1.
Telogreika
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Telogreika or vatnik is a Russian kind of warm cotton wool-padded jacket. It was also a part of winter uniform first issued by the Red Army during the German-Soviet War, telogreikas continued to be issued until the late 1960s. The basic cut the uniform followed was that of a quilted jacket, the trousers had a button fly and tied at the bottom of the legs. There were usually pockets on the hips of telogreika trousers and a pocket on the front of the trouser leg. Telogreika jackets buttoned up the front, and the jacket sleeves buttoned closed, early issue variants had high collars, though these were absent later on. Telogreika jackets usually had a pocket on the front of the jacket. The clothing was usually khaki in colour, although black uniforms were issued to crews and some grey variants can be seen. The jacket and trousers usually had a design with the quilting. The telogreika was particularly effective at keeping the wearer warm in the harsh Russian Winter, when worn with valenki and an ushanka a wearer can comfortably remain warm in sub-zero temperatures for long periods. This made it the perfect uniform not just for the Red Army, in contrast to the usual shortages in the Red Army, soldiers received regular issues of winter clothing, as their combat effectiveness could be hampered in cold conditions otherwise. The Wehrmacht also regularly made use of captured Red Army winter uniforms, often taking them from the deceased, the Telogreika faded from military issue in the early 1960s, being largely replaced by the return to the old woollen shinel greatcoat and the bushlat. In the early 1980s the introduction of the Afghanka field uniform marked the dawn of a new era in the Soviet Army, today, the Telogreika is still used in Russia and many Soviet Bloc countries by private citizens. In Russia it is popular amongst night watchmen and workers in the construction industry. Afghanka Ushanka Valenki Stalins War, Soviet Uniforms and Militaria 1941-45 by Laszlo Bekesi The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War, 1941-45 By Stephen J Zaloga
2.
Boycott Russian Films
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Boycott Russian Films is the Ukrainian civic campaign that supports the boycott of Russian films and television series. It is a part of a boycott campaign called Do not buy Russian goods. Started by the Ukrainian social movement Vidsich, the campaign arose as a reaction to the occupation, military actions and mercenaries by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2014. The goal of the activists is to significantly limit Russian content shown on Ukrainian television, in March,2014, with the restoration of the campaign Do not buy Russian goods. Civic activists together with some politicians reached out to the public for a boycott of Russian TV series and overall television. The first notable case of the boycott of the Russian cinema was announced on April 11,2014 when some movie theaters in Kyiv, Lviv, in late August,2014, activists of the Civil Movement Vidsich as a part of the campaign Do not buy Russian goods. Launch a campaign to boycott Russian films and TV series, the Internet exploded with official pages and people massively started distributing messages, pictures, etc. urging not to watch Russian films. On August 27,2014, activists struck Ukrainian TV channel ICTV, the demand of the protesters was to remove Russian TV series off the air. Young protesters demanded to establish a control over the content of Russian films. In addition, activists point out that the majority of the profits from the selling the rights to show movies goes to Russia, the protests also address the shooting of the Russian serials in Ukraine and so on. According to activists, the zombies at the protest portrayed ordinary viewers who have become victims of Russian propaganda, the National Council pledged to work on new legislation to combat Russian propaganda. On December 11,2014 activists picketed the head office of TV channel Inter in Kyiv, during the action Do not kill our defenders with Russian propaganda. Young people glued the main entrance with photographs of Ukrainian dead soldiers in the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, according to activists, Inter ranked 2nd among channels showing content of Russian origin. Protesters emphasised that Russian films and serials glorifying Russian security forces at the time of war is unacceptable, young people announced that an amount of Russian content on Ukrainian TV is increasing. Activists gave petitions and propositions to administration representatives, addressed to the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, during it bloody zombies with sham machine guns and ribbons of Saint George demanded retrieval of Russian films in which Mikhail Porechenkov and Ivan Okhlobystin acted. From December 29,2014 activists picketed a screening of the Russian films in Kyivs movie theaters, activists combined the pickets with another performance of Russian goods kills. Flash mobs, which made for Do not buy Russian goods. Pickets were to shows the film Fir-trees 1914 on December 29 and this event immediately caused a burst of resentment in Ukrainian blogosphere and social network
3.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
4.
Belarusian language
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Belarusian is an official language of Belarus, along with Russian, and is spoken abroad, chiefly in Russia, Ukraine, and small parts in far-eastern Poland. Following independence, it became known as Belarusian. Belarusian is one of the East Slavic languages and shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group, to some extent, Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian are mutually intelligible. Its predecessor stage is known as Ruthenian, in turn descended from Old East Slavic, at the 1999 Belarus Census, the Belarusian language was declared as a language spoken at home by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens. About 6,984,000 of Belarusians declared it their mother tongue, other sources put the population of the language as 6,715,000 in Belarus and 9,081,102 in all countries. According to a study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home,29. 4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52. 5% can only read and speak it. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages, especially Ukrainian, Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways, the phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes,6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants, depending on how they are counted. When the nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, the number 48 includes all consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be semantically distinct in the modern Belarusian language. The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script, which was first used as an alphabet for the Old Church Slavonic language, the modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also written in the Belarusian Latin alphabet, the Belarusian Arabic alphabet. The Glagolitic script had been used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century, there are several systems of romanizing written Belarusian text in existence, see Romanization of Belarusian. Standardized Belarusian grammar in its form was adopted in 1959. It was developed from the form set down by Branislaw Tarashkyevich. Historically, there had existed several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar and it is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of Minsk-Vilnius region. Belarusian grammar is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall is similar to Russian grammar. The most significant instance of this is in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular akannye, the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, Belarusian always spells this merged sound as ⟨a⟩, whereas Russian uses either ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, according to what the underlying phoneme is. This can significantly complicate the task of foreign speakers in learning these paradigms, besides the literary norm, there exist two main dialects of the Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and the South-Western. In addition, there exist the transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group, the North-Eastern dialect is chiefly characterized by the soft sounding R and strong akanye, and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the hard sounding R and moderate akanye
5.
