1.
White Russia
–
White Russia, alternatively known as White Rus or White Ruthenia, is an archaism for the eastern part of present-day Belarus, including the cities of Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Mogilev. In English, the use of the term White Russia to refer to all of Belarus is obsolete, many other languages, however, continue to use a literal translation of White Russia to refer to Belarus. Belarus translates to White Russia in many modern languages, in the German language, the usual name for the state of Belarus even today is Weißrussland. In official use, the name Belarus is often preferred, however, even the German Chancellor Angela Merkel used the term Weißrussland in her speech to the European Council Summit in March 2007. Likewise, Belarus is normally translated as White Russia into a number of languages, including Dutch, Greek, Chinese, Turkish, and the Scandinavian, Baltic. In French, most people use the word Biélorussie to describe the country now known as Belarus. The term White Russians in its political sense is a twentieth-century development. For example, at one time the term was applied to Novgorod, the 16th century chronicler Guagnini book Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio popular in Europe, but in fact plagiarized from Maciej Stryjkowski, wrote that Rus was divided in three parts. The first part, under the rule of the Moscovite Grand Duke, was called White Russia, the second one, under the rule of Polish king, was called Black Russia. And the rest was Red Russia and he also said Moscow was the center of White Russia and Russian metropolitanate, and that Grand Duke of Moscow was called the White Czar, especially by his subjects. Only by the late 16th century did it become a name for the area of the present Belarus, another speculation in Vasmer is that the color of the clothes of the White Russians may have contributed to the name. Oleg Trubachyov calls both theories complete fantasies, some other Slavic people have been distinguished by colour. There have been, for example, White, Red and Black Croats, Black Croats resided beyond the River Don, White Serbs in todays east Germany. There is also a historically known as Black Ruthenia, it covers northwestern lands of modern-day Belarus, Hrodna, Slonim, Navahrudak, Vaukavysk. Yet another theory is that the name may have had its origins in the efforts made by Russias tsars to distinguish themselves from their predecessors in Rome, the Russian Tsar was thus called the White Tsar, Sunt qui principem Moscovuiae Album Regem nuncupant. Ego quidem causam diligenter quaerebam, cur Regis Albi nomine appellaretur, the Tsar himself was often called the Great White Tsar, while he included among his official titles the style, The Sovereign of all Rus, the Great, the Little, and the White. This appellation, together with the solemn wording White Tsardom, was in use till the end of the Russian Empire. Ultimately, this colour was transferred onto the name of the counter-revolutionary White Army that fought against the Red Army, Little Russia Great Russia New Russia Why is the Russia White
2.
White movement
–
Remnants and continuations of the movement, some of which only had narrow support, endured within the wider White émigré community until after the fall of Communism. The Whites had the aim of bringing about law and order and the salvation of Russia, fighting against traitors, barbarians. They worked to remove Soviet organizations and functionaries in White-controlled territory, overall, the White Army was nationalistic, rejected ethnic particularism and separatism. The White Army generally believed in a united multinational Russia, amongst White Army members, anti-Semitism was widespread. Western sponsors expressed dismay at this, especially as the Bolsheviks had prohibited anti-Semitism, many of the White leaders were conservative, accepting autocracy while remaining suspicious of politics. Aside from being anti-Bolshevik and patriotic, the Whites had no set ideology or main leader, the White Armies did acknowledge a single provisional head of state, the so-called Supreme Governor of Russia, but this post was prominent only under the leadership of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. The movement had no set plan for foreign policy, Whites differed on policies toward Germany, the Whites wanted to keep from alienating any potential supporters and allies, and thus saw an exclusively monarchist position as a detriment to their cause and recruitment. White-movement leaders such as Anton Denikin advocated for Russians to create their own government, Admiral Alexander Kolchak succeeded in creating a temporary wartime government in Omsk, acknowledged by most other White leaders, only for it to fall with the loss of his armies. Some warlords who were aligned with the White movement, such as Grigory Semyonov and Roman Ungern von Sternberg, did not acknowledge any authority, consequently, the White movement had no set political leanings, members could be monarchists, republicans, rightists, Kadets, etc. Moreover, other parties supported the anti-Bolshevik White Army, among them the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. But depending on the time and place, those White Army supporters might also exchange right-wing allegiance for allegiance to the Red Army, the Volunteer Army in South Russia became the most prominent and the largest of the various and disparate White forces. Starting off as a small and well-organized military in January 1918, the Kuban Cossacks joined the White Army, and conscription of both peasants and Cossacks began. In late February 1918,4,000 soldiers under the command of General Aleksei Kaledin were forced to retreat from Rostov-on-Don due to the advance of the Red Army, in 1919 the Don Cossacks joined and the Army began drafting Ukrainian peasants. In that year, between May and October, the Volunteer Army grew from 64,000 to 150,000 soldiers and was better supplied than its Red counterpart. The White Armys rank-and-file comprised active anti-Bolsheviks, such as Cossacks, nobles, the White movement had access to various naval forces, both sea-going and river-based. Note especially the use of the Black Sea Fleet, aerial forces available to the Whites included the Slavo-British Aviation Corps. The Russian ace Alexander Kazakov operated within this unit, the White movements leaders and first members came mainly from the ranks of military officers. Many came from outside the nobility, such as generals Mikhail Alekseev, the White generals never mastered administration, they often utilized prerevolutionary functionaries or military officers with monarchististic inclinations for administering White-controlled regions
3.
