1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
3.
Song Hits from Holiday Inn
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Song Hits from Holiday Inn is a studio album of phonograph records by Bing Crosby and Fred Astaire released in July 1942 featuring songs presented in the American musical film Holiday Inn. These are the studio recorded versions of the songs presented in the film. For the songs that were actually in the film, see Holiday Inn and this album is not only notable because it is one of the greatest works of the highly regarded songwriter Irving Berlin, but it is only Crosbys third studio album. This was also the first release of Crosbys signature song White Christmas on shellac disc record, discs 1,2,3,4 and 6 are sung by Bing Crosby while Disc 5 is sung by Fred Astaire. On Disc 4, both sing on the track Ill Capture Your Heart, in 1946, a set was released some of songs from the movie. It featured all of songs except for White Christmas and a few others because they would sell more as a single than with a set and these reissued songs were featured on a 4-disc,78 rpm album set, Decca Album No. The 194910 LP album issue Decca DL5092 consisted of eight songs on one 33 1/3 rpm record, all were reissues of earlier recordings. Side 1 Side 2 In 1962, Decca released Selections from Holiday Inn on Decca DL4256 with a new look for the set Bings Hollywood. It included all of the recorded songs, in 1998, MCA released a CD re-issue of the Selections from Holiday Inn. In 2008 UMG released a CD edition of the version with the DVD release of Holiday Inn
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Jingle Bells
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Jingle Bells is one of the best-known and commonly sung American songs in the world. It was written by James Lord Pierpont and published under the title One Horse Open Sleigh in the autumn of 1857. Some area choirs adopted it as part of their repertoire in the 1860s and 1870s and it was first recorded by the Edison Male Quartette in 1898 on an Edison cylinder, and became a Christmas favorite in the early twentieth century. It is a question where and when Pierpont originally composed the song that would become known as Jingle Bells. According to the Medford Historical Society, the song was inspired by the towns popular sleigh races during the 19th century, Jingle Bells was originally copyrighted with the name One Horse Open Sleigh on September 16,1857. The song has passed into the public domain. In August of the year, James Pierpont married the daughter of the mayor of Savannah. He stayed on in the city even after the church closed due to its abolitionist leanings, Jingle Bells was often used as a drinking song at parties, people would jingle the ice in their glasses as they sang. Music historian James Fuld notes that the jingle in the title. The rhythm of the tune mimics that of a trotting horses bells, however, jingle bells is commonly taken to mean a certain kind of bell. Jingle Bells Although less well-known than the opening, the remaining verses depict high-speed youthful fun and it is unknown who replaced the words with those of the modern version. The original 1857 Jingle Bells had a different chorus featuring a more classical-style melody. The Jingle Bells tune is used in French and German songs, both songs celebrate winter fun, as in the English version. The French song, titled Vive le vent, was written by Francis Blanche and contains references to Father Time, Baby New Year, there are several German versions of Jingle Bells, including the popular Roy Black versions of Christkindl and Christmastime. The Swedish version titled Bjällerklang contains a few lines, eight bars long. Those were added by the Swedish lyricists, Eric Sandström and Gösta Westerberg, James Lord Pierponts 1857 composition Jingle Bells became one of the most performed and most recognizable secular holiday songs ever written, not only in the United States, but around the world. In recognition of achievement, James Lord Pierpont was voted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Jingle Bells was first recorded by the Edison Male Quartette in 1898 on an Edison cylinder as part of a Christmas medley entitled Sleigh Ride Party, in 1902, the Hayden Quartet recorded Jingle Bells
6.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
7.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
8.
Mini CD single
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The mini CD single is a music single released on a mini Compact Disc that measures 8 cm in diameter, rather than the standard 12 cm. They are manufactured using the methods as standard full-size CDs. The format was first released in the United Kingdom, Japan, United States, France, West Germany and they also remain a popular, low cost way for independent musicians and groups to release music. These were released in both a 5 size slim jewel case and snap-packs or as they are known in Japan, the compact disc is 3 inches or 8 Japanese. The singles were called 3 CD snap-packs, as they could be snapped and folded into a square rather than being the original 6×3-inch length type of packaging when sold. Most cost about ¥1000 at the time of release during the late 1980s to early 2000s, the last single released was I Was Born to Love You by Queen in 2004. The singles packaged in 5 single jewel cases contained a 5 CD adapter, US versions were often packaged in cardboard slipcases, either 3 square or 6 by 3 gatefold. Others were released in 5 slimline single cases, which allowed an adapter to be included with the CD, UK3 CDs were made mostly in a small square case/cover form only, some including a 5 CD adapter to use in normal compact disc players. Most of the mini CD singles had at least two tracks, often consisting of an edit, and an instrumental version. From a technical standpoint, a 3-inch CD follows the Red Book standard for CD digital audio, the major difference is that the smaller physical size of the disc allows for fewer data sectors, meaning the disc can store less audio. The majority of audio CD players and CD-ROM drives have a circular indentation in the CD tray for holding these discs. Some slot-loading drives, such as found in some car CD players, are unable to manipulate the smaller discs or their adapters. Laptop drives generally only require the centre hole to hold the disc so the diameter is irrelevant. In fact, software and drivers for some hardware are provided on the 3 discs, in the United States and United Kingdom, the format barely lasted into the early 1990s, being replaced by simply putting less music on a regular full-size CD, at least among major labels. The full-size discs are a more standard manufacturing process and so may end up being cheaper to press, the CD single format continued until 2000 for Japanese releases. As of December 2007, the format is used in small CD runs by a range of independent artists and labels, many of which burn 3 inch CDR discs. Data, 185-210MB Audio, 21–24 minutes The slim jewel boxes used for 3 CDs are nearly the size as 3.5 floppy disks
9.
