1.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
4.
Waldorf education
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Waldorf education, also known as Steiner education, is based on the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. Its pedagogy emphasizes the role of imagination in learning, striving to integrate holistically the intellectual, practical, the overarching goal is to develop free, morally responsible, and integrated individuals equipped with a high degree of social competence. Individual teachers and schools have a deal of autonomy in determining curriculum content, teaching methodology. The first Waldorf school opened in 1919 in Stuttgart, Germany, there are also a number of Waldorf-based public schools, charter schools and academies, and homeschooling environments. In Continental Europe, Waldorf pedagogy has become a theory of education that has influenced public schooling. Public funding of Waldorf schools in English-speaking countries is increasingly widespread but has encountered controversy and this is the source of the name Waldorf, which is now trademarked in some countries in association with the method. The Stuttgart school grew rapidly and soon the majority of pupils were from families not connected directly with the company, the co-educational school was the first comprehensive school in Germany, serving children from all social classes, genders, abilities, and interests. Waldorf education became widely known in Britain in 1922 through lectures Steiner gave on education at a conference at Oxford University. The first school in England, now Michael Hall school, was founded in 1925, the first in the USA, the Rudolf Steiner School in New York City, in 1928. By the 1930s, numerous schools inspired by the school or its pedagogical principles had opened in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Hungary, the USA. Political interference from the Nazi regime limited and ultimately closed most Waldorf schools in Europe, with the exception of the British, Swiss, the affected schools were reopened after the Second World War, though those in Soviet-dominated areas were closed again a few years later by Communist regimes. In North America, the number of Waldorf schools increased from nine in the US and one in Canada in 1967 to around 200 in the US, there are currently 33 Steiner schools in the United Kingdom and four in the Republic of Ireland. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Waldorf schools began to proliferate in Central, most recently, many schools have opened in Asia, especially in China. There are currently over 1,000 independent Waldorf schools worldwide, the structure of Waldorf education follows Steiners theory of child development, which divides childhood into three developmental stages, and describes learning strategies appropriate to each stage. These stages, each of which lasts seven years, are broadly similar to those described by Piaget. Steiners educational ideas closely follow modern common sense educational theory, as this has developed since Comenius and Pestalozzi. The stated purpose of this approach is to awaken the physical, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, social, a 2005 review found that Waldorf schools successfully develop creative, social and other capabilities important in the holistic growth of the person. Where is the book in which the teacher can read about what teaching is, the children themselves are this book
5.
Anthroposophy
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Anthroposophy aims to attain in its study of spiritual experience the precision and clarity attained by the natural sciences in their investigations of the physical world. The philosophy has double roots in German idealism and German mysticism and was expressed in language drawn from Theosophy. The Anthroposophical Society has its center at the Goetheanum in Dornach. Modern critics, particularly Michael Shermer, have termed anthroposophys application in such as medicine, biology. Anthroposophy has also been termed the most important esoteric society in European history, the early work of the founder of anthroposophy, Rudolf Steiner, culminated in his Philosophy of Freedom. Here, Steiner developed a concept of free will based on inner experiences, by the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiners interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research. His work began to interest others interested in ideas, among these was the Theosophical Society. From 1900 on, thanks to the reception given to his ideas. During the years of his leadership, membership increased dramatically, from a few individuals to sixty-nine Lodges, by 1907, a split between Steiner and the mainstream Theosophical Society had begun to become apparent. While the Society was oriented toward an Eastern and especially Indian approach, Steiner was trying to develop a path that embraced Christianity, the split became irrevocable when Annie Besant, then president of the Theosophical Society, began to present the child Jiddu Krishnamurti as the reincarnated Christ. Steiner strongly objected and considered any comparison between Krishnamurti and Christ to be nonsense, many later, Krishnamurti also repudiated the assertion. By this time, Steiner had reached considerable stature as a spiritual teacher and he spoke about what he considered to be his direct experience of the Akashic Records, thought to be a spiritual chronicle of the history, pre-history, and future of the world and mankind. In a number of works, Steiner described a path of development he felt would let anyone attain comparable spiritual experiences. In 1912, the Anthroposophical Society was founded, after World War I, the Anthroposophical movement took on new directions. Projects such as schools, centers for those with needs, organic farms and medical clinics were established. As a spiritual basis for the movement, Steiner wrote a Foundation Stone Meditation which remains a central meditative expression of anthroposophical ideas. Steiner died just over a year later, in 1925, by 2007, national branches of the Anthroposophical Society had been established in fifty countries, and about 10,000 institutions around the world were working on the basis of anthroposophy. In the same year, the Anthroposophical Society was called the most important esoteric society in European history, anthroposophy is an amalgam of the Greek terms ἄνθρωπος and σοφία
6.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
7.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
8.
