Z at Wembley Stadium. In April 2012, during an interview with Chris Moyles on Radio 1, in August 2012, Nicola Roberts was also featured on the same radio show, and said, Its our tenth birthday in November so we will definitely celebrating. I wanna tell you everything but I really cant, the comeback was confirmed when Girls Alouds official website posted on 9 October a countdown that would last until 19 October, when the girls would make a special announcement. It was speculated that they would make an appearance on BBCs Strictly Come Dancing, however, on 15 October, the surprise, a single titled Something New, leaked online in full. The official radio premiere of the song was brought forward to the following day, with Girls Aloud posting on their website. The finished version of Something New will be played on radio from midday, Something New was released on 16 November 2012 by Polydor Records through digital download, serving as the official Children in Need 2012 single. When asked about how she felt with the group being back together, I think we are all quite proud that we made enough of an impact to be able to a comeback
14.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
15.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
16.
Meteorite
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When the object enters the atmosphere, various factors like friction, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause it to heat up and radiate that energy. It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball, also known as a shooting/falling star, meteorites that survive atmospheric entry and impact vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a large enough to create a crater. Meteorites that are recovered after being observed as they transit the atmosphere or impact the Earth are called meteorite falls, all others are known as meteorite finds. As of April 2016, there were about 1,140 witnessed falls that have specimens in the worlds collections, there are more than 38,660 well-documented meteorite finds. Modern classification schemes divide meteorites into groups according to their structure, chemical and isotopic composition, meteorites smaller than 2 mm are classified as micrometeorites. Extraterrestrial meteorites are such objects that have impacted other celestial bodies and they have been found on the Moon and Mars. Meteorites are always named for the places they were found, usually a town or geographic feature. In cases where many meteorites were found in one place, the name may be followed by a number or letter, the name designated by the Meteoritical Society is used by scientists, catalogers, and most collectors. Most meteoroids disintegrate when entering the Earths atmosphere, usually, five to ten a year are observed to fall and are subsequently recovered and made known to scientists. Few meteorites are large enough to create large impact craters, instead, they typically arrive at the surface at their terminal velocity and, at most, create a small pit. Large meteoroids may strike the ground with a significant fraction of their escape velocity, the kind of crater will depend on the size, composition, degree of fragmentation, and incoming angle of the impactor. The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction, the most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact. In contrast, even relatively large stony or icy bodies like small comets or asteroids, up to millions of tons, are disrupted in the atmosphere, and do not make impact craters. Although such disruption events are uncommon, they can cause a concussion to occur. Very large stony objects, hundreds of meters in diameter or more, weighing tens of millions of tons or more, can reach the surface and cause large craters, such events are generally so energetic that the impactor is completely destroyed, leaving no meteorites. Several phenomena are well documented during witnessed meteorite falls too small to produce hypervelocity craters, various colors have been reported, including yellow, green, and red. Flashes and bursts of light can occur as the object breaks up, explosions, detonations, and rumblings are often heard during meteorite falls, which can be caused by sonic booms as well as shock waves resulting from major fragmentation events
17.
Dancing on Ice
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Dancing on Ice is a British television show presented by Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley, in which celebrities and their professional partners figure skate in front of a panel of judges. The series started on the 14 January 2006 and ended on 9 March 2014, originally titled Skating with Celebrities, the show was renamed following the failure of ITVs celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule. Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBCs Strictly Come Dancing, in 2004, the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas, which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman. ITVs show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a hit in Britain. It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March, britains best-known ice-skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers, and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice. Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show, in 2012 they performed less regularly. Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby, with commentary from Tony Gubba, in series 6, there were only three judges, Gardiner, Cousins and Bunton. In mid-2007, it was announced that shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2s target range. As part of ITVs new revamped schedule at the start of 2008, from the third series, the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics. The series 3 finale was a draw, pulling an average 11.7 million viewers peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two-hour slot. The seventh series began on 8 January 2012, with Torvill, Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby, whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel. On 20 November 2012, it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series, replacing Spence. On 21 May 2013, Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its series in 2014. Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine, the four judges judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0, depending on the performance. These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples. As this is the case, the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the two if the public vote for them. Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel, the couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following weeks show, while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition. One couple leaves each week, but in series 7, two left in one week, due to numbering issues
18.