Christmas music
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Christmas music comprises a variety of genres of music normally performed or heard around the Christmas season. Music was a feature of the Christmas season and its celebrations. The earliest examples are hymnographic works intended for use in observance of both the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany, many of which are still in use by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The 13th century saw the rise of the written in the vernacular. In the Middle Ages, the English combined circle dances with singing, later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England, Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians. During the Commonwealth of England government under Cromwell, the Rump Parliament prohibited the practice of singing Christmas carols as Pagan, like other customs associated with popular Catholic Christianity, it earned the disapproval of Protestant Puritans. Famously, Cromwells interregnum prohibited all celebrations of the Christmas holiday and this attempt to ban the public celebration of Christmas can also be seen in the early history of Father Christmas. The Westminster Assembly of Divines established Sunday as the holy day in the calendar in 1644. The new liturgy produced for the English church recognised this in 1645 and its celebration was declared an offence by Parliament in 1647. There is some debate as to the effectiveness of this ban, Puritans generally disapproved of the celebration of Christmas—a trend which continually resurfaced in Europe and the USA through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. William Sandyss Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern, contained the first appearance in print of many now-classic English carols, singing carols in church was instituted on Christmas Eve 1880 in Truro Cathedral, Cornwall, England, which is now seen in churches all over the world. Christmas festivities, including music, are celebrated in a more secular fashion by such institutions as the Santa Claus Village, in Rovaniemi. The tradition of singing Christmas carols in return for alms or charity began in England in the century after the Restoration. Also from the century, there was the English custom, predominantly involving women, of taking a wassail bowl to their neighbours to solicit gifts. The status of Christmas as an important feast within the year also means there is a long tradition of music specially composed for celebrating the season. S. This is in due to the efforts of amateur choral societies during the nineteenth century. When it was composed, it was performed during Passiontide, jakub Jan Ryba, Czech Christmas Mass Hey, Master
10.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
11.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
12.
MCA Records
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MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s
13.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
14.
Irving Berlin
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Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. His music forms a part of the Great American Songbook. Born in Imperial Russia, Berlin arrived in the United States at the age of five. He published his first song, Marie from Sunny Italy, in 1907, receiving 33 cents for the publishing rights and he also was an owner of the Music Box Theatre on Broadway. Alexanders Ragtime Band sparked a dance craze in places as far away as Berlins native Russia. In doing so, said Walter Cronkite, at Berlins 100th birthday tribute, he helped write the story of country, capturing the best of who we are. He wrote hundreds of songs, many becoming major hits, which him a legend before he turned thirty. During his 60-year career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs, including the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films, with his songs nominated eight times for Academy Awards. Many songs became popular themes and anthems, including Easter Parade, White Christmas, Happy Holiday, This Is the Army, Mr. Jones, and Theres No Business Like Show Business. His Broadway musical and 1942 film, This is the Army, Celine Dion recorded it as a tribute, making it no.1 on the charts after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2015, pianist and composer Hershey Felder began touring nationwide as a show, portraying Berlin. Composer George Gershwin called him the greatest songwriter that has ever lived, Berlin was born on May 11,1888, in Tolochin, Russian Empire. He was one of eight children of Moses and Lena Lipkin Beilin and his father, a cantor in a synagogue, uprooted the family to America, as did many other Jewish families in the late 19th century. In 1893 they settled in New York City, as of the 1900 census, the name Beilin had changed to Baline. By daylight the house was in ashes, as an adult, Berlin said he was unaware of being raised in abject poverty since he knew no other life. Tsar Alexander III of Russia and then Tsar Nicholas II, his son, had revived with utmost brutality the anti-Jewish pogroms, which created the spontaneous mass exodus to America. When they reached Ellis Island, Israel was put in a pen with his brother and his Yiddish-speaking family eventually settled on Cherry Street, a windowless cold-water basement flat in the Theater District of the Lower East Side. His father, unable to find work as a cantor in New York, took a job at a kosher meat market and gave Hebrew lessons on the side
15.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
16.
White Christmas (weather)
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A white Christmas refers to the presence of snow at Christmas, either Christmas Eve or Christmas Day depending on local tradition. This phenomenon is most common in the countries of the Northern Hemisphere. The Irving Berlin song, White Christmas, sung by Bing Crosby from the film Holiday Inn, is the single of all time. The definition of White Christmas varies, in most countries, it simply means that the ground is covered by snow at Christmas, but some countries have more strict definitions. In the United Kingdom the most likely place to see snowfall on a Christmas Day is in North and North Eastern Scotland, in Aberdeen, the definition of a white Christmas in Canada is 2 cm of snow-cover or more on Christmas morning at 7 am. Environment Canada started to analyze data from 1955 to 2013 for a total of 59 years, the year 2006 saw some of the warmest weather on record, with such places as Quebec City experiencing their first green Christmas in recorded history. In 2008, Canada experienced the first nationwide white Christmas in 37 years, as a series of storms hit the nation. The 2004 storm also brought the first measurable snow of any kind since 1895 to Brownsville, Texas, the Florida winter storm of 1989 also occurred immediately before Christmas causing a white Christmas for cities like Pensacola and Jacksonville. The same storm buried Wilmington, North Carolina and the rest of Southeastern North Carolina under 38 cm of snow, White Christmas is an Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. The National Climatic Data Center based the probability of a white Christmas at selected cities upon the 1988–2005 numbers from stations with at least 25 years of data, in the United Kingdom, white Christmases were more common from the 1550s to the 1850s, during the Little Ice Age. The shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752 also slightly reduced the chance of a white Christmas, during the 20th century there were only seven official white Christmases in the United Kingdom. Although most places in the UK do tend to see snow in the winter. However white Christmases do occur, on average every 6 years, Christmas 2009 was a white Christmas in some parts of Britain, with thick lying snow which easterly winds had brought over the previous week. Travel over much of Britain was badly affected by ice and snow on roads and it was the first white Christmas anywhere in the United Kingdom since 2004. In Ireland, the prospect of winter snow is always remote due to the countrys mild. Bookmakers offer odds every year for a white Christmas, which is officially lying snow being recorded at 09,00 local time on Christmas Day, and recorded at either Dublin Airport or Cork Airport. Since 1961, countrywide, snow has fallen on 17 Christmas Days, the maximum amount of lying snow ever recorded on Christmas Day was 27 cm at Casement Aerodrome in 2010. At Dublin Airport, there have been 12 Christmas Days with snowfall since 1941, the statistical likelihood of snow falling on Christmas Day at Dublin Airport is approximately once every 5.9 years
17.
