1.
Reidsville, North Carolina
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Reidsville is a city in Rockingham County, North Carolina. At the 2010 census, the city had a population of 14,520. The American Tobacco Company was the mainstay of Reidsville economics until its sale, many textile mills were established in Reidsville as well, with Cone Mills and Burlington Industries consolidating most of them in the mid-20th century, although most have now closed. Reidsville is located at 36°2043 North, 79°4030 West, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.9 square miles, of which 13.4 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles is water. The total area is 10. 14% water and this outpost, called Wright’s Crossroads, was the earliest settlement in the present-day city and was overseen by Wright’s son, Nathan, and then Nathan Wright’s son-in-law, Robert Payne Richardson. Richardson’s home, built in 1842 on a knoll overlooking Little Troublesome Creek, Reuben Reid became a successful farmer, operated a store and a public inn maintained in a private home and served the county as a constable and justice of the peace. When the family secured a post office, aptly named Reidsville, in 1829 and he later became a State Senator, a U. S. Congressman, Governor of North Carolina and a U. S. Senator. On November 26,1858, William Lindsey of Pittsylvania County and he and his bride, Sarah Holderby, a daughter of Joseph Holderby of the northern part of the county, moved into the frame house Reuben Reid had built across from his store. It is now a landmark in Reidsville, the first frame house built in the village, Reidsville is located in east central Rockingham County. The Southern Railroad passes through the center of the city north to south. The town was incorporated in 1873 by the Legislature, Tobacco was a mainstay of the local economy for many years, with the history of the city tightly woven with that of American Tobacco Company. With the sale of American Tobacco in 1994, city leaders have diversified the economy and established Reidsville as a city that lives up to its motto. The Reidsville Chamber of Commerce, established in 1923 by business leaders in the community, is now located downtown, at the 2010 census, there were 14,520 people,6,013 households and 3,902 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,083.1 per square mile, there were 6,477 housing units at an average density of 484.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 02% White,39. 52% African American,0. 21% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,1. 35% from other races, and 1. 19% from two or more races. 2. 63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.92. 23. 4% of the population were under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 40 years
2.
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Greensboro is a city in the U. S. state of North Carolina. It is the third-largest city by population in North Carolina and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 269,666, and in 2015 the estimated population was 285,342. Three major interstate highways in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city, in 1808, Greensborough was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat. In 2003, the previous Greensboro – Winston-Salem – High Point metropolitan statistical area was re-defined by the U. S. Office of Management and this region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA. The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801, the combined statistical area of Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad, had a population of 1,599,477. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Greensboro were a Siouan-speaking people called the Saura, other indigenous cultures had occupied this area for thousands of years, typically settling along the waterways, as did the early settlers. Quaker migrants from Pennsylvania, by way of Maryland, arrived at Capefair in about 1750, the new settlers began organized religious services affiliated with the Cane Creek Friends Meeting in Snow Camp in 1751. Three years later,40 Quaker families were granted approval to establish New Garden Monthly Meeting, the settlement grew rapidly during the next three years, adding members from as far away as Nantucket in Massachusetts. It soon became the most important Quaker community in North Carolina and mother of several other Quaker meetings that were established in the state and west of the Appalachians. After the Revolutionary War, the city of Greensboro was named for Major General Nathanael Greene, although the Americans lost the battle, Greenes forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British Army of General Cornwallis. Following this battle, Cornwallis withdrew his troops to a British coastal base in Wilmington, Greensboro was established near the geographic center of Guilford County, on land that was an unbroken forest with thick undergrowth of huckleberry bushes, that bore a finely flavored fruit. Property for the village was purchased from the Saura for $98. Three north-south streets were laid out intersecting with three east-west streets, the courthouse was built at the center of the intersection of Elm and Market streets. By 1821, the town was home to 369 residents, stimulated by rail traffic and improved access to markets, the city grew substantially, soon becoming known as the Gate City due to its role as a transportation hub for the Piedmont. The railroads transported goods to and from the textile mills. Many of the manufacturers developed workers housing in mill villages near their facilities, Textile companies and related businesses continued into the 21st century, when most went bankrupt, reorganized, and/or merged with other companies as textile manufacturing jobs moved offshore. Greensboro is still a center of the textile industry, with the main offices of International Textile Group, Galey & Lord, Unifi. ITG Brands, maker of Kool, Winston and Salem brand cigarettes, is the third largest tobacco company in the United States and is headquartered in Greensboro, rail traffic continues to be important for the citys economy, as Greensboro is a major regional freight hub
3.
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Winston-Salem is a city in and the county seat of Forsyth County, North Carolina, United States. With a 2015 estimated population of 241,218, it is the second largest municipality in the Piedmont Triad region and the fifth largest city in the state. Winston-Salem is home to the tallest office building in the region,100 North Main Street, formerly the Wachovia Building, Winston-Salem is called the Twin City for its dual heritage and City of the Arts and Innovation for its dedication to fine arts and theater and technological research. Camel City is a reference to the citys involvement in the tobacco industry related to locally based R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Companys Camel cigarettes. Winston-Salem is also known for its traditional furniture company, many locals refer to the city as Winston in informal speech. The Dash is referenced from the hyphen between Winston and Salem and was popularized by the nickname of the minor league baseball team. In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U. S. by CBS MoneyWatch, the city of Winston-Salem is a product of the merging of the two neighboring towns of Winston and Salem in 1913. The origin of the town of Salem dates to January 1753 and he called this area die Wachau named after the ancestral estate of Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. The land, just short of 99,000 acres, was purchased from John Carteret. On November 17,1753, the first settlers arrived at what would become the town of Bethabara. This town, despite its growth, was not designed to be the primary settlement on the tract. Some residents expanded to a settlement called Bethania in 1759. Finally, lots were drawn to select suitable sites for the location of a new town. The town established on the site was given the name of Salem chosen for it by the Moravians late patron. On January 6,1766, the first tree was felled for the building of Salem, Salem was a typical Moravian settlement congregation with the public buildings of the congregation grouped around a central square, today Salem Square. These included the church, a Brethrens House and a Sisters House for the members of the Congregation. For many years members of the Moravian Church were permitted to live in the settlement. This practice had ended by the American Civil War, many of the original buildings in the settlement have been restored or rebuilt and are now part of Old Salem Museums & Gardens
4.