Ukrainian language
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Ukrainian /juːˈkreɪniən/ is an East Slavic language. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic script, historical linguists trace the origin of the Ukrainian language to the Old East Slavic of the early medieval state of Kievan Rus. After the fall of the Kievan Rus as well as the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Modern Ukrainian language has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate. From 1804 until the Russian Revolution, the Ukrainian language was banned from schools in the Russian Empire and it has always maintained a sufficient base in Western Ukraine, where the language was never banned, in its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors. The Ukrainian language retains a degree of intelligibility with Belarusian and Russian. The first theory of the origin of Ukrainian language was suggested in Imperial Russia in the middle of the 18th century by Mikhail Lomonosov and this theory posits the existence of a common language spoken by all East Slavic people in the time of the Rus. Another point of view developed during the 19th and 20th centuries by linguists of Imperial Russia, like Lomonosov, they assumed the existence of a common language spoken by East Slavs in the past. This general point of view is the most accepted amongst academics worldwide, the supporters of this theory disagree, however, about the time when the different languages were formed. Soviet scholars set the divergence between Ukrainian and Russian only at time periods. During the time of the incorporation of Ruthenia into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and this point of view is, however, at variance with some historical data. In fact, several East Slavic tribes, such as Polans, Drevlyans, Severians, Dulebes, White Croats, Tiverians, notably, some Ukrainian features were recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic as far back as the language can be documented. In contrast, Ahatanhel Krymsky and Alexei Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century, Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky went even further, denying the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, Olena Kurylo, Ivan Ohienko, according to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to a migration of the population within the territory of todays Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was supported by George Shevelovs phonological studies. During the 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of Galicia-Vollhynia and their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts, examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh, rura, rynok, kushnir, and majster
6.
Latvian language
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Latvian is the official state language of Latvia. It was previously known in English as Lettish which remains the standard today in various forms in most other Germanic languages, there are about 1.3 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and 100,000 abroad. Altogether,2 million, or 80% of the population of Latvia, of those,1.16 million or 56% use it as their primary language at home. The use of the Latvian language in areas of social life in Latvia is increasing. Latvian is a Baltic language and is most closely related to Lithuanian, in addition there is some disagreement whether Latgalian and New Curonian, which are mutually intelligible with Latvian, should be considered varieties or separate languages. Latvian first appeared in Western print in the century with the reproduction of the Lords Prayer in Latvian in Sebastian Münsters Cosmographia Universalis. Latvian belongs to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family and it is one of two living Baltic languages with an official status. The Baltic languages are of particular interest to linguists because they retain many archaic features believed to have present in the early stages of the Proto-Indo-European language. There is some evidence to suggest the existence of a Balto-Slavic language group after the break-up of Proto-Indo-European, there exist a number of Baltic words that are similar to Sanskrit or Latin and which lack counterparts in Slavic languages. Latvian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Albanian, Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages are grouped as satem languages, while the possession of many archaic features is undeniable, the exact manner by which the Baltic languages have developed from the Proto-Indo-European language is not clear. According to some speculations, the Eastern Baltic languages split from Western Baltic between 400 and 600. The differentiation between Lithuanian and Latvian started after 800, with a period of being one language. At a minimum, transitional dialects existed until the 14th century or 15th century and this process of consolidation started in the 13th century after the Livonian Crusade and forced christianization. These tribes came under Livonian rule thus forming a political, economic. The oldest known examples of written Latvian are from a 1530 translation of a made by Nikolaus Ramm. Until the 19th century, the Latvian language was influenced by the German language. In the middle of the 19th century the First Latvian National Awakening was started, led by “Young Latvians” who popularized the use of Latvian language, participants to this movement laid the foundations for standard Latvian and also popularized the Latvianization of loan words. However, in the 1880s, when Czar Alexander III came into power, during this period, some Latvian scholars even suggested adopting Cyrillic for use in Latvian
7.
Batting (material)
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Padding is thin cushioned material sometimes added to clothes. Padding may also be referred to as batting when used as a layer in lining quilts or as a packaging or stuffing material. When padding is used in clothes, it is often done in an attempt to soften impacts on certain zones of the body or enhance appearance by improving a physical feature, often a sexually significant one. In fashion, there is padding for, Breasts – sometimes called falsies The male crotch – usually called a codpiece, height – usually in shoes and often called elevator shoes. Width of shoulders, called shoulder pads – in coats and other garments for men, some padding is added to emphasize particular physical features that are usually not present. Women, for instance, rarely have prominent shoulders, but for some years shoulder pads have been added to dresses, the effect was unnatural for women, but gave them a more masculine outline which was sometimes thought to be of benefit in business situations. Padding in undergarments is also used by some crossdressers. This may include a form of padding in the shape of male genitals worn in the underwear of a female who is passing as a male, or hip, padding is also added to clothing for insulation or cushioning reasons. Thus, many coats and outergarments are padded with such materials as felt or down or feathers or artificial insulations, cushioning padding is included in some sporting goods, especially those intended for use in combat sports. Garments intended for use in combat were once commonly padded. If included in a vest, such armor makes a bullet-proof vest, padding is also used by athletes in sports where friction is an issue, most notably in cycling shorts where it is termed a cycling pad
8.
Internet meme
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An Internet meme is an activity, concept, catchphrase or piece of media which spreads, often as mimicry, from person to person via the Internet. Some examples include posting a photo of people lying down in public places, a meme is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture. An Internet meme may take the form of an image, hyperlink, video, website and it may be just a word or phrase, including an intentional misspelling. These small movements tend to spread person to person via social networks, blogs, direct email. They may relate to various existing Internet cultures or subcultures, often created or spread on various websites, or by Usenet boards, fads and sensations tend to grow rapidly on the Internet, because the instant communication facilitates word-of-mouth transmission. The concept of the Internet meme was first proposed by Mike Godwin in the June 1993 issue of Wired, dawkins explained that Internet memes are thus a hijacking of the original idea, the very idea of a meme having mutated and evolved in this new direction. Further, Internet memes carry an additional property that ordinary memes do not—Internet memes leave a footprint in the media through which they propagate that renders them traceable and analyzable, Internet memes are a subset that Susan Blackmore called temes—memes which live in technological artifacts instead of the human mind. Image macros are often confused with internet memes and are often miscited as such, however, there is a key distinction between the two. Primarily this distinction lies within the subjects recognizability in internet pop-culture, in the early days of the Internet, such content was primarily spread via email or Usenet discussion communities. Messageboards and newsgroups were also popular because they allowed a simple method for people to information or memes with a diverse population of internet users in a short period. They encourage communication between people, and thus between meme sets, that do not normally come in contact, furthermore, they actively promote meme-sharing within the messageboard or newsgroup population by asking for feedback, comments, opinions, etc. This format is what gave rise to internet memes, like the Hampster Dance. Another factor in the increased meme transmission observed over the internet is its interactive nature, many phenomena are also spread via web search engines, internet forums, social networking services, social news sites, and video hosting services. Much of the Internets ability to spread information is assisted from results found through search engines, an Internet meme may stay the same or may evolve over time, by chance or through commentary, imitations, parody, or by incorporating news accounts about itself. Internet memes can evolve and spread rapidly, sometimes reaching worldwide popularity within a few days. Internet memes usually are formed from some social interaction, pop culture reference and their rapid growth and impact has caught the attention of both researchers and industry. Academically, researchers model how they evolve and predict which memes will survive, commercially, they are used in viral marketing where they are an inexpensive form of mass advertising. One empirical approach studied meme characteristics and behavior independently from the networks in which they propagated, theoretical studies on media psychology and communication have aimed to characterise and analyse the concept and representations in order to make it accessible for the academic research
9.