1940 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1940. January 30 - Soprano Sophie Wyss gives the first complete performance of Benjamin Brittens Les Illuminations, with Boyd Neel conducting his Orchestra at the Wigmore Hall, London. March 28 - Antonio Brosa gives the first performance of Brittens Violin Concerto with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by John Barbirolli in Carnegie Hall, April 26 - Woody Guthrie records most of his Dust Bowl Ballads at RCA Victor studios in Camden, New Jersey. May 27 – Quartetto Egie perform in public for the first time, july 20 – Billboard magazine publishes its first Music Popularity Chart. August – Edmundo Ros forms his own rumba band, november 9 – Joaquín Rodrigos Concierto de Aranjuez is premièred in Barcelona. November 13 – Première of the Walt Disney animated film Fantasia in the United States set to classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski, november 23 – Dmitri Shostakovichs Piano Quintet is premièred at the Moscow Conservatory with the composer at the piano. December 6 – Arnold Schoenbergs Violin Concerto is premièred, December 19 - Bandleader Hal Kemps car is involved in a head-on collision. Kemp suffers a leg and multiple broken ribs, one of which eventually punctures a lung, causing his death a few days later. Quartetto Egie becomes Quartetto Ritmo after a line-up change, heino Eller becomes professor of composition at the Tallinn Conservatory. Alfredo Antonini and John Serry, Sr. appear at the CBS network in Viva America for Voice of America, 16-year-old Doris Day joins Les Browns band. Gesang Martohartono, the legendary Kroncong musician from Indonesia, releases his most popular composition, a Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square – Glenn Miller The Breeze and I – Jimmy Dorsey Bengawan Solo - Gesang Martohartono Careless – Glenn Miller Darn That Dream – Benny Goodman Do You Care. Johnny Burke m. James V. Monaco All Over The Place w. Frank Eyton m, introduced by Tommy Trinder in the film Sailors Three All This And Heaven Too w. Eddie De Lange m. Jimmy Van Heusen Along The Santa Fe Trail w. Al Dubin & Edwina Coolidge m, will Grosz April Played The Fiddle w. Johnny Burke m. James V. Monaco Arm In Arm Church, Bradbury The Bad Humour Man w. Johnny Mercer m. Jimmy McHugh Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar w. m, don Raye, Hughie Prince & Eleanore Sheehy Because Of You w. Arthur Hammerstein m. Dudley Wilkinson Beneath The Lights Of Home Grossman, Jurmann Bengawan Solo - Gesang Martohartono Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered w. Lorenz Hart m. Richard Rodgers Bless Em All w. m. Jimmie Hughes, Frank Lake & Fred Godfrey Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind Arthur Young, William Shakespeare, Al Lewis, Larry Stock & Vincent Rose Boog It w. m. Jack Palmer, Cab Calloway & R. Buck Ram The Breeze And I w. Al Stillman m, ernesto Lecuona Buds Wont Bud w. E. Y. Harburg m. Harold Arlen Cabin In The Sky w. John Latouche m. Vernon Duke The Call Of The Canyon w. m, billy Hill Cant Get Indiana Off My Mind w. Robert De Leon m
18.
La Quinta, California
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La Quinta is a resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, specifically in the Coachella Valley between Indian Wells and Indio. The population was 37,467 at the 2010 census, up from 23,694 at the 2000 census, the Robb Report credits La Quinta as the leading golf destination in the US. Among those destinations is the La Quinta Resort and Club, a dating to 1926. The Tom Fazio-designed golf course at The Quarry at La Quinta is ranked among the top 100 golf courses in the United States. In January 2008, the Arnold Palmer Classic Course at the citys SilverRock Golf Resort became one of the four host golf courses for the annual Bob Hope Chrysler Classic PGA golf tournament. In the late-19th century and early-20th century, agriculture developed in present-day La Quinta, at the time, California and federal land surveyors declared the sand dunes uninhabitable, only the hard rock ground of the Marshall Cove held potential farming and residential development. In 1926, Walter Morgan established the La Quinta Resort at the section of Marshall Cove as a type of secluded hideaway for nearby Hollywoods celebrities and socialites. The Resort was the site for the Coachella Valleys first golf course, coinciding with the construction, further expansion of Washington Street in the 1950s and 1960s connected La Quinta with US Highways 60 and 99. As nearby desert cities grew to capacity, La Quintas growth rose dramatically by the mid-1980s, in the 1980 census, La Quinta had 4,200 residents, then increased to 11,215 by 1990 in the citys early phases of residential area growth. Once predominantly a community until the early-1990s, more full-time residents live in La Quinta to make it possibly more populous than Palm Springs by 2006. La Quinta is located at 33°40′31″N 116°17′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.6 square miles, of which,35.1 square miles of it is land and 0.4 square miles of it is water. The citys elevation is 56 feet above sea level, the landscape was formerly a lake shore of prehistoric Lake Cahuilla which evaporated about 5,000 years ago. The most prominent feature of the La Quinta area is its Santa Rosa Mountains, the Palm Springs segment of Soarin Over California was actually shot at the world-famous PGA West golf complex in La Quinta. The Santa Rosa Mountains are nestled against the course and can be seen easily in the segment. The area is close to the earthquake-causing San Andreas Fault. The climate of the Coachella Valley is influenced by the surrounding geography, High mountain ranges on three sides contribute to its unique and year-round warm climate, with the some of warmest winters west of the Rocky Mountains. Winters are warm with highs often between 68–86 °F. Under 4 inches of precipitation are average, with over 348 days of sunshine per year
19.
Frank Capra
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Frank Russell Capra was an Italian-American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, during World War II, Capra served in the U. S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series. After World War II, Capras career declined as his films such as Its a Wonderful Life. In succeeding decades, however, these films have been favorably reassessed, outside of directing, Capra was active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social issues. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Screenwriters Guild, Capra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, Sicily, a village near Palermo. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a grower. The name Capra, notes Capras biographer Joseph McBride, represents his familys closeness to the land, and means goat. For Capra, the journey, which took 13 days, remained in his mind for the rest of his life as one of his worst experiences, very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag, theres no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. Its the most degrading place you could ever be, Capra remembers the ships arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter. He recalls his fathers exclamation at the sight, Ciccio, look, thats the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem. The family settled in Los Angeless East Side which Capra described in his autobiography as an Italian ghetto, Capras father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, he enrolled in college and he studied chemical engineering and graduated in the spring of 1918. Capra later wrote that his education had changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person. Soon after graduating college, Capra was commissioned in the US Army as a second lieutenant, in the Army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Point, San Francisco. His father died during the war in an accident, in the Army, Capra contracted Spanish flu and was medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1920, living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only family member with a college education, yet he was the only one who remained chronically unemployed. After recovering at home, Capra moved out and spent the few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains
20.