Rudolf Steiner
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Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist. Steiner gained initial recognition at the end of the century as a literary critic. In the first, more philosophically oriented phase of this movement, Steiner advocated a form of ethical individualism, to which he later brought a more explicitly spiritual approach. He based his epistemology on Johann Wolfgang Goethes world view, in which Thinking… is no more, just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas. A consistent thread that runs from his earliest philosophical phase through his later spiritual orientation is the goal of demonstrating that there are no limits to human knowledge. Johann became an operator on the Southern Austrian Railway. Steiner entered the school, following a disagreement between his father and the schoolmaster, he was briefly educated at home. In 1869, when Steiner was eight years old, the moved to the village of Neudörfl. Before attending the Vienna Institute of Technology, Steiner had studied Kant, Fichte, Steiner later related that as a child he felt that one must carry the knowledge of the spiritual world within oneself after the fashion of geometry. One is permitted to know something which the mind alone, through its own power, in this feeling I found the justification for the spiritual world that I experienced. I confirmed for myself by means of geometry the feeling that I must speak of a world which is not seen. Steiner believed that at the age of 15 he had gained an understanding of the concept of time. At 21, on the train between his village and Vienna, Steiner met a herb gatherer, Felix Kogutzki, who spoke about the spiritual world as one who had his own experience therein. Kogutzki conveyed to Steiner a knowledge of nature that was non-academic, in 1888, as a result of his work for the Kürschner edition of Goethes works, Steiner was invited to work as an editor at the Goethe archives in Weimar. Steiner remained with the archive until 1896, during this time he also collaborated in complete editions of the works of Arthur Schopenhauer and the writer Jean Paul and wrote numerous articles for various journals. Steiners dissertation was published in expanded form as Truth and Knowledge, Prelude to a Philosophy of Freedom. Two years later, he published Die Philosophie der Freiheit, an exploration of epistemology, Steiner later spoke of this book as containing implicitly, in philosophical form, the entire content of what he later developed explicitly as anthroposophy. In 1896, Steiner declined an offer from Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to help organize the Nietzsche archive in Naumburg and her brother by that time was non compos mentis
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Epistemology
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Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief, the term Epistemology was first used by Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier in 1854. However, according to Brett Warren, King James VI of Scotland had previously personified this philosophical concept as the character Epistemon in 1591 and this philosophical approach signified a Philomath seeking to obtain greater knowledge through epistemology with the use of theology. The dialogue was used by King James to educate society on various concepts including the history, the word epistemology is derived from the ancient Greek epistēmē meaning knowledge and the suffix -logy, meaning a logical discourse to. J. F. Ferrier coined epistemology on the model of ontology, to designate that branch of philosophy which aims to discover the meaning of knowledge, and called it the true beginning of philosophy. The word is equivalent to the concept Wissenschaftslehre, which was used by German philosophers Johann Fichte, French philosophers then gave the term épistémologie a narrower meaning as theory of knowledge. Émile Meyerson opened his Identity and Reality, written in 1908, in mathematics, it is known that 2 +2 =4, but there is also knowing how to add two numbers, and knowing a person, place, thing, or activity. Some philosophers think there is an important distinction between knowing that, knowing how, and acquaintance-knowledge, with epistemology being primarily concerned with the first of these, while these distinctions are not explicit in English, they are defined explicitly in other languages. In French, Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch to know is translated using connaître, conhecer, conocer, modern Greek has the verbs γνωρίζω and ξέρω. Italian has the verbs conoscere and sapere and the nouns for knowledge are conoscenza and sapienza, German has the verbs wissen and kennen. The verb itself implies a process, you have to go from one