High Point, North Carolina
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High Point is a city located in the Piedmont Triad region of the State of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 104,371. High Point is currently the ninth-largest municipality in North Carolina, High Point is known for its furniture, textiles, and bus manufacturing. The city is referred to as the Furniture Capital of the World. The citys official slogan is North Carolinas International City due to the semi-annual High Point Furniture Market that attracts 100,000 exhibitors and buyers from around the world. Most of the city is located in Guilford County, with portions spilling into neighboring Randolph, Davidson, High Point is North Carolinas only city that extends into four counties. Among the first Europeans to settle Guilford County were English Quakers, High Point was located at the highest point of the 1856 North Carolina Railroad between Charlotte and Goldsboro where it intersected the 1852 Great Western Plank Road. Its central location and transportation allowed for the delivery of raw materials like cotton and lumber and processed goods in and out of the city, settled before 1750, High Point was incorporated in 1859. Before it became a manufacturing center, the most important industries were tobacco, woodworking. The first of many High Point furniture factories was opened in 1889, established in 1924, High Point University is a liberal arts institution with approximately 4,400 undergraduate and graduate students from 51 countries and 46 states. It is ranked by U. S. News and World Report 2013 edition of Americas Best Colleges 1st among comprehensive universities in the South, the university offers 44 undergraduate majors,10 graduate-degree programs and one doctorate program. It is accredited by the Commission of Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and is a member of the NCAA Division I, High Point is the only city in North Carolina that exists within four counties, Davidson, Forsyth, Guilford and Randolph. It also stands within two watersheds, the Yadkin–Pee Dee to the west and the Cape Fear to the east. Parts of the city rise above 1,000 feet, making it among the highest cities in North Carolinas Piedmont, High Point is located at 35°58′14″N 79°59′51″W. It is bordered by the city of Greensboro to the north, Jamestown to the northeast, the city limits of Trinity and Thomasville come within half a mile of the High Point city limits to the south and southwest, respectively. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 55.4 square miles, of which 53.8 square miles is land and 1.7 square miles. Summers are hot and humid, and the dew points will often climb to near or even above 70 °F by late June through much of August, nights usually remain warm above 70 degrees. Most summers the hottest day will record a maximum between 96 and 98 °F, about once every 5 to 10 years the city will climb to or above 100 °F
5.
Burlington, North Carolina
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Burlington is a city in Alamance County in the U. S. state of North Carolina. The population was 50,042 at the 2010 census, which makes Burlington the 17th largest city in North Carolina, the Metropolitan Statistical Area population was over 150,000 in 2010. Alamance County was created when Orange County was partitioned in 1849, early settlers included several groups of Quakers, many of which remain active in the Snow Camp area, German farmers, and Scots-Irish immigrants. The need of the North Carolina Railroad in the 1850s to locate land where they could build, repair and do maintenance on its track was the genesis of Burlington, the company selected a piece of land slightly west of present-day Graham. On January 29,1856, the last spikes were driven into the tie of the North Carolina Railroad project, uniting the cities of Goldsboro. The next day, the first locomotive passed along the new route, when the iron horse arrived in Alamance County, locals referred to it as the eighth wonder of the world. Not long after this opening, the railroad realized a pressing need for repair shops. With Alamance Countys position along the new line, it became the choice for the shops location. After several debates concerning where the shops would be located, Gen. Benjamin Trollinger, Gen. Trollinger owned land just northwest of Graham, and he convinced several other prominent citizens owning adjacent lots to join him and sell their property to the railroad. By 1859, construction of the shops began, seemingly overnight, a town was born. A church, bank, hotel and restaurant sprang up, Company Shops, as the town became known, was also chosen as the railroads headquarters. By the time the shops were completed, the village had grown to twenty-seven buildings, thirty-nine white men, twenty Negro slaves and two free Negroes were employed in or around the shops. Sale of town soon started, but not surprisingly, the sale of lots was slow until after the Civil War. By 1864, Company Shops numbered about 300 persons, after twenty-five years of operations, the shops closed along with most of the areas railroad facilities. In 1886, the North Carolina Railroad Company transferred its operations to Spencer, the railroad offices and shops at Company Shops were closed. With the railroad no longer operated there, the citizens of Company Shops decided a new name was needed. Company Shops was reborn as Burlington on February 14,1893, the city of Burlington was incorporated, and a charter was issued by the State Legislature. Around the turn of the century, the era began
6.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
7.