Out of Control Tour
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The Out of Control Tour was the fifth concert tour by British girl group Girls Aloud. It supported their fifth studio album Out of Control, initially, just ten dates in bigger arenas were announced in November 2008. Due to demand, more dates were added, Girls Aloud performed thirty-two dates across the United Kingdom and Ireland. The tour commenced on 24 April 2009 at Manchester Arena, with the show on 6 June 2009 in Newcastles Metro Radio Arena. The show was divided into five sections with distinct costumes. Each member of the group had their own respective platform, during the show, Girls Aloud use pole dancing techniques and themes of BDSM. Most of the songs performed come from Out of Control, but earlier singles, like 2008s Tangled Up Tour, there is a smaller stage in the centre of the arena that Girls Aloud perform on during the show. Absent Elk, Emma Deigman, Girls Cant Catch and Julian Perretta were opening acts during the tour, Girls Aloud announced their plans to tour in support of Out of Control in mid-November 2008. Initially, just ten dates in bigger arenas across the United Kingdom and Ireland were announced. Due to arenas selling out, Girls Aloud added a number of shows to the tour. Cheryl Coles hometown of Newcastle sold particularly well, with the group scheduled to play a four nights. Girls Aloud were also scheduled to play three dates in Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, and four dates in London, the group performed three nights in O2 Arena and two at Wembley Arena. Nadine Coyle said, We cant wait to get out on the road to see our fans. Well play the music that we love from the past albums, and itll be great doing the new songs in those arenas, too. The group began rehearsals straight after Christmas and they took pole dancing lessons to prepare for a routine. Cheryl Cole and Kimberley Walsh missed some rehearsals, citing exhaustion following their charity climb of Mount Kilimanjaro for Comic Relief. Girls Alouds rider includes treadmills, various machines, and scented candles, as well as a physical therapist. Each individual member has her own respective hairdresser and make-up artist, Emma Deigman was confirmed as the supporting act during the tour
19.
Instrumental
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An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. The music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments, if the instrumental section highlights the skill, musicality, and often the virtuosity of a particular performer, the section may be called a solo. If the instruments are percussion instruments, the interlude can be called a percussion interlude or percussion break and these interludes are a form of break in the song. One example of a genre in which both vocal/instrumental and solely instrumental songs are produced is blues, another example of a genre in popular culture is Hip Hop, Pop, and R&B. Many upcoming or rising artists in Hip Hop, Pop, and R&B will find an instrumental online on a website, like www. beatsbytoon. com, an instrumental version of a song which otherwise features vocals is also known as a -1. The opposite of instrumental music, that is, music for voices alone, without any accompaniment instruments, is a cappella, an Italian phrase that means in the chapel. In early music, instruments such as trumpet and drums were considered outdoor instruments, a capella music exists in both Classical music choir pieces and in popular music styles such as doo wop groups and Barbershop quartets. Some recordings which include brief examples of the voice are typically considered instrumentals. An ominous statement at the end Inclusion of field recordings which may or may not contain non-lyrical words, a few songs categorized as instrumentals may even include actual vocals, if they appear only as a short part of an extended piece. Falling just outside that definition is Theme From Shaft by Isaac Hayes. com with a sample of each
20.
Solo (music)
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In music, a solo is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is to solo, and the performer is known as a soloist, the plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino, cadenza Concerto Drum solo Guitar solo Piano solo Tutti Virtuoso
21.
Nadine Coyle
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Nadine Elizabeth Louise Coyle is an Irish singer, songwriter, actress, and model. Coyle rose to fame in the early 2000s as a member of the girl group Girls Aloud, the group amassed a joint fortune of £30 million by May 2010. Coyle released her solo album Insatiable and its title track was released on 8 November 2010 through her own label, Black Pen Records. The album peaked at twenty on the Irish Albums Chart. Coyles net worth was estimated at £8.10 million in October 2014, Coyle was born on 15 June 1985 to Lillian and Niall Coyle in Derry, Northern Ireland. Her parents first noticed her talent for singing at the age of two, when she sang The Drifters Saturday Night at the Movies, Coyle was uninterested in her education but received good grades. She recorded a demo CD, which was distributed to Louis Walsh, the CD included cover versions of Fields of Gold, Somewhere Over the Rainbow, Love Is, and the aria Summertime. While attending Thornhill College in 2001, Coyle auditioned for the Irish version of the reality talent show Popstars. She won a place in the band Six, but it was revealed that she had lied about her age. She was just 16 years old, two younger than the minimum age requirement of 18. Coyle said she was exploited by RTÉ and she returned to Thornhill College in Derry. She later revealed how she had a scare when she found a lump in her breast when she was 17. Walsh encouraged Coyle to enter Popstars, The Rivals, the second British series of the international Popstars franchise, several thousand applicants attended auditions across the UK in hope of being selected. Ten girls and ten boys were chosen as finalists by judges Walsh, Pete Waterman and these finalists then took to the stage participating in weekly Saturday night live performances. Following her performance of Fields of Gold, Walsh told her she gave the performance of the night, stole the show for me, while fellow judge Halliwell said, Id love to buy a single of yours already. Coyle joined Cheryl Tweedy, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, and Kimberley Walsh to comprise the new girl group Girls Aloud, the groups debut single Sound of the Underground peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the 2002 Christmas number one. Girls Aloud hold the record for the shortest time between formation and reaching number one, the group released their debut album Sound of the Underground in May 2003, which entered the charts at number two and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry later the same year. Their singles Ill Stand by You, Walk This Way, and they also achieved seven certified albums and have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for The Promise
22.
