1.
Lancaster, New Hampshire
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Lancaster is a town in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States, on the Connecticut River named after Lancaster, England. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,507. It is the county seat of Coos County and gateway to the Great North Woods Region, Lancaster, which includes the villages of Grange and South Lancaster, is home to Weeks State Park and the Lancaster Fair. Part of the White Mountain National Forest is in the eastern portion, the town is part of the Berlin, NH−VT Micropolitan Statistical Area. Lancaster is the site of the PorcFest summer camp gathering of the Free State Project. Granted as Upper Coos in 1763 by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth to Captain David Page of Petersham, Massachusetts and it was the first settlement north of Haverhill,50 miles to the south, and originally included land in what is now Vermont. Situated on the northern Connecticut River, the community endured many Indian hostilities and it would be named for Lancaster, Massachusetts, hometown of an early inhabitant. Reverend Joshua Weeks, a grantee of the town, was among the group of explorers who named the mountains of the Presidential Range, other grantees were Timothy Nash and Benjamin Sawyer, who discovered Crawford Notch in 1771, making a shorter route to Portland, Maine possible. Many water-powered mills have come and gone, including sawmills, several potato starch mills, one of the largest gristmills in the state, a granite quarry operated in the Kilkenny Range. With fertile meadows beside the Connecticut River, Lancaster was in 1874 the twelfth most productive agricultural town in the state, an extension of the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad shipped products to market, and brought tourists to the grand hotels in the area. Just south of the center is Mount Prospect, summer home to Senator John W. Weeks. In 1910, he purchased several farms to assemble the 420-acre estate and it is now Weeks State Park, which features a fire lookout and his mansion, open for tours during the summer. A ski rope tow operates on the slope in winter, many of the White Mountains and Green Mountains can be seen from the stone observation tower built in 1912 atop the 2, 059-foot summit. The Presidential Range is to the southeast, with the Franconia Range to the south, Mount Weeks, elevation 3,900 ft, is in the Kilkenny Range to the northeast. It is named for the senator, as is the Weeks Medical Center, Weeks Memorial Library, a Beaux Arts landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, was given by John W. Weeks in memory of his father, William Dennis Weeks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 50.7 square miles, of which 49.8 square miles is land and 0.9 square miles is water. The town center, or census-designated place, has an area of 2.1 sq mi, of which 2.0 sq mi is land. Lancaster is drained by the Israel River, and is fully within the Connecticut River watershed, the town also includes Martin Meadow Pond
2.
Northeast Kingdom
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The Northeast Kingdom is the northeast corner of the U. S. state of Vermont, comprising Essex, Orleans and Caledonia counties and having a population at the 2010 census of 64,764. In Vermont, the written term NEK is often used, the term Northeast Kingdom is attributed to George D. Aiken, former Governor of Vermont and a U. S. senator, who first used the term in a 1949 speech. The area is referred to by Vermonters simply as The Kingdom. Interstate 91, Interstate 93, and U. S. Route 2 connect travelers to the Northeast Kingdom, the Northeast Kingdom is bordered on the east by the Connecticut River and on the west by the Green Mountains. The highest point is Jay Peak, a summit on the ridge of the Green Mountains. The highest point outside of the Green Mountains is East Mountain in East Haven, the Kingdom encompasses 55 towns and gores, with a land area of 2,027 square miles, about 21% of the state of Vermont. The city of Newport is the incorporated city in the tri-county area. As of 1997, 80% of the Northeast Kingdom was covered by forest, 59% was northern hardwood, 29% spruce or fir. The Northeast Kingdom has been listed in the North American and international editions of 1,000 Places to See Before You Die, the New York Times best-selling book by Patricia Schultz. In 2006, the National Geographic Society named the Northeast Kingdom as the most desirable place to visit in the country, the largest municipalities in the Northeast Kingdom are the towns of St. Johnsbury, Lyndon, and Derby, and the city of Newport. Views and vistas differ sharply from those of the central mountain spine. The presence of kame terraces in the counties are of interest in connection with the drift that gave the Northeast Kingdom its soil and its surface stones. These terraces have beds of sand and clay from which bricks were once manufactured, two land masses collided at the end of the Ordovician Period about 466 million years ago. This collision first formed what are now the Green Mountains which extend into the westernmost part of the Northeast Kingdom and it also created great pressure within the earth, resulting in active volcanoes. The resultant eruptions produced igneous rock which became the granite found in many of the regions mountains, the remaining geology was created during the Silurian-Devonian Period, about 400 million years ago, and left behind slate, with some granite, schist, and limestone. An expansion of the polar glaciers resulted in an ice age greatly affected the geology. A 1-mile-thick sheet of ice covered the Kingdom several times, over one million years and it brought the many boulders seen in the area and created many prominent features, including Lake Memphremagog, Lake Willoughby, and Crystal Lake. The retreat of the Laurentide glacier allowed the Green Mountains again to arise, a saltwater incursion resulting in the Champlain Sea from the Atlantic Ocean covered much of Vermont including what is now Lake Memphremagog
