1.
Boathouse Row
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Boathouse Row is a historic site located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, just north of the Fairmount Water Works and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. It consists of a row of 15 boathouses housing social and rowing clubs, each of the boathouses has its own history, and all have addresses on both Boathouse Row and Kelly Drive. Boathouses #2 through #14 are part of a known as the Schuylkill Navy. Boathouse #1 is Lloyd Hall and is the only public boathouse facility on the Row, Boathouse #15 houses the Sedgeley Club, which operates the Turtle Rock Lighthouse. The boathouses are all at least a century old, and some were built over 150 years ago. Boathouse Row hosts several major rowing regattas, including the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta, Stotesbury Cup Regatta, the Navy Day Regatta, the Independence Day Regatta, the boathouses are seen as centers of the rowing community around the United States. Rowers from the boathouses compete at level, including local clubs, high schools, colleges, summer racing programs. He proposed the lights after hearing talk of destroying the decaying Victorian boathouses, lights on the buildings at night would serve to make them more noticed and appreciated. In 2005, after two refurbishings, the houses were outfitted with computerized LEDs that can light up in various colors, Boathouse Row is a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. Local universities including Drexel, Penn, and La Salle row out of houses on Boathouse Row, temple and Saint Josephs row out of other boathouses along the Schuylkill that are not part of the Row. The history of Boathouse Row begins with the construction of the Fairmount Dam, the Dam was built in 1821 to keep brackish tidal waters from entering the citys water supply through the Fairmount Water Works, which had been completed in 1815. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company would become involved in the improvements. The placid man-made surface was ideal for ice skating in winter, in 1835, the first regatta took place between the Blue Devils and the Imps Barge clubs. The excitement from the race sparked the formation of several barge clubs, a secondary effect of taming the Schuylkill was that the calm water provided a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which drove wealthy residents from their riverside mansions. The abandoned estates were bought by the City of Philadelphia, in 1844, the City purchased the Lemon Hill Estate. The leaseholder of Lemon Hill operated a beer garden and allowed rowing, in 1855, the City founded Fairmount Park by converting the Lemon Hill Estate, upon which the frame boathouses were built, into a public park. At the same time, some of the established clubs wanted to regulate the sport of rowing to prevent unscrupulous practices, as a result, in 1858, the Schuylkill Navy was founded, which eventually transformed the professional sport of rowing into an amateur sport. In 1859, the City condemned the boathouses along the Schuylkill, between 1869 and 1871, Pennsylvania Barge Club and Crescent Boat Club erected a double boathouse at #4 and #5 Boathouse Row
2.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
6.
Schuylkill Navy
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The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States, the member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row. By charter, the Schuylkill Navy’s object is to secure united action among the several Clubs, over the years, the group has had a role in certain ceremonial and state functions. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing, Josephs University and St. Josephs Prep. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times, many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors. The Schuylkill Navy was founded by nine Philadelphia rowing clubs seeking a governing body to prevent fixed races, once formed, the Navy enacted a code of conduct that prohibited wagering on races. These clubs were present at the founding of the society in October 1858, America, Camilla, Chebucto, Falcon, Independent, Keystone, Neptune, Pennsylvania, later that month, Amateurs, Nautilus, and Quaker City joined. While not at that first meeting, Undine and Bachelors joined the Navy soon after its founding, Bachelors absorbed member, Amateurs, in December 1858, and became a member in March 1859. While Undine was not initially listed as a founder, it is considered a founder of the Navy because one of Undines members was the Secretary Treasurer of the Navy at its inception, in March 1860, Union Boat Club and Atlantic Barge Club joined the Schuylkill Navy. In September 1860 the founding club, Camilla Boat Club, resigned, by June 1861, Falcon, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic had dissolved. Half of the remaining Schuylkill Navy clubs lapsed during the Civil War, as of August 1865 Chebutco, Excelsior, Union, Independent, and Keystone no longer existed. Rowing resumed at the end of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last, on August 17,1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy. Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club joined, in 1867 the Navy admitted Iona, but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868. In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club, Keystone joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end of the year. Washington Boat Club was renamed Vesper Boat Club in 1870, then resigned in 1871, Bachelors resigned in 1870 and did not rejoin until 1882. West Philadelphia Barge Club and College Boat Club joined in 1873 and 1875 respectively, on November 11,1872, the Navy composed the funeral solemnities of General George Meade. In 1876, it held a regatta in connection with the Centennial Exposition. On April 27,1878, crews from clubs of the Navy staged a demonstration to honor President Rutherford B
7.