Boone, North Carolina
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Boone is a town located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of western North Carolina, United States. Boones population was 17,122 in 2010, Boone is the county seat of Watauga County and the home of Appalachian State University. It is the largest community and the hub of the seven-county region of Western North Carolina known as the High Country. In 2012, Boone was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U. S. by U. S. News. Boone took its name from the pioneer and explorer Daniel Boone. Daniels nephews, Jesse and Jonathan, were members of the towns first church, Three Forks Baptist, Boone was served by the narrow gauge East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad until the flood of 1940. The flood washed away much of the tracks and it was decided not to replace them, Boone is the home of Appalachian State University, a constituent member of the University of North Carolina. Appalachian State is the sixth largest university in the seventeen-campus system, caldwell Community College & Technical Institute also operates a satellite campus in Boone. The original actor in the role of Daniel Boone was Ned Austin and his Hollywood Star stands on a pedestal on King Street in downtown Boone. He was followed in the role by Glenn Causey, who portrayed the rugged frontiersman for 41 years, Boone is a center for bluegrass musicians and Appalachian storytellers. The Blair Farm, Daniel Boone Hotel, Jones House, John Smith Miller House, Boone is located at 36°12′41″N 81°40′7″W and has an elevation of 3,333 feet above sea level. Compared to the elevations of the Carolinas, winters are long and cold, with frequent sleet. Blizzard-like conditions are not unusual during many winters, as of the census of 2000, there were 13,472 people,4,374 households, and 1,237 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,307.0 people per square mile, there were 4,748 housing units at an average density of 813.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 98% White,3. 42% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,1. 19% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 46% from other races, and 0. 60% from two or more races. 1. 64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,38. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the family size was 2.63. The age distribution is 5. 8% under 18,65. 9% from 18 to 24,12. 1% from 25 to 44,9. 1% from 45 to 64, the median age was 21 years
8.
South Boston, Virginia
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South Boston, formerly Boyds Ferry, is a town in Halifax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 8,142 at the 2010 census, on December 8,1796, the General Assembly authorized eight commissioners to establish at Boyds Ferry on the south side of the Dan River the town of South Boston, named for Boston, Massachusetts. Because this site proved vulnerable to flooding it was abandoned in favor of a new settlement on the north side. By the 1850s the Richmond and Danville Railroad passed through South Boston, in 1884 it was incorporated as a town, in 1960 it became an independent city by court order. South Boston became a town again and rejoined Halifax County on July 1,1995. The Berry Hill Plantation, E. L. Evans House, Fourqurean House, Glennmary, Reedy Creek Site, Seaton, South Boston Historic District, South Boston is located at 36°42′28″N 78°54′12″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 12.3 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,491 people,3,502 households, the population density was 694.7 people per square mile. There were 3,946 housing units at a density of 322.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 50. 63% White,47. 25% African American,0. 21% Native American,0. 48% Asian,0. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 45% of the population. 34. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.90. In the town, the population was well-distributed with 23. 7% under the age of 18,6. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 1% from 25 to 44,23. 9% from 45 to 64, the median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 79.1 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $25,964, males had a median income of $28,212 versus $20,371 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,872, about 15. 3% of families and 20. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24. 2% of those under age 18 and 23. 9% of those age 65 or over. Scates, Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court and Illinois Attorney General, was born in South Boston, NASCAR drivers Ward and Jeff Burton, both brothers, are from South Boston and prepared for their racing career at South Boston Speedway
9.
Roanoke, Virginia
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Roanoke is an independent city in the southern U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 97,032 and it is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia. Roanoke is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the municipality of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of Southwest Virginia and portions of Southern West Virginia. The town first called Big Lick was established in 1852 and chartered in 1874 and it was named for a large outcropping of salt which drew the wildlife to the site near the Roanoke River. In 1882 it became the town of Roanoke, and in 1884 it was chartered as the independent city of Roanoke, the name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for shell money. The name for the river was used by the Algonquian speakers who lived 300 miles away where the river emptied into the sea near Roanoke Island. The native people who lived near where the city was founded did not speak Algonquian and they spoke Siouan languages, Tutelo and Catawban. There were also Cherokee speakers in general area who fought with the Catawba people. The city grew frequently through annexation through the middle of the twentieth century, the last annexation was in 1976. The state legislature has since prohibited cities from annexing land from adjacent counties, during colonial times the site of Roanoke was an important hub of trails and roads. The Roanoke Gap proved a useful route for immigrants to settle the Carolina Piedmont region, at Roanoke Gap, another branch of the Great Wagon Road, the Wilderness Road, continued southwest to Tennessee. In the 1850s, Big Lick became a stop on the Virginia, however, the Financial Panic of 1873 wrecked the AM&Os finances. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahones role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern financial interests took control, the AM&O was renamed Norfolk and Western Railway. Frederick J. Kimball, an engineer and partner in the Clark firm, headed the new line. For the junction for the Shenandoah Valley and the Norfolk and Western roads, Kimball and his board of directors selected the small Virginia village called Big Lick, on the Roanoke River. Although the grateful citizens offered to rename their town Kimball, at his suggestion, as the N&W brought people and jobs, the Town of Roanoke quickly became an independent city in 1884. In fact, Roanoke became a city so quickly that it earned the nickname Magic City, kimballs interest in geology was instrumental in the development of the Pocahontas coalfields in western Virginia and West Virginia
10.