Post-Soviet states
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On March 11,1990, Lithuania was the first to declare its independence, with Estonia and Latvia following suit in August 1991. All three Baltic states claimed continuity from the states that existed prior to their annexation by the Soviet Union in 1944 and were admitted to the United Nations on 17 September 1991. The remaining 12 republics all subsequently seceded,12 of the 15 states, excluding the Baltic states, initially formed the CIS and most joined CSTO, while the Baltic states focused on European Union and NATO membership. The 15 post-Soviet states are divided into the following five groupings. Each of these regions has its own set of traits, owing not only to geographic and cultural factors. In addition, there are a number of de facto independent, the dissolution of the Soviet Union took place as a result and against the backdrop of general economic stagnation, even regression. In all, the process triggered severe economic declines, with Gross Domestic Product dropping by more than 40% overall between 1990 and 1995. This decline in GDP was much more intense than the 27% decline that the United States suffered in the wake of the Great Depression between 1930 and 1934. The economic shocks associated with wholesale privatization resulted in the deaths of roughly 1 million working age individuals throughout the former Soviet bloc in the 1990s, by 2007,10 of the 15 post-Soviet states had recovered and reached GDP greater than what they had in 1991. Only Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan had GDP significantly below the 1991 level, the recovery in Russia was marginal, with GDP in 2006-2007 just nudging above the 1991 level. Combined with the aftershocks of the 1998 economic crisis it led to a return of more interventionist economic policies by Vladimir Putins administration. Change in Gross Domestic Product in constant prices, 1991-2015 *Economy of most Soviet republics started to decline in 1989-1990, **The year when GDP decline switched to GDP growth. List of the present Gross domestic product, The post-Soviet states listed according to their Human Development Index scores, only organizations that are mainly composed of post-Soviet states are listed in this section, organizations with wider memberships are not discussed. The 15 post-Soviet states are divided in their participation to the blocs, Belarus, Russia. It was conceived as an organization to the USSR. It currently consists of nine of the 15 former Soviet republics, with one participating state, Georgia withdrew from the CIS in August 2008. The sole exception to the above has been their recent membership in the Community of Democratic Choice, the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are members of the CIS and participate in several regional organizations that have Russia as a primary mover. Such organizations are the Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, the last two groups only became distinct once Uzbekistan withdrew from GUAM and sought membership in EurAsEc and CSTO
10.
Pseudonym
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A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name. Historically, they have taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones, actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, the term is derived from the Greek ψευδώνυμον, literally false name, from ψεῦδος, lie, falsehood and ὄνομα, name. A pseudonym is distinct from an allonym, which is the name of another person and this may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a front name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship, sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name, in many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a persons new legal name. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam, likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland and he adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations to hide their identity, a pen name, or nom de plume, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, the Brontë family used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender and so that local residents would not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books, anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell, emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot, Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used pen names. A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter ODonnell and Christopher Wood. A pen name may be used if a real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual. Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers, in some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name
11.
Jedem das Seine
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Jedem das Seine is a German proverb meaning to each his own or to each what he deserves. It is a translation of the Latin phrase suum cuique, during World War II the phrase was used by the Nazis as a motto displayed over the entrance of Buchenwald concentration camp. Jedem das Seine has been an idiomatic German expression for several centuries, for example, it is found in the works of Martin Luther and contemporaries. It appears in the title of a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, Nur jedem das Seine, some nineteenth-century comedies bear the title Jedem das Seine, including works by Johann Friedrich Rochlitz and Caroline Bernstein. An ironic twist on the proverb, jedem das Seine, mir das Meiste, in 1937, the Nazis constructed the Buchenwald concentration camp, near Weimar, Germany. The motto Jedem das Seine was placed in the main entrance gate. An ExxonMobil ad campaign in January 2009 touted Tchibo coffee drinks at the companys Esso stores with the slogan Jedem den Seinen. The ads were withdrawn after protest from the Central Council of Jews in Germany, in March 2009, a student group associated with the Christian Democratic Union used the slogan for an education campaign in North Rhine-Westphalia, but later withdrew it due to public outcry
12.
SpongeBob SquarePants
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SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character, the series popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. As of 2015, the franchise has generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. Many of the ideas for the series originated in an educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1,1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17,1999 and it has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19,2004, on July 21,2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode Extreme Spots. The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, in 2011, a newly described species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was named after the cartoons title character. The series revolves around its title character and his various friends, SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He has a pet snail, Gary, who meows like a cat, living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himself as intelligent, Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBobs next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and he enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier. Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas and she is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lives in an oak tree entrapped in a glass dome locked by an airtight. When outside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-like suit because she cannot breathe underwater, Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money, is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBobs boss. Krabs has a teenage daughter named Pearl, whom he values equally with his riches. His rival, Plankton, is a small green copepod who owns a low-rank fast-food restaurant called the Chum Bucket, located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the recipe for Mr. Krabss popular Krabby Patty burgers, so as to gain the upper hand
13.