Crimson
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Crimson is a strong, red color, inclining to purple. Crimson is produced using the bodies of the kermes insect, which were gathered commercially in Mediterranean countries, where they live on the kermes oak. Kermes dyes have been found in burial wrappings in Anglo-Scandinavian York, carmine is the name given to the dye made from the dried bodies of the female cochineal, although the name crimson is sometimes applied to these dyes too. Cochineal appears to have brought to Europe during the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniard Hernán Cortés. It was first described by Mathioli in 1549, the pigment is also called cochineal after the insect from which it is made. Alizarin is a pigment that was first synthesized in 1868 by the German chemists Carl Gräbe and Carl Liebermann, alizarin crimson is a dye bonded onto alum which is then used as a pigment and mixed with ochre, sienna and umber. The word crimson has been recorded in English since 1400, and its earlier forms include cremesin, crymysyn, German Karmesin, Italian Cremisi, French cramoisi, Portuguese carmesim, etc. The ultimate source may be Sanskrit कृमिज kṛmi-jā meaning worm-made, a shortened form of carmesinus also gave the Latin carminus, from which comes carmine. Other cognates include the Old Church Slavic čruminu, archaic Russian чермный, carmine dyes, which give crimson and related red and purple colors, are based on an aluminium and calcium salt of carminic acid. Carmine lake is an aluminium or aluminium-tin lake of cochineal extract, purple lake is prepared like carmine lake with the addition of lime to produce the deep purple tone. Carmine dyes tend to fade quickly, carmine dyes were once widely prized in both the Americas and in Europe. They were used in paints by Michelangelo and for the fabrics of the Hussars, the Turks, the British Redcoats. Nowadays carmine dyes are used for coloring foodstuffs, medicines and cosmetics, as a food additive in the European Union, carmine dyes are designated E120, and are also called cochineal and Natural Red 4. Carmine dyes are used in some oil paints and watercolors used by artists. The color pink is displayed on the right, the color pink has a hue code of 350, placing it directly within the range of crimson colors. Thus, the pink is actually a pale tint of crimson. The color Baker-Miller Pink is displayed on the right, Baker-Miller Pink was formulated in 1979. With a hue code of 344, Baker-Miller Pink is within the range of crimson colors, the color fandango pink is displayed on the right
8.
Battleship
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A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the battleship was the most powerful type of warship, the word battleship was coined around 1794 and is a contraction of the phrase line-of-battle ship, the dominant wooden warship during the Age of Sail. The term came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ironclad warship. In 1906, the commissioning of HMS Dreadnought heralded a revolution in battleship design, subsequent battleship designs, influenced by HMS Dreadnought, were referred to as dreadnoughts. Battleships were a symbol of naval dominance and national might, the launch of Dreadnought in 1906 commenced a new naval arms race. Jutland was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in the war, the Naval Treaties of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships, though technical innovation in battleship design continued. The value of the battleship has been questioned, even during their heyday, there were few of the decisive fleet battles that battleship proponents expected, and used to justify the vast resources spent on building battlefleets. Battleships were retained by the United States Navy into the Cold War for fire support purposes before being stricken from the U. S. Naval Vessel Register in the 2000s. A ship of the line was a large, unarmored wooden sailing ship which mounted a battery of up to 120 smoothbore guns, from 1794, the alternative term line of battle ship was contracted to battle ship or battleship. The sheer number of guns fired broadside meant a sail battleship could wreck any wooden enemy, holing her hull, knocking down masts, wrecking her rigging, and killing her crew. However, the range of the guns was as little as a few hundred yards. The first major change to the ship of the concept was the introduction of steam power as an auxiliary propulsion system. Steam power was introduced to the navy in the first half of the 19th century, initially for small craft. The French Navy introduced steam to the line of battle with the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850—the first true steam battleship, Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship-of-the-line, but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots, regardless of the wind condition. This was a decisive advantage in a naval engagement. The introduction of steam accelerated the growth in size of battleships, the adoption of steam power was only one of a number of technological advances which revolutionized warship design in the 19th century. The ship of the line was overtaken by the ironclad, powered by steam, protected by metal armor, and armed with guns firing high-explosive shells. In the Crimean War, six ships and two frigates of the Russian Black Sea Fleet destroyed seven Turkish frigates and three corvettes with explosive shells at the Battle of Sinop in 1853
9.