Belarus
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Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres is forested and its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian Peoples Republic, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, during WWII, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years, in 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR. The parliament of the declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990. Alexander Lukashenko has served as the president since 1994. Belarus has been labeled Europes last dictatorship by some Western journalists, Lukashenko continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. Though not directly espousing communism like the five remaining communist countries of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea, in 2000 Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, with some hints of forming a Union State. Over 70% of Belaruss population of 9.49 million resides in urban areas, more than 80% of the population is ethnic Belarusian, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages, Belarusian and Russian, the Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Belarus is the only European country to retain capital punishment in both law and practice, the name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus, i. e. White Rus. There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus, an alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population. A third theory suggests that the old Rus lands that were not conquered by the Tatars had been referred to as white, other sources claim that, before 1267, the land not conquered by the Mongols was considered White Rus. The name Rus is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, in some languages, including German and Dutch, the country is generally called White Russia to this day. The Latin term Alba Russia was used again by Pope Pius VI in 1783 to recognize the Society of Jesus there, exclaiming Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo. The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey. During the 17th century, the Russian tsars used White Rus to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
4.
Belarusian language
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Belarusian is an official language of Belarus, along with Russian, and is spoken abroad, chiefly in Russia, Ukraine, and small parts in far-eastern Poland. Following independence, it became known as Belarusian. Belarusian is one of the East Slavic languages and shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group, to some extent, Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian are mutually intelligible. Its predecessor stage is known as Ruthenian, in turn descended from Old East Slavic, at the 1999 Belarus Census, the Belarusian language was declared as a language spoken at home by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens. About 6,984,000 of Belarusians declared it their mother tongue, other sources put the population of the language as 6,715,000 in Belarus and 9,081,102 in all countries. According to a study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home,29. 4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52. 5% can only read and speak it. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages, especially Ukrainian, Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways, the phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes,6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants, depending on how they are counted. When the nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, the number 48 includes all consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be semantically distinct in the modern Belarusian language. The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script, which was first used as an alphabet for the Old Church Slavonic language, the modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also written in the Belarusian Latin alphabet, the Belarusian Arabic alphabet. The Glagolitic script had been used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century, there are several systems of romanizing written Belarusian text in existence, see Romanization of Belarusian. Standardized Belarusian grammar in its form was adopted in 1959. It was developed from the form set down by Branislaw Tarashkyevich. Historically, there had existed several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar and it is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of Minsk-Vilnius region. Belarusian grammar is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall is similar to Russian grammar. The most significant instance of this is in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular akannye, the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, Belarusian always spells this merged sound as ⟨a⟩, whereas Russian uses either ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, according to what the underlying phoneme is. This can significantly complicate the task of foreign speakers in learning these paradigms, besides the literary norm, there exist two main dialects of the Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and the South-Western. In addition, there exist the transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group, the North-Eastern dialect is chiefly characterized by the soft sounding R and strong akanye, and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the hard sounding R and moderate akanye
5.