Albemarle, North Carolina
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Albemarle is a small city and the county seat of Stanly County, North Carolina. The population was 15,903 in the 2010 Census and it is governed by Mayor Gerald R. Ronnie Michael and a seven-member City Council. This place-name is derived of the English noble surname Albemarle, which is the French version of the medieval latinization Albamarla of the town Aumale in Normandy, from Vulgar Latin alba, white and margila, marlstone. The word root can be explained entirely with two Celtic words, alba, white, later heaven, the Latin word alba would be a Deckname for it and margila, the Latin expression albamargila would be an exact loan translation of the Celtic one, glisomarga, white marl. The site of modern-day Albemarle was originally peopled by small tribes of hunter-gatherers, in early English colonial times, the Albemarle area was politically part of the New Hanover Precinct, out of which the Bladen Precinct was created in 1734. The renamed Bladen County was subdivided to create Anson County in 1750, the Albemarle regions first post office was established in 1826, it was then known as Smiths Store. The nearby crossroads of the Old Turnpike Road from Fayetteville to Salisbury, nehemiah Hearnes heirs donated 51 acres from his plantation near the intersection of the Old Turnpike and Old Stage Roads for the construction of the new County Seat. The County Commissioners established the boundaries, laid out streets. The first land lot sale financed the new public buildings. The courthouse was erected in 1842 and used for 50 years, the City of Albemarle was formally incorporated in 1857. The Efird Manufacturing Co. opened its first mill in Albemarle in 1896, and was followed thereafter by the Wiscasset Mill Company, the Cannon Mill Company. In 1899, Wiscassett Mills Company established Cabarrus Bank and Trust, by 1910, an electrical distribution plan for the city was underway. The Yadkin Railroad began rail service to Albermarle from Salisbury in 1891, in 1911, the Winston-Salem Southbound Railway constructed its own line through Albemarle to support the booming textile and market, eventually driving the Yadkin Railroad into obsolescence. The WSS still provides service through Albemarle, but since 1933 there has been no passenger service to the city. The Old Market Street Station on the WSS line has been restored, the railbed of the Yadkin Railroad has been ripped up and paved over, though a one-mile segment of its route south of Albemarle now serves as a hiking trail in Rock Creek Park. In 1923, a contract was let to construct NC-24/27 to Charlotte. In 1950, Stanly County Memorial Hospital opened on land donated by Wiscassett Mills, Albemarle was recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as a National Main Street City in 1993. The Freeman-Marks House, probably built during the 1820s, is the oldest known surviving house in Albemarle and it is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, along with the Romanesque Revival Opera House/Starnes Jewelers Building and three small historic districts in the citys downtown area
11.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
12.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
13.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
14.
HD Radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality
15.
Old school hip hop
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Old-School Hip Hop describes the earliest commercially recorded hip hop music, and the music in the period preceding it from which it was directly descended. Old school hip hop is said to have ended around 1984 due to changes in both rapping technique and the music and rhythms. It is characterized by the simpler rapping techniques of the time, old-school hip hop is noted for its relatively simple rapping techniques compared to later hip-hop music. Artists such as Melle Mel would use few syllables per bar of music, with simple rhythms, much of the subject matter of old school hip hop centers around partying and having a good time. In the book How to Rap, Immortal Technique explains how party content played a big part in old school hip hop, hip-hop was born in an era of social turmoil, in the same way that slaves used to sing songs on a plantation. Thats the party songs that we used to have, as mentioned earlier, a notable exception is the song The Message, which was written, produced and mainly rapped by Duke Bootee. It was offered to Grandmaster Flash and he turned it down, citing that no one wanted to hear reality, Melle Mel however contacted Duke Bootee afterward and expressed that he did want to take part. Melle Mel rapped the verse he rapped in 1979s Super Rappin on the Message, once the song was completed it was released under the banner of Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five in order to give it some credibility. The song was a hit and introduced social commentary to hip hop, Duke Bootee solely produced and rapped The Message II with Melle Mel again in 1983. Battle rap was also a part of the old school hip hop aesthetic, while discussing battle rapping, Esoteric said, a lot of my stuff stems from old school hip-hop, braggadocio ethic. A famous old school hip hop battle occurred in December 1981 when Kool Moe Dee challenged Busy Bee Starski. Busy Bee Starskis defeat by the more complex raps of Kool Moe Dee meant that no longer was an MC just a crowd-pleasing comedian with a tongue, he was a commentator. KRS-One also credits this as creating a shift in rapping in the documentary Beef, sci-Fi/Afrofuturism was another theme introduced into hip hop. The release of Planet Rock in 1982 was a game changer, the combination of electronic percussive propulsion and Afrika Bambaataas rap sounded like an orchestra being rocketed into outer space. Light Years Away, by Warp 9, produced and written by Lotti Golden and Richard Scher, a cornerstone of early 80s beatbox afrofuturism, Light Years Away, is characterized as a brilliantly spare and sparse piece of electro hip-hop traversing inner and outer space. Freestyle rap during hip-hops old school era was defined differently than it is today, Kool Moe Dee refers to this earlier definition in his book, Theres a God on the Mic, There are two types of freestyle. Theres an old-school freestyle thats basically rhymes that youve written that may not have anything to do with any subject or that all over the place. Then theres freestyle where you come off the top of the head, in old school hip hop, Kool Moe Dee says that improvisational rapping was instead called coming off the top of the head
16.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
17.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
18.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
19.