Arizona Biltmore Hotel
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The Arizona Biltmore Hotel is a resort located in Phoenix near 24th Street and Camelback Road. It is part of Hilton Hotels Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts and was featured on the Travel Channel show Great Hotels. The Arizona Biltmore has been designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride, warren McArthur, Jr. and brother Charles McArthur along with John McEntee Bowman, the entrepreneur behind the Biltmore Hotel chain, opened the Arizona Biltmore on February 23,1929. The two architects are a study in contrast with the famous and outspoken Wright being self-taught and never licensed as an architect in Arizona, the more soft-spoken McArthur was Harvard trained in architecture, mathematics, engineering, and music. McArthur obtained a license in Arizona, number 338, in 1925. Reproductions of the geometric sprite statues originally designed by sculptor Alfonso Iannelli for Wrights 1915 Midway Gardens project in Chicago are placed around the property, also, the original hotel solarium of 1929 was converted to a restaurant in 1973 and since the mid-1990s has been named Wrights. Further, three on site restaurants bear Wrights name, Wrights at the Biltmore, The Wright Bar, authorship of the hotels design is not a new dispute. Wright has variously condemned McArthurs use of the system and publicly claimed credit for the buildings design. The nearby Wrigley Mansion was built in 1931 and now operates as a club with memberships starting at $15/year. In 1940, the Catalina pool and the Cowboy Bunkhouse areas opened, marilyn Monroe was seen around the pool area, and Martha Raye was photographed playing chess on a large chessboard around the Cowboy house. In 1962, the hotels first air conditioners were put into service, in 1970, the Wrigley family sold the hotel to the Talley family. 1973 almost spelled doom for the hotel, a fire erupted on June 21, destroying interiors of large parts of the 3rd and 4th floors. It was announced immediately by the new owners that this hotel would be rebuilt in 90 days. Three separate crews were employed around the clock, in 1979, the hotel was taken over by the Rostland Corporation. In 1983, it became a Leper DBL Biltmore Association property, a spa was opened in 1998. In July 1999, Florida Panther Holdings, Inc. acquired the property from Grossman Company Properties for $228. 5M, also, in 1999 Florida Panther Holdings, Inc. changed its name to Boca Resorts, Inc. At the time, Florida Panthers Holdings, Inc, the Company also owned the Florida Panthers Hockey Club and had interests in the operations of the National Car Rental Center located in Sunrise, Florida and the Miami Arena. In December 2000, Boca Resorts, Inc. sold the hotel for $335 Million to KSL Recreation, Inc
21.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
22.
Kraft Music Hall
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The Kraft Music Hall was a popular old-time radio variety program, featuring top show business entertainers, which aired first on NBC radio from 1933 to 1949. During its first year the show went through a series of changes, including Kraft Musical Revue. Whiteman remained the host until December 6,1935, billed as The King of Jazz, Whiteman was arguably America’s first popular music superstar. Whiteman’s foresight regarding the coming of the age and his decisions to hire the best jazz musicians was a powerful boost for jazz, swing. Though he was prohibited from hiring black performers, he hired arrangers and composers, bing Crosby took over as master of ceremonies January 2,1936. Crosby was host until May 9,1946, other entertainers who appeared regularly during Crosbys tenure included Connie Boswell, Victor Borge, and Mary Martin. For the advertising managers at Kraft, it was imperative that advertising and entertainment be kept separate. For this reason, Kraft insisted that an announcer, not cast members, read its commercials. ”Announcer Ken Carpenter commences a 39-second spot extolling the virtues of Kraft Dinner – “Well, I can tell you of macaroni and cheese that helps you three ways. Saves cooking time, saves shopping time, saves ration points. ”Crosby was the longest-running Kraft Music Hall host and his casual style and humorous easy-going banter made the show tops with the young country club set. The average listener was 21 during this period, compared to the age of 11 at the movie houses. Intelligent humor and delightful guests made these years some of the greatest, on the show, Crosby rubbed elbows with the likes of Spike Jones, Lucille Ball, The Andrews Sisters, Nat “King” Cole and Peggy Lee. Crosby left Kraft Music Hall in 1946 and began hosting his own series, Philco Radio Time, Kraft Music Hall went through a handful of short-lived hosts. Edward Everett Horton, Eddie Foy and Frank Morgan all hosted from 1945 through 1947, nelson Eddy took over the summer spots in 1947 and with costar Dorothy Kirsten in 1948 and 1949. The show had a supporting cast, pianist-vocalist Ramona, soprano Helen Jepson, tenor Jack Fulton, pianist Roy Bargy. Jolson kept working until shortly before his death in 1950, with these shows as some of his last, many of the show’s recurring jokes and funny remarks were about Jolsons education, his age and his relationships to women. When Jolson returned in October 1947, Variety printed a rave review, when Decca Records released a Best of Al Jolson double LP, it included several tracks from Kraft Music Hall broadcasts. Kraft Music Hall made the move to television in 1958, replacing the dramatic anthology series Kraft Television Theatre, milton Berle hosted during the 1958 season. Beginning with the fall 1959 season, singer Perry Como became the host, during the summer seasons, the show continued with new episodes, with a variety of guest hosts replacing Berle/Como
23.
CBS News Sunday Morning
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CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28,1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9,00 to 10,30 a. m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7,00 to 8,30 a. m. and 8,00 to 9,30 a. m. in all time zones. The show is hosted by Jane Pauley, who succeeded Charles Osgood on October 9,2016, Osgood was the host for twenty-two years, taking over from original host Charles Kuralt in April 1994. The format was conceived as the Sunday equivalent of the CBS Morning News, the weekday broadcasts, which emphasized hard news as opposed to Sunday Mornings focus on feature stories, were originally anchored by Bob Schieffer. However, the weekday programs then-limited 7,00 to 8,00 a. m, in 1982, the weekday version was extended to a full two hours and restored its previous CBS Morning News title, later to be replaced by short-lived The Morning Program in 1987. The Sunday version, however, survived, and retains its original format, long after the daily editions ended, the Sunday editions opening sequence continued to display all seven days of the week until the early 2000s. On January 25,2004, CBS News Sunday Morning celebrated its 25th anniversary with clips, host Charles Osgood showed clips from former host Charles Kuralt. The February 1,2009 broadcast celebrated Sunday Mornings 30th anniversary, segments examined how the world has changed in the three decades since the program began, the history of Sundays in America and – as a tie-in to the shows logo – the physics of the sun. An artist was commissioned to create new sun logos for the program, CBS News correspondent Steve Hartman periodically revisits some of Charles Kuralts memorable personal profiles. On May 17,2009, CBS News Sunday Morning began broadcasting in high-definition, in 2014, rebroadcasts of the program began airing on sister cable network Smithsonian Channel, but has since been pulled from that channels programming. It then follows a story totem pole in the center of the CBS soundstage, each story covered in a given episode has a glass plate with its headline on this pole, which the camera follows after Pauleys introductions. Music in the show is usually limited to the opening and closing title theme, Pauley introduces each story with a short monologue, then sends the show out to the taped segment. The show usually ends with a preview of the guests and topics to air on that weeks Face the Nation, after the commercial break, there is a 60-second tranquil nature scene. The programs correspondents tend to ask questions of guests. Story lengths are longer and the pace of the program is considerably quieter, commentators Ben Stein and Nancy Giles appear in recurring segments, delivering their opinion, and correspondent Bill Geist also contributes human interest stories. The program ends with a scene, not given a formal title for most of the programs history. The Sunday Morning Experience is a podcast from the younger fan perspective hosted by married couple, Naomi and Jordan Hillyard, about CBS Sunday Morning
24.