Thirty-two-bar form
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Examples of 32-bar AABA form songs include Over the Rainbow, Whatll I Do, Make You Feel My Love, Blue Skies, and Willie Nelsons Crazy. At its core, the basic AABA 32-bar song form consists of four sections, each section being 8 bars in length, each of these 8-bar sections is assigned a letter name, based on its melodic and harmonic content. The A sections all share the same melody, and the title lyric typically falls on either the first or last line of each A section. The B section musically and lyrically contrasts the A sections, the B section may use a different harmony that contrasts with the harmony of the A sections. For example in the song Ive Got Rhythm, the A sections are in the key of B♭, Song form terminology is not standardized, and the B section is also referred to as the middle eight, bridge, or primary bridge. This introductory section is usually sixteen bars long and establishes the background and mood of the number, the sectional verse is often omitted from modern performances. It is not assigned a letter in the AABA naming scheme, in music theory, the middle 8 or bridge is the B section of a 32-bar form. This section has a different melody from the rest of the song. It is called a middle 8 because it happens in the middle of the song, in early 20th century terminology, the main 32-bar AABA section, in its entirety, was called the refrain or chorus. This is in contrast to the usage of the term chorus. Additionally, verse, chorus and refrain all have different meanings in modern musical terminology, see the below chart for clarification, Though the 32-bar form resembles the ternary form of the operatic da capo aria, it did not become common until the late 1910s. It became the form of American popular song around 1925–1926. The 32-bar form was used in rock in the 1950s and 60s. Songwriters such as the Brill Building and Lennon–McCartney also used modified or extended 32-bar forms, the Beatles, like many others, would extend the form with an instrumental section, second bridge, break or reprise of the introduction, etc. and another return to the main theme. Introductions and codas also extended the form, in Down Mexico Way the A sections … are doubled in length, to sixteen bars—but this affects the overall scheme only marginally. Appen, Ralf von / Frei-Hauenschild, Markus AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms, online Publikationen der Gesellschaft für Popularmusikforschung/German Society for Popular Music Studies e. V. Ed. by Ralf von Appen, André Doehring and Thomas Phleps
23.
Conclusion (music)
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In music, the conclusion is the ending of a composition and may take the form of a coda or outro. Pieces using sonata form typically use the recapitulation to conclude a piece, for example, The slow movement of Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, where a chord progression interrupts the final cadence. The slow movement of Symphony No.5 by Beethoven, where, echoing afterthoughts, follow the initial statements of the first theme and only return expanded in the coda. Varèses Density 21.5, where partitioning of the scale into whole tone scales provides the missing tritone of b implied in the previously exclusive partitioning by diminished seventh chords. Coda is a used in music in a number of different senses. An outro is the opposite of an intro, outro is a blend as it replaces the element in of the intro with its opposite, to create a new word. The term is used only in the realm of pop music. It can refer to the track of an album or to an outro-solo. Jeremy as recorded by Pearl Jam, outro - The final track of the M83 album Hurry Up, Were Dreaming. Repeat and fade is a direction used in sheet music when more than one repeat of the last few measures or so of a piece is desired with a fade-out as the manner in which to end the music. It originated as an effect made possible by the volume controls on sound recording equipment. No equivalent Italian term was in the lexicon of musical terms, so it was written in English. Repeat and fade endings are found in live performances, but are often used in studio recordings. Examples include, Hey Jude as recorded by The Beatles Time and a Word as recorded by Yes Crazy. as recorded by PaRappa and The Moonlight Da capo Epilogue
24.