VK (social networking)
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VK is the largest European online social media and social networking service. It is available in languages and is especially popular among Russian-speaking users. VK allows users to each other publicly or privately, to create groups, public pages and events, share and tag images, audio and video. It is based in Saint Petersburg, Russia, as of January 2017, VK had at least 410 million accounts. VK is ranked 13 in Alexas global Top 500 sites and it is the most popular website in Russia. According to SimilarWeb, VK is the 4th most popular website in the world, as of October 2016, VK ranked as the second most popular social networking website in Israel, after Facebook. VKontakte was incorporated on 19 January 2007 as a Russian limited liability company, founder Pavel Durov launched VKontakte for beta testing in September 2006, having just graduated from St Petersburg State University. The following month, the domain name vkontakte. ru was registered, user registration was initially limited to within university circles exclusively by invitation, but the site still grew quickly. In February 2007 the site reached a user base of over 100,000 and was recognized as the second largest player in Russias nascent social network market, in the same month, the site was subjected to a severe DDoS attack, which briefly put it offline. The user base reached 1 million in July 2007, and 10 million in April 2008, in December 2008 VK overtook rival Odnoklassniki as Russias most popular social networking service. Founder and CEO Pavel Durov owned 20% of shares, and a trio of Russian-Israeli investors, Vyacheslav Mirilashvili and Lev Leviev, owned 60%, 10%, the original founders then sold a stake of 39. 99% to Mail. ru Group. On 29 May 2012 Mail. ru Group announced that it has decided to control of the company to Durov by offering him the voting rights on its shares. Combined with Durovs personal 12% stake, this gave him 52% of the votes, in April 2013, United Capital Partners bought 48% of VK shares from Vyacheslav Mirilashvili and Lev Leviev for $1.12 billion. In January 2014, VKs founder Pavel Durov sold his 12% stake in the company to the CEO of Megafon, following the deal, Usmanov and his allies controlled around 52% of the company. Shortly thereafter, the CEO of Megafon, sold his 12% stake to Mail. ru, in 2014, Pavel Durov sold his 12% stake to Ivan Tavrin, the CEO of Russian mobile phone operator Megafon. VK canceled their IPO plans after the conditions after Facebooks IPO, however, Durov himself claimed it was an April Fools Joke on April 3,2014. On April 21,2014, Durov was dismissed as CEO, Durov then left Russia and stated that he had no plans to go back and that the country is incompatible with Internet business at the moment. On September 16,2014, the Mail. ru group bought the remaining 48% stake of VK from United Capital Partners for $1.5 billion, thus becoming the sole proprietor of the social network
14.
Kiev
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Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974, Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many industries, higher education institutions. The city has an infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport. The citys name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, during its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus, completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours, first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland. The city prospered again during the Russian Empires Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century, in 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1919 Kiev was an important center of the Armed Forces of South Russia and was controlled by the White Army. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, during World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union. During the countrys transformation to an economy and electoral democracy. Kievs armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science, Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine where parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections. As a prominent city with a history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The early English spelling was derived from Old East Slavic form Kyjev, the name is associated with that of Kyi, the legendary eponymous founder of the city. Early English sources use various names, including Kiou, Kiow, Kiew, on one of the oldest English maps of the region, Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae published by Ortelius the name of the city is spelled Kiou. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is Kiiow, in the book Travels, by Joseph Marshall, the city is referred to as Kiovia
15.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
16.
Inter (TV channel)
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Inter is among the most-watched television channels in Ukraine. It covers 99.7 percent of Ukraines territory, Inter is among the top-rated networks in Ukraine. Inter features a programming mix appealing to both young and old, including movies, music, drama, documentaries, news, kids programs. The channel was founded by the Ukrainian Independent TV-Corporation in 1996, besides its international version of the channel as the business project, Inter now consists of several similar projects. Those are 07 Production - a studio of the films, NIS - an information studio featuring Podrobytsi. There are also five other independent channels such as NTN, K1, K2, Megasport, Enter-Film. On September 15,2016, Kateryna Shkuratova was appointed Chairperson of the Board of Inter TV channel, Inter Plus is the international network of Inter Channel that broadcasts the best of Inter programming to Ukrainians abroad in North America & Europe. As of March 30,2011, Inter Plus is no longer available on Dish Network, Inter+ is also available in Canada via IMB+ Records, an IPTV provider. Ahenty Vplyvu Kartata Potata Kliuchovy Moment - a talk show led by Nataliya Sumska. The show is oriented to people to find each other, or to restore long-forgotten relationships. Kvadratny metr Lehendy Bandytskoi Odesy - a historical show that was discontinued in 2009, the show narrated criminal stories of the Odessa city at the times known in history as Russian Civil War and afterwards. Liniya Konfliktu - a talk show of Masha Yefrosinina and it is a thrilling socially-psychological project. The show brings up the hottest topics of the everydays life, the participants of the discussions are bright, inordinary, and confident in the correctness of their views characters. The main task of Masha in the project is to tilt the guests to the sharp debate, at the Line of Conflict will be laid the line of fire. Na Svoyu Holovu - a real-life, adventure-oriented game-show led by Ihor Pelykh, nayrozumnishy - an intellectual game-show with a lightning-fast diction anchor-lady, Tina Kandelaki. Novatsii i Shtukentsii Park Avtomobilnoho Periodu Podrobytsi Podrobytsi Tyzhnia Pozaochi - a talk show with celebrities, the authors of the show are Hanna Bezliudna and Irina Ionova. The show is led by Yulia Lytvynenko, the goal of the show is to let the audience to get to know their favorite characters a little bit closer. The Ukrainian independent TV-corporations shareholders were Dilovyi Svit 51%, Russian Channel One 29%, about 82. 5% of Pegas Television was the personal property of Ihor Pluzhnikov
17.
Irena Karpa
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Irena Karpa is a Ukrainian writer, journalist, and singer. Since 1999 she has been a frontwoman and song writer of the band Faktychno Sami and her first book appeared in 2000 when she studied in Kyiv National Linguistic University. After graduation from the University she traveled the South East Asia for a year and this sparkled the appearance of her book Freud would cry. From 2005 to 2008, she worked on TV, in 2004 she was a film director of Kyiv. Limited Edition and later in 2006 starred in Oleh Anpilohovs film Autism, on May 17,2008 Irena got married to a journalist and writer Anton Friedland but in 2009 they divorced and in September she married an American financier Norman Paul Hansen. Irena uses some strong words in her books, some of her works got translated into Polish, Czech, Bulgarian and Russian. Знес Паленого50 хвилин трави Фройд би плакав Перламутрове Порно Bitches Get Everything Супермаркет самотності. com Karpas LiveJournal Irena Karpa on msbrand. net
18.