Musical film
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The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline. The musical film was a development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology. Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater. Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater, performers often treat their song, in a sense, the viewer becomes the diegetic audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it. The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the age of the musical film. Musical short films were made by Lee de Forest in 1923–24, beginning in 1926, thousands of Vitaphone shorts were made, many featuring bands, vocalists and dancers. The Jazz Singer, released in 1927 by Warner Brothers, was the first to include a track including non-diegetic music and diegetic music. This feature-length film was also a musical, featuring Al Jolson singing Dirty Hands, Dirty Face, Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Blue Skies and My Mammy. Historian Scott Eyman wrote, As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights and she saw terror in all their faces, she said, as if they knew that the game they had been playing for years was finally over. Still, only isolated sequences featured live sound, most of the film had only a musical score. In 1928, Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie, The Singing Fool, theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire Broadway composers to write musicals for the screen. The first all-talking feature, Lights of New York, included a sequence in a night club. The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than an all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively. The Broadway Melody had a plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man. Advertised by MGM as the first All-Talking, All-Singing, All-Dancing feature film, it was a hit, there was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits. The Love Parade starred Maurice Chevalier and newcomer Jeanette MacDonald, written by Broadway veteran Guy Bolton, Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta, The Desert Song in 1929. They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in Technicolor and this was followed by the first all-color, all-talking musical feature which was entitled On with the Show
25.
Holiday Inn (film)
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Holiday Inn is a 1942 American musical film directed by Mark Sandrich and starring Bing Crosby and Fred Astaire. With music by Irving Berlin, the composer wrote twelve songs specifically for the film, the film features the complete reuse of Easter Parade, written by Berlin for the 1933 Broadway revue As Thousands Cheer. The films choreography was by Danny Dare, the film received a 1943 Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as Academy Award nominations for Best Score and Best Original Story. Jim Hardy, Ted Hanover, and Lila Dixon have a musical act popular in the New York City nightlife scene, on Christmas Eve, Jim prepares to give his last performance as part of the act before marrying Lila and retiring with her to a farm in Connecticut. At the last minute, Lila decides she is not ready to stop performing, and she tells Jim that she will stay on as Teds dancing partner. While heartbroken, Jim follows through with his plan and bids the act goodbye, one year later on Christmas Eve, Jim is back in New York City. Farm life has proven difficult, he plans to turn his farm into an entertainment venue called Holiday Inn, Ted and his agent Danny Reed scoff at the plan, but wish him luck. Later, at the flower shop while ordering flowers for Lila from Ted, Danny is accosted by employee Linda Mason who recognizes him as a talent agent. Danny refers her to Holiday Inn and gives her a pass to Teds club and that night, Linda sits at the performers table with Jim, who pretends he owns a big club and isnt sure he could use an act like Hanover and Dixon. Linda pretends shes a celebrity and friend of Teds, then escapes when the two come to Jims table. The next morning, Christmas Day, Linda arrives at Holiday Inn, Jim is preparing the place for New Years Eve, and they take to each other immediately. Jim sings her his new song, White Christmas, which he would have performed had the inn been open that night, later that week, on New Years Eve, Holiday Inn opens to a packed house. Meanwhile, in New York City, Ted learns that Lila is leaving him for a Texas millionaire, drinking heavily, he drives up to Holiday Inn to talk with Jim, arriving at midnight. While wandering aimlessly across the floor, Ted sees Linda. They dance, with Ted bringing down the house despite his inebriated state, Danny arrives just as the dance ends and is ecstatic that Ted found a new partner. The next morning, however, Ted remembers very little and doesnt remember Linda at all, Jim doesnt say anything and hides Linda away, afraid that Ted will steal her away from the inn. At the next performance, Lincolns Birthday, Ted and Danny return to Holiday Inn in search of Linda, Jim is ready for them and decides to run the nights big minstrel show number Abraham with disguised performers, including Linda, in an effort to foil the search. While applying Lindas blackface makeup, Jim asks if she stay with him between holidays, and Linda takes this as a proposal
26.
Your Hit Parade
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Your Hit Parade is an American radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1955 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. It was sponsored by American Tobaccos Lucky Strike cigarettes, during this 24-year run, the show had 19 orchestra leaders and 52 singers or groups. Many listeners and viewers casually referred to the show with the incorrect title The Hit Parade, when the show debuted, there was no agreement as to what it should be called. The press referred to it in a variety of ways, with the most common being Hit Parade, The Hit Parade, and even The Lucky Strike Hit Parade. The programs title was not officially changed to Your Hit Parade until November 9,1935 Each Saturday evening, the earliest format involved a presentation of the top 15 songs. Later, a countdown with fanfares led to the top three finalists, with the one song for the finale. Occasional performances of standards and other songs from the past were known as Lucky Strike Extras. However, the procedure of this authentic tabulation remained a secret. Some believe song choices were often due to various performance. The shows ad agencies—initially Lord and Thomas and later Batten, Barton, the origins of the format can be traced back to the Lucky Strike Dance Orchestra, which aired from 1928 to 1931, sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes. Led by Benjamin A. Rolfe the show was heard on the NBC Red network for an hour at 10 p. m. on Saturdays, the program introduced the slogan, Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet. In a cross-promotion, Rolfe made recordings for Edison Records as B. A. Rolfe and your Hit Parade began on NBC April 20,1935, as a 60-minute program with 15 songs played in a random format. Initially, the songs were more important than the singers, so a stable of vocalists went uncredited and were paid only $100 per episode, in 1936-37, it was carried on both NBC and CBS. Script continuity in the late 1930s and early 1940s was written by Alan Jay Lerner before he found fame as a lyricist, the first number one song on the first episode was Soon by Bing Crosby. Some years passed before the format was introduced, with the number of songs varying from seven to 15. Vocalists in the 1930s included Buddy Clark, Lanny Ross, Kay Thompson and Bea Wain, who was married to the shows announcer, French-born André Baruch. Frank Sinatra joined the show in 1943, and was fired for messing up the No.1 song, Dont Fence Me In by interjecting a mumble to the effect that the song had too many words, an AFRS transcription survives of this show. One source says his contract was not renewed due to demanding a raise, as he zoomed in popularity he was rehired, returning to co-star with Doris Day
27.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
28.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
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The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U. S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. S. -held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, the attack commenced at 7,48 a. m. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service, the Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed,2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the station, shipyard, maintenance. Japanese losses were light,29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, one Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a shock to the American people. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, the U. S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt to proclaim December 7,1941, a date which will live in infamy. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion, the United States, the United Kingdom, in 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, an invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40 and this was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented. By 1941, U. S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet
29.
