1.
Website
–
A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol network, such as the Internet, or a local area network. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website for a company. Websites are typically dedicated to a topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providing news. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites, Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language. They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors, Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which may optionally employ encryption to provide security and privacy for the user. The users application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal. Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content. As of 2016 end users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, the World Wide Web was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone, before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as text files without formatting. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website. Websites can be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, can be blurred. Websites are written in, or converted to, HTML and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including computers, laptops, PDAs. A website is hosted on a system known as a web server. These terms can refer to the software that runs on these systems which retrieves
Website
–
NASA.gov homepage as it appeared in April 2015
2.
Search engines
–
A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages. The information may be a mix of web pages, images, some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, Internet search engines themselves predate the debut of the Web in December 1990. The Who is user search dates back to 1982 and the Knowbot Information Service multi-network user search was first implemented in 1989, the first well documented search engine that searched content files, namely FTP files was Archie, which debuted on 10 September 1990. Prior to September 1993 the World Wide Web was entirely indexed by hand, there was a list of webservers edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot of the list in 1992 remains, but as more and more web servers went online the central list could no longer keep up, on the NCSA site, new servers were announced under the title Whats New. The first tool used for searching content on the Internet was Archie, the name stands for archive without the v. It was created by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, the rise of Gopher led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems, Veronica provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead was a tool for obtaining information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine Archie Search Engine was not a reference to the Archie comic book series, Veronica and Jughead are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor. In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed for the web, oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that periodically mirrored these pages and rewrote them into a standard format. This formed the basis for W3Catalog, the webs first primitive search engine, in June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called Wandex. The purpose of the Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, the webs second search engine Aliweb appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a web robot, but instead depended on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of a file in a particular format. NCSAs Mosaic™ - Mosaic wasnt the first Web browser, but it was the first to make a major splash. In November 1993, Mosaic v 1, jumpStation used a web robot to find web pages and to build its index, and used a web form as the interface to its query program
Search engines
–
The results of a search for the term "lunar eclipse" in a web-based image search engine
3.
E-mail
–
Electronic mail, or email, is a method of exchanging digital messages between people using digital devices such as computers and mobile phones. Email first entered use in the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email. Email operates across computer networks, which today is primarily the Internet, some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Todays email systems are based on a store-and-forward model, Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Originally an ASCII text-only communications medium, Internet email was extended by Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions to carry text in character sets. International email, with internationalized email addresses using UTF-8, has been standardized, the history of modern Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET, with standards for encoding email messages published as early as 1973. An email message sent in the early 1970s looks very similar to an email sent today. Email played an important part in creating the Internet, and the conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services, historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission, as a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today. This spelling also appears in most dictionaries, Mail was the form used in the original protocol standard, RFC524. The service is referred to as mail, and a piece of electronic mail is called a message. EMail is a form that has been used in RFCs for the Authors Address and is expressly required for historical reasons. E-mail is sometimes used, capitalizing the initial E as in similar abbreviations like E-piano, E-guitar, A-bomb, by 1968, AUTODIN linked more than 300 sites in several countries. With the introduction of MITs Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, multiple users could log in to a system from remote dial-up terminals. Informal methods of using this to pass messages were developed and expanded,1965 – MITs CTSS MAIL and it used the Unix mail client to send messages between system users. The concept was extended to communicate remotely over the Berkeley Network,1979 – EMAIL, an application written by Shiva Ayyadurai for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. 1979 – MH Message Handling System developed at RAND provided several tools for managing electronic mail on Unix, most of them only allowed communication between users logged into the same host or mainframe, although there might be hundreds or thousands of users within an organization. In the early 1980s, networked personal computers on LANs became increasingly important, server-based systems similar to the earlier mainframe systems were developed
E-mail
–
The
at sign, a part of every SMTP
email address.
4.
URL
–
A Uniform Resource Locator, commonly informally termed a web address is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a type of Uniform Resource Identifier, although many people use the two terms interchangeably. A URL implies the means to access a resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism. Thus http, //www. example. com is an URL, URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages, but are also used for file transfer, email, database access, and many other applications. Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar, a typical URL could have the form http, //www. example. com/index. html, which indicates a protocol, a hostname, and a file name. The format combines the pre-existing system of names with file path syntax. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. Although schemes are case-insensitive, the form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. It is followed by a colon, examples of popular schemes include http, ftp, mailto, file, data, and irc. URI schemes should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, two slashes, This is required by some schemes and not required by some others. When the authority component is absent, the path component cannot begin with two slashes, iPv4 addresses must be in dot-decimal notation, and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets. An optional port number, separated from the hostname by a colon A path, which contains data, usually organized in hierarchical form, such a sequence may resemble or map exactly to a file system path, but does not always imply a relation to one. The path must begin with a single slash if an authority part was present, and may also if one was not, but must not begin with a double slash. The path is defined, though the defined path may be empty An optional query, separated from the preceding part by a question mark. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute–value pairs separated by a delimiter, an optional fragment, separated from the preceding part by a hash. The fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource, when the primary resource is an HTML document, the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view. A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host, URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website. Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a variety of languages and alphabets
URL
–
This
Euler diagram shows that a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is either a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), a
Uniform Resource Name (URN), or both.
