1.
St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)
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St. Michaels Cathedral Basilica is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto, Canada, and one of the oldest churches in the city. It is located at 200 Church Street in Torontos Garden District, St. Michaels was designed by William Thomas, designer of eight other churches in the city, and was primarily financed by Irish immigrants who resided in the area. The Cathedral has a capacity of 1600, on September 29,2016, the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel, the Cathedral was elevated to a Basilica. The cathedral is home to Canadas largest English-speaking Catholic diocese, the current archbishop is Cardinal Thomas Christopher Collins, appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on 16 December 2006. On April 7,1845, construction began on St. Michaels Cathedral and the Bishops Palace, both buildings were designed by William Thomas. Townspeople dug out the foundation by hand in return for a barbecue, shipwrights made the interior columns out of maple and oak. On May 8,1845, Bishop Power laid the cornerstone for the Cathedral in the four-year-old diocese. Some fragments of a pillar from the old Norman-style York Minster Cathedral in England. St. Michaels is a 19th-century interpretation of the Minsters 14th century English Gothic style, the connection with York Minster is appropriate as Toronto was known as the town of York from its settlement in 1793 until it was incorporated in 1834 and the name was changed back. Bishop Power died on October 1,1847, having contracted typhus while tending to his flock and his funeral was held at St. Paul’s, and he was buried in the crypt of the unfinished St. Michael’s Cathedral. Also buried in the crypt is a man who fell from the roof during construction, the Cathedral was dedicated on August 29,1848 to St. Michael the Archangel. On September 29,1848 the Cathedral was consecrated after substantial work by the Honourable John Elmsley, the seventy nine meter bell tower, which contains two bells, was consecrated in 1866. The cathedral played a role in the founding of nearby St. An Ontario Heritage Trust marker at the church notes its importance in the citys history, an additional plaque was installed March 28,1982, by the Archdiocese of Toronto at the rectory. It was constructed north of the church in 1845 and expanded in 1852,1891, in addition to worship services, the church sponsors a number of outreach programs for nearby residents. Between 1852 and 1856, the rectory was home to St. Michaels College until it moved to its present location near the University of Toronto. St. Michaels College School, a school in the Toronto neighborhood of Forest Hill, was previously the high school section of the original college. The choir was started in 1926 and the parish school founded in 1900 evolved into the present-day choir school
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
4.
Brock's Monument
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Brocks Monument is a 56-metre column atop Queenston Heights in Queenston, Ontario, Canada, dedicated to Major General Sir Isaac Brock, one of Canadas heroes of the War of 1812. The current monument was constructed between 1853 and 1856, which replaced an earlier Monument to Brock on the battlefield, Parks Canada maintains the monument, the most imposing feature of Queenston Heights National Historic Site. It is the 3rd oldest war memorial in Canada, one of Brocks aides-de-camp, John Macdonell was also mortally wounded while attempting to lead a subsequent abortive charge when his mount was shot from beneath him and fell on him. The combined British, Canadian, and First Nations forces eventually won a victory under the command of Major-General Roger Hale Sheaffe. Brock and his aide were initially buried in the north-east corner of Fort George in nearby Niagara-on-the-Lake and this corner has come to be known as Brocks Bastion and is immortalized as such by a small stone bearing that inscription. A campaign began among prominent Upper Canadians to honour Brock, whose death provided a rallying point during. This led to the erection of the first Brocks Monument, a 135-foot Tuscan column with a platform at the top. Construction began in 1823, and the monument was inaugurated October 13,1824, on April 17,1840, an explosive charge did serious and irreparable damage to the monument although it failed to bring it down. The attack was presumed to have been orchestrated by Benjamin Lett, Brock and Macdonells remains were removed after the monuments disassemblage and reinterred in the Queenston cemetery of the Hamilton family. A campaign to rebuild the monument began almost immediately, in 1852, Toronto architect William Thomas had his design selected for a monument even grander than the first. A master stone carver named Charles Thomas Thomas supervised the construction and he was an English-born stone carver. Thomas was employed by Worthington Brothers of Toronto, contractors for the work on Brocks Monument. Construction began in 1853 again using limestone from the nearby Queenston Quarry and was completed three years later, the remains of Brock and Macdonell were led back up Queenston Heights and interred for the fourth time. The monument was inaugurated on October 13,1859. A smaller obelisk, closer to the site of Brocks death, was dedicated by Prince Edward. On the re-interment, two plates were attached to Brocks coffin. They read, A1929 lightning strike severely damaged Brocks statue, in August 2003 the Friends of Fort George and Parks Canada held a ceremony to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the monuments groundbreaking. Engineering inspections carried out in 2003 and 2004 revealed the need for significant restorative work to the interior and exterior limestone
5.