American Forces Network
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The American Forces Network is the brand name used by the United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service for its entertainment and command internal information networks worldwide. AFN broadcasts popular American radio and television programs from the major U. S. networks and it is sometimes referred to as the Armed Forces Network. AFRTS, American Forces Network and AFN are registered trademarks of the U. S. Department of Defense and it is based at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. The American Forces Network is the arm of the American Forces Radio and Television Service. AFN falls under the control of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. Editorial control is by the Department of Defense, whereas the British Forces Broadcasting Service, for example, is independent of the Ministry of Defence, AFN employs military broadcasters as well as Department of Defense civilians and contractors. Service personnel hold broadcasting occupational specialties for their military branch, since 1997, all of AFNs military personnel receive primary training at the Defense Information School at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. Before 1997, DINFOS was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indianapolis, in 1997, Fort Benjamin Harrison was largely closed as a function of the 1991 Base Closure and Realignment Commission. Additional/Advanced training is available at Fort George G. Meade. In the 1960s, DINFOS was located at Fort Slocum, NY on an island just off the harbor at New Rochelle. At its peak in 1965, the Army Chaplain school was located here. In 1963 this campus operated in a university setting with a military environment. The Army ran the Information School although training was offered to members of all military branches, Radio types took a rather severe audition written by CBS for their network announcers. Those who survived the audition became Broadcast Specialists with a 703 MOS, some of AFNs broadcasters have previous commercial broadcasting experience before enlisting in the military, but it is not a prerequisite for enlistment in the military as a broadcaster. During their training, the broadcasters are taught to use state-of-the-art audio, AFN management is located at DMA headquarters at Fort Meade. Day-to-day AFN broadcast operations are conducted at the AFN Broadcast Center/Defense Media Center in Riverside, California, from all global radio. The American Forces Network can trace its origins to May 26,1942, a television service was first introduced in 1954 with a pilot station at Limestone Air Force Base, Maine. In 1954, the mission of AFRS was officially recognized
30.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
31.
Marjorie Reynolds
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Marjorie Reynolds was an American film/television actress and dancer, who appeared in more than 50 films. The daughter of a doctor and his wife, Reynolds was born Marjorie Goodspeed in Buhl and she acted under the names of both Goodspeed and as Marjorie Moore. She began taking dancing lessons when she was 4 years old, when she was 3 years old, her family moved to Los Angeles, California. She attended Los Angeles High School, beginning at age 6, Reynolds was a featured child actress in such silent films as Scaramouche. Her first speaking role was in Murder in Greenwich Village and she appeared in bit parts in numerous films including Gone with the Wind. Reynolds played the loyal girlfriend opposite wrongly accused Richard Cromwell in Enemy Agent and that same year, in The Fatal Hour, Reynolds appeared for Monogram Pictures as a reporter on the trail of Boris Karloffs detective James Lee Wong, and opposite Grant Withers as a cop. Perhaps her best-known film was Holiday Inn, which introduced the classic song White Christmas and she performed the song both as a duet with Bing Crosby and later in a solo performance, although her singing was dubbed by Martha Mears. The movie also showcased her dancing ability and she also had major roles in Fritz Langs Ministry of Fear and in the movie Up in Mabels Room. Reynolds starred with Abbott and Costello in the supernatural comedy The Time of Their Lives and her career progression was hindered by the premature death of her mentor, Mark Sandrich. She was cast in a role in Mario Lanzas film debut. She later appeared in the NBC version of the television series The Life of Riley, Reynolds was married to Jack Reynolds, a casting director. They had a daughter, Linda, and divorced in 1952 and her second husband was film editor Jon M. Haffen. Reynolds has a star in the Television section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame, on February 1,1997, having suffered from congestive heart disease, she collapsed and died in Manhattan Beach, California, while walking her dog. She was survived by one daughter, filming of Gone With the Wind. The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, the Oxford Companion to the American Musical, Theatre, Film, and Television. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Encyclopedia of Television, Series, Pilots and Specials 1974–1984. Marjorie Reynolds at Find a Grave Marjorie Reynolds at Library of Congress Authorities, with 5 catalog records Marjorie Reynolds at the Internet Movie Database Marjorie Reynolds at AllMovie
32.
White Christmas (film)
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White Christmas is a 1954 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the song, White Christmas. But, word has come down that their commanding officer. He arrives for the end of the show and delivers an emotional farewell, the men give him a rousing send-off. After the war, Bob and Phil make it big in nightclubs, radio and they mount their newest hit musical titled Playing Around. The same day they receive a letter from Freckle-Faced Haynes, the boy, their mess sergeant from the war. When they go to the club to watch the act, Phil notices that Bob is smitten with Betty, Phil has eyes for her sister, Judy. Betty and Judy join Bob and Phil at their table, and Phil dances with Judy, so that Bob, Phil and Judy hit it off. Bob and Betty do not, getting into an argument about how Bob thinks that everyone has an angle in show business. Judy and Betty are headed for the Columbia Inn in Pine Tree, Vermont, due to a disagreement with their landlord, the girls have to leave immediately, so Phil gives the sisters his and Bobs sleeping-room accommodations aboard the train. Bob and Phil board later and Bob is extremely upset that they have to stay up all night in the car on their way to NYC. They are joined by Betty and Judy, who thank them profusely for the tickets, when the train arrives in Pine Tree, theres not a snowflake in sight, and chances of it falling appear dim. Bob and Phil discover that the inn is run by their commanding officer. Waverly has invested all of his savings into the lodge, which is in danger of failing because theres no snow, to bring business to the inn, Bob and Phil bring the entire cast and crew of their musical Playing Around, and add in Betty and Judy. Bob and Bettys relationship blooms and they spend a good deal of time together, meanwhile, Bob discovers the Generals request to rejoin the army has been rejected. He decides to prove to the General that he isnt forgotten, unbeknownst to Bob, nosy housekeeper Emma Allen was eavesdropping, but she only heard the part about free advertising, not Bobs rejection of the idea. Mistakenly believing that her boss will be portrayed as a pitiable figure in a nationwide broadcast. The misunderstanding causes Betty to grow suddenly cold towards a baffled Bob, while this is happening, Judy becomes convinced that Betty will never take on a serious relationship until Judy is engaged or married
33.