White Ruthenia
–
White Russia, alternatively known as White Rus or White Ruthenia, is an archaism for the eastern part of present-day Belarus, including the cities of Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Mogilev. In English, the use of the term White Russia to refer to all of Belarus is obsolete, many other languages, however, continue to use a literal translation of White Russia to refer to Belarus. Belarus translates to White Russia in many modern languages, in the German language, the usual name for the state of Belarus even today is Weißrussland. In official use, the name Belarus is often preferred, however, even the German Chancellor Angela Merkel used the term Weißrussland in her speech to the European Council Summit in March 2007. Likewise, Belarus is normally translated as White Russia into a number of languages, including Dutch, Greek, Chinese, Turkish, and the Scandinavian, Baltic. In French, most people use the word Biélorussie to describe the country now known as Belarus. The term White Russians in its political sense is a twentieth-century development. For example, at one time the term was applied to Novgorod, the 16th century chronicler Guagnini book Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio popular in Europe, but in fact plagiarized from Maciej Stryjkowski, wrote that Rus was divided in three parts. The first part, under the rule of the Moscovite Grand Duke, was called White Russia, the second one, under the rule of Polish king, was called Black Russia. And the rest was Red Russia and he also said Moscow was the center of White Russia and Russian metropolitanate, and that Grand Duke of Moscow was called the White Czar, especially by his subjects. Only by the late 16th century did it become a name for the area of the present Belarus, another speculation in Vasmer is that the color of the clothes of the White Russians may have contributed to the name. Oleg Trubachyov calls both theories complete fantasies, some other Slavic people have been distinguished by colour. There have been, for example, White, Red and Black Croats, Black Croats resided beyond the River Don, White Serbs in todays east Germany. There is also a historically known as Black Ruthenia, it covers northwestern lands of modern-day Belarus, Hrodna, Slonim, Navahrudak, Vaukavysk. Yet another theory is that the name may have had its origins in the efforts made by Russias tsars to distinguish themselves from their predecessors in Rome, the Russian Tsar was thus called the White Tsar, Sunt qui principem Moscovuiae Album Regem nuncupant. Ego quidem causam diligenter quaerebam, cur Regis Albi nomine appellaretur, the Tsar himself was often called the Great White Tsar, while he included among his official titles the style, The Sovereign of all Rus, the Great, the Little, and the White. This appellation, together with the solemn wording White Tsardom, was in use till the end of the Russian Empire. Ultimately, this colour was transferred onto the name of the counter-revolutionary White Army that fought against the Red Army, Little Russia Great Russia New Russia Why is the Russia White
6.
Old Believers
–
Old Believers continue liturgical practices that the Russian Orthodox Church had maintained before the implementation of these reforms. Russian speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol, etymologically indicating a cleaving-apart, in 1652, Patriarch Nikon introduced a number of ritual and textual revisions with the aim of achieving uniformity between the practices of the Russian and Greek Orthodox churches. Nikon, having noticed discrepancies between Russian and Greek rites and texts, ordered an adjustment of the Russian rites to align with the Greek ones of his time. In doing so, according to the Old Believers, Nikon acted without consultation with the clergy. Those who maintained fidelity to the existing rite endured severe persecutions from the end of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century as Schismatics and they became known as Old Ritualists, a name introduced during the reign of Catherine the Great. They continued to call themselves simply Orthodox Christians, by the middle of the 17th century, Greek and Russian Church officials, including Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, had noticed discrepancies between contemporary Russian and Greek usages. Thus, the Russian Orthodox Church had become dissonant from the other Orthodox churches, later research was to vindicate the Muscovite service-books as belonging to a different Greek recension from that which was used by the Greeks at the time of Nikon. The unrevised Muscovite books proved to be older than the current Greek books, which had been revised over the centuries, were newer, and contained innovations. Nikon wanted to have the rite in the Russian tsardom and in majority-ethnic Slavic lands, then part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their rite was closer to the Greek than that in the Moscow duchy, Nikon did not want to adopt two different rites in the same church. Supported by Tsar Alexis, Nikon carried out some preliminary liturgical reforms, in 1652, he convened a synod and exhorted the clergy on the need to compare Russian Typikon, Euchologion, and other liturgical books with their Greek counterparts. Monasteries from all over Russia received requests to send examples to Moscow in order to have subjected to a comparative analysis. Some scholars allege that the visiting patriarchs each received both 20,000 rubles in gold and furs for their participation and this council officially established the reforms and anathematized not only all those opposing the innovations, but the old Russian books and rites themselves as well. As a side-effect of condemning the past of the Russian Orthodox Church and her traditions, instead of the guardian of Orthodox faith, Moscow seemed an accumulation of serious liturgical mistakes. The numerous changes in both texts and rites occupied approximately 400 pages, the authorities imposed the reforms in an autocratic fashion, with no consultation of the subject people. Those who reacted against the Nikonian reforms would have objected as much to the manner of imposition as to the alterations, in addition, changes often were made arbitrarily in the texts. For example, wherever the books read Христосъ, Nikons assistants substituted Сынъ, another example is that wherever the books read Церковь, Nikon substituted Храмъ and vice versa. The protest was indeed global, the episcopate, the clergy, opponents of the ecclesiastical reforms of Nikon emerged among all strata of the people and in relatively large numbers
7.