Vladimir Putin
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Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is a Russian politician. Putin is the current President of the Russian Federation, holding the office since 7 May 2012 and he was Prime Minister from 1999 to 2000, President from 2000 to 2008, and again Prime Minister from 2008 to 2012. During his second term as Prime Minister, he was the Chairman of the ruling United Russia Party, born in Leningrad, Putin studied German in high school and speaks the language fluently. He studied Law at the Saint Petersburg State University, graduating in 1975, Putin was a KGB Foreign Intelligence Officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before retiring in 1991 to enter politics in Saint Petersburg. He moved to Moscow in 1996 and joined President Boris Yeltsins administration, rising quickly through the ranks and becoming Acting President on 31 December 1999, when Yeltsin resigned. Putin won the subsequent 2000 Presidential election by a 53% to 30% margin, thus avoiding a runoff with his Communist Party of the Russian Federation opponent and he was re-elected President in 2004 with 72% of the vote. During Putins first presidency, the Russian economy grew for eight straight years, the growth was a result of the 2000s commodities boom, high oil prices, and prudent economic and fiscal policies. Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third presidential term in 2008. The 2008 Presidential election was won by Dmitry Medvedev, who appointed Putin Prime Minister, in September 2011, after presidential terms were extended from four to six years, Putin announced he would seek a third term as president. He won the March 2012 Presidential election with 64% of the vote, under Putins leadership, Russia has scored poorly on both the Democracy index and the Corruption index. Putin has enjoyed high approval ratings during his career. In 2007, he was the Time Person of the Year, in 2015, he was #1 on the Times Most Influential People List. Forbes ranked him the Worlds Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was born on 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, the youngest of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin and Maria Ivanovna Putina. His birth was preceded by the death of two brothers, Viktor and Albert, born in the mid-1930s, Albert died in infancy and Viktor died of diphtheria during the Siege of Leningrad. Putins mother was a worker and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy. Early in World War II, his father served in the battalion of the NKVD. Later, he was transferred to the army and was severely wounded in 1942. On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No.193 at Baskov Lane and he was one of a few in the class of approximately 45 pupils who was not yet a member of the Young Pioneer organization
19.
Dmytro Firtash
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Dmytro Vasylovych Firtash is a Ukrainian businessman, investor and philanthropist. He is head of the board of directors of Group DF, Firtash has not yet returned to Ukraine since the Maidan revolution of 2014. The current status of many of his various offices and titles within Ukraine are not clear, to date, he has retained ownership of his assets within Ukraine, including those areas presently under Russian control. Firtash was arrested by Austrian authorities in March 2014, Firtash was born on 2 May 1965 in Bohdanivka, of the former Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, now Synkiv, Ukraine. Firtash started in business almost immediately after completing his military service and he founded his own trading company first in Chernivtsi, Ukraine, eventually moving to Moscow in the early 1990s. In 2007, an international group of companies, Group DF was formed to consolidate Firtashs business assets in different sectors. Presently, Group DF incorporates assets in the industry, energy sector and real estate. In 2008, Firtash was involved with a firm owned by Paul Manafort in a $895 million project to redevelop the Drake Hotel in New York City into a spa, according to court records, Firtashs firm had planned to invest $100 million in the project. In 2010, Firtash launched an effort towards consolidation of the Ukrainian nitrogen business, from September 2010 to September 2011, Firtash acquired ownership in Concern STIROL, Severodonetsk Production Association Azot and Cherkassy Azot. In just over a year, the joint marketing strategy of the four fertilizer manufacturers owned by Firtash substantially strengthened its market position. He is also pursuing an agenda of titanium industry development. Firtash is co-owner of RosUkrEnergo and controls much of Ukraines titanium business and he gained control of previously state-owned titanium assets across Ukraine in 2004. He also owns several chemical plants, in May 2011, Firtash took over Nadra Bank. Nadra Bank had gone into default in 2009 but it has restructured its foreign debt with significant write-offs. Firtash has become one of the investors in the power sector and chemical industry in Central. His plants and companies are present in Ukraine, Germany, Italy, Cyprus, Tajikistan, Switzerland, Hungary, in 2007, Firtash founded a private international group of companies, Group DF, to consolidate his business assets in different sectors. Presently, Group DF incorporates assets in the industry, energy sector and real estate. In 2008, Firtash was involved with a firm owned by Paul Manafort in a $895 million project to redevelop the Drake Hotel in New York City into a spa, Manafort was campaign chairman for U. S. President Donald Trump
20.
Social network
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A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors, sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to local and global patterns, locate influential entities. Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and web of group affiliations. Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships and these approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and methods of social networks became pervasive in the social and behavioral sciences by the 1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major paradigms in contemporary sociology, together with other complex networks, it forms part of the nascent field of network science. The social network is a theoretical construct useful in the sciences to study relationships between individuals, groups, organizations, or even entire societies. The term is used to describe a structure determined by such interactions. The ties through which any given social unit connects represent the convergence of the social contacts of that unit. This theoretical approach is, necessarily, relational, thus, one common criticism of social network theory is that individual agency is often ignored although this may not be the case in practice. Precisely because many different types of relations, singular or in combination, form these network configurations, in the late 1890s, both Émile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of social groups. Tönnies argued that groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief or impersonal, formal. Major developments in the field can be seen in the 1930s by several groups in psychology, anthropology, in psychology, in the 1930s, Jacob L. Moreno began systematic recording and analysis of social interaction in small groups, especially classrooms and work groups. In anthropology, the foundation for social theory is the theoretical and ethnographic work of Bronislaw Malinowski, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. In sociology, the work of Talcott Parsons set the stage for taking a relational approach to understanding social structure. Later, drawing upon Parsons theory, the work of sociologist Peter Blau provides a strong impetus for analyzing the relational ties of social units with his work on social exchange theory, by the 1970s, a growing number of scholars worked to combine the different tracks and traditions. In general, social networks are self-organizing, emergent, and complex and these patterns become more apparent as network size increases. However, a network analysis of, for example, all interpersonal relationships in the world is not feasible and is likely to contain so much information as to be uninformative
21.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
22.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
23.
5 Kanal (Ukraine)
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5 Kanal is a television station in Ukraine controlled by businessman and President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko. The channel became known as the first major broadcaster during the 2004 presidential election offering critical broadcasting on candidate Viktor Yanukovych. The whole staff of the went on hunger strike when the government threatened to close it. According to the Ukrainian media watchdog Telekrytyka Kanal 5 and TVi were the only remaining TV channels mid-May 2010 with independent, andriy Shevchenko, Roman Skrypin, Hanna Homonai, Yevhen Hlibovytsky, Svyatoslav Tseholko, Lidiya Taran List of Ukrainian language television channels 5 Kanal //5 Kanal LIVE
24.