5.
AOL
–
AOL Inc. is an American multinational mass media corporation based in New York, a subsidiary of Verizon Communications. AOL was one of the pioneers of the Internet in the mid-1990s. It originally provided a service to millions of Americans, as well as providing a web portal, e-mail, instant messaging. At the height of its popularity, it purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner in the largest merger in U. S. history, AOL rapidly declined thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up to broadband. AOL was eventually spun off from Time Warner in 2009, with Tim Armstrong appointed the new CEO, under his leadership, the company invested in media brands and advertising technologies. On June 23,2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon Communications for $4.4 billion, in the following months, AOL also made a deal with Microsoft and acquired several tech properties, including Millennial Media and Kanvas to bolster their mobile ad-tech capabilities. AOL began in 1983, as a venture called Control Video Corporation. Its sole product was a service called GameLine for the Atari 2600 video game console. Subscribers bought a modem from the company for US$49.95, GameLine permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of US$1 per game. The telephone disconnected and the game would remain in GameLines Master Module and playable until the user turned off the console or downloaded another game. In January 1983, Steve Case was hired as a consultant for Control Video on the recommendation of his brother. In May 1983, Jim Kimsey became a consultant for Control Video. Kimsey was brought in by his West Point friend Frank Caufield, in early 1985, von Meister left the company. The technical team consisted of Marc Seriff, Tom Ralston, Ray Heinrich, Steve Trus, Ken Huntsman, Janet Hunter, Dave Brown, Craig Dykstra, Doug Coward, in 1987, Case was promoted again to executive vice-president. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to take over the role of CEO, Kimsey changed the companys strategy, and in 1985, launched a dedicated online service for Commodore 64 and 128 computers, originally called Quantum Link. The Quantum Link software was based on software licensed from PlayNet, the service was different from other online services as it used the computing power of the Commodore 64 and the Apple II rather than just a dumb terminal. It passed tokens back and forth and provided a fixed price service tailored for home users, in May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched AppleLink Personal Edition for Apple II and Macintosh computers. In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible PCs developed in a joint venture with the Tandy Corporation, after the company parted ways with Apple in October 1989, Quantum changed the services name to America Online
AOL
–
AOL Desktop running on
Windows XP
AOL
–
AOL Inc. Logo
AOL
–
Directors
6.
Excite
–
Excite is a collection of web sites and services, launched in December 1995. Excite is a service offering a variety of content, including an Internet portal showing news. A metasearch engine, an email, instant messaging, stock quotes. The content is collated from over 100 different sources, Excites portal and services are owned by Excite Networks, but in the United States, Excite is a personal portal, called My Excite, which is operated by Mindspark and owned by IAC Search and Media. In the 1990s, Excite was one of the most recognized brands on the Internet, Excite was founded as Architext in 1994 by Graham Spencer, Joe Kraus, Mark VanHaren, Ryan McIntyre, Ben Lutch and Martin Reinfried, who were all students at Stanford University. In July 1994, International Data Group paid them US$80,000 to develop an online service, soon thereafter, Geoff Yang, of Institutional Venture Partners, introduced an additional US$1.5 million in financing and Excite was formally launched in December 1995. In January 1996, George Bell joined Excite as its Chief Executive Officer, Excite also purchased two search engines and signed exclusive distribution agreements with Netscape, Microsoft and Apple, in addition to other companies. In 1994, Excite hired Jim Bellows, then 72, to figure out how to present the content in a journalistic manner and he paid good journalists to write brief reviews of web sites. However, users wanted to get directly to the content and skipped the reviews, on April 4,1996, Excite went public with an initial offering of two million shares. In June 1997, Intuit, maker of Quicken and TurboTax, purchased a 19% stake in Excite, on October 16,1997, Excite purchased Netbot, a comparison shopping agent. At the same time Intuit announced the launch of Excite Business & Investing, later that year a deal was finalized with Ticketmaster to provide direct online ticketing. On March 31,1998, Excite reported a net loss of approximately $30.2 million, in December 1998, Yahoo. was in negotiations to purchase Excite for $5.5 billion to $6 billion. According to Justin Rohrlich, writing for Minyanville, Excites refusal to buy what became a $180 billion company by 2010 was labeled by Rohrlich a stupid business decision. The US$6.7 billion merger of Excite and @Home Network in 1999 became one of the largest mergers of two Internet companies at the time. @Homes high-speed Internet services and existing portal were combined with Excites search engine and portal, the new company was named Excite@Home and, six months after the merger, Tom Jermoluk stepped down as CEO of Excite@Home. Excite’s George Bell, who was the President of the Excite division of @Home after the merger, became the new CEO of the combined Excite@Home, following the merger, the Excite division purchased iMall, as well as online greeting card company, Blue Mountain Arts. Excite also acquired photo sharing company Webshots, Excite furthermore paid for sponsorship of Infiniti Indy car driver Eddie Cheever, Jr. through the 2000 and 2001 racing seasons. However, the merger between Excite and @Home fell disastrously short of expectations, online advertising revenue plummeted, while cable network ISP revenue continued to grow
Excite
–
Excite UK homepage (28 May 2012)
Excite
–
Excite@Home headquarters for sale. The buildings have since been re-purposed as a medical facility
7.