Audio mastering
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Mastering requires critical listening, however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Mastering is a gateway between production and consumption and, as such, it involves technical knowledge as well as specific aesthetics. Results still depend upon the accuracy of speaker monitors and the listening environment, mastering engineers may also need to apply corrective equalization and dynamic compression in order to optimise sound translation on all playback systems. It is standard practice to make a copy of a recording, known as a safety copy, in case the master is lost. In the earliest days of the industry, all phases of the recording and mastering process were entirely achieved by mechanical processes. The cutting head, driven by the energy transferred from the horn and these masters were usually made from either a soft metal alloy or from wax, this gave rise to the colloquial term waxing, referring to the cutting of a record. Until the introduction of recording, master recordings were almost always cut direct-to-disc. Only a small minority of recordings were mastered using previously recorded material sourced from other discs, in the late 1940s, the recording industry was revolutionized by the introduction of magnetic tape. Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, not until the end of World War II could the technology be found outside of Europe. The introduction of tape recording enabled master discs to be cut separately in time. From the 1950s until the advent of recording in the late 1970s. Once the studio recording on tape was complete, a final mix was prepared and dubbed down to the master tape. Prior to the cutting of the disc, the master tape was often subjected to further electronic treatment by a specialist mastering engineer. After the advent of tape it was found that, especially for pop recordings and this was done by making fine adjustments to the amplitude of sound at different frequency bands prior to the cutting of the master disc. Record mastering became a prized and skilled craft, and it was widely recognized that good mastering could make or break a commercial pop recording. As a result, the independent mastering studio was born, early independent mastering engineers included Doug Sax, Bob Ludwig, Bob Katz and Bernie Grundman and Denny Purcell. In large recording companies such as EMI, the process was usually controlled by specialist staff technicians who were conservative in their work practices. In the 1990s, electro-mechanical processes were largely superseded by digital technology, with digital recordings stored on disk drives or digital tape
34.
Western jackdaw
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The western jackdaw, also known as the Eurasian jackdaw, European jackdaw, or simply jackdaw, is a passerine bird in the crow family. Found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, it is mostly resident, four subspecies are recognised, which mainly differ in the colouration of the plumage on the head and nape. Linnaeus first described it formally, giving it the name Corvus monedula, the common name derives from the word jack, meaning small, and daw, the native English name for the bird. Measuring 34–39 centimetres in length, the jackdaw is a black-plumaged bird with a grey nape. It is gregarious and vocal, living in groups with a complex social structure in farmland, open woodland, on coastal cliffs. Like its relatives, Jackdaws are intelligent birds, and have been observed using tools, an omnivorous and opportunistic feeder, it eats a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, as well as food waste from urban areas. Western jackdaws are monogamous and build nests of sticks in cavities in trees, cliffs. About five pale blue or blue-green eggs with brown speckles are laid, the young fledge in four to five weeks. The western jackdaw was one of the species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae. Jackdaws are sometimes placed in the genus Coloeus, from the Ancient Greek κολοιός for jackdaw, formerly, western jackdaws were simply called daws. The metallic chyak call may be the origin of the part of the common name. Names in English dialects are numerous, scottish and north English dialects have included ka or kae since the 14th century. The Midlands form of this word was co or coo, caddow is potentially a compound of ka and dow, a variant of daw. Other dialectal or obsolete names include caddesse, cawdaw, caddy, chauk, college-bird, jackerdaw, jacko, ka-wattie, chimney-sweep bird and it was also frequently known quasi-nominally as Jack. An archaic collective noun for a group of jackdaws is a clattering, another name for a flock is a train. A study in 2000 found that the distance between jackdaws and the other members of Corvus was greater than that within the rest of the genus. A study of corvid phylogeny undertaken in 2007 compared DNA sequences in the control region of several corvids. It found that the western jackdaw, and the closely related Daurian jackdaw of eastern Russia, the names Coloeus monedula and Coloeus dauuricus have since been adopted by the International Ornithological Congress in their official list
35.
Auld Lang Syne
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Auld Lang Syne is a Scots poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to the tune of a traditional folk song. It is well known in countries, especially in the English-speaking world. By extension, it is sung at funerals, graduations. The international Scouting movement, in countries, uses it to close jamborees. The songs Scots title may be translated into standard English as old long since, or more idiomatically, long long ago, consequently, For auld lang syne, as it appears in the first line of the chorus, might be loosely translated as for old times. The phrase Auld Lang Syne is also used in poems by Robert Ayton, Allan Ramsay. Matthew Fitt uses the phrase In the days of auld lang syne as the equivalent of Once upon a time, in his retelling of fairy tales in the Scots language. CHORUS, On old long syne my Jo, On old long syne, That thou canst never once reflect and it is a fair supposition to attribute the rest of the poem to Burns himself. There is some doubt as to whether the melody used today is the same one Burns originally intended, singing the song on Hogmanay or New Years Eve very quickly became a Scots custom that soon spread to other parts of the British Isles. As Scots emigrated around the world, they took the song with them, a manuscript of Auld Lang Syne is held in the permanent collection of The Lilly Library at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. The song begins by posing a question, Is it right that old times be forgotten. The answer is generally interpreted as a call to remember long-standing friendships, thomsons Select Songs of Scotland was published in 1799 in which the second verse about greeting and toasting was moved to its present position at the end. Most common use of the song only the first verse. The last lines of both of these are sung with the extra words For the sake of or And days of. This allows one note for each word, rather than the slight melisma required to fit Burns original words to the melody. † dine = dinner time‡ ch = voiceless velar fricative, /x/, at the back of the mouth like /k/, similar to Bach in German* syne = since or then – pronounced like sign rather than zine. The tune to which Auld Lang Syne is commonly sung is a pentatonic Scots folk melody, English composer William Shield seems to quote the Auld Lang Syne melody briefly at the end of the overture to his opera Rosina, which may be its first recorded use. For instance, Burns poem Coming Through the Rye is sung to a tune that might also be based on the Millers Wedding
36.
Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy
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Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy is a Christmas song with an added counterpoint performed by David Bowie and Bing Crosby. The single saw commercial success upon its release in 1982 and peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, the single became one of David Bowies best selling in his career, with total estimated sales over 400,000 in the UK alone. The song has become a Christmas classic in the United States. The track was recorded on September 11,1977 for Crosbys then-upcoming television special, Bowies appearance has been described as a surreal event, undertaken at a time when he was actively trying to normalise his career. He later admitted to having appeared on the show because I just knew my mother liked him. Buz Kohan was not sure that Crosby knew who Bowie was, if he didnt, his kids sure did. According to co-writer Ian Fraser, Bowie balked at singing Little Drummer Boy, is there something else I could sing. Fraser, along with songwriter Larry Grossman and the scriptwriter, Buz Kohan. Crosby performed Little Drummer Boy, while Bowie sang the new tune Peace on Earth, a few days after the taping, Crosby said of Bowie, clean-cut kid and a real fine asset to the show. He sings well, has a voice and reads lines well. Crosby died on October 14, nearly five weeks recording the special at Elstree Studios near London, in the U. S. the show aired just over a month later, on November 30,1977. In the United Kingdom, the special first aired on December 24,1977 on ITV, the song was available for some years as a bootleg single backed with Heroes, which Bowie had also performed on the TV special. In 1982, RCA Records issued the recording as a single, complete with the dialogue. Bowie was unhappy with this move, which soured his already strained relationship with RCA. The single debuted on the UK singles chart in November 1982, the single has total estimated sales of 445,424 in the UK, giving Bowie one of his most successful singles. It has since become a perennial on British Christmas compilation albums, in the United States and Canada, Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy became a staple on radio stations during the Christmas season. On November 9,2010, Collectors Choice Music released a 7-inch vinyl edition of Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy on red-colored vinyl in the United States, the flip-side of the single contained a Bing Crosby/Ella Fitzgerald duet of the song White Christmas, recorded in 1953. The single was limited to 2,000 copies, the single continues to chart in the Christmas season around North America and Europe
37.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet and educator whose works include Paul Reveres Ride, The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy, Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, which was then a part of Massachusetts. After spending time in Europe he became a professor at Bowdoin and, later and his first major poetry collections were Voices of the Night and Ballads and Other Poems. Longfellow retired from teaching in 1854, to focus on his writing, living the remainder of his life in Cambridge, Massachusetts and his first wife Mary Potter died in 1835, after a miscarriage. His second wife Frances Appleton died in 1861, after sustaining burns when her dress caught fire, after her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time and focused on translating works from foreign languages. Longfellow wrote many lyric poems known for their musicality and often presenting stories of mythology and he became the most popular American poet of his day and also had success overseas. He has been criticized, however, for imitating European styles and his father was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth, was a general in the American Revolutionary War and a Member of Congress. He was named after his mothers brother Henry Wadsworth, a Navy lieutenant who had died three years earlier at the Battle of Tripoli, Longfellow was the second of eight children, his siblings were Stephen, Elizabeth, Anne, Alexander, Mary, Ellen and Samuel. Longfellow was of entirely English ancestry, all of which had been in New England since the early 1600s, Longfellow attended a dame school at the age of three and by age six was enrolled at the private Portland Academy. In his years there he earned a reputation as being very studious and his mother encouraged his enthusiasm for reading and learning, introducing him to Robinson Crusoe and Don Quixote. He published his first poem, a patriotic and historical four-stanza poem called The Battle of Lovells Pond and he stayed at the Portland Academy until the age of fourteen. He spent much of his summers as a child at his grandfather Pelegs farm in the western Maine town of Hiram, in the fall of 1822, the 15-year-old Longfellow enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, along with his brother Stephen. His grandfather was a founder of the college and his father was a trustee, there Longfellow met Nathaniel Hawthorne, who would later become his lifelong friend. He boarded with a clergyman for a time before rooming in 1823 on the floor of what is now known as Winthrop Hall. He joined the Peucinian Society, a group of students with Federalist leanings, in his senior year, Longfellow wrote to his father about his aspirations, I will not disguise it in the least. The fact is, I most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature, my whole soul burns most ardently after it, and every earthly thought centres in it. I am almost confident in believing, that if I can ever rise in the world it must be by the exercise of my talents in the field of literature. He pursued his goals by submitting poetry and prose to various newspapers and magazines
38.
Katherine Kennicott Davis
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Katherine Kennicott Davis was an American former teacher, who was a classical music composer, pianist, and author of the famous Christmas tune The Little Drummer Boy. Davis was born in St. Joseph, Missouri, on June 25,1892 and she composed her first piece of music, Shadow March, at the age of 15. She graduated from St. Joseph High School in 1910, in 1914 she won the colleges Billings Prize. After graduation she continued at Wellesley as an assistant in the Music Department, teaching music theory, at the same time she studied at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. Davis also studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris and she taught music at the Concord Academy in Concord, Massachusetts, and at the Shady Hill School for Girls in Philadelphia. She became a member of ASCAP in 1941. and was granted a doctorate from Stetson University, in DeLand. Katherine K. Davis continued writing music until she became ill in the winter of 1979-1980 and she died on April 20,1980, at the age of 87, in Littleton, Massachusetts. These funds are used to support musical instrument instruction, many of her over 600 compositions were written for the choirs at her school. She was actively involved in The Concord Series, multiple-volume set of music, many of the musical volumes were compiled, arranged, and edited by Davis with Archibald T. Davison, and they were published by E. C. Schirmer in Boston. She wrote The Little Drummer Boy, in 1941 and it became famous when recorded by the Harry Simeone Chorale in 1958, the recording sailed to the top of the Billboard charts and Simeone insisted on a writers royalty for his arrangement of the song. Another famous hymn by Katherine Davis is the Thanksgiving hymn Let All Things Now Living which uses the melody of the traditional Welsh folk song The Ash Grove. Birchard Seasonal Anthems for junior choirs, two-part childrens chorus and keyboard,1963, B. F. Wood Music Shepherds, Awake. Mixed voices a cappella,1938, Remick Music Sing Gloria, text by John Crowley, mixed voices, SA duet, Katherine Davis, Composer, At 87, Memorial Service At Wheaton. Miss Davis composed more than 800 selections, sacred and secular and her most well-known song is the carol, The Little Drummer Boy, originally published in 1941 as The Carol of the Drum. She also composed songs, seven operas, carols, choruses, Katherine K. Davis, life and work. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Thesis, University of Missouri, reprint by University Microfilms, flanagan, A. L. Katherine K. Davis, 1892-1980, The American Organist, p.31. The Hymns of Katherine K. Davis, The Hymn,43, pp. 28–33