state to another and this verb seems to be the most appropriate in terms of describing the episteme in one of the modern European languages, hence the German name Erkenntnistheorie. The theoretical interpretation and significance of linguistic issues remains controversial. In his paper On Denoting and his later book Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell stressed the distinction between knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance, gilbert Ryle is also credited with stressing the distinction between knowing how and knowing that in The Concept of Mind. This position is essentially Ryles, who argued that a failure to acknowledge the distinction between knowledge that and knowledge how leads to infinite regress and this includes the truth, and everything else we accept as true for ourselves from a cognitive point of view. Whether someones belief is true is not a prerequisite for belief, on the other hand, if something is actually known, then it categorically cannot be false. It would not be accurate to say that he knew that the bridge was safe, because plainly it was not. By contrast, if the bridge actually supported his weight, then he might say that he had believed that the bridge was safe, whereas now, after proving it to himself, epistemologists argue over whether belief is the proper truth-bearer. Some would rather describe knowledge as a system of justified true propositions, plato, in his Gorgias, argues that belief is the most commonly invoked truth-bearer
10.
Social threefolding
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Social threefolding is a sociological theory suggesting the progressive independence of societys economic, political and cultural institutions. It aims to human rights and equality in political life, freedom in cultural life. The idea was first proposed by Rudolf Steiner in the great cultural ferment immediately following the end of the First World War, the process of achieving the cooperative independence of these three societal realms is meant to be achieved through a gradual transformation of existing societal structures. A more specific example, Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter suggests governments frequently fail when they begin to give discretionary, the goal is for this independence to arise in such a way that those three realms can provide mutual balance. Many concrete reform proposals to advance a threefold social order at various scales have been advanced since 1919, some intentionally cooperative businesses and organizations, mostly in Europe, have attempted to realize a balance between the three spheres, within local structures. Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard, another application has been the creation of various socially responsible banks and foundations. Bernard Lievegoed incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development, prior to the end of World War I, Steiner spoke increasingly often of the dangerous tensions inherent in the contemporary societal structures and political entanglements. After the war, he saw an opportunity to establish a healthy social and political constitution and began lecturing throughout post-war Germany, often to large audiences. These were taken up by a number of prominent cultural and political leaders of the time, after the failure of this political initiative, Steiner ceased lecturing on the subject. The impulse continued to be active in ways, however. Steiner himself saw the continuation of this impulse in the Waldorf schools, benefit corporation officers are legally permitted and required to consider not only shareholder value and profit, but a range of socially responsible criteria for corporate decision-making. Steiner distinguished three realms of society, the economy, politics, law, and human rights, and cultural institutions, including science, education, arts, religion, and media. Steiner suggested the three would only become mutually corrective and function together in a way when each was granted sufficient independence. Among the various kinds of macrosocial imbalance Steiner observed, there were three types, Theocracy, in which the cultural sphere dominates the economic and political spheres. State Communism and state socialism, in which the state dominates the economic, traditional forms of capitalism, in which the economic sphere dominates the cultural and political spheres. Steiner related the French Revolutions slogan, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, the result would be a society-wide separation of powers. Examples, A government should not be able to culture, i. e. how people think, learn. A particular religion or ideology should not control the levers of the State, Steiner held that pluralism and freedom were the ideal for education and cultural life
11.