Netvibes
–
E-Reputation Management – to visualize real-time conversations and social activity feeds, and track new trending topics. Product Marketing – to create interactive product microsites, with drag-and-drop publishing interface, community Portals – to engage online communities Personalized Workspaces – to gather all essential company updates to support specific divisions and localizations. The software is a multi-lingual Ajax-based start page or web portal and it is organized into tabs, with each tab containing user-defined modules. Mail, Hotmail, and AOL Mail, Box. net web storage, Delicious, Meebo, Flickr photos, podcast support with an audio player. A page can be personalized further through the use of existing themes or by creating personal theme, customized tabs, feeds and modules can be shared with others individually or via the Netvibes Ecosystem. For privacy reasons, only modules with publicly available content can be shared, the company was founded by Tariq Krim and Florent Frémont in 2005. In August 2006, Netvibes closed a funding round of €12 million led by Accel Partners in London along with Index Ventures, since May 2008, Freddy Mini is the Chief Executive Officer of Netvibes. On February 9,2012 Dassault Systèmes announced the acquisition of Netvibes for an undisclosed amount
Netvibes
–
Netvibes
8.
IGoogle
–
IGoogle was a customizable Ajax-based start page or personal web portal launched by Google in May 2005. It was discontinued on November 1,2013 because the company believed the need for it had eroded over time, as of 17 October 2007 Google had made the service available in many localized versions in 42 languages, and in over 70 country domain-names. In February 2007,7.1 million people used iGoogle, in April 2008, 20% of all visits to Googles homepage used iGoogle. On July 3,2012 Google announced iGoogle would be discontinued on November 1,2013, iGoogle gadgets interact with the user and use the Google Gadgets API. Some gadgets for Google Desktop can also be used within iGoogle, the Google Gadgets API is public and allows anyone to develop a gadget for any need. The API allows developers to create widgets to run in users iGoogle pages or other web pages quickly and easily, users have the ability to add a gadget to their iGoogle portal, or have it coded into their own website, by specifying a URL. Users will appear in the if the gadget has been submitted to iGoogle). IGoogle Gadget is the part of Google Gadgets API, the gadget is rendered as an iframe. Security constraints will be present, preventing users from damaging the portal, users communicate with other gadgets via a remote call to a common third party server. Google also allows all users to create a special gadget that does not require the use of the Gadgets API, the gadgets are designed to be shared with friends and family. The special gadgets must be created using a wizard and must belong to one of the following types. GoogleGram – creation of special daily messages, sidebar - designed for middle school chat rooms Daily Me – displays users current mood and feelings. Free Form – allows the user to input text and an image of their choice, YouTube Channel – displays videos from a YouTube channel. Personal List – allows the user to create a list of items, Daily Literary Quote – displays literature-related quotes served up by ModeRoom Press. Users were selected for this test and notified when they logged in by a link to a brief description, on the forums, it was explained that there was no opt-out, as a control for the test. Further, there was no information on how long the test would continue, many expressed dissatisfaction with the new version and with the inability to opt out. On October 16,2008, Google announced the release of a new version of iGoogle, the release did not initially include the persistent chat widget. It did include the navigation in place of tabs as well as a change to widget controls
IGoogle
–
iGoogle with the Winter Scape theme.
9.