Friends Select School
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With Friends education dating to 1689, Friends Select, which was founded in 1833, has been located on this site since 1885. The current building, which includes a building owned by the school, was built in 1967-69. An adjacent campus building is located across the street at 1700 Race Street, the Race Street Meetinghouse, built in 1856, is used by students and faculty for Meeting for Worship each Wednesday. The school is under the care of both the Central Philadelphia Monthly Meeting and the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia at 4th & Arch, the school is currently governed by a board of trustees divided equally between the two monthly meetings that oversee the school. Friends Select School, FSS, traces its history to the founding of the first Friends school managed directly by the Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia in 1689, Friends Select has existed in its current form since 1833 and has been at its present location since 1885. In 1832, a committee was appointed to set up two select schools, in January 1833, a Select School for Boys opened in the meetinghouse on Orange Street and a Select School for Girls opened in the meeting house on Twelfth Street. In 1885, a new building on Sixteenth Street above Arch was nearing completion with a capacity for 60 scholars of each sex in the upper schools. In 1886, the select school and the girls select school moved to Sixteenth. The school was built on the site of what was originally a Quaker burial ground, an additional building was constructed in 1892 and a covered passageway joined the two buildings in 1894. A succession of additions extended the school along Cherry Street, almost the length of the block, construction of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway was completed in 1916. A modern gymnasium was added in the late 1950s, in 1965, the school committee became serious about developing 17th and the Parkway for joint use. The decision was made to tear down the old Friends Select School and to build a new school building, once school closed in the sixth month of 1967, preparations were made to move to the Central YMCA located at 1421 Arch Street. Construction had proceeded far enough for classes to move into the new school building when Christmas break ended following New Years Day,1969. The current building, which includes a building owned by the school, was begun in 1967. An adjacent campus building is located across the street at 1700 Race Street, the office building occupies a 110 ft. wide strip along the south side of the property. This building was leased to the Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation on a 99-year ground lease to help finance construction of the current school building. Drexel University is the tenant as of 2016, class size usually ranges from 12 to 20 students, with assistant teachers providing additional support in pre-kindergarten through grade three. Class size ranges from 13 to 22 students, students have separate teachers for English, history, mathematics, science, and world languages
10.
Academy of Notre Dame
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The Academy of Notre Dame is a private, Roman Catholic school in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston, the Academy of Notre Dame was established in 1854 by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in Lowell, Massachusetts. The boarding school outgrew that location and moved to rural Tyngsboro, on land belonging to actress Nance ONeil. The school phased out boarding in the 1960s, the Academy of Notre Dame is co-educational for students in grades pre-kindergarten through 8th grade, and is an all-girls high school. The high school girls are well rounded in that they are given the opportunity to be involved in many extra-curricular activities. A. D. D, recycling committee, newspaper. During All School events, the school comes out bursting with crazy colors. The Academy also offers opportunities for International Students, the schools nurturing atmosphere allows international students to succeed academically while transitioning into an English only classroom. There are numerous opportunities for all students to enrich their knowledge, host families, usually families already a part of the Academy, help international students assimilate to their new life at the Academy and in America. Early Years Program As part of the Academy’s commitment to children what they “need to know for life”. Unlike traditional programs that use age as the criteria for placement. The Academy recognizes the years as stages of critical development. The four stages of the EYP are, Learn and Discover, Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten 1, Elementary Programs Elementary curriculum includes Religion, Mathematics, Reading & Language Arts, Science & Technology, Social Studies, and World languages. All elementary school curricula comply fully with Massachusetts State Standards and federal CORE guidelines, middle School Programs Science, math and technology form a high priority at the Academy. Students solidify their basic knowledge of math operations and expand their abilities through pre-Algebra and Algebra studies, with early geometry. Those students who qualify for the REACH Program have the opportunity to graduate at a grade level in math. Learn more about the STEM Program for integrated Science, Technology, Engineering and Math inquiry-based learning, Humanities studies focus on Theology, Social Studies, Language Arts, World Languages, as well as Art and Music classes. Theological studies explore Bible literacy, while emphasizing moral character and social responsibility, Social studies focus on the Ancient World and US Government, which ensures students understand the elements of western civilization grounded in the American polity. In Language Arts, students gain skills in approaching a wide range of literary genres, Language study provides options for French or Spanish, while art and music are emphasized both through specialized classes and in many of the humanities classrooms
11.
Germantown Friends School
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It is governed by a School Committee whose members are drawn mainly from the membership of the Meeting and the Schools alumni. The Schools current head of school is Dana Okeson Weeks, since the 1930s, Germantown Friends has been a respected and influential private day school, educating students in traditional humanistic studies in the light of the Quaker tradition. Many graduates have gone on to leading colleges and universities in the United States, in 1925, admission statistics at the University of Pennsylvania showed that 10-20% of the Germantown Friends School graduating class matriculated at the University. Due to the academic preparation of the school, the percentage of Germantown Friends graduates who matriculate at Penn remains about 10-20%. Other popular college destinations include Princeton University, Dartmouth College, Haverford College, Brown University, Trinity College, present Germantown Friends students generally have a reputation for community service, intellectual boldness, and broad artistic interests. Germantown Friends School was founded in 1845 by Germantown Monthly Meeting which had grown in size, the School was founded in response to a request of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting which like all Friends Meetings valued an equal education for boys and girls. Until some time in the early 20th century, Germantown Friends was a select school, the school in the early 20th century was a cheerful but proper place. Esther Greenleaf Mürer has collected some relevant sources on this issue, Germantown Friends School teams are nicknamed The Tigers. A charter member of the Friends Schools League, its teams are almost always competitive within the League, in 2008, the boys track team won the High School Boys Distance Medley Championship of America at the Penn Relays. The relays time of 10,11.54 was the second fastest high school Distance Medley Relay in the nation at the time, in 2009, the boys cross country team finished second at the Nike Cross Nationals Northeast Regional Championship, qualifying for Nike Cross Nationals. A rivalry exists between GFS and Friends Central School, who compete with each other for possession of the Felsen Cup, named after an administrator who has worked at, another rival is Penn Charter School, whose campus is adjacent to Germantown Friends athletic fields. However, Penn Charter is a member of the Inter-Academic League, in the fall of 2014, the girls varsity soccer team made history by winning the Friends School League Championship against rival Friend Central, 2-1. They then reached the semi-finals in the state tournament, since 1993, Germantown Friends has been divided into three divisions, the Lower School, the Middle School, and the Upper School. First among the traditions of the school is weekly Meeting for Worship of each division, Meeting for Worship gives students the opportunity for introspection and discussion of spirituality. The weekly Meeting of each division have rather different characters, the Lower School Meeting is generally quite active with many short messages from students because elementary school children tend to appreciate the chance to be heard. The Middle School Meeting often is a very silent meeting, only punctuated by the occasional spiritual stirring of a faculty member, the Upper School Meeting is often focused on current events and fundamental issues of young adults. Seniors tend to speak, knowing that they will graduate and depart into the hopeful. Other notable traditions include concerts by the GFS Choir, formerly under the direction of Mary Brewer, the current director is Steve Kushner
12.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
13.