Stuttgart
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Stuttgart is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgart Cauldron an hour from the Swabian Jura. Stuttgarts urban area has a population of 623,738, making it the sixth largest city in Germany. 2.7 million people live in the administrative region and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area. Since the 6th millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive Castrum near Bad Cannstatt, Stuttgarts roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia as a stud farm for his warhorses. Overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320, the fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their County, Duchy, and Kingdom from the 15th Century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the forms of the Thirty Years War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city, however, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major economic, industrial, tourism and publishing center it is today. Stuttgart is also an important transport junction, and possesses the sixth largest airport in Germany. Such companies as Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler AG, Dinkelacker, Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities. It is spread across a variety of hills, valleys and parks and this is often a source of surprise to visitors who associate the city with its reputation as the Cradle of the Automobile. The citys tourism slogan is Stuttgart offers more, under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure, the city unveiled a new logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as Das neue Herz Europas. For business, it describes itself as Where business meets the future, in July 2010, Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area. Stuttgart is a city of mostly immigrants, according to Dorling Kindersley Publishings Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner. 40% of Stuttgarts residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five are of immigrant background, the reason for this being that the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses. Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley as the rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt. As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby, when they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery. When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the 3rd Century by the Alamanni, in 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a Chan Stada in a document regarding property
12.
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke
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Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke was a British historian and professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter, best known for his authorship of several scholarly books on esoteric traditions. Goodrick-Clarke was born in Lincoln, UK, on 15 January 1953, at Bristol University he studied German, politics and philosophy and gained a first with distinction. Moving to St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, Goodrick-Clarke took a D. Phil with a dissertation on the modern Occult Revival, goodrick-Clarkes Oxford DPhil dissertation was the basis for his most celebrated work, The Occult Roots of Nazism. This book has been continually in print since its first publication in 1985, later works include his well-regarded Paracelsus, Essential Readings, published in 1990, and Black Sun, Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. In his varied career, Goodrick-Clarke worked as a schoolmaster, banker, while at Exeter he wrote The Western Esoteric Traditions, A Historical Introduction, published in 2008. Goodrick-Clarke was a member of both the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism and the Association for the Study of Esotericism. He was a faculty member of the New York Open Center from 1995, Goodrick-Clarke was the Director of the Centre for the Study of Esotericism within the College of Humanities at Exeter until his death on 29 August 2012. Goodrick-Clarke is survived by his wife Clare, whom he married in 1985, the Occult Roots of Nazism, The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935.1985 – ISBN 0-85030-402-4 Enchanted City – Arthur Machen and Locality, Scenes from His Early London Years, 1880–85. 1987 – ISBN 0-948482-03-6 The Western Esoteric Traditions, A Historical Introduction, mead and the Gnostic Quest, by G. R. S. Paracelsus, Essential Readings, edited by Goodrick-Clarke – ISBN 1-55643-316-6, swedenborg and New Paradigm Science by Ursula Groll, translated by Goodrick-Clarke – ISBN 0-87785-303-7. Rudolf Steiner by Rudolf Steiner, Richard Seddon, Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke Publisher, North Atlantic Books ISBN1556434901 ISBN9781556434907 EXESESO
13.