MSN
–
MSN is a web portal and related collection of Internet services and apps for Windows and mobile devices, provided by Microsoft and launched on August 24,1995, the same release date as Windows 95. Along with Windows 95s release, Microsoft debuted The Microsoft Network, at the same time, the company launched a new web portal named Microsoft Internet Start and set it as the first default home page of Internet Explorer, its original web browser. In 1998, Microsoft renamed and moved this web portal to the domain name MSN. com, the current website and suite of apps offered by MSN was first introduced by Microsoft in 2014 as part of a complete redesign and relaunch. MSN is based in the United States and offers international versions of its portal for dozens of countries around the world, from 1995 to 1998, the MSN. com domain was used by Microsoft primarily to promote MSN as an online service and Internet service provider. At the time, MSN. com also offered a start page and an Internet tutorial. Microsofts original news website, msnbc. com, which launched in 1996, was tied closely to the Internet Start portal. The new website put MSN in direct competition with such as Yahoo. Because the new format opened up MSNs content to the world for free, MSN. com became the successor to the default Internet Explorer start page, as all of the previous Microsoft Internet Start website was merged with MSN. com. Some of the websites that Microsoft launched during that era remain active in some form today. Other websites since divested by Microsoft include the travel website Expedia, the online magazine Slate, in the late 1990s, Microsoft collaborated with many other service providers, as well as other Microsoft departments, to expand the range of MSNs services. Some examples include MSN adCenter, MSN Shopping, and the Encarta encyclopedia with various levels of access to information, since then, MSN. com has remained a popular destination, launching many new services and content sites. MSNs Hotmail and Messenger services were promoted from the MSN. com portal, MSN Search, a dedicated search engine, launched in 1999. The single sign-in service for Microsofts online services, Microsoft Passport, the MSN. com portal and related group of services under the MSN umbrella remained largely the same in the early 2000s. The sports section of the MSN portal was ESPN. com from 2001 to 2004, and FoxSports. com from 2004 to 2014. MSN had a partnership with msnbc. com for news content from 1996 until 2012, when Microsoft sold its remaining stake in msnbc. com to NBCUniversal. Since then, MSN has launched MSN News, a news operation. MSN released a preview of a home page and logo on November 3,2009. It was originally expected to be available to over 100 million U. S. customers by early 2010
MSN
–
The current MSN home page design, introduced in 2014.
10.
Naver
–
Naver is a popular Web portal in South Korea, owned by Naver Corporation. Naver was launched in June 1999 by ex-Samsung employees, and it debuted as the first Web portal in Japan that used its own search engine. Among Navers features is Comprehensive Search, launched in 2000, which results from multiple categories on a single page. It has since added new services such as Knowledge Search, launched in 2002 and it also provides Internet services including a news service, an e-mail service, an academic thesis search service, and a childrens portal. In 2005, Naver launched Happybean, the worlds first online donation portal, according to techforkorea, Naver handled 77% of all web searches in South Korea in July 2014, making it the fifth most used search engine in the world, following Google search, Yahoo. More than 25 million Koreans have Naver as the default browser start page, Naver launched its service in Japan in 2009, marking their first expansion out of Korea. In 2013, Lee Hae-jin, the chairman and chief strategy of Naver, the word Naver was derived from the word navigate and the suffix -er to mean a sailor of the Web. Naver was incorporated in June 1999, launching the first South Korean search portal that used an internally developed search engine, in August 2000, it launched the Comprehensive Search service. Which allows users to get a variety of results from a query on a single page, organized by type, including blogs, websites, images, cafes. This was five years before Google launched a similar offering with its Universal Search, in July 2000, Naver was merged with Hangame, South Koreas first online game portal, and in 2001 changed its name to NHN, or Next Human Network. In the early days of Naver operation, there was a dearth of webpages in the Korean language. To fill this void, Naver became a pioneer in user-generated content through the creation of the Knowledge Search service in 2002. In Knowledge Search, users pose questions on any subject, and select among answers provided by other users, Knowledge Search was launched three years before Yahoo. launched its similar Yahoo. Answers service, and now possesses a database of over 80 million answer pages, from 2005-2007 it expanded its multimedia search services, including music and video search, Internet phone service and mobile search. On January 1,2009, Naver released its new interface,1 April 2013, Naver launched Newsstand to pursue fairness. Because Naver launched Newsstand, every News organization is able to edit News articles that appear on Naver, junior Naver shorted as Juniver is a portal site aimed at kids similar to Yahooligans. It had special services such as Dongmul Nongjang, Pany Pang, Puppyred, e-mail, avatars, educational links, quizzes, stories, jokes, and a homework helper, but some services had ended. For example, Dongmul Nongjang ended on June 30,2016, junior Naver utilizes a panel of experts and educators to filter out harmful content, with the aim of offering a safe Internet experience for children
Naver
11.