Sarah Harding
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Sarah Nicole Harding is an English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, and actress. She rose to fame in late 2002 when she auditioned for the reality television show Popstars, the programme announced that Harding had won a place as a member of the girl group, Girls Aloud. In 2009, Girls Aloud won Best Single with their song The Promise. During the groups break, Harding turned her attentions to acting, appearing in Bad Day, the BBC television film Freefall, Run for Your Wife, Harding contributed three solo songs to the soundtrack of St. Trinians 2. Harding has also modelled for Ultimo lingerie, in 2011, Harding entered a rehab facility for depression, alcohol addiction, and prescription drug abuse. In late 2012, Harding reunited with Girls Aloud to celebrate their tenth anniversary together, in early 2013, they announced that they had split up. Harding was born in Ascot, Berkshire and she was raised together with her two half brothers in Staines, Surrey, then Stockport, Greater Manchester. She grew up in a household and has attributed her musical genes to her musician father, John Adam Hardman. She attended Hazel Grove High School from 1993 to 1998, and later attended Stockport College where she studied hair, when she was 15, her father left her mother. She has no contact with her father, who remarried in 2007 and she also toured North West England performing at pubs, social clubs, and caravan parks to support herself. In 2002, she was recording dance tracks when she decided to audition for Popstars, Harding also entered FHMs High Street Honeys 2002, the magazines national beauty contest. Her pictures appeared in the top 100, but Harding withdrew upon achieving success on Popstars, in 2002, Harding auditioned for the reality television show Popstars, The Rivals in 2002. Several thousand applicants attended auditions across the UK in hope of being selected, Ten girls and ten boys were chosen as finalists by judges Pete Waterman, Louis Walsh and Geri Halliwell. These finalists then took to the participating in weekly Saturday night live performances. Each week the contestant polling the fewest phone votes was eliminated, Harding joined Nadine Coyle, Cheryl Tweedy, Nicola Roberts, and Kimberley Walsh to comprise the new girl group Girls Aloud, formed through the show by a public vote on 30 November 2002. The groups debut single Sound of the Underground peaked at one on the UK Singles Chart. Girls Aloud hold the record for the shortest time between formation and reaching number one, the group released their debut album Sound of the Underground in May 2003, which entered the charts at number two and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry later the same year. Their singles Ill Stand by You, Walk This Way, and they also achieved seven certified albums and have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for The Promise
25.
The Promise (Girls Aloud song)
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The Promise is a single by English-Irish girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their fifth studio album Out of Control. The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, influenced by Phil Spector and music of the 1960s, The Promise is an upbeat love song that was written to announce Girls Aloud as a supergroup. Upon its release in October 2008, the single became Girls Alouds fourth number one on the UK Singles Chart, the music video is set at a drive-in movie theatre, where Girls Aloud watch themselves performing as a 1960s girl group on screen. The Promise was promoted through numerous live appearances, including a performance on The X Factor. The song was praised and appreciated by most contemporary music critics, the Promise was awarded Best British Single at the 2009 Brit Awards, the groups first win at the ceremony. The Promise is an homage to 1960s music, particularly Phil Spectors famous Wall of Sound technique and it has been described as a 1960s-influenced pop gem given a contemporary Girls Aloud twist. Peter Robinson, however, noted that the song hinted at a mellower side of 1970s New York disco. The song is written in A major with a signature in common time. The vocal range spans from G♯3 to C5, the chord progression varies throughout the song, but chord include E, Am, C, A, Dm, and D. The Promise is composed in rondo form, the serving as the songs only repeated section. A key change takes place before the final chorus. Both the radio edit and the version of the song were edited from the full-length version for release. The radio edit lasts 3,42 and has a cold ending, the album version of The Promise is around fifteen seconds longer, opting for a repeat and fade. The backing track for the song was composed by two Australian musicians, Jason Resch and Kieran Jones, who would play the song for Brian Higgins. Higgins and Miranda Cooper, afraid theyd ruin the moment, waited weeks to write the songs lyrics, they eventually wrote the song in seven minutes. Higgins said, We knew that was the piece of music Girls Aloud needed to announce them as a supergroup in this country and they needed the theme tune to the biggest girl group on the planet. As soon as Girls Aloud heard the song, they decided it should be the first single from Out of Control, the day before the song was due to be delivered to Fascination Records, the entire backing track was ditched and replayed. Described by the website as a stormer of a track
26.