Contributing property
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Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
14.
Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
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The Philadelphia Register of Historic Places is a register of historic places by the Philadelphia Historical Commission. Buildings, structures, sites, objects, interiors and districts can be added to the list, associated with an event of importance to the history of the City, Commonwealth or Nation. Reflects the environment in an era characterized by an architectural style. Embodies distinguishing characteristics of a style or engineering specimen. Contains elements of design, detail, materials or craftsmanship which represent a significant innovation, is part of or related to a square, park or other distinctive area which should be preserved according to a historic, cultural or architectural motif. Represents an established and familiar visual feature of the neighborhood, community or City, has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in pre-history or history. Exemplifies the cultural, political, economic, social or historical heritage of the community, the lists below contain properties on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, Properties that do not have an official address as assigned by Philadelphias Office of Property Assessment
15.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
16.
Rowing (sport)
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
17.
1900 Summer Olympics
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No opening or closing ceremonies were held, competitions began on May 14 and ended on October 28. The Games were held as part of the 1900 Worlds Fair, in total,997 competitors took part in 19 different sports. Women took part in the games for the first time and sailor Hélène de Pourtalès became the first female Olympic champion, at the Sorbonne conference of 1894, Pierre de Coubertin proposed that the Olympic Games should take place in 1900 in Paris. The delegates to the conference were unwilling to wait six years, a decision was made to hold the first Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens and that Paris would host the second celebration. Most of the winners in 1900 did not receive medals, but were given cups or trophies, professionals competed in fencing and Albert Robert Ayat, who won the épée for amateurs and masters, was awarded a prize of 3000 francs. This was also the only Olympic Games in history to use live animals as targets during the shooting event, the 1900 Games were held as part of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The director of the Exposition Universelle, Alfred Picard, thought holding an ancient sport event at the Exposition Universelle was an absurd anachronism, after thanking de Coubertin for his plans, Picard filed them away and nothing more came of it. A committee was formed for the organization of the Games, consisting of some of the more able sports administrators of the day, British and Irish sports associations announced a desire to compete, as did a number of powerful American universities and sports clubs. Competitors from Russia and Australia also confirmed their intentions to travel to Paris, on November 9,1898, the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques put out an announcement that it would have sole right to any organised sport held during the Worlds Fair. It was an empty threat but Viscount Charles de La Rochefoucauld, the IOC ceded control of the Games to a new committee which was to oversee every sporting activity connected to the 1900 Exposition Universelle. Alfred Picard appointed Daniel Mérillon, the head of the French Shooting Association, between May and October 1900, the new organizing committee held an enormous number of sporting activities alongside the Paris Exposition. The sporting events rarely used the term of Olympic, indeed, the term Olympic Games was replaced by Concours internationaux dexercices physiques et de sport in the official report of the sporting events of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The press reported competitions variously as International Championships, International Games, Paris Championships, World Championships, de Coubertin commented later to friends, Its a miracle that the Olympic Movement survived that celebration. Hélène de Pourtalès became the first female Olympic champion as part of the team in the 1-2 ton sailing event. Charlotte Cooper was the first woman to win an individual Olympic event after winning the singles tennis competition. She later went on to win the doubles tournament. In the coxed pairs and eights events in rowing, crews replaced adult coxswain with children, the identities and ages of these boys were not recorded but they are believed to have been amongst the youngest of all Olympic competitors. 85 events in 20 disciplines, comprising 19 sports, were part of the Olympic program in Paris, weightlifting and wrestling had been dropped since the 1896 Summer Olympics, while 13 new sports were added
18.