Lycos
–
Lycos, Inc. is a search engine and web portal established in 1994, spun out of Carnegie Mellon University. Lycos also encompasses a network of email, webhosting, social networking, Lycos is a university spin-off that began as a research project by Michael Loren Mauldin of Carnegie Mellon Universitys main Pittsburgh campus in 1994. Lycos Inc. was formed with approximately US $2 million in capital funding from CMGI. Bob Davis became the CEO and first employee of the new company in 1995, Lycos enjoyed several years of growth during the 1990s and became the most visited online destination in the world in 1999, with a global presence in more than 40 countries. In 1996, the completed the fastest IPO from inception to offering in NASDAQ history. In 1997, it one of the first profitable internet businesses in the world. In 1998, Lycos paid $58 million for Tripod in an attempt to break into the portal market. Over the course of the few years, Lycos acquired nearly two dozen internet brands including Gamesville, WhoWhere, Wired Digital, Quote. com, Angelfire, Matchmaker. com. Lycos Europe was a joint venture between Lycos and the Bertelsmann transnational media corporation, but it has always been a corporate entity. Although Lycos Europe remains the largest of Lycoss overseas ventures, several companies also entered into joint venture agreements including Lycos Canada, Lycos Korea. The acquisition price represented a return of nearly 3000 times the initial venture capital investment. The transaction closed in October 2000 and the company was renamed Terra Lycos. Overseas, the continued to be known as Terra Networks. In October 2004, the transaction closed for sale of half of the business, the remaining Terra half was reacquired by Telefónica. Under new ownership, Lycos began to refocus its strategy, in 2005, the company moved away from a search-centric portal and toward a community destination for broadband entertainment content. With a new management team in place, Lycos also began divesting properties that were not core to its new strategy. In July 2006, Wired News, which had part of Lycos since the purchase of Wired Digital in 1998, was sold to Condé Nast Publications. In 2006, Lycos regained ownership of the Lycos trademark from Carnegie Mellon University, during 2006, Lycos introduced several media services, including Lycos Phone which combined video chat, real-time video on demand, and an MP3 player
Lycos
–
A screenshot of Lycos.com
12.
Indiatimes
–
Indiatimes is the flagship brand of Times Internet. Times Internet is in turn promoted by The Times Group, which has a 100% stake in it, Times Internet is the largest Indian online group in India, with over 6.5 billion monthly pageviews. It has a range of services from online news to e-commerce, music, radio, television, video, daily deals, sports, educational platforms. Indiatimes has also launched a few properties in the recent past. These include the Nokia India Shop and Satvik Shop, the former is the exclusive online store for Nokia in India, with Indiatimes being the official online distributor for Nokia in India. The latter is a website and community dedicated to selling organic, recently Indiatimes shopping tied up with Land Mark and have listed 3 million books of various categories. It is one of the largest Indian digital networks based on traffic, Business Insider India is another of the fastest growing news websites for business and technology persons nationwide. TimesMobile is the mobile Internet venture of Times Internet and it has applications and services to users in diverse categories. Alive app is an augmented reality software by Times Internet Ltd. On its launch day, December 13,2012, it was reported that the app was downloaded 250,000 times, follo is another celebrity Fan-connect application. GreetZAP is an application to send greetings and cards to friends, itimes. com is the social networking site. Gaana. com is a music streaming service providing free. Launched in June 2011 by Times Internet, Gaana. com provides both Indian and international music content, the entire Indian music catalog is available to users worldwide, but only users in India have access to international music. Gaana. com features music from 21 languages - Hindi, English, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali and it covers upcoming match schedules and live ball-by-ball commentary. Lifehacker is a computer and technology website that recommends websites, software downloads, tutorials, gizmodo India is a blog about electronic gadgets and technology. Techgig. com was launched by Times Business Solutions Limited, which is the interactive arm of The Times Group. Boxtv. com is an internet based streaming service that provides the latest on Bollywood blockbuster movies, TV shows, documentaries, short films. Times Internet became the first to launch a TV channel on mobile with Times Now, astrospeak provides astrology, horoscope, numerology, vastu, tarot, vedic and Chinese astrology daily, weekly and monthly horoscopes from top Indian astrologers
Indiatimes
–
Times Internet
13.