3.
Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
4.
Grafton County, New Hampshire
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Grafton County is a county located in the state of New Hampshire, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 89,118 and its county seat is North Haverhill, which is a village within the town of Haverhill. Until 1972, the county courthouse and other offices were located in downtown Woodsville, Grafton County is part of the Claremont-Lebanon, NH–VT Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county is the home of Dartmouth College and Plymouth State University, Grafton was one of the five counties originally identified for New Hampshire in 1769. It was named for Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who had been a supporter of American causes in Parliament, and who was serving as British Prime Minister at the time. The county was organized at Woodsville in 1771, and originally included the northern frontier of New Hampshire. In 1803, the area was removed for the formation of Coos County. The three counties to the south were Strafford, Hillsborough and Cheshire, and the eastern edge bordered the District of Maine, in 1797, the county contained 50 townships and 17 locations, and had a population of 23,093. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,750 square miles. It is the second-largest county in New Hampshire by area, about half of its total area is in the White Mountain National Forest. Squam Lake, featured in the film On Golden Pond, and the Old Man of the Mountain landmark are located here, as are Dartmouth College, many of the 4, 000-foot mountains of New Hampshire are within the county. The Appalachian Trail passes through parts of at least ten towns in the county, White Mountain National Forest As of the census of 2000, there were 81,743 people,31,598 households, and 20,254 families residing in the county. The population density was 48 people per square mile, there were 43,729 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 76% White,1. 73% Asian,0. 53% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 39% from other races, and 1. 26% from two or more races. 1. 12% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19. 0% were of English,12. 9% Irish,11. 1% French,7. 8% American,7. 5% German,6. 8% French Canadian and 5. 5% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 1% spoke English,1. 5% French and 1. 3% Spanish as their first language,27. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.90
5.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
6.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
7.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
8.
Littleton, New Hampshire
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Littleton is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,928 at the 2010 census, situated at the edge of the White Mountains, Littleton is bounded on the northwest by the Connecticut River. Called Chiswick in 1764, the area was settled in 1769, the town was part of Lisbon until 1770, when it was granted as Apthorp in honor of George Apthorp, head of one of the wealthiest mercantile establishments in Boston, Massachusetts. The land was passed to the Apthorp familys associates from Newburyport, Massachusetts. Colonel Little held the post of Surveyor of the Kings Woods, and the town was named in his honor when it was incorporated in 1784, located along the banks of the Ammonoosuc River is the Littleton Grist Mill. The historic mill first opened in 1798, and has fully restored to its original appearance. Between 1867 and 1909, the local Kilburn Brothers factory published photographs, stereoviews, and sold stereoscopes, double-picture viewers popular in the Victorian age. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 54.1 square miles, of which 50.1 square miles is land and 4.0 square miles is water. The main village of Littleton, a place, has a total area of 8.6 square miles. Littleton is drained by the Ammonoosuc River, the Moore Dam on the Connecticut River forms Moore Reservoir in the north. The highest point in the town is the summit of Towns Mountain, as of the census of 2010, there were 5,928 people,2,673 households, and 1,596 families residing in the town. The population density was 118.3 people per square mile, there were 3,065 housing units at an average density of 61.2 units/sq mi. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 2% White,0. 4% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 0% Asian,0. 5% some other race,1. 9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 33. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.21, and the average family size was 2.77. In the town, the population was out with 21. 4% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,23. 3% from 25 to 44,30. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44.1 years, for every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males, for the time period 2007-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the town was $45,290, and the median income for a family was $50,921. Male full-time workers had an income of $40,745 versus $32,972 for females
9.