New York University Press
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New York University Press is a university press that is part of New York University. NYU Press was founded in 1916 by the chancellor of NYU, Elmer Ellsworth Brown, in order, he said. Arthur Huntington Nason, a professor of English at NYU, served as the Press’s first director from its founding until 1932, no replacement was named following Nason’s retirement, and, due in part to the Great Depression, there was little activity at the Press for several years. In 1952, Filmore Hyde, the first literary editor at The New Yorker, was named director of NYU Press, under Hyde’s relatively brief tenure, the Press radically redefined itself several times. In his first year, Hyde helped to restructure the Press so that it ceased to serve as the printing office. Freed from having to make commercial viability its primary concern, the Press returned to focusing on scholarly books, out of print for many years and commanding hundreds of dollars per volume in the used book market, the books were reissued using digital print-on-demand technology in 2007. Shifts in editorial focus and the expense of publishing large. The 1990s saw an increase in the number of titles published annual by the Press. The Press also expanded the prestigious Essential Papers series with the new sub-series Essential Papers on Jewish Studies, gender studies and women’s studies became important interdisciplinary areas for the Press, and nearly two dozen titles were published in the series The Cutting Edge, Lesbian Life and Literature. The Press’s publishing program in law began in full in the 1990s. In 1996, Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic began editing the Critical America series, devoted to the study of law, the series was one of the most important and successful in the Press’s history, ran for more than ten years, and included more than eighty titles. The Press’s publishing program as it exists today continued to take shape through the late 1990s, the 1999 launch of the Sexual Cultures series, edited by NYU professors José Muñoz and Ann Pellegrini, marked an important moment in the queer studies at the Press. The law list expanded beyond critical race theory to such books as Jack Balkin’s What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said. The Press’s interest books on the theme of race and ethnicity continued to expand with books in African American studies, Asian American Studies. The Latino/a cultural studies program was highlighted by The Latino/a Condition Reader and Latino/a Popular Culture edited by Michelle Habell-Pallan and Mary Romero. While maintaining a presence in Jewish studies, the Press expanded its religion list. During this period of 2001-2007, the press’s scholarly reputation grew and with it, in 2005, the Press published the first volume in the Clay Sanskrit Library, co-published with the JJC Foundation. To date, more than fifty titles have been published in the series, including portions of the multi-volume Mahabharata
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Marie Steiner-von Sivers
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Marie Steiner-von Sivers was the second wife of Rudolf Steiner and one of his closest colleagues. She made a contribution to the development of anthroposophy, particularly in her work on the renewal of the performing arts. Marie von Sivers was born to a family in Włocławek, Poland. She was well-educated and was fluent in Russian, German, English, French and she studied theater and recitation with several teachers in Europe. Marie von Sivers appeared one day at one of Rudolf Steiners early lectures in 1900, in the autumn of 1901, she posed the question to Steiner, Would it be possible to create a spiritual movement based on European tradition and the impetus of Christ. Rudolf Steiner later reported, With this, I was given the opportunity to act in a way that I had only previously imagined, the question had been put to me, and now, according to spiritual laws, I could begin to answer it. Marie von Sivers collaborated with Steiner for the rest of Steiners life and she accompanied him and helped him as secretary, translator, editor, and organizer of his lecture tours and other public activities. She assisted Steiners work with her own resources and in 1908 founded the Philosophical-Theosophical Press to publish Steiners work, on 24 December 1914, von Sivers married Rudolf Steiner. Anna Eunicke Steiner, Steiners first wife, had died in 1911, beginning in 1914, Steiner drew up a succession of wills naming Marie Steiner-von Sivers as heir to his entire work and property and his successor in the leadership of the anthroposophical movement. Starting in 1912, Rudolf Steiner developed the art of eurythmy, with Maries guidance, it developed in three directions, as a stage art, as an integral part of Waldorf pedagogy, and as a therapeutic method. Under her tutelage, two schools of eurythmy were founded, in Berlin and in Dornach, Switzerland, Marie von Sivers, who had been trained in recitation and elocution, and made a study of purely artistic speaking. She gave introductory poetry recitals at Steiners lectures and assisted him in the development of the four Mystery Dramas, with her help, Steiner conducted several speech and drama courses with the aim of raising these forms to the level of true art. Édouard Schuré Marie Savitch, Marie Steiner-von Sivers, Fellow worker with Rudolf Steiner, London, Rudolf Steiner Press,1967, hans Peter van Manen, Marie Steiner, Her place in world karma, London, Temple Lodge,1995, ISBN 0-904693-76-7. Wilfried Hammacher, Marie Steiner, Lebensspuren einer Individualität, Stuttgart, Verlag Freies Geistesleben,1998, biographical sketch and photographs Biography History of the Rudolf Steiner Nachlassverwaltung