Surzhyk
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Surzhyk refers to a range of mixed sociolects of Ukrainian and Russian languages used in certain regions of Ukraine and adjacent lands. There is no unifying set of characteristics, the term is used for norm-breaking, the Ukrainian word surzhyk originally meant flour or bread made from mixed grains, e. g. wheat with rye. The percentage of Russian words and phonetic influences tends to be greatest in the east and south, in rural areas of western Ukraine, the language spoken contains fewer Russian elements than in central and eastern Ukraine but has nonetheless been influenced by Russian. The ancient common origin, and relatively recent divergence, of Russian and Ukrainian make it difficult to establish the degree of mixing in a vernacular of this sort. According to data presented by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2003, specifically, in western Ukraine, Surzhyk is spoken by 2. 5% of the population, while in the south, it is spoken by over 12. 4% of the population. In the east,9. 6% of the population speaks Surzhyk, as Western Ukraine has a higher ratio of Ukrainian speakers to Russian speakers than the rest of Ukraine, the lesser proportion of Surzhyk speakers compared with the east and south is understandable. One problem in analysing the linguistic status of Ukraine is that there is a tendency for code-mixing errors to exist across the spectrum of languages. In other words, those who identify themselves as Russian-speaking or Ukrainian-speaking can often be found blending the two languages to some degree. Only a few of these individuals were found to acknowledge the incorrectness of the use of either or both languages, or the fact that they were actually blending Russian and Ukrainian in their speech. Surzhyk originated at the end of the 18th century, when Ukrainian peasants started to have contact with the Russian language as Ukrainian society modernized. Industrialization resulted in workers migrating from Central Russia to Ukrainian cities, Russian civil and military administration, together with cultural, business, religious and educational institutions, soon became forces of linguistic Russification. Ukrainian peasants moving to the cities regarded Russian as being more urban, the speaking of pure Ukrainian, was for the most part avoided by the urban intelligentsia, because the Ukrainian language was associated with provincialism and nationalism. At this point, the majority of Ukrainians found it easy to become competent in Russian, the association of the Ukrainian language with a rural lifestyle or narrow-minded nationalism encouraged more Ukrainians to adopt Russian as their language of choice. Such decisions led to a prevalence of Surzhyk in everyday speech. In 1786, it was decreed that services in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church were to be conducted using only the Russian pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic, and not the Ukrainian pronunciation. Decrees in 1863,1876, and 1881 prohibited the publication and importation of Ukrainian books, the Russian regime of the day viewed the use of Ukrainian as evidence of political opposition and harshly suppressed it. The use of the Ukrainian language in theatre and music was also banned, education in the Ukrainian language also suffered similarly, with ethnically Ukrainian teachers being replaced with ethnic Russians. In the early 1900s children were punished for speaking Ukrainian to each other in school, austrian and Hungarian rule in western Ukraine in the late 1700s and 1800s was also linguistically oppressive
25.
Vyshyvanka
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Vyshyvanka is the colloquial name for the embroidered shirt in Ukrainian national costume. The knowing eye could detect where a person hailed from by the clothes on their back, embroidery is thus an important craft within Ukraine and different techniques exist to suit local styles with their own particular patterns and colours. Traditionally, the thread was coloured according to local formulas using bark, leaves, flowers, berries, in this way, the local environment is literally reflected in the colour of the embroidery. Vyshyvanka is used as a talisman to protect the person wearing it, embroidery was used in vulnerable places on the garment where evil spirits could potentially enter the body, along the neckline, cuffs, shoulders, back and hem. Vyshyvanka Day is celebrated on the third Thursday of May and it is intended to unite all Ukrainians over the world, regardless of religion, language they speak or their place of residence. It is a flash mob holiday, which is not attached to any holiday or feast day. On this day many Ukrainians wear vyshyvankas to demonstrate adherence to the idea of identity and unity. In its US May issue Vogue wrote that the vyshyvanka has made waves far past the Eastern European country. The Times of London declared it this summers most sought-after item of clothing, french actress Melanie Thierry wore a vyshyvanka at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Queen Máxima of the Netherlands wore a dress when visiting the 2016 Summer Olympics. Ukrainian wreath Vyshyvanka, high quality photos on kievgiftshop Etno-vyshyvanka. kiev. ua
26.
Armenian language
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The Armenian language is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenians. Like Hellenic Greek, it has its own branch in the language tree. It is the language of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. It has historically been spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands and today is spoken in the Armenian diaspora. Armenian has its own script, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots. Armenian is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages and it is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological developments within that family. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization, although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups, Armenia was a monolingual country by the 2nd century BC at the latest. Its language has a literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Its vocabulary has been influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages, particularly Parthian, and to an extent by Greek, Persian. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible and he is also credited by some with the creation of the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. In The Anabasis, Xenophon describes many aspects of Armenian village life and he relates that the Armenian people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. W. M. However, unlike shared innovations, the retention of archaisms is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. Some of the terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, loan words from Iranian languages, along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as Paul de Lagarde and F. Müller believed that the similarities between the two meant that Iranian and Armenian were the same language. The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hübschmann used the method to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the older Armenian vocabulary. Meillets hypothesis became popular in the wake of his Esquisse, eric P. Hamp supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis, anticipating even a time when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian. Nevertheless, as Fortson comments, by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, graeco--Aryan is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family, ancestral to the Greek language, the Armenian language, and the Indo-Iranian languages. Graeco-Aryan unity would have divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-third millennium BC
27.
Moskal
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Moskal is a historical designation used for the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow between the 12 and the 18 centuries. Today it has become an ethnic slur referring to the Russians living in Russia used in Ukraine, Belarus, the term is frequently derogatory or condescending, an equivalent of the Russian term Khokhol for Ukrainians. Another ethnic slur, katsap is insulting and means goatee beard, another version is that the word katsap comes from the Crimean kasab, because Muscovite soldiers carried large axes, which made them look like butchers. Initially, as early as the 12th century, moskal referred to the residents of Moscovia, with time, the word became an archaism in all the East Slavic languages, and survived only as a family name in each of those languages — see below. The negative connotation, however, came in around the late 18th-early 19th centuries in the form of an ethnic slur labelling all Russians. Because most of them, after serving in the Army, kept speaking in Russian beyond demobilization, moskal is a stock character of the traditional Ukrainian puppet theatre form, vertep. Moskaliki is a Ukrainian designation for small fish typically used as bait or as a casual snack and it also gave rise to a number of East Slavic family names. Anti-Russian sentiment in Ukraine Khokhol Citizenship of Russia / Search query in Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries
28.
Khokhol
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It is commonly used as a pejorative term for ethnic Ukrainians. Russians commonly use the word khokhol as a slur for Ukrainians. The term is frequently derogatory or condescending, an equivalent of the Ukrainian term katsap, historically, Ukrainians used the term khokhol amongst themselves as a form of ethnic self-identification, in order to visibly separate themselves from Russians. The Ukrainian name for type of haircut is oseledets or chub. There are several Ukrainian surnames derived from this word, in the Cossacks times the haircut carried an honorary meaning identifying one as being a true Cossack. That tradition is depicted in motion pictures such as Propala Hramota that is based on works of Nikolai Gogol. The khokhol/oseledets is a feature in the stereotypical image of a Ukrainian Cossack
29.