Rediff
–
Rediff. com is an Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal, founded in 1996 as Rediff On The NeT. It is headquartered in Mumbai, with offices in Bangalore, New Delhi, according to Alexa, Rediff. com is the No.24 Indian web portal. It has more than 300 employees, most of the visitors to Rediff. com are from India, while the rest come primarily from the US and China. In April 2001, Rediff. com acquired and began offering India Abroad, as of February 2011, it ranked 295 on Alexa. Rediff. com was the domain name registered in India in 1996. However according to the records of Network Solutions, the registrar of Rediff. com, in 2001, Rediff. com was alleged to be in violation of the Securities Act for filing materially false prospectus in relation to an IPO of its American depositary shares. In April 2016, the Company decided to delist from NASDAQ, citing the high cost of reporting requirements, rediffmail – Web based and app-based e-mail which has around 95 million registered usernames. Rediff Shopping – An online and app-based marketplace, headquartered in Mumbai, India, selling mobile phones, shopping, apparel and accessories, valentine gifts and home utility, Rediff News App – On 14 September 2012, Rediff launched its Android App for Rediff News. Rediff iShare – From 10 July 2007, Rediff users were able to upload their videos, music and pictures to the Rediff iShare multimedia platform
Rediff
–
Main page as of 24 July 2009
Rediff
–
Rediff.com
14.
Yahoo!
–
Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion
Yahoo!
–
Jerry Yang and David Filo, the founders of Yahoo
Yahoo!
–
Protest against the mass surveillance by the
NSA
Yahoo!
–
Yahoo's
Bangalore office
15.
Web browser
–
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier that may be a web page, image, hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, the most popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Safari, Opera and Firefox. The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees the Webs continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus, the first commonly available web browser with a graphical user interface was Erwise. The development of Erwise was initiated by Robert Cailliau, andreesens browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use, Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industrys first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market, Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002. Opera debuted in 1996, it has never achieved widespread use and it is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendos Wii video game console. In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model, as of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share. Apples Safari had its first beta release in January 2003, as of April 2011, the most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chromes take-up has increased year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, in December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chromes user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chromes usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined, by April 2014, Chromes usage had hit 45%. Internet Explorer was deprecated in Windows 10, with Microsoft Edge replacing it as the web browser. The ways that web browser makers fund their development costs has changed over time, the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was a research project. In addition to being freeware, Netscape Navigator and Opera were also sold commercially, Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system, and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac, in this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through lock-in to Microsofts browser
Web browser
–
Marc Andreessen, inventor of Netscape
Web browser
–
Usage share of web browsers according to
StatCounter
Web browser
–
Some home media devices now include web browsers, like this
LG Smart TV. The browser is controlled using an on-screen keyboard and LG's "Magic Motion" remote.
16.
Netscape
–
When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View, California. Netscapes web browser was dominant in terms of usage share. The usage share of Netscape had fallen from over ninety percent in the mid-1990s to less than one percent by the end of 2006, Netscape stock traded from 1995 until 1999 when it was acquired by AOL in a pooling-of-interests transaction ultimately worth US $10 billion. Shortly before its acquisition by AOL, Netscape released the code for its browser. The Mozilla Organization rewrote the entire source code based on the Gecko rendering engine. The Gecko engine would later be used to power the Mozilla Foundations Firefox browser, under AOL, Netscapes browser development continued until December 2007 when AOL announced that the company would stop supporting the Netscape browser as of early 2008. As of 2011, AOL has continued to use the Netscape brand to market a discount Internet service provider, Netscape was the first company to attempt to capitalize on the nascent World Wide Web. The first meeting between Clark and Andreessen was never truly about a software or service like Netscape, but more about a product that was similar to Nintendo, Clark recruited other early team members from SGI and NCSA Mosaic. Jim Barksdale came on board as CEO in January 1995, jim Clark and Marc Andreessen originally created a 20-page concept pitch for an online gaming network to Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 console, but a deal was never reached. Marc Andreessen explains, If they had shipped a year earlier, the companys first product was the web browser, called Mosaic Netscape 0.9, released on October 13,1994. Within four months of its release, it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market and it became the main browser for Internet users in such a short time due to its superiority over other competition, like Mosaic. The Mosaic Netscape web browser did not use any NCSA Mosaic code, the internal codename for the companys browser was Mozilla, which stood for Mosaic killer, as the companys goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the worlds number one web browser. A cartoon Godzilla-like lizard mascot was drawn by artist-employee Dave Titus, the Mozilla mascot featured prominently on Netscapes web site in the companys early years. However, the need to project a professional image led to this being removed. On August 9,1995, Netscape made an extremely successful IPO, the stock was set to be offered at US$14 per share, but a last-minute decision doubled the initial offering to US$28 per share. The stocks value soared to US$75 during the first day of trading, the stock closed at US$58.25, which gave Netscape a market value of US$2.9 billion. While it was unusual for a company to go public prior to becoming profitable, Netscapes revenues had, in fact, the success of this IPO subsequently inspired the use of the term Netscape moment to describe a high-visibility IPO that signals the dawn of a new industry. During this period, Netscape also pursued a publicity strategy packaging Andreessen as the rock star
Netscape
–
Netscape Communications
Netscape
–
Original green and purple
Mozilla mascot, a
Godzilla -like lizard which represented the company's goal of producing the browser that would be the "Mosaic killer".