1964 Summer Olympics
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The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from October 10 to 24,1964. The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia, Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany, on May 26,1959. These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be overseas, as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite and these were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts, albeit partially. Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches, sports huge in Japan, were tried out using Toshibas new color transmission system, history surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad, directed by Kon Ichikawa. The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the citys midsummer heat and humidity, the previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather. The following games in 1968 in Mexico City also began in October, the 1964 Olympics were also the last to use a traditional cinder track for the track events. A smooth synthetic all-weather track was used for the first time at the 1968 Olympics, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo. Tokyo won the rights to the Games on May 26,1959, at the 55th IOC Session in Munich, West Germany, over bids from Detroit, Brussels and Vienna. Toronto was an early bidder again in 1964 after the attempt for 1960. Yūji Koseki composed the song of the opening ceremony. Yoshinori Sakai, who lit the Olympic Flame, was born in Hiroshima on August 6,1945, kumi-daiko was first exhibited to a world-wide audience at the Festival of Arts presentation. Judo and womens volleyball, both sports in Japan, were introduced to the Olympics. Japan won gold medals in three events, but Dutchman Anton Geesink won the Open category. The Japanese womens volleyball won the gold medal, with the final being broadcast live. The womens pentathlon was introduced to the athletics events, soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina won two gold medals, a silver medal and two bronze medals. She held the record for most Olympic medals at 18 which stood until broken by American swimmer Michael Phelps in 2012, czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská wins 3 gold medals, including the individual all-around competition, crowning her the new queen over the reigning champion Larisa Latynina. Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser won the 100 m freestyle event for the time in a row
19.
John B. Kelly Sr.
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John Brendan Kelly Sr. also known as Jack Kelly, was one of the most accomplished American rowers in the history of the sport of rowing. He was a triple Olympic Gold Medal winner, the first to be so in the sport of rowing and he won 126 straight races in the single scull. The Philadelphia-based Kelly also was a multimillionaire in the bricklaying and construction industry and he was the father of Grace Kelly, actress and Princess of Monaco, and of John B. Kelly Jr. an accomplished rower in his own right. Kelly was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. S. in 1867, in 1908, he began bricklaying in Philadelphia and he also learned to row on the Schuylkill River. By 1916, Kelly was a champion and the best sculler in the United States when, as part of the World War I call up. He rose to the rank of lieutenant when he was discharged in 1918, while in the army, he entered the armed forces boxing tournament as a heavyweight and ran up a 12-0 record before being waylaid by a broken ankle. Future World Professional Boxing Champion Gene Tunney won the tournament, in later years, Kelly would kid Tunney, Arent you lucky I broke my ankle. Following his army discharge in 1918, Kelly continued his dominance in the single scull, a self-promoter, Kelly coined the slogan, Kelly for Brickwork, which was often seen at local construction sites. Kelly developed a technique to ensure payment for his brickwork from less-than-trustworthy real estate developers, Kellys crews would mortar a single pane of glass into each chimney they built. Once paid, Kelly would send out to drop a brick down each chimney theyd constructed, smashing the glass panes. In 1919, Kelly played professional football for the Holmesburg Athletic Club, the team would go on to win the 1919 and 1920 Philadelphia City Championship. In a 1919 game against a team from Camden, New Jersey, in 1920, Kelly applied to race in the Diamond Sculls at the Henley Royal Regatta. At the time, he was one of the most popular figures in the sport, He had won six U. S. National Championships, the Henley regatta, which is held annually on the River Thames in Henley, England, was the most prestigious event in rowing. Kellys application was rejected in part because he had done manual labor as a bricklayer and this led Kelly to seek and gain redemption by going to the 1920 Summer Olympics which he had originally not planned to attend. Kelly was surprised that his entry was rejected, Kelly always maintained that he had been assured by United States rowing officials that his entry would be accepted. I asked him to check with the Stewards to see if they would accept my entry because in my earlier days I had served an apprenticeship as a bricklayer. He contacted four of them and they told him to send my entry in, the minutes of the regattas Committee of Management for June 3,1920 read, The list of entries. Outside of the United Kingdom under Rule iv was presented, and received with the exception of Mr J. B
20.