WQMP
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WQMP, also known as 101.9 AMP Radio, is a Top 40/CHR radio station that is licensed to Daytona Beach but primarily serves the Orlando and Space Coast areas of Central Florida. It is owned by CBS Radio and its studios are located in Maitland and the transmitter tower is in Orange City. 101.9 began as WMFJ-FM on November 1,1967, sister to AM1450 in Daytona Beach, WMFJ-FM was an automated beautiful music station known as Stereo 102. The stations calls were changed to WQXQ in 1973, and the format became automated Album Oriented Rock as Q102, the station changed its calls to WDOQ in 1980, but the format remained Top 40, the moniker remained Q102, and the ratings remained high. Due to new competition in the Daytona market from WNFI-FM in 1982, although plans for a big 100, 000-watt signal that would have extended to St. Augustine, Gainesville and Ocala were scrapped, WDOQs listenership continued to grow. In 1984, WDOQ was sold and adopted the new calls WCFI, with an adult contemporary format from Transtar, using the I-4. In 1985, the station was purchased by Duffy Broadcasting for $7.7 million, on June 16,1986, the format and calls changed again to WORZ, Z-102FM, a classic rock station. In 1987, it was sold to Beasley-Reed Broadcasting for $9.2 million, the station was an immediate success with listeners and within two years, ascended to the top of the 12+ Arbitron Ratings. Some of the DJs included Joe Nasty doing mornings and Cedric Hollywood as mid-day jock, WJHM was purchased by Chancellor Media in 1997. In late 1998, longtime music director Cedric Hollywood, who had been with the station since its inception in 1988, soon after, it started adding urban based songs to its playlist. The late 1990s brought a time of mergers with Chancellor merging with Evergreen and forming AMFM, in 2001, Clear Channel sold WJHM to Infinity Broadcasting, and they have held ownership since. It briefly reverted to rhythmic by 2005 to go up against another rhythmic station, WPYO, WJHM shortly reverted to urban to challenge WCFB. Given WJHMs Urban heritage status in Orlando, it was in competition with both WCFB and WPYO, in the fall of 2011, WJHM began adding Rhythmic product again. Despite its continued urban contemporary tenure per Nielsen BDS reports rather than being a rhythmic, since the shift back to Rhythmic, WJHM added more pop tracks, such as You Make Me Feel. by Cobra Starship & Moves Like Jagger by Maroon 5. This move was due to WJHM looking at challenging WXXL, the markets only Top 40/CHR, however, Cox-owned WPYO, whose Rhythmic direction slightly favored Hip-Hop but whose playlist was almost identical to WJHM, continued to surpass WJHM in the ratings. It also dropped their longtime slogan Non-Stop Hip-Hop and R&B, replacing it with 102 Minutes of Commercial-Free Music, the non-urban content that WJHM plays also receives airplay at both WXXL and adult top 40 WOMX, WJHMs sister station. Along with these changes, it dropped the Sunday morning gospel programming syndicated from WVEE and its sister station WPGC-FM in Washington, D. C. WPGC returned to the BDS Rhythmic reporting panel in June 2012, on February 11,2014, in the early morning hours,101.9 dropped its Jamz branding after 26 years and began stunting with a loop of the song Get Lucky by Daft Punk
20.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
21.
Entercom
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Entercom is a publicly traded American broadcasting company based in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1968, it is the fourth-largest radio company in the United States, joseph M. Field founded Entercom on October 21,1968, on the conviction that FM broadcasting, then in its infancy, would eventually surpass AM broadcasting as the leading radio band. Entercom took advantage of the change to expand its presence in the markets where it already operated. In April 1995, the company paid $24.5 million for three stations in Portland, Oregon, acquiring KGON, a rock station, KFXX, an all-sports station, and KMUZ-FM. He was appointed President and CEO in 2002, over the years, Field has been frequently interviewed in Billboard magazine about various radio industry topics. In January 1999, Entercom went public in an IPO in which it raised around $236 million, in July 1999, the company purchased 43 radio stations from Sinclair Broadcast Group for $821.5 million in cash. It was Entercoms largest deal to date, the deal included stations in eight markets, Kansas City, MO. Milwaukee, New Orleans, LA, Memphis, TN, the deal more than doubled both the number of stations under the companys control, and the number of markets in which it had stations. The acquisition made Entercom the fifth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States and that year, Entercom announced that it would direct its radio stations not to play songs that promoted violence. On August 21,2006, Entercom agreed to buy 15 mid-market stations from CBS Radio, locations included Austin, TX, Cincinnati, OH, Memphis, TN, and Rochester, NY. However, due to ownership limitations set by the FCC, Entercom had to sell off three of its stations in the Rochester market, these were acquired by Stephens Media Group, a year later, Entercom was investigated for payola and fined $4.45 million by the FCC. In 2007, Entercom station KDND was sued after a participant in a Hold Your Wee For a Wii contest held by the morning show died of water intoxication. In May 2014, Entercom announced its launch of SmartReach Digital product line focused on creating digital marketing options for small, the stations Entercom exchanged with Bonneville were KOSI-FM, KYGO-FM, KKFN-FM and KEPN-AM. Entercom previously owned KOSI-FM, while the stations were acquired through the acquisition of LFM. Entercom and Bonneville began operating the stations under time brokerage agreement once the LFM transaction was completed. In November 2015, the deal was closed successfully. In October 2016, Entercom announced that it would acquire four radio stations in Charlotte, North Carolina, the deal closed in January,2017 and WBT AM/FM, WLNK-FM and WFNZ-AM joined Entercom. On February 2,2017, Entercom announced that it had agreed to merge with CBS Radio, the purchase will give Entercom operations in 23 of the top 25 markets, and make it the second-largest owner of radio stations in the United States, behind only iHeartMedia
22.