Vocoder
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A vocoder is a category of voice codec that analyzes and synthesizes the human voice signal for audio data compression, multiplexing, voice encryption, voice transformation, etc. The decoder applies these control signals to corresponding filters for re-synthesis, since these control signals change only slowly compared to the original speech waveform, the bandwidth required to transmit speech can be reduced. This allows more speech channels to share a single communication channel, by encrypting the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception. Its primary use in fashion is for secure radio communication. The advantage of this method of encryption is that none of the signal is sent. The receiving unit needs to be set up in the same filter configuration to re-synthesize a version of the signal spectrum. The vocoder has also used extensively as an electronic musical instrument. The decoder portion of the vocoder, called a voder, can be used independently for speech synthesis, the human voice consists of sounds generated by the opening and closing of the glottis by the vocal cords, which produces a periodic waveform with many harmonics. This basic sound is filtered by the nose and throat to produce differences in harmonic content in a controlled way. There is another set of sounds, known as the unvoiced and plosive sounds, the vocoder examines speech by measuring how its spectral characteristics change over time. This results in a series of signals representing these modified frequencies at any time as the user speaks. In simple terms, the signal is split into a number of frequency bands, thus, the vocoder dramatically reduces the amount of information needed to store speech, from a complete recording to a series of numbers. Information about the frequency of the original voice signal is discarded. It is this aspect of the vocoding process that has made it useful in creating special voice effects in popular music. Analog vocoders typically analyze an incoming signal by splitting the signal into a number of tuned frequency bands or ranges, a modulator and carrier signal are sent through a series of these tuned bandpass filters. In the example of a robot voice, the modulator is a microphone. There are usually between eight and 20 bands, the amplitude of the modulator for each of the individual analysis bands generates a voltage that is used to control amplifiers for each of the corresponding carrier bands. The result is that components of the modulating signal are mapped onto the carrier signal as discrete amplitude changes in each of the frequency bands
27.
7" vinyl
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
28.
Digital Spy
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Digital Spy is a British entertainment and media news website launched in 1999. The site focuses on reporting breaking entertainment news related to movies, music, television, in addition to news articles there are regular reviews posted on popular films, theatre, and concerts. On 9 April 2008 it was announced that the website had been purchased by magazine publisher Hachette Filipacchi UK, on 1 August 2011, ownership of Hachette UK was sold to Hearst Magazines UK. As well as articles, the site also features forums, which went live in March 2000, representatives of several major companies, including Top Up TV, Joost, BSkyB, Goodmans, and Amstrad CEO Lord Alan Sugar are registered members who have posted on the forums. Iain Chapman launched the website, providing news, rumours. At the same time, Chris Butcher launched the ONfaq website, offering similar news, both sites proved to be popular, attracting a lot of attention from visitors eager for more news about these rapidly developing TV platforms. Very quickly, Iain and Chris discussed the idea of a merger of the two sites, to create the digiNEWS Network, on 28 February 1999 digiNEWS and ONfaq merged and were rebranded as sites of the new digiNEWS network. Both sites were redesigned with common branding, and new header graphics identifying the digiNEWS network, more sites continued to join the network - Chris Norriss cablenews, uk, Mark Hughes DVDNews and Neil Wilkes TV, uk. The network was growing, but technically it was disjointed, served from personal webspace from ISPs such as Freeserve. Discussions with website guru Jose Cardoso began, and work started on integrating the multitude of sites into a single portal. It was important for the new site to be accessible, so a. COM address was preferable, unfortunately the diginews. com address was already taken. After many many emails back and forth, the name Digital Spy was chosen, the new Digital Spy forums went live on 1 March 2000. They were built on the UBB forum platform, the new Digital Spy news portal went live on 19 May 2001, running on a custom-built content management system developed by Jose and called RAMS. In November 2015, Digital Spy hired ex editor of Heat Julian Linley in the role of editor-in-chief as the attempts to challenge BuzzFeed
29.