Grace Kelly
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Grace Patricia Kelly was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco after marrying Prince Rainier III, in April 1956. In October 1953, she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo, which won her a Golden Globe Award, subsequently, she had leading roles in five films, including The Country Girl, for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress. Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and they had three children, Caroline, Albert II, and Stéphanie. Kelly retained her American roots, maintaining dual U. S. and she died on September 14,1982, a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car, which caused a crash. Kelly was born on November 12,1929, at Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to an affluent and influential family. Her father, Irish-American John B. Kelly Sr. had won three Olympic gold medals for sculling and owned a successful brickwork contracting company that was well-known on the East Coast. A registered Democrat, he was nominated to be mayor of Philadelphia for the 1935 election, in later years, he served on the Fairmount Park Commission and, during World War II, was appointed by President Roosevelt as National Director of Physical Fitness. Kellys mother was Philadelphia native Margaret Katherine Majer, the daughter of German immigrants, Margaret had taught physical education at the University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach womens athletics at the institution. She was noted for her beauty and modeled for a time in her youth, after marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations. Kelly had two siblings, Margaret and John Jr. and a younger sister, Elizabeth. The children were raised in the Roman Catholic faith, while attending Ravenhill Academy, a prestigious Catholic girls school, Kelly modeled fashions at local social events with her mother and sisters. In 1942, at the age of 12, she played the lead in Dont Feed the Animals, before graduating in May 1947 from Stevens School, a socially prominent private institution on Walnut Lane in the Northwest Philadelphia neighborhood of Germantown, she acted and danced. Her graduation yearbook listed her favorite actress as Ingrid Bergman and her favorite actor as Joseph Cotten, written in the Stevens Prophecy section was, Miss Grace P. Kelly – a famous star of stage and screen. Owing to her low mathematics scores, Kelly was rejected by Bennington College in July 1947, despite her parents initial disapproval, Kelly decided to pursue her dreams of being an actress. John was particularly displeased with her decision, he viewed acting as a cut above streetwalker. To start her career, she auditioned for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, although the school had already met its semester quota, she obtained an interview with the admission officer, Emile Diestel, and was admitted through the influence of George. She began her first term the following October, while at school, she lived in Manhattans Barbizon Hotel for Women, a prestigious establishment which barred men from entering after 10 pm, and she worked as a model to support her studies. Kelly worked diligently and practiced her speech by using a tape recorder and her early acting pursuits led her to the stage, most notably a Broadway debut in Strindbergs The Father alongside Raymond Massey
21.
Paul Costello
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Paul Vincent Costello was an American triple Olympic Gold Medal winner in rowing. He was the first rower to win a medal in the same event, double sculls. He also won national titles in both the single and double scull in the 1920s. Costello won the double sculls race with his cousin John B. Kelly Sr. also known as Jack Kelly at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, Costello repeated his winning ways at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam with a new partner Charles McIlvaine. Kelly gained additional fame as the father of Grace Kelly, actress and Princess of Monaco, Costello and Kelly both rowed for the Vesper Boat Club of Philadelphia. com
22.
Henley Royal Regatta
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Henley Royal Regatta is a rowing event held annually on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. It was established on 26 March 1839, the regatta lasts for 5 days over the first weekend in July. Races are head-to-head knock out competitions, raced over a course of 1 mile,550 yards, the regatta regularly attracts international crews to race. The most prestigious event at the regatta is the Grand Challenge Cup for Mens Eights, as the regatta pre-dates any national or international rowing organisation, it has its own rules and organisation, although it is recognised by both British Rowing and FISA. The regatta is organised by a body of Stewards, who are largely former rowers themselves. Pierre de Coubertin modelled elements of the organisation of the International Olympic Committee on the Henley Stewards, the regatta is regarded as part of the English social season. As with other events in the season, certain enclosures at the regatta have strict dress codes, entries for the regatta close at 6,00 pm sixteen days before the Regatta. In order to encourage a high quality of racing, create a manageable race timetable and to ensure that most crews race only once a day, qualifying races are held on the Friday before the regatta. The qualifying races take the form of a timed processional race up the regatta course, Times are released for non-qualifying crews only. This does not stop a band of unofficial timers with synchronised watches working out how fast their first round opposition might be. If it is apparent that there are a number of outstanding crews in an event, they may be selected by the Stewards, to prevent them from meeting too early in the competition. The regatta insists that selection is not the same as seeding, the difference being that there is no rank order as is usually the case in, for example. The draw is an event that takes place in the Henley town hall. For each event the names of all selected crews are placed on pieces of paper which are drawn at random from the Grand Challenge Cup. These crews are placed on pre-determined positions on the draw chart. The remaining qualifying crews are drawn from the cup, filling in from the top of the draw chart downwards. Each event in the regatta takes the form of a knockout competition, the course is marked out by two lines of booms, which are placed along the river to form a straight course 2,112 metres long. The course is enough to allow two crews to race down with a few metres between them
23.
United States Olympic Committee
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Founded in 1894 and headquartered in Colorado Springs, the United States Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee for the United States. In addition, the USOC is one of only four NOCs in the world that serve as the National Paralympic Committee for their country. The USOC is responsible for supporting, entering and overseeing U. S, the Olympic Movement is overseen by the International Olympic Committee. Similarly, the National Paralympic Committee is the governing body responsible for the selection. The USOC is one of 204 NOCs and 174 NPCs within the international Olympic and Paralympic Movements, forty-seven NGBs are members of the USOC. Unlike most other nations, the United States does not have a sports ministry, the USOC was reorganized by the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered nonprofit corporation and does not receive financial support. Pursuant to the Act, the USOC has the right to use and authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images. The USOC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission, in 1921, the committee adopted a constitution and bylaws to formally organize the American Olympic Association. From 1928 to 1953, its president was Avery Brundage, who went on to become the president of the IOC. In 1940, the AOA changed its name to the United States of America Sports Federation and, in 1945, in 1950, federal mandate allowed the USOA to solicit tax-deductible contributions as a private, non-profit corporation. After several constitutional revisions were made to the charter in 1961. The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 established the USOC as the body for all Olympic-related athletic activity in the United States. The provisions protect individual athletes, and provide the USOC’s counsel, virgin Islands, which fall under the authority of separate NOCs and NPCs. U. S. Paralympics, a division of the USOC, was founded in 2001, in 2006, the USOC created the Paralympic Military Program with the goal of providing Paralympic sports as a part of the rehabilitation process for injured soldiers. The USOC moved its headquarters from New York City to Colorado Springs on July 1,1978. S, in October 2007, the ARCO Training Center in Chula Vista, California was closed temporarily due to the Harris Fire, one of many that ravaged southern California. Several national law firms were enlisted to aid, Free of charge, in responding to claims of misconduct in sport. In February 2011 the USOC launched a campaign in conjunction with the Ad Council called Play Asterisk Free aimed at teens
24.