Anti-Russian sentiment
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Anti-Russian sentiment or Russophobia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice of Russia, Russians and/or Russian culture. A wide variety of mass culture clichés about Russia and Russians exists, many of these stereotypes were developed during the Cold War, and were used as elements of political war against the Soviet Union. Some of these prejudices are still observed in the discussions of the relations with Russia, decades after the end of the Cold War, Russians are still portrayed as Hollywoods go-to villains. On the other hand, Russian nationalists and apologists of the politics of Russia often use the allegations of Russophobia as a form of propaganda to counter the criticism of Russia. On 19 October 1797 the French Directory received a document from a Polish general, Michał Sokolnicki, with reference to Russias new constitutional laws in 1811 the Savoyard philosopher Joseph de Maistre wrote the now famous statement, Every nation gets the government it deserves. He put the emphasis on the irrationality of this sentiment, tyuchev saw Western anti-Russian sentiment as the result of misunderstanding caused by civilizational differences between East and West. The term returned into political dictionaries of the Soviet Union only in the middle 1930s, further works by Russian academics, such as Igor Shafarevichs Russophobia or the treaty from the 1980s attributed the spread of russophobia to Zionists. In 1843 the Marquis de Custine published his hugely successful 1800-page, custines scathing narrative reran what were by now clichés which presented Russia as a place where the veneer of European civilization was too thin to be credible. Such was its success that several official and pirated editions quickly followed, as well as condensed versions and translations in German, Dutch. By 1846 approximately 200 thousand copies had been sold, in the 1930s and 1940s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party viewed the Soviet Union as populated by Slavs ruled by Jewish Bolshevik masters. Hitler stated in Mein Kampf his belief that the Russian state was the work of German elements in the state and not of the Slavs, by handing Russia to Bolshevism, it robbed the Russian nation of that intelligentsia which previously brought about and guaranteed its existence as a state. A secret Nazi plan, the Generalplan Ost called for the enslavement, need, hunger, lack of comfort have been the Russians lot for centuries. No false compassion, as their stomachs are perfectly extendible, dont try to impose the German standards and to change their style of life. Their only wish is to be ruled by the Germans, help yourselves, and may God help you. Modern anti-Russian sentiment peaked during the Cold War, driven by Western fears of the Soviet role in communisms mission to take over the Free World. With the West victorious over totalitarianism, Russia served to perpetuate the role of a needed adversary owing to its continuity with the communist Soviet Union. In October 2004, the International Gallup Organization announced that according to its poll, anti-Russia sentiment remained strong throughout Europe. It found that Russia was the least popular G-8 country globally, overall, the percentage of respondents with a positive view of Russia was only 31%
30.
Road Control
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Road Control is a non-governmental organization in Ukraine advocating human rights. Road Control was founded in Kyiv in 2008 as a reflection of the level of irresponsibility among many road police officers in Ukraine. The main goal of Road Control is to eliminate the corruption, criminal and other types of Ukrainian road police misconduct activities against car-drivers and pedestrians in Ukraine. To achieve their aims, Road Control activists make video documentation of DAI’s offence activity, moreover, such video is subsequently used as a significant evidence to initiate administrative or criminal trials. On the other hand, such video along with comments from the Road Control activists is used as a source for drivers against the DAI lawlessness. A newspaper was founded and is published by Road Control, due to their activity, vehicles of Road Control activists were targets for arson. In March 2012 a chairperson of Road Control, Rostislav Shaposhnikov was kidnapped and heavily beaten in the forest near Kyiv City by unknown people, all these cases were reported to police, but the criminals were never identified. To support Rostislav and to protest against police inactivity, a demonstration took place at the Ministry of Internal affairs of Ukraine, official web page of Road Control
31.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
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During the Cold War, Radio Free Europe was broadcast to Soviet satellite countries and Radio Liberty targeted the Soviet Union. RFE was founded as an anti-communist propaganda source in 1949 by the National Committee for a Free Europe, RL was founded two years later and the two organizations merged in 1976. Communist governments frequently sent agents to infiltrate RFEs headquarters, Radio transmissions into the Soviet Union were regularly jammed by the KGB. RFE/RL received funds from the Central Intelligence Agency until 1972, RFE/RL was headquartered at Englischer Garten in Munich, Germany, from 1949 to 1995. In 1995, the headquarters were moved to Prague in the Czech Republic, european operations have been significantly reduced since the end of the Cold War. In addition to the headquarters, the service maintains 20 local bureaus in countries throughout their broadcast region, as well as an office in Washington. RFE/RL broadcasts in 28 languages to 21 countries including Armenia, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the committee was composed of an A list of powerful U. S. Radio Free Europe received widespread support from Eisenhowers Crusade for Freedom campaign. In 1950, over 16 million Americans signed Eisenhower’s Freedom Scrolls on a publicity trip to over 20 U. S. cities, the NCFEs mission was to support the refugees and provide them with a useful outlet for their opinions and creativity while increasing exposure to the modern world. The NCFE divided its program into three parts, exile relations, radio, and American contacts, although exile relations were initially its first priority, Radio Free Europe became the NCFEs greatest legacy. The United States funded a long list of projects to counter the Communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe, RFE was developed out of a belief that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means. American policymakers such as George Kennan and John Foster Dulles acknowledged that the Cold War was essentially a war of ideas, the implementation of surrogate radio stations was a key part of the greater psychological war effort. RFE was modeled after Radio in the American Sector a U. S. government-sponsored radio service initially intended for Germans living in the American sector of Berlin, staffed almost entirely by Germans with minimal U. S. supervision, the station provided free media to German listeners. In January 1950 the NCFE obtained a base at Lampertheim, West Germany. In late 1950, RFE began to assemble a full-fledged foreign broadcast staff, teams of journalists were hired for each language service and an elaborate system of intelligence gathering provided up-to-date broadcast material. Most of this came from a network of well-connected émigrés. RFE did not use paid agents inside the Iron Curtain and based its bureaus in regions popular with exiles, RFE also extensively monitored Communist bloc publications and radio services, creating an impressive body of information that would later serve as a resource for organizations across the world. From October 1951 to November 1956, the skies of Central Europe were filled with more than 350,000 balloons carrying over 300 million leaflets, posters, books, the project served as a publicity tool to solidify RFEs reputation as an unbiased broadcaster
32.