William Tutin Thomas
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William Tutin Thomas was an Anglo-Canadian architect. Born in Birmingham, England, he was the son of architect William Thomas and he worked for a few years with his father, and also with his brother, Cyrus. His association with his brother Cyrus finished around 1870 when Cyrus decided to pursue his career in Chicago, Thomas then worked on even harder, mostly in Montreal. He designed the St. Georges Anglican Church and the Church of St. John the Evangelist and he also designed many other buildings in other Canadian provinces. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Architecture of Canada Architecture of Montreal Biography of William Tutin Thomas
6.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
7.
John Thomas (sculptor)
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John Thomas was a British sculptor and architect, who worked on Buckingham Palace and the Palace of Westminster. John Thomas was born in Chalford, Gloucestershire, apprenticed to a stonemason after being left an orphan, he later went to Birmingham where his elder brother William Thomas was an architect. He was noticed by Charles Barry who immediately employed John Thomas as a stone and wood carver on Birmingham Grammar School, Barry later appointed him the Supervising Carver on the Palace of Westminster in London, on which he is responsible for all the figures of English kings and queens. Thomass work Charity was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and his final work was the colossal statue of William Shakespeare displayed at the 1862 International Exhibition. A dispute over its placement hastened his death in April 1862 and his massive majolica fountain, also on display at the 1862 exhibition, was placed outside the V&A Museum of Childhood until it was demolished in 1926. Other work includes, A replica of the Bristol High Cross, eight allegorical statues at the 1847 Euston railway station representing the cities served by the line, London, Liverpool, Manchester, etc. Statue of Hugh Myddelton at Islington Green, London. 1860-1862 in collaboration with Edward Middleton Barry to design of Charles Barry, Thomas carved three statues for the tower, but died before completing the fourth, which was overseen by another artist to his design. Life-sized plaster maquette and bronze of Stephen Langton, one of 17 maquettes for 17 bronzes depicting those present at the signing of the Magna Carta
8.
Charles Barry
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He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses. Born on 23 May 1795 in Bridge Street, Westminster, he was the son of Walter Edward Barry, a stationer. He was baptised at St Margarets, Westminster, into the Church of England and his father remarried shortly after Frances died and Barrys stepmother Sarah would bring him up. He was educated at schools in Homerton and then Aspley Guise, before being apprenticed to Middleton & Bailey, Lambeth architects and surveyors. Barry exhibited drawings at the Royal Academy annually from 1812 to 1815 and he visited France and, while in Paris, spent several days at the Musée du Louvre. In Rome he sketched antiquities, sculptures and paintings at the Vatican Museums and other galleries, before carrying on to Naples, Pompeii, Bari, while in Italy, Barry met Charles Lock Eastlake, an architect, William Kinnaird and Francis Johnson and Thomas Leverton Donaldson. From Constantinople he visited the Troad, Assos, Pergamon and back to Smyrna, on 18 June 1819, Barry parted from Baillie at Tripoli, Lebanon. Over this time, Barry created more than 500 sketches, Barry then travelled on to Cyprus, Rhodes, Halicarnassus, Ephesus and Smyrna from where he sailed on 16 August 1819 for Malta. Barry then sailed from Malta to Syracuse, Sicily, then Italy and his travels in Italy exposed him to Renaissance architecture and after arriving in Rome in January 1820, he met architect John Lewis Wolfe, who inspired Barry himself to become an architect. Their friendship continued until Barry died, the building that inspired Barrys admiration for Italian architecture was the Palazzo Farnese. Over the following months, he and Wolfe together studied the architecture of Vicenza, Venice, Verona and Florence, where the Palazzo Strozzi greatly impressed him. While in Rome he had met Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, through whom he met Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland and their London home, Holland House, was the centre of the Whig Party. Barry remained a supporter of the Liberal party, the successor to the Whig Party. Barry was invited to the gatherings at the house, and there met many of the prominent members of the group, Barry set up his home and office in Ely Place in 1821. In 1827 he moved to 27 Foley Place, then in 1842 he moved to 32 Great George Street and finally to The Elms, now 29 Clapham Common Northside, the Georgian house of five bays and three stories was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell as his own home. Probably thanks to his fiancées friendship with John Soane, Barry was recommended to the Church Building Commissioners and these were in the Gothic Revival architecture style, including two in Lancashire, St. Matthew, Campfield, Manchester, and All Saints Church, Whitefield. Barry designed three churches for the Commissioners in Islington, Holy Trinity, St. Johns and St. Pauls, all in the Gothic in style and built between 1826 and 1828. His final church for the Commissioners was the Gothic St Peters Church, Brighton, the Gothic Hurstpierpoint church, with its tower and spire, unlike his earlier churches was much closer to the Cambridge Camden Societys approach to church design
9.