WEAL
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WEAL is a gospel radio station in Greensboro, North Carolina targeting African Americans. It is located at 1510 and broadcasts only during daylight hours allowing clear channel station WLAC in Nashville, owned by Entercom, the stations studios are located near Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro, and a transmitter site is located downtown. WEAL provided music and information, for people who could not read, in 1963, Bill Mitchell left WPET to run WEAL. Among his accomplishments, the program Sounder, co-hosted by a black man, black advertisers did well on the station, but white-owned businesses were reluctant at first to run commercials on a black station. WEAL was the top station in Greensboro because white listeners had several choices, among WEALs best-known DJs were Alfred G. Richard and Merrill the Pearl Watson. Fitzgerald hired Richard, who was well known in South Carolina. Additional announcers were Prince Ike, Sam the Sham Tate, The Cookin Ty Miller, Tony TonyB Welborne, competition from FM radio and a daytime-only signal resulted in WEALs decline. In 1997, Sinclair Broadcast Group purchased WEAL and WQMG from Max Media, the deal also included WMQX and WJMH. In July 1999, Sinclair announced it would sell its four Greensboro radio stations to Entercom Communications, with FM reaching the same audience by the 1990s, the station began phasing out secular music. For several years, the call letters were WQMG-AM. Query the FCCs AM station database for WEAL Radio-Locator Information on WEAL Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WEAL
23.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
24.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
25.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
26.
Piedmont Triad
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The Piedmont Triad is a north-central region of the U. S. state of North Carolina that consists of the area within and surrounding the three major cities of Greensboro, Winston-Salem, and High Point. This close group or triad of cities lies in the Piedmont geographical region of the United States, the area of the triad is approximately 5,954 square miles. The metropolitan area is connected by Interstates 40,85,73, the Triad is not to be confused with the Triangle region, directly to the east. As of 2012, the Piedmont Triad has an population of 1,611,243 making it the 33rd largest CSA metropolitan area in the United States. However, for all intents and purposes the region still functions as a metropolitan area. The area also has its share of scientific museums, such as SciWorks, the International Civil Rights Center and Museum, the Wake Forest Museum of Anthropology. The North Carolina Zoo, the worlds largest open-air natural habitat zoo, is located just outside the Randoph County city of Asheboro, the economy in the Piedmont Triad is a mixed economy. The Triad area is notable for large textile, tobacco, the Triad remains a national center for textile manufacturing, represented by corporations including Hanes based in Winston-Salem, and International Textile Group, based in Greensboro. Numerous furniture manufacturers are also headquartered in the Triad area, especially in the cities of High Point, Thomasville, the furniture and textile industries have in turn spawned large trucking, logistics, and warehousing businesses in the area. Popular brands like Thomasville and Lexington are derived from the names of these cities, recently, however, many furniture and tobacco factories have been closing and/or laying off workers across the region in response to escalating industrial globalization. After many of the old industries in the area began to die out, Dell, Inc. in the early 2000s struck a deal with local officials allowing for the construction of a new computer assembly plant near the Triad city of Kernersville. However, Dell pulled out of its contract with the city, upon full build out of the project, it is expected to be housed by two 75-acre campuses, employ approximately 2,000 people, and generate $50 million per year to the Triad economy. LabCorp, one of the largest clinical laboratories in the world, has its corporate headquarters, four major Interstate highways and numerous secondary Interstate routes and US routes serve the region, Interstate highways I-40, the primary east-west route across the region. In the eastern Triad, it is conjoined with I-85, the two routes split in Greensboro. I-40 Business, runs through Kernersville and Winston-Salem and it is a former alignment of I-40. I-840, part of the Greensboro Urban Loop, currently under construction, when complete, I-840 will be the northern half of the loop. I-73, the primary route across the region, much of which has yet to be constructed. This portion was designated as I-40, with the current
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Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
28.
Broadcasting
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Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of communication were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, the receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset, the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio. The U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines broadcasting as transmissions intended for reception by the general public, private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur and citizens band radio operators are not allowed to broadcast, as defined, transmitting and broadcasting are not the same. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like television, are also considered broadcasts. In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well, the earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail and they developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century, by the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the AM band and later on FM. Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread after World War II, satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS emerging in the 1980s. Originally all broadcasting was composed of signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information, Analog audio vs. HD Radio Analog television vs.9 zettabytes. This is the equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986. Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and/or video to the public, Telephone broadcasting. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting, Radio broadcasting, audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver
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Piedmont Triad International Airport
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The airport, located just off Bryan Boulevard, sits on a 2,800 acre campus and has 3 runways. Piedmont Triad International airport is the third busiest airport in North Carolina averaging 280 takeoffs, PTI is owned and operated by the Piedmont Triad Airport Authority. An antecedent of PTI Airport, one of the first commercial airports in the South, Maynard Field was dedicated on December 6,1919, racing pilot Captain Roscoe Turner referred to the current location of Piedmont Triad International Airport as the best landing field in the south. Greensboro and Guilford County jointly purchased the Friendship property from Paul C. and Helen G. Lindley, the field then had no runways, no lights, no hangar, and no passenger station. Charles Lindbergh stopped at Lindley Field with the Spirit of St. Louis on his cross-country tour celebrating the advances of aviation on October 14,1927, regular mail service started in 1928. Sid Malloy, the pilot of the aircraft, landed with two bags of mail and took three bags of mail to be sent to Atlanta, after a brief closure during the Great Depression, the airport reopened on May 17,1937 with two all-weather runways. In time, Pitcairn Aviation built a hangar, Greensboro built a station, the United States government established a weather bureau. Passenger service was inaugurated by Dixie Flying Service on November 6,1930, with a route to Washington, Pitcairn Aviation took over the route under its new name Eastern Air Transport, which later became Eastern Air Lines. In July 1942 responsibility for the airport was given to the Greensboro-High Point Airport Authority, with representatives from Greensboro, High Point, shortly thereafter the Army Air Corps requisitioned the airport and its facilities for war use and airmail and passenger service was discontinued. The Corps lengthened the runways and built a new passenger terminal, civilian service resumed after the war, though growth was moderate due to the success of nearby Smith Reynolds Airport in Winston-Salem. 