Moscow Kremlin
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It is the best known of the kremlins and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. Also within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace, the complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. It had previously used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union. Kremlinology refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics, the site has been continuously inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples since the 2nd century BC. Vyatichi built a structure on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River. Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the grad of Moscow, the word Kremlin was first recorded in 1331. The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156, destroyed by the Mongols in 1237, dmitri Donskoi replaced the oak walls with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366–1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls, this fortification withstood a siege by Khan Tokhtamysh. Dmitris son Vasily I resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin, the newly built Annunciation Cathedral was painted by Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, and Prokhor in 1406. The Chudov Monastery was founded by Dmitris tutor, Metropolitan Alexis, while his widow, Eudoxia and it was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and the Palace of Facets were constructed. The highest building of the city and Muscovite Russia was the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, built in 1505–08, the Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495. Spasskie gates of the wall bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design. After construction of the new walls and churches was complete. The Kremlin was separated from the merchant town by a 30-meter-wide moat. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfathers palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the Trinity Monastery and boasted the graceful tower church of St. Sergius, during the Time of Troubles, the Kremlin was held by the Polish forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlins liberation by the army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky. During his reign and that of his son Alexis, the eleven-domed Upper Saviour Cathedral, Armorial Gate, Terem Palace, Amusement Palace, following the death of Alexis, the Kremlin witnessed the Moscow Uprising of 1682, from which czar Peter barely escaped. As a result, both of them disliked the Kremlin, three decades later, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital, Saint Petersburg
33.
1+1 (TV channel)
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1+1 is a national Ukrainian-language TV channel, owned by 1+1 Media Group, with a technical penetration of 95%. Its target audience is 18–54 years old, 1+1 TV channel was founded in August 1995, headed by its original President Alexander Rodnyansky who also was its general director from 1996 to 2002. In 2002 he joined STS Media and since 2004 he has been the president of that Delaware-registered Russian company and it immediately became a major force in the Ukrainian TV industry, even though in the very beginning the channels programming consisted solely of movie broadcasts. From the start, the channel was very successful, despite its initial limited programming, until 2004 1+1 broadcast only for 15 hours. Its program schedule was from 7 AM until 10 AM, followed by a break for four hours, beginning on 30 June 2004 the channel was given official permission to broadcast 24 hours each day. Since then, 1+1 has been able to create a complete round-the-clock broadcast schedule, 1+1 was the first TV project in Ukraine to start actively inviting popular TV stars and other celebrities to take part in their live shows. The TSN series air daily at 7,30 pm except Saturday. Oles Tereshenko leads the concluding TSN series of a day at 00,00 and a week as well every Sunday at 7,30 pm with the overview of political, social, and cultural life of Ukraine and the world. People come to the studio, get filmed in front of the live audience, no taboo means that there are no prohibitions on the topics, emotions, feelings or support. The main achievement of the programme is that the author Olga Gerasymiuk has been getting positive feedback from the participants for years, Cinema Document and Cinema Document Plus This is an intellectual show, that consists of two parts. In the second part of the programme they show a Ukrainian documentary movie, I Think So This TV challenge is for the strongly opinionated only. Ana Bezulyk is the presenter and the creator of this programme and it started at the time of the Presidential election in Ukraine in 2004 and originally was meant to carry a political ring. But since the end of elections, I Think So has never stopped, Breakfast with 1+1 and Breakfast Plus Working actively since 2002, Breakfast is the early morning programme, offering viewers a way to spend the morning with lots of fun. Its schedule always consisted of songs, cartoons, and news series. The programme offers an area on its website. Along with sponsoring of various public and cultural projects, 1+1 takes part in filming as well, the channel and its employees have a big list of filmed movies, that have had a great success in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and Poland. Its the way of entertainment in this extreme and unique show with the participation of the Ukrainian super athletes, concurrently with the competition shows strong men carry out the activity for Guinness World Records. The brand of the channel has become a sign of quality in Ukrainian TV industry
34.
Ukrayinska Pravda
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Ukrayinska Pravda is a popular Ukrainian Internet newspaper, founded by Georgiy R. Gongadze in April,2000. The Ukrainian government has at times reportedly exerted pressure on the publication to restrict access to freedom of information, along with Hromadske TV and Center UA, Ukrayinska Pravda is part of the MediaHub Kyiv. The newspaper was often first to investigate and publish the material on corruption or unethical conduct of or related to Ukrainian politicians from all political camps, in December 2002 Ukrayinska Pravda was refused a press accreditation by the General Prosecutor of Ukraine Svyatoslav Piskun. Staff journalists routinely participate in public actions promoting democracy and press freedom in the country. Among regular bloggers at Ukrayinska Pravda are Anatoliy Hrytsenko, Ruslana Lyzhychko, Inna Bohoslovska, Tetyana Chornovol, Yuriy Lutsenko and many others
35.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
36.
Lurkmore
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Lurkmore or Lurkomorye is an informal Russian-language MediaWiki-powered online encyclopedia focusing on Internet subcultures, folklore, and memes. As of March 16,2017, Lurkmore contains 7573 articles and it is one of the most popular humor—as well as internet-meme-related—websites of the Russian Internet. Lurkmore was started as a base of Internet memes centered on 2ch. ru. With time, the project evolved to encompass the broader Runet subculture and it has been called an informal encyclopedia about everything. Currently, Lurkmore comprises a range of articles, but a very considerable share of them is still about the Internet culture. The articles are characterized by a specific slang—lurkoyaz —consisting of Internet slang, assorted words used by padonki and Kashchenists. Our rules are simple and comprehensible. But facts come before the lulz, the Creator of the Internets is always right. A remarkable feature of the project is the concealment of IP addresses of participants in the editing history of articles for all users except administrators. The inscription of Anonimus is displayed instead of an IP address, the registered participants having a flag of the autoconfirmed participant also have an opportunity to leave any editing not under the name, and anonymously. A Lurkmore. to owner told journalists that he had not received any communication from Roskomnadzor or the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia before the IP address was blacklisted, Lurkmore. to was removed from the blacklist on 13 November 2012 after the website administrators deleted two marijuana-related articles. Finalist of the 2008 ROTOR competition in the site of the year category. Winner of the 2009 ROTOR competition in the site of the year category. Winner of the 2011 AntiROTOR competition, winner of the 2012 ROTOR competition in the archive site of the year category. Winner of four 2012 AntiRotor nominations, winner of the Golden Joker prize, ceremony organized by a humoristic magazine Maxim. Encyclopedia Dramatica Know Your Meme Official website, mirrors used to counter Russian government attempts to block the site, interview with Lurkmores founder Dmitriy Homak