Evig pint
–
Evig pint is the second studio album by Norwegian alternative rock group Kaizers Orchestra, recorded in November and December 2002 and released on 3 February 2003. After the release of the best-selling Ompa til du dør, and the EPs Død manns tango and Mann mot mann, die Polizei was played in late 2001, although being part of the plot of the following album Maestro rather than Evig pint. In February 2002, the played the song Salt og pepper for the first time. The song continued to be played throughout 2002, some new compositions were mentioned in interviews, called Brolins Box Arrangement and Tyster. However, these were never mentioned again or played live, nothing new surfaced until the band played Djevelens orkester once in fall 2002. Shortly after, in November, the sessions for the new album started. A minimal amount of news about the new album surfaced, on their site and in newspapers, nearing the end of 2002, Kaizers Orchestra spoke about the new album. It was to be called Evig pint, and was due for release on 3 February 2003, die Polizei was ultimately cut, as the band decided that the true feel of the song could only be experienced live. Thus, it was kept as a live song, and was never released on any album until the bands live album Live at Vega in 2006. Despite their previous announcement of keeping the song exclusive to live shows, the album art features the bands organist Helge Risa in his trademark gas mask before a dark brown background. The liner notes features pictures from a concert the band held at Rockefeller in Oslo, in early 2003, the band released Di grind as a free download, exclusively on their site. They premiered the song Evig pint at the Spellemannsprisen award show, the album was released finally on February 3,2003. Like its predecessor, it received positive reviews from the major newspapers in Norway, however. The album was later re-released in other countries, but unlike Ompa til du dør, no additions and it was also released as a digipak CD and LP. Lastly, it was re-released as a bundle together with last years EP release Mann mot mann, in 2004, the album, together with the bands earlier and later releases, was re-released throughout Europe, due to the band having signed a contract with Universal Germany. Ultimately, the album did not sell as well as Ompa til du dør, however, Evig pint remains one of the albums with most consistency in its overall review score released in Norway to date. Evig pint has a darker atmosphere than its predecessor, both musically and lyrically. A majority of the songs are about torment of the soul, heaven, hell, death, the lyrics also relate to each other to a lesser extent than Ompa til du dør
8.
Clutching at Straws
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Clutching at Straws is the fourth studio album by the British neo-progressive rock band Marillion, released in 1987. It was the last album with lead singer Fish, who left the band in 1988. It produced three UK Top 40 singles, Incommunicado, Sugar Mice and Warm Wet Circles, the album has received critical acclaim. In 1999, a 2-CD Remastered Version with additional B-sides and demos was released, the character of Torch is a 29-year-old out-of-work man whose life is a mess. He seeks comfort mostly in alcohol to numb himself and he is trying, but failing, to forget what lies at his feet—a failed marriage, being a deadbeat father, and his lack of commercial success as a singer in a band. As he gets drunk, he writes about his surroundings. Since Torch has no real outlet at his disposal, he ends up in bars, hotel rooms. Marillion took a break after their tour in support of the album after it was released, the front and back covers of the album describe Fishs inspiration for the albums lyrics as well as some of his heroes. There are allusions to them throughout the album, especially as I got a call almost by the day from EMI or John that if I missed this deadline, the time slot would go, and the tour / album symbiosis put in jeopardy. Somehow I did it, clutching at sleep, the rest of the band were a bit unmoved, it was so different to the previous sleeves. I loved this album, still do and it was some kind of pinnacle as far as I am concerned. It was not the sleeve I had imagined and you dont win them all, believe me. Clutching at Straws suggests that they may be coming in from the cold. Tour opener Slainte Mhath is simple and elegant, building to its dramatic crescendo only to be upstaged by Sugar Mice – quite simply, the Last Straw is also praised as a stunning closer to the album. Rolling Stone has stated that Marillions fourth album balanced melody and melodrama and commented on the production and guitarist Steve Rotherys spacious. The album was released on cassette, vinyl LP,12 picture disc and was the first Marillion album to be released on compact disc. The remastered edition was also made available without the bonus disc. A new 180 gram vinyl pressing was released in September 2013 by EMI and it was identical to the original vinyl release from 1987, namely Going Under was not included
9.