Malta Boat Club
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Malta Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #9 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1865, the Club joined the Schuylkill Navy when it relocated to the Schuylkill River from the Delaware River, while on the Delaware, the club occupied a house on Smith’s Island where the club stored its boat called the “Minnehaha”. The Club was founded by members of the Minnehaha Lodge of the Sons of Malta, the Sons of Malta, originally organized in the South, did not survive the Civil War. As four members of the US National Team row out of Malta, in 1873, Malta, in conjunction with Vesper Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1880, the house was expanded. In 1901, brothers George W. and William D. Hewitt designed more substantial additions including a story to make Malta the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row. The Hewitt brothers had been Frank Furness’s partner until 1876, and they designed the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Bourse Building, 1970s Stan Depman Fred H. Duling Rick Stehlik 1980s 1990s Fred S. The Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.71, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
25.
Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club
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Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club located at #14 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest all-female rowing club in existence, built in 1860, the Clubs boathouse is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark. PGRC was founded in 1938 by seventeen women who wanted to participate in the predominantly male sport of rowing. In 1860, Philadelphia City Council authorized construction of the structure that is now #14 Boathouse Row for the purpose of housing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society. Architect, James C. Samuel Sloan, a well-known Philadelphia architect, likely influenced the design of #14 Boathouse Row with his rendering of “Italian Villa, ” Plate XXIV, the construction cost $4,900 and was completed in 1861. The Undine and University Barge Clubs housed their boats at the Philadelphia Skating Club building until the City permitted them to build their own structures in 1882 and 1871, respectively. From 1884 through 1895, the second Iona Boat Club occupied the space in the building left vacant by Undine Barge Club, with the advent of artificially frozen indoor skating rinks at the beginning of the 20th Century, skating on the Schuylkill River declined precipitously. In 1965, PGRC purchased the boathouse from the Philadelphia Skating Club, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form, NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Skating and the Philadelphia Skating Club, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs. Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club on Boathouse Row
26.
Harry Parker (rower)
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Harry Parker was the head coach of the Harvard varsity rowing program. He also represented the United States in the single scull at the 1960 Summer Olympics, Parker attended the University of Pennsylvania as an undergraduate, where he majored in Philosophy and learned rowing. Mentored by Pennsylvanias coach Joe Burk, Parker rowed on the 1955 Penn Varsity crew that won the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta, after college, Parker began to scull competitively. He won the single scull at the 1959 Pan American Games, in 1959, Parker also competed in the Diamond Scull event at the Henley Royal Regatta finishing second to six-time champion Stuart MacKenzie. In 1960, he won the U. S. Olympic trials in the single scull, at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Parker made the finals and finished fifth. During his training for the team, Parkers name was forwarded to the athletic director at Harvard, Tom Bolles. When Harvards varsity coach, Harvey Love, died suddenly of an attack in the spring of 1963, Parker was promoted to the varsity level. The crew had a spring, and performed poorly at the Eastern Sprints. The annual highpoint of the Harvard rowing season is the Harvard-Yale race held in June, Parker meticulously prepared his crew for their biggest race of the year. Heavy underdogs against the favored Yale crew, the Harvard varsity pulled off an upset, Parker was appointed permanent coach of the varsity crew. Harvard would not lose to Yale until 1981, Parkers success was immediate and unprecedented. His crews won the Eastern Sprints every year between 1964 and 1970, Parker coached a Harvard four man boat at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Parker and the Harvard crew made the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1965, Parkers crews won the 1967 Pan American Games, and finished second at the 1967 European Championships. Parkers 1968 crew earned the right to represent the United States at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City—the last collegiate crew ever to do so. The Harvard 8 narrowly won the Olympic trials by 5/100th of a second over of a powerful University of Pennsylvania crew – a race that pitted Parker against his mentor Joe Burk, in Mexico, one of Harvards rowers became ill and had to be replaced. Harvard made the finals and finished sixth, several members of the crew were involved in the political turmoil which swept over the games. Harvard was the last non-national team crew to represent the United States in the Olympics in the 8+ man event, until 1960, the United States, using a trial system where the best 8 man crew went to the Olympics, had won every gold medal. But the rest of the world had caught up and was surpassing the USA, in particular, Karl Adam and his Ratzeburg crews from West Germany had become the team to beat
27.