17.
America Online
–
AOL Inc. is an American multinational mass media corporation based in New York, a subsidiary of Verizon Communications. AOL was one of the pioneers of the Internet in the mid-1990s. It originally provided a service to millions of Americans, as well as providing a web portal, e-mail, instant messaging. At the height of its popularity, it purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner in the largest merger in U. S. history, AOL rapidly declined thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up to broadband. AOL was eventually spun off from Time Warner in 2009, with Tim Armstrong appointed the new CEO, under his leadership, the company invested in media brands and advertising technologies. On June 23,2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon Communications for $4.4 billion, in the following months, AOL also made a deal with Microsoft and acquired several tech properties, including Millennial Media and Kanvas to bolster their mobile ad-tech capabilities. AOL began in 1983, as a venture called Control Video Corporation. Its sole product was a service called GameLine for the Atari 2600 video game console. Subscribers bought a modem from the company for US$49.95, GameLine permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of US$1 per game. The telephone disconnected and the game would remain in GameLines Master Module and playable until the user turned off the console or downloaded another game. In January 1983, Steve Case was hired as a consultant for Control Video on the recommendation of his brother. In May 1983, Jim Kimsey became a consultant for Control Video. Kimsey was brought in by his West Point friend Frank Caufield, in early 1985, von Meister left the company. The technical team consisted of Marc Seriff, Tom Ralston, Ray Heinrich, Steve Trus, Ken Huntsman, Janet Hunter, Dave Brown, Craig Dykstra, Doug Coward, in 1987, Case was promoted again to executive vice-president. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to take over the role of CEO, Kimsey changed the companys strategy, and in 1985, launched a dedicated online service for Commodore 64 and 128 computers, originally called Quantum Link. The Quantum Link software was based on software licensed from PlayNet, the service was different from other online services as it used the computing power of the Commodore 64 and the Apple II rather than just a dumb terminal. It passed tokens back and forth and provided a fixed price service tailored for home users, in May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched AppleLink Personal Edition for Apple II and Macintosh computers. In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible PCs developed in a joint venture with the Tandy Corporation, after the company parted ways with Apple in October 1989, Quantum changed the services name to America Online
America Online
–
AOL Desktop running on
Windows XP
America Online
–
AOL Inc. Logo
America Online
–
Directors
18.
Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
Walt Disney Company
–
The
Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).
Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company
Walt Disney Company
–
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
Walt Disney Company
–
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).
19.
Go.com
–
Go. com is a landing page for Disney content, operated by Disney Interactive, which is a part of The Walt Disney Company. It began as a web portal launched by Jeff Gold, Go. com includes content from ABC News which is associated with Disney and is hosted under a. go. com name. In 2013, the site was transitioned from a portal to a landing page. In January 1998, Disney registered go. com, infoseek and Disney Online joint ventured in developing the Go Network, an internet portal. In October 1999, the Go Guides program, a user-edited directory like DMOZ, was launched, in January 2000, Go. com was forced to abandon its original stoplight logo because of a complaint of similar-looking logos filed by Goto. com. Concurrently, Go. com company officials announced it was shifting from a general appeal portal to featuring entertainment content, a court later ruled that Go. com had to pay $21.5 million in damages to Goto. com. However, in January 2001, Disney announced that it would be closing Go. com and its engine, laying off approximately 400 employees. Also announced was the closing of Go. coms volunteer-edited directory, with the closing, some volunteers created, or migrated to, offshoot directories including JoeAnt, Goguides. org, and Skaffe. com. In March 2001, Go. com dropped its search engine in favor of goto. com search results. Despite its announcement, go. com never ceased operations, instead, in March 2001, the site ended its search engine and switched to a search engine provided by goto. com, whose parent, Inktomi, was eventually purchased by Yahoo. Go. com terminated its service on August 31,2010. In 2013, Disney retired the Go. com logo and branding, turning the domain into a Disney-branded landing page without a search engine, throughout 2014 and 2015, the ABC Owned Television Stations began to move to only using their on-air domains, mainly for social media considerations
Go.com
–
Go.com's original logo used from 1998 to 1999.
Go.com
–
Go.com's second logo used from 2001 to 2005
Go.com
–
Go.com's final logo before it was rebranded as a landing page.
20.