Repeater
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In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast a signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example. A broadcast relay station is a used in broadcast radio. When an information-bearing signal passes through a channel, it is progressively degraded due to loss of power. The longer the wire is, the power is lost. So with a long enough wire the call will not be audible at the other end, similarly, the farther from a radio station a receiver is, the weaker the radio signal, and the poorer the reception. A repeater is a device in a communication channel that increases the power of a signal and retransmits it. Since it amplifies the signal, it requires a source of electric power, the term repeater originated with telegraphy in the 19th century, and referred to an electromechanical device used to regenerate telegraph signals. Use of the term has continued in telephony and data communications and this is used to increase the range of telephone signals in a telephone line. They are most frequently used in trunklines that carry long distance calls, since the telephone is a duplex communication system, the wire pair carries two audio signals, one going in each direction. So telephone repeaters have to be bilateral, amplifying the signal in both directions without causing feedback, which complicates their design considerably, telephone repeaters were the first type of repeater and were some of the first applications of amplification. The development of telephone repeaters between 1900 and 1915 made long distance phone service possible, however most telecommunications cables are now fiber optic cables which use optical repeaters. Submarine cable repeater This is a type of telephone used in underwater submarine telecommunications cables. This is used to increase the range of signals in a fiber optic cable, digital information travels through a fiber optic cable in the form of short pulses of light. The light is made up of particles called photons, which can be absorbed or scattered in the fiber, however, optical amplifiers are being developed for repeaters to amplify the light itself without the need of converting it to an electric signal first. Some repeaters have been powered by light energy transmitted down the fiber with the signal and this is used to extend the range of coverage of a radio signal. A radio repeater usually consists of a receiver connected to a radio transmitter
10.
Berlin, New Hampshire
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Berlin /ˈbɜːrlᵻn/ is a city along the Androscoggin River in Coos County in northern New Hampshire, United States. The population was 10,051 at the 2010 census and it includes the village of Cascade. Located on the edge of the White Mountains, the boundaries extend into the White Mountain National Forest. Berlin is the city of the Berlin Micropolitan Statistical Area. Because Quebec is less than 60 miles away, Berlin has a number of people of French Canadian descent in its population. Around 65% of its residents speak a variant of New England French, around 11,000 years ago, small groups of Native Americans camped around the area of what is now called Berlin. In later years, the Eastern Abenaki tribes came to Berlin to mine rhyolite on Mt. Jasper, when English colonists came to America, Berlin was first granted on December 31,1771 by Colonial Governor John Wentworth, as Maynesborough after Sir William Mayne. But the grantees did not take up their claims, which disappeared with the Revolution, in 1802, Seth Eames and Gideon Tirrell were sent by the descendants of Mayne to explore and mark lots for settlers, and still no one came. Maynesborough was settled in 1823-1824 by William Sessions and his nephew, both men were from Gilead, Maine. With 65 inhabitants in 1829, the New England town was reincorporated on July 1 as Berlin with the help of Cyrus father, situated in a heavily forested region, the community developed early into a center for logging and wood industries. Falls on the Androscoggin River provided water power for sawmills, in 1826, a road was built to Gorham by Thomas, Amos, and Daniel Green. In 1851 the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad entered Berlin, acquiring water, timber, and rail rights in the early 1850s, the H. Winslow & Company built a sawmill at the head of Berlin Falls. In 1868, William Wentworth Brown and Lewis T. Brown bought a controlling interest in the business, in 1866, a schoolteacher named Elmire Jolicoeur invented the dish now known as a Casserole and served it to students and travelers. By 1885, the town was home to several pulp and paper mills, including the Riverside Mill, Forest Fibre Company. Because of the need for labor in the mills, immigrants arrived from Russia, Norway, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Ireland, many others were French Canadians from nearby Quebec. In 1872, a group of Scandinavians founded the nations oldest ski club and it was originally called the North American Ski Club, but later was renamed the Nansen Ski Club. This was in honor of Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1888 skied across Greenland, in 1897, Berlin was incorporated as a city, the northernmost in the state
11.