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Ita Wegman
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Ita Wegman, MD is known as the co-founder of Anthroposophical Medicine with Rudolf Steiner. In 1921, she founded the first anthroposophical medical clinic in Arlesheim and she also developed a special form of massage therapy, called rhythmical massage, and other therapeutic treatments. Ita Wegman, as she was known throughout her life, was born as Maria Ita Wegman in 1876 in Indonesia, around the turn of the century, she returned to Europe and studied therapeutic gymnastics and massage. In 1902, when she was 26, she met Rudolf Steiner for the first time, five years later she began medical school at the University of Zurich, where women were not discriminated to study medicine. She was granted a diploma as a doctor in 1911 with a specialization in womens medicine. In 1917, having opened an independent practice, she developed a treatment using an extract of mistletoe following indications from Steiner. S. A. By 1919 she had a joint practice together with two doctors, also women. In 1920 she purchased land in Arlesheim, where she opened her own clinic, the Klinisch-Therapeutisches Institut, or Clinical-Therapeutic Institute, a number of other doctors joined the institute, which grew steadily over the next years as a first center for anthroposophical medicine. In the following year, Rudolf Steiner asked Wegman to join the Executive Council of the newly reformed Anthroposophical Society at the Goetheanum in Dornach and she also directed the Medical Section of the research center at the Goetheanum. Together, Wegman and Steiner wrote what was to be Steiners last book, Extending Practical Medicine, the book was partly written while Wegman cared for Steiner, who was already terminally ill. Wegman founded a new journal, Natura, the following year. In 1936, the opened a second home in Ascona. Wegman died in Arlesheim in 1943, at the age of 67, holism Biopsychosocial model Ita Wegman in the German National Library catalogue wegmanklinik. ch - Ita Wegman-Klinik in Arlesheim, Schweiz Biography Iscador
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Edith Maryon
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Louisa Edith Church Maryon, better known as Edith Maryon, was an English sculptor. Along with Ita Wegman, she belonged to the innermost circle of founders of anthroposophy, Edith Maryon was the second of six children. Her parents were John Maryon Simeon and his wife Louisa Church who lived in London where she grew up and she attended a girls school and later went to a boarding school in the Swiss city of Geneva. During the 1890s she studied sculpture in London at the Central School of Design and she exhibited at the Royal Academy. Her works of that period showed her leaning toward the subject of Christianity, such as a model of Michael, Maryon met Rudolf Steiner in 1912/13 and after the summer of 1914 she moved to Dornach. She worked with Steiner on the construction of the first Goetheanum, Steiner designed the nine-metre high sculpture to be placed in the first Goetheanum. The sculpture was intended to present, in contrast to Michelangelos Last Judgment, Christ as mute, at a foundation meeting held during Christmas 1923 Steiner nominated Maryon as leader of the Section for the Plastic Arts at the Goetheanum. The following May, she died of tuberculosis, rex Raab, Edith Maryon, Sculptor and Associate of Rudolf Steiner, a biography. Dornach, Philosophisch-anthroposophical Verlag am Goetheanum,1993, ISBN 3-7235-0648-8 Rembert Biemond, Edith Maryon, in Anthroposophy in the 20th Century, e. ISBN 3-7235-1199-6 Anthroposophy Goetheanum Literature by and about Edith Maryon in the catalog of the German National Library Edith Maryon Foundation
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Bernard Lievegoed