World Wide Web
–
The World Wide Web is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 and he wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was released outside of CERN in 1991, first to research institutions starting in January 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet, Web pages are primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language. In addition to formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages with a theme, a common domain name. Website content can largely be provided by the publisher, or interactive where users contribute content or the content depends upon the user or their actions, websites may be mostly informative, primarily for entertainment, or largely for commercial, governmental, or non-governmental organisational purposes. In the 2006 Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum, Tim Berners-Lees vision of a global hyperlinked information system became a possibility by the second half of the 1980s. By 1985, the global Internet began to proliferate in Europe, in 1988 the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was made and Berners-Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a web-like system at CERN. Such a system, he explained, could be referred to using one of the meanings of the word hypertext. At this point HTML and HTTP had already been in development for two months and the first Web server was about a month from completing its first successful test. While the read-only goal was met, accessible authorship of web content took longer to mature, with the concept, WebDAV, blogs, Web 2.0. The proposal was modelled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the worlds first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the necessary for a working Web, the first web browser. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990, jones stored it on a magneto-optical drive and on his NeXT computer. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt. hypertext. This date is confused with the public availability of the first web servers. The first server outside Europe was installed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Palo Alto, California, accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event
World Wide Web
–
The NeXT Computer used by
Tim Berners-Lee at
CERN.
World Wide Web
–
The CERN
data center in 2010 housing some WWW servers
21.
Distributed application
–
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system is a model in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages, the components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are, concurrency of components, lack of a global clock, examples of distributed systems vary from SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer applications. A computer program that runs in a system is called a distributed program. There are many alternatives for the message passing mechanism, including pure HTTP, RPC-like connectors, Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems. In distributed computing, a problem is divided into many tasks, each of which is solved by one or more computers, which communicate with each other by message passing. The terms are used in a much wider sense, even referring to autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer. The entities communicate with each other by message passing, a distributed system may have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem, the user then perceives the collection of autonomous processors as a unit. Other typical properties of distributed systems include the following, The system has to tolerate failures in individual computers. The structure of the system is not known in advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network links, each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system. Each computer may know one part of the input. Distributed systems are groups of networked computers, which have the goal for their work. The terms concurrent computing, parallel computing, and distributed computing have a lot of overlap, the same system may be characterized both as parallel and distributed, the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel. Parallel computing may be seen as a tightly coupled form of distributed computing. In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory, Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors. The figure on the right illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems, figure shows a parallel system in which each processor has a direct access to a shared memory. The situation is complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not quite match the above definitions of parallel. The use of concurrent processes that communicate by message-passing has its roots in operating system architectures studied in the 1960s, the first widespread distributed systems were local-area networks such as Ethernet, which was invented in the 1970s
Distributed application
–
(a)–(b) A distributed system. (c) A parallel system.
22.
Personal computer
–
A personal computer is a multi-purpose electronic computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by a end-user, rather than by an expert or technician. In the 2010s, PCs are typically connected to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web, personal computers may be connected to a local area network, either by a cable or a wireless connection. In the 2010s, a PC may be, a multi-component desktop computer, designed for use in a location a laptop computer, designed for easy portability or a tablet computer. In the 2010s, PCs run using a system, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux. The very earliest microcomputers, equipped with a front panel, required hand-loading of a program to load programs from external storage. Before long, automatic booting from permanent read-only memory became universal, in the 2010s, users have access to a wide range of commercial software, free software and free and open-source software, which are provided in ready-to-run or ready-to-compile form. Since the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the computer market, first with MS-DOS. Alternatives to Microsofts Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry and these include Apples OS X and free open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and Berkeley Software Distribution. Advanced Micro Devices provides the alternative to Intels processors. PC is an initialism for personal computer, some PCs, including the OLPC XOs, are equipped with x86 or x64 processors but not designed to run Microsoft Windows. PC is used in contrast with Mac, an Apple Macintosh computer and this sense of the word is used in the Get a Mac advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009, as well as its rival, Im a PC campaign, that appeared in 2008. Since Apples transition to Intel processors starting 2005, all Macintosh computers are now PCs, the “brain” may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far, in the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person, as opposed to terminals connected to mainframe computers. Using the narrow definition of operated by one person, the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946 and it did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and it came with a retail price of $47, 000—equivalent to about $414,000 today. Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a programmable calculator described in advertisements as a desktop computer. It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, the Soviet MIR series of computers was developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov
Personal computer
–
Commodore PET in 1983 (at
American Museum of Science and Energy)
Personal computer
Personal computer
–
IBM Personal Computer XT in 1988
Personal computer
–
The 8-bit
PMD 85 personal computer produced in 1985-1990 by the
Tesla company in the former socialist
Czechoslovakia. This computer was produced locally (in
Piešťany) due to a lack of foreign currency with which to buy systems from the West.
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