The Girls Aloud Party
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The Girls Aloud Party was a one-off Christmas variety show starring British girl group Girls Aloud, produced for ITV. The show was aired on 13 December 2008, in between The X Factor series finale and its results show, all five members took part in the Show unlike their previous TV effort. The Show generally consisted of the group performing singles and unheard songs as well as intercepted with sketches, Girls Aloud performed some of their biggest hits, as well as some tracks from their latest album, Out of Control. James Morrison performed his track Broken Strings with Girls Aloud, while Kaiser Chiefs led into Sound of the Underground with their own track, along with performing, Girls Aloud performed comic skits in which Cilla Black and Julie Goodyear starred as Nicola Robertss grandmother and Sarah Hardings mother. On 11 November, the official Girls Aloud website ran a competition in which 100 entrants would win tickets to the show, the show was filmed in London on 2 December, as stated by the announcement. The programme was first advertised during The X Factor on 29 November 2008, the Girls Aloud Party had approximately 8.37 million viewers
30.
Critic
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A critic is a professional who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theater, fashion, architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their social or government policy. They may also include a positive or negative personal response, characteristics of a good critic are articulateness, preferably having the ability to use language with a high level of appeal and skill. Sympathy, sensitivity and insight are important too, form, style and medium are all considered by the critic. In architecture and food criticism, the function, value. Formally, the word is applied to persons who are accepted and, to a significant degree. Influential critics of art, music, theatre and architecture often present their arguments in complete books, one very famous example is John Ruskins Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice. Critics may base their assessment on a range of theoretical positions, for instance, they may take a Feminist or Freudian perspective. Critics are themselves subject to competing critics, since the critical judgment always entails some subjectivity. An established critic can play a role as a public arbiter of taste or opinion. Also, critics or a group of critics, may award symbols of recognition. Early English meaning of criticism was based mainly on the criticism of literature, schonberg was the first music critic to receive the Pulitzer Prize for criticism. Daniel Mendelsohn described the equation of criticism for critics as knowledge + taste = meaningful judgement, social and political critics have used various forms of art to express their criticism, including literature and music. Pierre Beaumarchais, for example, prior to the French Revolution, a critics influence is enhanced by subsequent reworkings such as the operatic versions of Beaumarchaiss play by Rossini and by Mozart. Among the most famous social/political criticism in literary form are Jonathan Swifts satire Gullivers Travels, some political critics, such as Ai Weiwei use visual art as their medium. Throughout history, political critics have faced higher risks, including the risk of imprisonment or death, several websites have developed for the purpose of compiling or publishing original critical reviews. Examples include BlogCritics Magazine, Rotten Tomatoes, and Yelp, according to A. O. Scott, chief film critic for The New York Times, everyone on the Internet is a critic. Some critics like Roger Ebert achieve iconic status in pop culture, people whose work is the subject of criticism have a full range of responses to it
31.
Sasha (Welsh DJ)
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Sasha is a Welsh DJ, record producer and Grammy Award nominee. He was voted World No.1 DJ in 2000 in a poll conducted by DJ Magazine and he is a four-time International Dance Music Awards winner and four-time DJ Awards winner. Sasha began his career playing acid house music in the late 1980s. He partnered with fellow DJ John Digweed in 1993, touring internationally, Sasha has remixed tracks for artists such as Madonna, The Chemical Brothers and Hot Chip. Sashas remixing and production often combine electronic music genres, making it difficult for critics to pinpoint his musical style, including on his album of original work. After achieving success as a producer and DJ, Sasha worked with younger DJs and producers such as BT and his use of live audio engineering equipment helped popularise technological innovations among DJs who formerly relied on records and turntables. In 2007, he formed a label with Renaissance Records called emFire. Sasha is managed by Three Six Zero Group, Sasha was born in Bangor, Wales on 4 September 1969, but spent most of his youth with his mother in the Welsh town of Sandycroft, Flintshire, North Wales. Sashas mother taught French at Hawarden High School, Sashas early musical taste was primarily Top 40 pop music like The The