Adult contemporary music
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Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music. Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and it is usually melodic enough to get a listeners attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure, the format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched, however, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers. An AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it excludes hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as these are popular among adults. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s, a common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart, over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including hot AC, soft AC, urban AC, rhythmic AC, and Christian AC. Some stations play only hot AC, soft AC, or only one of the variety of subgenres, therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music, it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres. Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, a few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17,1961, with 20 songs, the chart described itself as not too far out in either direction. Initially, the vocalists consisted of such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s. After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced, better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the charts most popular performers and these middle of the road stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs. Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or beautiful music stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient, hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody
12.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
13.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
14.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
15.
WXKS-FM
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WXKS-FM, better known as Kiss 108, is a radio station in Boston, Massachusetts, licensed to nearby Medford broadcasting a Top 40 format. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station operates on 107.9 FM, and is a station to rhythmic contemporary WJMN, once a major rival to Kiss. The stations studios are located in Medford and the site sits atop the Prudential Tower in downtown Boston. Morning DJ Matt Siegel has been a fixture on the Boston airwaves since 1981, the Sunday edition of Open House Party hosted by Kannon was broadcast shortly on Kiss 108, replacing the Saturday night show, until May 2008. The station first went on the air September 1,1960 as WHIL-FM, a simulcast of sister station WHIL, for much of the sixties, WHIL & WHIL-FM were country-music stations, but in late 1972, both stations switched to beautiful music as WWEL and FM. The calls refer to Wellington Square in Medford, where the studios were located. Despite moving the FM transmitter to the top of the Prudential Tower in 1972, in 1978, WWEL-FM broadcast the night games of the Boston Red Sox as their flagship station delivered a poor night signal in much of Metro Boston. The stations were sold to Heftel Communications, operated by U. S. Rep. Cecil Heftel in early 1979. Heftel changed the letters to WXKS, adopted Kiss 108 as an identity. The first song played under this new format was At Midnight by T-Connection, under Heftel, the station soared to near the top of the Arbitron ratings, and forced WBOS out of the format in early 1980. Sunny Joe White, a young programmer came aboard at Kiss-108 upon its shift to disco and had much to do with the early success. At the end of 1979, WXKS-AM dropped disco to adopt an adult standards format, the genre would later become the format now known as Rhythmic contemporary, which is now the current format of sister station WJMN. By 1988, WXKS began to shift out of the Rhythmic direction, on January 27,2006, WXKS-FM went live with an HD2 digital broadcast referred to by Clear Channel Communications, who by then had acquired the station, as the Artists Channel. The broadcast is available as an Internet radio station. It then went to a new CHR format before becoming a simulcast of WXKS in 2010, in August 2012, that station changed formats to all-comedy, with the HD2 channel following suit. When 1200 AM flipped to Bloomberg Radio in February 2013, the format was retained on the HD2. On January 14,2008 WSKX in York, Maine began simulcasting WXKS-FM, in August 2009, WSKX stopped simulcasting Kiss 108, but retained a Top 40 format. The Kiss 108 Top 30 Countdown is a locally produced program on Kiss 108, the countdown once aired solely on Saturday mornings from 7AM to 10AM, but now, is broadcast twice on the weekend, Saturday mornings from 9AM to 12PM and Sunday nights from 7PM to 10PM
16.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
17.