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Bernardus Cornelis Johannes Lievegoed was a Dutch medical doctor, psychiatrist and author. He is most famous for establishing a theory of organizational development and he founded the N. P. I. or Netherlands Pedagogical Institute, which works with organizations and individuals to help these realize their economic, social and cultural goals. He also founded the Vrije Hogeschool in Driebergen, bernard Lievegoed was born in Medan, Sumatra in 1905. At nine, his family moved for three years to Rotterdam in the Netherlands, from 1917-22, Lievegoed attended high school in Java. In 1924, he began a study of medicine in Groningen, in this same year he first became aware of anthroposophical remedial education, this encounter was to play a large role in his further development. In 1930 he completed the degree in Amsterdam and became a general practitioner in Bosch in Duin. In 1931 Lievegoed founded the Zonnehuis, a home for children with disabilities, the Zonnehuis was later relocated to Zeist and, in the course of its expansion its name was changed to the Zonnehuizen Veldheim Steinia te Zeist. Lievegoed was the director of this institution from its founding until 1954, in 1932 Lievegoed helped to found the Vrije School of Zeist. In 1939 he did a higher doctorate with a thesis about the use of music. In 1946 he published the first of a number of books, Ontwikkelingsfasen van het kind, from 1948-1953 Lievegoed was a consultant for assistance to uneducated working-class children. During this time he published Planetenwirken und Lebensprozesse in Mensch und Erde, in 1952 he cofounded the Vrij Geestesleven publishing house, oriented towards publishing works related to spiritual science. He became a member of the commission on technical high schools. In 1954 he founded the institution that became his life-work, the NPI, the original name, the Dutch Pedagogic Institute for Economics, was later changed to NPI, Institute for Organizational Development. In 1955 he became professor for social pedagogy at the Dutch Economic College (now Erasmus University in Rotterdam. In 1961 he helped to found a new college in Twente. Here he served as professor of economics and Dean of the Economics Department until 1973. With his colleagues in NPI he developed Theory U, which developed as an influential management concept popularized by Otto Scharmer. Between 1968 and 1976 Lievegoed was chair of a commission on education that was given the task of transforming the educational system in the Netherlands
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Walter Burley Griffin
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Walter Burley Griffin was an American architect and landscape architect. He is known for designing Canberra, Australias capital city and he has been credited with the development of the L-shaped floor plan, the carport and an innovative use of reinforced concrete. Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a modern style. He worked in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin, in 28 years they designed over 350 buildings, landscape and urban-design projects as well as designing construction materials, interiors, furniture and other household items. Griffin was born in 1876 in Maywood, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago and he was the eldest of the four children of George Walter Griffin, an insurance agent, and Estelle Burley Griffin. His family moved to Oak Park and later to Elmhurst, as a boy he had an interest in landscape design and gardening, and his parents allowed him to landscape the yard at their new home in Elmhurst. Griffin went to Oak Park High School and he considered studying landscape design but was advised by the landscape gardener O. C. Simonds to pursue a more lucrative profession. Griffin chose to study architecture, and, in 1899, completed his bachelors degree in architecture at the University of Illinois, the University of Illinois program was run by Nathan Clifford Ricker, a German-educated architect, who emphasized the technical aspects of architecture. During his studies, he took courses in horticulture and forestry. After his studies, Griffin moved to Chicago and was employed as a draftsman for two years in the offices of progressive architects Dwight H. Perkins, Robert C, spencer, Jr. and H. Webster Tomlinson in Steinway Hall. Griffins employers worked in the distinctive Prairie School style and this style is marked by horizontal lines, flat roofs with broad overhanging eaves, solid construction, craftsmanship, and strict discipline in the use of ornament. Other architects of that school include George Grant Elmslie, George Washington Maher, William Gray Purcell, William Drummond and most importantly, in July 1901 Griffin passed the new Illinois architects licensing examination and this permitted him to enter private practice as an architect. He began to work in Frank Lloyd Wrights famous Oak Park, Illinois, although he was never made a partner, Griffin oversaw the construction on many of Wrights noted houses including the Willits House in 1902 and the Larkin Administration Building built in 1904. From 1905 he also began to supply plans for Wrights buildings. Wright allowed Griffin and his staff to undertake small commissions of their own. The William Emery house, built in Elmhurst, Illinois, in 1903 was such a commission, while working for Wright, Griffin fell in love with Mr. Wrights sister, Maginel Wright. He proposed marriage to her, but his affections for her were not returned, in 1906 he resigned his position at Wrights studio and established his own practice at Steinway Hall. Griffin and Wright had fallen out over events following Mr. Wrights trip to Japan in 1905, while Wright was away for five months, Griffin ran the practice