and The Police. After an idyllic childhood, he passed the exam for Epsom College at age 17. However, he did not like Epsom and left before completing his Advanced Level, instead of continuing his schooling, Sasha moved to Bangor to live with his father and stepmother. Sashas stepmother forced him to piano lessons which, although he disliked them at the time. Sasha became aware of electronic music in 1988 at The Haçienda. Drawn to the sound of acid house music and the rebellious attitude he associated with it, he visited Manchester weekly. Sasha purchased many acid house records and began to teach himself how to mix, a local DJ at a club Sasha frequented announced that he was looking for other DJs to travel with him on a regional tour. Sasha volunteered and made his first live appearance in nearby Stockport, Sasha recalled of his debut, Id never even touched a Technics, I thought the pitch control was the volume, I didnt even know where to plug my headphones in. Im sure I was absolutely horrendous, Sasha soon found himself in debt due to low-paying performances and the many records he bought. To finance his collection, he performed at illegal warehouse raves in the Blackburn
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Rave music
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Rave music is usually presented in a DJ mix set, although live performances are not uncommon. The rave scene was associated with illegal club drugs, Rave music is created to accompany recreational drug use, specifically to heighten the effects of ecstasy, the common name for MDMA. In the mid-to-late 1980s, the first raves were born, being the name for House and Techno music parties in Chicago and Detroit, hundreds of smaller promotional groups sprung up across the East Coast, causing a true scene to develop. As the rave scene expanded promoters marketed their events with specialized music aiming to attract adherents of a particular subgenre, in Australia, a trend towards outdoor dance parties or doofs developed. Fusions of house and trance also exist but the drum n bass still remains the most popular form of breakbeat played at rave parties. Hardcore techno refers to any hard dance genre that was influenced by the genre, usually these genres have a distorted kick drum. Happy hardcore blended the Dutch hardcore sound with Eurodance and bubblegum pop, the genre featured pitched-up vocals and a less distorted 4/4 beat. Trancecore also exists and is a less vocal fusion of hardcore with trance music. Industrial is a related genre. While the genre is not usually considered rave music in itself, industrial is the origin of many sounds found in rave music, it is one of the first genres that took the sounds that are now popular in rave music such as acid as its musical backdrop. Industrial music fans are usually considered rivetheads and do not tend to call themselves ravers, Rave has been described as the defining sound of rave music. The style has developed into a series of subgenres including Breakbeat Rave, Techno-Rave, Hard Techno, Acid Rave, Gabber, Speedcore, Happy Rave, Hardcore, the following list of genres are closely associated with raves and can be described as rave music. Breakbeat hardcore — Acen, Altern-8, Keoki, Brainstorm Crew, Bobs and Sounds, The Chemical Brothers, The Prodigy, Shades Of Rhythm, Shut Up and Dance, Crystal Method & uberzone. ETC. Valentino Khan, Sazon Booya Liquid funk — Netsky, High Contrast, Fred V & Grafix, Fox Stevenson, MaxNRG, 2DB, Brookes Brothers, Rudimental & Mediks New rave — Klaxons, Music Scenes, Local, Translocal and Virtual. Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press,2004 Reynolds, Simon, Generation Ecstasy, into the world of techno and rave culture Routledge, lang, Morgan, Futuresound, Techno Music and Mediation University of Washington, Seattle,1996. Dominic Buttitta, electro_DUB-scratch= champaign IL,2010 Media related to Rave at Wikimedia Commons
33.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
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BBC Music
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BBC Music is an umbrella title used by the BBC to collect together its music output. Officially it is a part of the BBCs Radio operational division and is responsible to Helen Boaden, however, its remit also includes music used in television. It was established in its current form in 2014, however, the current director of music is Bob Shennan, who is also the controller of BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network. BBC Music had its launch at 20,00 on 7 October 2014. BBC Music is responsible for the music played across the BBC and these include Radio 1s Big Weekend, Live in Hyde Park and In Concert for Radio 2, the BBC Proms, and the BBC6 Music festival. It will also coordinate the BBCs coverage of live music events such as the Glastonbury Festival, T in the Park. It also features playlists created by BBC radio DJs and presenters such as Jo Whiley, Greg James, Steve Lamacq, Zane Lowe and Fearne Cotton. Additionally, it coordinates the production of the BBC Music Awards and also oversees BBC Introducing, BBC Music Magazine BBC Music at BBC Online
35.