1950s, The new passenger terminal opened in 1958, replacing the facility that had served since World War II. The new terminal was a glass paneled structure with a single pier. PTI was then served by Eastern, Piedmont, and Capital, 1970s, By 1975 airport officials began to plan for a new terminal. Piedmont Airlines, which for years had served PTI and Smith Reynolds Airport in nearby Winston-Salem, in the months that followed, Piedmont Airlines instead opened a hub in Charlotte. The airport was renamed Greensboro-High Point Airport and later Greensboro – High Point – Winston-Salem Regional Airport, work on a new facility began in 1978. The airport gained greater prominence on the East Coast offering passenger service from Delta, Piedmont, United, cargo carriers, including the postal service, textile manufacturers, and Federal Express- a new overnight letter and package delivery service- were shipping tons of freight each year. 1980s, The new terminal complex was completed in 1982, designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills, the following year, the Marriott opened a $16 million, 300-room hotel on the airport property. The facility was renamed Piedmont Triad International in 1987, 1990s, TIMCO Aviation Services opened its world headquarters at PTI
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Stokesdale, North Carolina
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Stokesdale is a town in the northwestern corner of Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,267 at the 2000 census, at the 2010 census, the population had risen to 5,047. Stokesdale is located at 36°14′11″N 79°58′57″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 19.5 square miles, of which,19.4 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,047 people,1,201 households, the population density was 168.5 people per square mile. There were 1,268 housing units at a density of 65.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 90. 69% White,6. 95% African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 67% Asian,0. 46% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 93% of the population. 16. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was out with 26. 2% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,33. 7% from 25 to 44,21. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $51,484, and the median income for a family was $58,185. Males had an income of $37,167 versus $28,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,548, about 5. 2% of families and 5. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and 12. 9% of those age 65 or over. Town of Stokesdale The Stokesdale News Atlantic & Yadkin Railway Stokesdale Parks and Recreation, Inc
31.
Voice-tracking
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It is one of the notable effects of radio homogenization. Strictly speaking, voice-tracking refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording his or her on-air patter and it is then combined with songs, commercials, and other elements in order to produce a product that sounds like a live air shift. Voice-tracking has become common on many radio stations, particularly during evening, overnight, weekend. It is seen by most radio station owners as an alternative to employing live disc jockeys around the clock. The process goes back decades and was common on FM stations in the 1970s. At the time, elements were recorded on magnetic tapes and broadcast cartridges. Most contemporary broadcast automation systems at music stations effectively function as high-tech jukeboxes, pieces of audio are digitized as computer files and saved on one or more hard drives. Station personnel create program logs which list exactly what is supposed to be on the air, the computer follows the instructions set out in the playlist. In some cases, voice-tracking is done in order to station employees the flexibility to carry out other responsibilities. For example, a DJ may also have duties as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record an air shift in under a half-hour. This can also be used if a DJ is on vacation, is ill, has jury service, voice tracking is also helpful during holidays like Christmas and Easter, when station employees are off to spend time with their families. Companies that house more than one station can use the technique to stretch out their air staff, for example, the live midday disc jockey on a country station can then record voice tracks for the overnight shift of the sister rock station. Undoubtedly, the most notorious form of voice-tracking involves using out-of-market talent, in this form, the station contracts with a disc jockey in another city. The outsider will add local color using information provided by the station, the recorded voice tracks are then sent to the station by shipping tapes, e-mailing the file as audio attachments, FTP, or dedicated networks. DJs of this style often make a point of trying to sound as local as possible, one motivation is to provide smaller-market radio stations with a polished, big-city sound. Using experienced professional disc jockeys can avoid mistakes often made by younger or less-experienced talent, another motivation is for companies to use smaller market talent to voice-track on their larger stations, thus eliminating the need for higher salaried employees in the larger markets. See the controversy section below for more, depending on how the system is set up, a cyber jock may be able to plug the sound directly into the stations automation system remotely, meaning the local staff doesnt have to do anything at all
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Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
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Musician
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A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician, Musicians can specialize in any musical style, and some musicians play in a variety of different styles. Examples of a musicians possible skills include performing, conducting, singing, composing, arranging, in the Middle Ages, instrumental musicians performed with soft ensembles inside and loud instruments outdoors. Many European musicians of this time catered to the Roman Catholic Church, providing arrangements structured around Gregorian chant structure, vocal pieces were in Latin—the language of church texts of the time—and typically were Church-polyphonic or made up of several simultaneous melodies. Giovanni Palestrina Giovanni Gabrieli Thomas Tallis Claudio Monteverdi Leonardo da Vinci The Baroque period introduced heavy use of counterpoint, vocal and instrumental “color” became more important compared to the Renaissance style of music, and emphasized much of the volume, texture and pace of each piece. George Frideric Handel Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi Classical music was created by musicians who lived during a time of a middle class. Many middle-class inhabitants of France at the time lived under long-time absolute monarchies, because of this, much of the music was performed in environments that were more constrained compared to the flourishing times of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. This age included the initial transformations of the Industrial Revolution, a revolutionary energy was also at the core of Romanticism, which quite consciously set out to transform not only the theory and practice of poetry and art, but the common perception of the world. Some major Romantic Period precepts survive, and still affect modern culture, in 20th-century music, composers and musicians rejected the emotion-dominated Romantic period, and strove to represent the world the way they perceived it. Musicians wrote to be. objective, while objects existed on their own terms, while past eras concentrated on spirituality, this new period placed emphasis on physicality and things that were concrete. The advent of recording and mass media in the 20th century caused a boom of all kinds of music—popular music, rock music, electronic music, folk music. Singer Composer Music artist Tour Manager Media related to Musicians at Wikimedia Commons