USRowing
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USRowing is the national governing body for the sport of rowing in the United States. It serves to promote the sport on all levels of competition, including the selection, in 1985, the organization moved from Philadelphia to Indianapolis, home of several other Olympic sport governing bodies. In 1994, Indianapolis became the only U. S. city to host a rowing championship. In 2006, USRowing moved its headquarters to Princeton, N. J. home of the USRowing National Team Training Center. USRowing registers more than 185 regattas across the country each year, the association also provides programs to educate referees and coaches. USRowing also conducts regional championships and national team selection events, timothy Camp is regarded as the greatest olympic coxswain in the United States history. USRowing is a member of the United States Olympic Committee and the International Rowing Federation, USRowing offers both individual and organizational membership opportunities. With more than 14,000 individual members and 1,050 organizational members, uSRowing’s Senior National Team represents the U. S. at the highest level of competition, either at the Olympic Games or the World Championships. While the Summer Olympics are held every four years, the world championships are held every year. There are 22 world championships events and only 14 Olympic events, athletes on the Senior National Teams are chosen from both a selection camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. USRowing’s Under 23 National Team competes at the Under 23 World Championships each year and this developmental team has placed numerous athletes on the world championships and Olympic squads. Athletes on the Under 23 squad are chosen from both a camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. USRowing also fields a Junior National Team that competes at the Junior World Championships each year, Junior national team athletes are chosen from both a selection camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. In addition, USRowing hosts national team events for the Senior, Under 23. In its 14th year, the 2008 USRowing Youth National Championships took place June 13–15 on Harsha Lake in Bethel, Ohio, to qualify for the Youth Nationals, crews must place first in the championship races at a qualifying regatta. Crews that do not automatically qualify or do not participate in an event may petition to be included in the Youth National Championships. The 137th running of the USRowing National Championship Regatta tooktook place June 27–29,2008, caspersen Rowing Center on Mercer Lake in West Windsor, N. J. The National Championship schedule reflects the current world championship structure, the regatta featured races in the 22 world championship boat classes, as well as the four adaptive world championship boat classes
28.
United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics
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The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. U. S. athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games in the era, except the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The USOC sent a total of 596 athletes to Beijing, the USOC selected San Jose State University in San Jose, California, as the primary processing center for all Team USA members headed for Beijing 2008. The U. S. did not win the most gold medals for the first time in a Summer Games since 1992, losing to China, and United States never led the medal table during the games. However, the U. S. won its most medals ever in a games, the total medal count. This games also marked the 8-gold medal record for U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps, who surpassed Mark Spitzs record of 7 golds in a single Olympic event in 1972. Phelps also surpassed Spitz, Larisa Latynina of the USSR, Paavo Nurmi of Finland, the United States also saw milestones in womens swimming. Natalie Coughlin won 6 medals in Beijing, the most for a female Olympic swimmer, dara Torres, who won 3 silver medals after her eight-year absence, became the oldest Olympic swimmer to win a medal, at age 41. Gymnast Nastia Liukin became the third U. S. female to win a medal in individual all-around event. It was also a successful Olympics for U. S, the following U. S. competitors won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists names are bolded, the womens team finished in eleventh place, not qualifying the team. Jennifer Nichols earned a spot via individual qualification in that tournament, karen Scavotto earned the United States another womens spot by finishing second in the Pan American championship. The United States announced its Olympic team on May 5,2008, the womens roster included 2004 Olympian Jennifer Nichols and three-time Olympian Khatuna Lorig, who previously represented the Unified Team and Georgia at the Olympics. On the mens side, first-time Olympian Brady Ellison joined four-time Olympian Butch Johnson, Men Women The 2008 U. S. Olympic Track & Field Trials were held in Eugene, Oregon, at the University of Oregons Hayward Field from June 27 through July 6,2008. Hayward Field had previously hosted the U. S. Olympic Trials in 1972,1976 and 1980, on August 22, Blonska was stripped of her medal and Hyleas Fountain was upgraded to silver. The United States was represented in four out of the five events, mens singles, mens doubles, womens singles. The U. S. had qualified a mixed doubles team, no American has ever medaled in badminton since it became an Olympic sport in 1992, although Howard Bach and Bob Malaythong became the first Americans to reach the quarter-finals. The United States earned a spot in baseball by placing in the top two at the 2006 Americas Olympic Qualifying Event
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Rowing at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's eights
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The eights event was a rowing event conducted as part of the 1964 Summer Olympics programme. The top crew in each heat advanced to the final, with all others sent to the repechages, the top finisher in each of the three repechages joined the finalists. The second and third-place finishers competed in a final for 7th-12th places. The consolation final determined places from 7th to 12th, the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964, vol