MSN
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MSN is a web portal and related collection of Internet services and apps for Windows and mobile devices, provided by Microsoft and launched on August 24,1995, the same release date as Windows 95. Along with Windows 95s release, Microsoft debuted The Microsoft Network, at the same time, the company launched a new web portal named Microsoft Internet Start and set it as the first default home page of Internet Explorer, its original web browser. In 1998, Microsoft renamed and moved this web portal to the domain name MSN. com, the current website and suite of apps offered by MSN was first introduced by Microsoft in 2014 as part of a complete redesign and relaunch. MSN is based in the United States and offers international versions of its portal for dozens of countries around the world, from 1995 to 1998, the MSN. com domain was used by Microsoft primarily to promote MSN as an online service and Internet service provider. At the time, MSN. com also offered a start page and an Internet tutorial. Microsofts original news website, msnbc. com, which launched in 1996, was tied closely to the Internet Start portal. The new website put MSN in direct competition with such as Yahoo. Because the new format opened up MSNs content to the world for free, MSN. com became the successor to the default Internet Explorer start page, as all of the previous Microsoft Internet Start website was merged with MSN. com. Some of the websites that Microsoft launched during that era remain active in some form today. Other websites since divested by Microsoft include the travel website Expedia, the online magazine Slate, in the late 1990s, Microsoft collaborated with many other service providers, as well as other Microsoft departments, to expand the range of MSNs services. Some examples include MSN adCenter, MSN Shopping, and the Encarta encyclopedia with various levels of access to information, since then, MSN. com has remained a popular destination, launching many new services and content sites. MSNs Hotmail and Messenger services were promoted from the MSN. com portal, MSN Search, a dedicated search engine, launched in 1999. The single sign-in service for Microsofts online services, Microsoft Passport, the MSN. com portal and related group of services under the MSN umbrella remained largely the same in the early 2000s. The sports section of the MSN portal was ESPN. com from 2001 to 2004, and FoxSports. com from 2004 to 2014. MSN had a partnership with msnbc. com for news content from 1996 until 2012, when Microsoft sold its remaining stake in msnbc. com to NBCUniversal. Since then, MSN has launched MSN News, a news operation. MSN released a preview of a home page and logo on November 3,2009. It was originally expected to be available to over 100 million U. S. customers by early 2010
36.
CBBC
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CBBC is a BBC childrens television strand aimed for older children aged from 6 to 12. BBC programming aimed at under six year old children is broadcast on the CBeebies channel, CBBC broadcasts from 7 am to 9 pm on the digital CBBC Channel, available on most UK digital platforms. CBBC programmes were also broadcast in high definition alongside other BBC content on BBC HD, generally at afternoons on weekends and this ended when BBC HD closed on 26 March 2013, but CBBC HD launched on 10 December 2013. BBC-produced childrens programming, in languages of Scotland and Wales, also airs on BBC Alba. The BBC has produced and broadcast television programmes for children since the 1930s, the first children-specific strand on BBC television was For the Children, first broadcast on what was then the single BBC Television Service on Saturday 24 April 1937, it was only ten minutes long. It lasted for two years before being taken off air when the service closed due to the Second World War in September 1939, the 1964 launch of BBC Two allowed additional room for childrens programming with an edition of Play School technically being the first official programme. On 1 October 1980, Watch with Mother was replaced by See-Saw, meanwhile, weekday afternoon childrens programmes on BBC One were introduced by the usually off-screen continuity announcer, though often specially-designed menus and captions would be used. On 9 September 1985, this block of childrens programming was rebranded as Childrens BBC, and for the first time the childrens block had dedicated idents. Previously the BBC had broadcast childrens programming using BBC1s team of regular duty announcers, the launch presenter for this block, and thus the first Childrens BBC presenter of the current format, was Phillip Schofield. During the 1990s, Childrens BBC began to be referred to informally on-air as CBBC, the official billing name of Childrens BBC remained in place, however, until the BBCs network-wide branding refresh of October 1997, when the official on-air branding changed to CBBC. From 1996 to 1999, CBBC programmes were shown on the channel Nickelodeon, in 2002, the launch of the CBBC Channel and the CBeebies Channel saw a wide variety of programmes, both new and archive, being shown again on the new channels from 6/7 am until 7pm. Ms Jowell responded that it was the Governments job to develop a charter for the BBC, and then the BBCs job to determine standards of taste, decency and appropriateness. In 2009, a report published by the BBC Trust found that changes which took place in February 2008. It was found that the majority of viewers watched the programmes on these channels already. Childrens programming on BBC One ended on 21 December 2012 with the CBeebies morning strand on BBC Two ending on 4 January 2013, the two new hours are aimed towards an older youth audience. On 14 March 2016, CBBC unveiled a new logo and on-air presentation, featuring an abstract, CBBC controller Cheryl Taylo stated that the new brand was designed to be fun and unpredictable and would appeal to both ends of our broad age spectrum. The logo was meant to be suitable for use across digital platforms. On 11 April 2016, CBBC officially extended its broadcast day to be from 7,00 a. m. to 9,00 p. m. CBBC is operated by the BBC Childrens division, part of BBC North