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Birthday
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A birthday is an occasion when a person or institution celebrates the anniversary of their birth. Birthdays are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with a gift, party, many religions celebrate the birth of their founders with special holidays. There is a distinction between birthday and birthdate, The former, other than February 29, occurs each year, in most legal systems, one becomes designated as an adult on a particular birthday, and reaching age-specific milestones confers particular rights and responsibilities. Most countries set the age of majority between 18 and 21, in some Hispanic countries, as well as in Portuguese-speaking Brazil, the quinceañera or festa de quinze anos celebration traditionally marks a girls 15th birthday. In Nepal and India, on a childs first birthday, their head is shaved while being held by a special fire, removal of the hair is believed to cleanse the child of any evil in past lives, and symbolizes a renewal of the soul. Hindu male children of some castes, like Brahmins, have the 12th or 13th birthday replaced with a grand thread ceremony, the child takes a blessed thread and wears it, symbolizing his coming of age. In the Philippines, a party called a debut is held for girls on their 18th birthday. In some Asian countries that follow the calendar, there is a tradition of celebrating the 60th birthday. In Korea, many celebrate a traditional ceremony of Baek-il and Doljanchi, in Japan there is a Coming of Age Day, for all of those who have turned 20 years of age. In British Commonwealth nations cards from the Royal Family are sent to those celebrating their 100th and 105th birthday, in Ghana, on their birthday, children wake up to a special treat called oto which is a patty made from mashed sweet potato and eggs fried in palm oil. Later they have a party where they usually eat stew and rice and a dish known as kelewele. Jewish boys have a bar mitzvah on their 13th birthday, jewish girls have a bat mitzvah on their 12th birthday, or sometimes on their 13th birthday in Reform and Conservative Judaism. This marks the transition where they become obligated in commandments of which they were exempted and are counted as part of the community. The birthdays of historically significant people, such as heroes or founders, are often commemorated by an official holiday marking the anniversary of their birth. Catholic saints are remembered by a liturgical feast on the anniversary of their birth into heaven a. k. a. their day of death. The ancient Romans marked the anniversary of a dedication or other founding event as a dies natalis. A persons golden or grand birthday, also referred to as their birthday, champagne birthday, or star birthday. An individuals Beddian birthday, named in tribute to firefighter Bobby Beddia, in many cultures and jurisdictions, if a persons real birthday is not known, then their birthday may be considered to be January 1
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The Notorious B.I.G.
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Christopher George Latore Wallace, better known by his stage names The Notorious B. I. G. Biggie, or Biggie Smalls, was an American rapper and he is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time. Wallace was raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the following year, Wallace led his childhood friends to chart success through his protégé group, Junior M. A. F. I. A. While recording his album, Wallace was heavily involved in the growing East Coast–West Coast hip hop feud. On March 9,1997, Wallace was killed by an assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. Wallace was noted for his loose, easy flow, dark semi-autobiographical lyrics, two more albums have been released since his death. He has certified sales of 17 million units in the United States and his father left the family when Wallace was two years old, and his mother worked two jobs while raising him. Wallace grew up in the Clinton Hill section of Brooklyn on 226 St. James Place near the border of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, at Queen of All Saints Middle School, Wallace excelled in class, winning several awards as an English student. He was nicknamed Big because of his size by age 10. He said he started dealing drugs when he was around the age of 12 and his mother, often away at work, did not know of her sons drug dealing until Wallace was an adult. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student, at age seventeen, Wallace dropped out of school and became further involved in crime. In 1989, he was arrested on charges in Brooklyn. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation, a year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail before making bail, Wallace began rapping when he was a teenager. He entertained people on the streets and performed with groups the Old Gold Brothers. The tape was made with no serious intent of getting a recording deal. However, it was promoted by New York-based DJ Mister Cee, who had worked with Big Daddy Kane. In March 1992, Wallace was featured in The Sources Unsigned Hype column, dedicated to aspiring rappers, the demo tape was heard by Uptown Records A&R and record producer Sean Combs, who arranged for a meeting with Wallace
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Tupac Shakur
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Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli or just Pac, was an American rapper, record producer, actor, activist and poet. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide and his double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best-selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by publications, including Rolling Stone. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time, on April 7,2017, Shakur will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the hip hop group Digital Underground. The themes of most of Shakurs songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism, and other social problems. Both of his parents and several people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party, whose ideals were reflected in his songs. I. G. On September 7,1996, Shakur was fatally shot in a shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Shakur was born on June 16,1971, in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. His mother Afeni Shakur and his father Billy Garland were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Lesane was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of Conspiracy against the United States government, Many people in Shakurs life were involved with the Black Liberation Army, some were convicted of serious criminal offenses and imprisoned, including his mother. His godfather, Elmer Geronimo Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery and his stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBIs Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982. Mutulu was wanted for having helped his sister Assata Shakur, Tupacs godmother and she had been imprisoned since 1977 for killing a state trooper in 1973. She lived as a fugitive for years before gaining asylum in Cuba in 1985. Mutulu was caught in 1986, tried and convicted, and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in two police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur had a stepbrother, Mopreme Komani Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa. His stepbrother Mopreme performed in many of his recordings, in 1986, his family moved to Baltimore, Maryland. After completing his year at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