White Russian (cocktail)
–
A White Russian is a cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur, and cream served with ice in an Old Fashioned glass. Often milk will be used as an alternative to cream, the traditional cocktail known as a Black Russian, which first appeared in 1949, becomes a White Russian with the addition of cream. Neither drink is Russian in origin, but both are so named due to vodka being the primary ingredient and it is unclear which drink preceded the other. The Oxford English Dictionary refers to the first mention of the word White Russian in the sense of a cocktail as appearing in Californias Oakland Tribune on November 21,1965 and it was placed in the newspaper as an insert, White Russian. 1 oz. each Southern, vodka, cream, with Southern referring to Coffee Southern, as with all cocktails, various modes of preparation exist, varying according to the recipes and styles of particular bars or mixologists. Most common varieties have adjusted amounts of vodka or coffee liqueur, shaking the cream in order to thicken it prior to pouring it over the drink is also common. Many variants of the cocktail exist, both localised and widely known, such as a White Canadian, an Anna Kournikova, a White Cuban, the White Russian is the signature drink of the Dude, the protagonist of the cult classic The Big Lebowski. In the movie, the Dude refers to it as a Caucasian, the cocktails prominence in the film has been connected to a revival in its popularity. Prior to the movie, the cocktail was considered passé and likened to an alcoholic milkshake, List of cocktails Black Russian List of coffee beverages Steven Kurutz. White Russians Arise, This Time at a Bowling Alley
10.
OpenWrt
–
OpenWrt is an embedded operating system based on Linux, primarily used on embedded devices to route network traffic. The main components are Linux, util-linux, uClibc or musl, all components have been optimized for size, to be small enough for fitting into the limited storage and memory available in home routers. OpenWrt is configured using an interface, or a web interface. There are about 3500 optional software packages available for installation via the package management system. OpenWrt can run on types of devices, including CPE routers, residential gateways, smartphones, pocket computers. It is also possible to run OpenWrt on personal computers, which are most commonly based on the x86 architecture, the project came into being because Linksys built the firmware for their WRT54G series of wireless routers from publicly available code licensed under the GPL. Support was originally limited to the WRT54G series, but has since expanded to include many other chipsets, manufacturers and device types, including Plug Computers. Using this code as a base and later as a reference, some features formerly required proprietary software. With the Attitude Adjustment release of OpenWrt, all devices with 16 MB or less RAM are no longer supported as they can run out of memory easily. Older Backfire is recommended instead for bcm47xx devices, as issues for those devices came from dropping support for the legacy Broadcom target brcm-2.4, OpenWrt follows the bazaar-philosophy and is known for an abundance of options. Features include, A writable root file system, enabling users to add and this is accomplished by using overlayfs to overlay a read-only compressed SquashFS file system with a writable JFFS2 file system in a copy-on-write fashion. The package manager opkg, similar to dpkg, enables users to install, the package repository contains about 3500 packages. This contrasts with Linux-based firmwares based on file systems without the possibility to modify the installed software without rebuilding and flashing a complete firmware image. Exhaustive possibilities to configure network-related features, like, IPv4 support, IPv6 native stack, Prefix Handling, Native IPv6 configuration, IPv6 transitioning technologies, Downstream IPv6 configuration. Routing through iproute2, Quagga, BIRD, Babel etc, wireless security, Packet injection, e. g. Airpwn, lorcon, e. a. Stateful firewall, NAT and port forwarding through netfilter, additionally PeerGuardian is available Dynamically-configured port forwarding protocols UPnP and NAT-PMP through upnpd, etc. Port knocking via knockd and knock TR-069 client IPS via Snort Active queue management through the network scheduler of the Linux kernel, coDel has been backported to Kernel 3.3. Domain Name System and DHCP through Dnsmasq, MaraDNS, etc.09, in OpenWrt releases 8.09 and newer, a more capable web interface is included