WLTN-FM
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WLTN-FM is an Adult Contemporary/Full-Service formatted radio station in New Hampshire licensed to Lisbon, serving northern New Hampshire and the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont. WLTN-FM is owned by Barry P. Lunderville, wLTN-FM went on the air August 19,1991, as a Class A radio station in broadcasting from Lisbon, New Hampshire and with studios in Littleton. On air it was known as Gold 96-7 and it was a locally-operated Oldies radio station, in 1994, the services of Westwood Ones Oldies Channel were instituted.7. When the station was sold to Lunderville, it known as Mix 96.7. The station currently carries CBS Radio News, Query the FCCs FM station database for WLTN Radio-Locator information on WLTN Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WLTN
18.
WLTN (AM)
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WLTN is an American radio station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to serve the community of Littleton, New Hampshire, where the transmitter is also located. WLTN is affiliated with CBS Radio News and airs every hour. WLTN is a broadcast outlet for Boston Red Sox baseball, through the Red Sox Radio Network, WLTN can also be listened to online. The first FCC license renewal online shows that in 1982 WLTN was licensed to Profile Broadcasting Company, the station featured a News/Talk format throughout the 1990s and early 2000s until Sharp Broadcasting transferred control to Barry Lunderville and changed formats to oldies. In June 2005 the license was transferred to Lunderville, in addition to the main station, WLTN is relayed by an FM translator. Query the FCCs AM station database for WLTN Radio-Locator Information on WLTN Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WLTN WLTN AM Anchorman Dies
19.
WOTX
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WOTX is a radio station licensed to serve Lunenburg, Vermont. The station is owned by Alexxon Corp, the station signed on the air on May 5,2008 with a classic hits & classic rock hybrid format branded as The Outlaw. The station has been assigned call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since September 11,2007. In addition to the station, WOTX is relayed by additional translators. Query the FCCs FM station database for WOTX Radio-Locator information on WOTX Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WOTX Radio-Info
20.
WOXX
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WOXX is a radio station licensed to serve Colebrook, New Hampshire, USA, serving the Northern New Hampshire area. The station is owned by White Mountains Broadcasting LLC. On December 22,2011, WOXX signed on the air with a Classic Hits & Classic Rock hybrid format branded as The Outlaw just like WOTX. The stations call sign is similar to a sister station in Lunenburg, Vermont, WOTX, however. Query the FCCs FM station database for WOXX Radio-Locator information on WOXX Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WOXX
21.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
22.
Broadcasting
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Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of communication were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, the receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset, the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio. The U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines broadcasting as transmissions intended for reception by the general public, private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur and citizens band radio operators are not allowed to broadcast, as defined, transmitting and broadcasting are not the same. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like television, are also considered broadcasts. In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well, the earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail and they developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century, by the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the AM band and later on FM. Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread after World War II, satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS emerging in the 1980s. Originally all broadcasting was composed of signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information, Analog audio vs. HD Radio Analog television vs.9 zettabytes. This is the equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986. Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and/or video to the public, Telephone broadcasting. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting, Radio broadcasting, audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver
23.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
24.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
25.
Radio broadcasting
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Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a radio format. Audio broadcasting also can be done via radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio, the earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated, the thermionic valve was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming. He developed a device he called an oscillation valve, the heated filament, or cathode, was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the direction because the plate was not heated. Later known as the Fleming valve, it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current and this greatly improved the crystal set which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cats whisker. However, what was required was an amplifier. The triode was patented on March 4,1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben independent from that, on October 25,1906 and it wasnt put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable, however, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, although this is disputed. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year, in The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6,1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad, an engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2,1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license, the first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself, the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. A famous broadcast from Marconis New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on 15 June 1920 and she was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922, the BBC was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czech Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923
26.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
27.
WSTJ
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WSTJ is a radio station broadcasting an Adult Standards/MOR format. Licensed to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, USA, the station is owned by Vermont Broadcast Associates. WSTJ has been broadcasting the Boston Red Sox Radio Network since the station signed on as WTWN in 1949, WSTJ also broadcasts the New England Patriots Radio Network. Query the FCCs AM station database for WSTJ Radio-Locator Information on WSTJ Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WSTJ
28.
WIKE
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WIKE is a radio station located in Newport, Vermont. It currently broadcasts a music format at 1 kw 24 hours a day. It is owned by Vermont Broadcast Associates, Inc, the station, and 12 of the other stations, were then acquired by Vertical Capital Partners, controlled by Jeff Shapiro. Soon after taking over, Vertical resold WIKE and WMOO to Vermont Broadcast Associates, the sale of WIKE and the other 12 stations was consummated on November 30,2012, at a purchase price of $4.4 million. The resale of WIKE and WMOO was consummated on January 1,2013, Query the FCCs AM station database for WIKE Radio-Locator Information on WIKE Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WIKE
29.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
30.
WGLY-FM
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WGLY-FM is a radio station licensed to Bolton, Vermont, serving the Burlington, Vermont area. The station is owned by Christian Ministries, Inc, the Light Radio networks programming includes Christian Talk and Teaching and Christian music. Heather Sheppard and Bob Pierce are radio hosts, the Light Radio Network is also heard on five other full powered stations in Vermont, as well as four low powered translators. WGLG was formerly WNGF, owned by Northeast Gospel Broadcasting, in August 2013, upon the deals completion on April 15,2014, WNGFs call letters were changed to WGLG. The Light Radio Networks official website Query the FCCs FM station database for WGLY Radio-Locator information on WGLY Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WGLY Other station data
31.
WMOO
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WMOO is a hot adult contemporary formatted radio station broadcasting from Derby Center, Vermont, USA. It is owned by Vermont Broadcast Associates, Inc and it is rebroadcast on W257AU99.3 in St. Johnsbury. The station broadcasts a morning program The Moo 92 Wake Up Crew. The show is sometimes broadcast from local nursing homes, food shelves, the station, and 12 of the other stations, were then acquired by Vertical Capital Partners, controlled by Jeff Shapiro. Soon after taking over, Vertical resold WMOO and WIKE to Vermont Broadcast Associates, the sale of WMOO and the other 12 stations was consummated on November 30,2012, at a purchase price of $4.4 million. The resale of WMOO and WIKE was consummated on January 1,2013, at a purchase price of $760,000
32.
Three Angels Broadcasting Network
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Three Angels Broadcasting Network, or 3ABN, is an American nonprofit television and radio network broadcasting Christian and health-oriented programming, based in West Frankfort, Illinois. 3ABN is available throughout the United States, with an international audience. It is an independent non-denominational ministry, however, it supports the mission of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the focus of 3ABNs programming is a blend of family and social programs, health and lifestyle, gospel music, and a wide variety of Bible-based presentations. 3ABNs program lineups include both original and third-party programs, as of early 2009, 3ABNs main TV channel had 69% original programming, 3ABN Latino had 67% original programming, and 3ABN Russia had 100% original programming. The 3ABN International network has the same/similar lineup of programs as 3ABNs flagship network, 3ABN International carries 3ABN Now, the flagship program and some other programming produced by 3ABN Australia. Seventh-day Adventist Church List of Three Angels Broadcasting Network affiliates Three Angels Messages CBS 3ABN. org