Augustus Pugin
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Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin was an English architect, designer, artist, and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, Pugin designed many churches in England and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby and Peter Paul Pugin, Augustus was born at his parents house in Bloomsbury, London, England. As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish Presbyterian preacher Edward Irving, at his chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, Camden, London, Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended Christs Hospital. After leaving school he worked in his fathers office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to France, in 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet. Anne died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter and he had a further six children, including the architect Edward Welby Pugin, with his second wife, Louisa Button, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugins death. Their son was Peter Paul Pugin, following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to Salisbury, Wilshire, England with his wife, and in 1835 bought half an acre of land in Alderbury, circa one and a half miles outside the town. On this he built a Gothic Revival style house for his family, of it, Charles Locke Eastlake said he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home. In 1834, Pugin converted to the Roman Catholic Church and was received into it the following year, a number of reforms in the early 19th century relieved these restrictions, the most important of which was the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which specifically abolished the restrictions. After 1829 it became, at least theoretically, possible for Roman Catholics to have a successful career, however, his conversion also acquainted him with new patrons and employers. Shrewsbury commissioned him to build St, in 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages. Each plate in the book selected a type of urban building, each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity, Christianity versus Utilitarianism. Pugins biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote, The drawings were all calculatedly unfair, but the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous. In 1841 he published his illustrated The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture and he conceived of Christian architecture as synonymous with medieval, Gothic, or pointed, architecture. In the work he wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods. In 1841 he left Salisbury, having found it an inconvenient base for his architectural practice. He sold St. Maries Grange at a financial loss
10.
Leamington Spa
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Royal Leamington Spa, commonly known as Leamington Spa, Leamington, or simply Leam to locals /ˈlɛmɪŋtən/ is a spa town in Warwickshire, England. Following the popularisation of the qualities of its water in the eighteenth century. It is named after the River Leam which flows through the town, the town contains especially fine ensembles of Regency architecture, particularly in parts of the Parade, Clarendon Square and Lansdowne Circus. The town comprises six electoral wards, Brunswick, Milverton, Manor, Crown, Clarendon, the total population for those wards in 2011 was 49,491. Formerly known as Leamington Priors, Leamington began to develop as a town at the start of the 19th century and it was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Lamintone. For 400 years, the settlement was under the control of Kenilworth Priory and its name came from Anglo-Saxon Leman-tūn or Lemen-tūn = farm on the River Leam. The spa waters had been known in Roman times and the rediscovery in 1784 by William Abbotts and Benjamin Satchwell, six of the seven wells were drilled for, only the original spring at the site of the Aylesford Well, adjacent to the Parish Church occurred naturally. Early development of the old centre was on the southern bank of the River Leam. Later builders began concentrating the towns expansion on the north of the river. In 1767 Parliament passed an Act, proposed by Edward Willes, following a survey of the area by John Tomlinson in 1768, the land was estimated to be 990 acres and was subsequently divided, and new public roads were laid out. After the division on the south of the river most of the land east of the village was owned by the Willes family, to the north of the river most of the land was owned by the Willes family, the Earl of Warwick, and Bertie Greatheed. The main landholders of the village and adjacent land were the Earl of Aylesford, in the following decades some of the land was sold. By 1901, the population of Leamington had grown from a few hundred to nearly 27,000, in 1814, the Royal Pump Rooms and Baths were opened close to the River Leam. This grand structure attracted many visitors, expecting cures by bathing in pools of salty spa water and it also included the worlds first gravity fed piped hot water system in modern times, which was designed and installed by the engineer William Murdoch. Leamington became a spa resort attracting the wealthy and famous, and construction began of numerous Georgian townhouses to accommodate visitors. With the spread of the popularity, and the granting of a Royal prefix in 1838 by Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria had visited the town as a Princess in 1830, a statue of Queen Victoria was almost destroyed by a German bomb during the Second World War, and was moved one inch on its plinth by the blast. The statue was not returned to its position, and the incident is recorded on a plaque on its plinth
11.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
12.
John George Howard
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John George Howard, born John Corby, was the City of Toronto, Canadas official surveyor and civil engineer. Born John Corby in Bengeo, Hertfordshire, England in 1803, Howard was the fourth of seven children of John and he attended a boarding-school in Hertford and spent two years at sea as a sailor before return to England to become a carpenter and joiner. In 1824, he entered the profession, articling for three years to a London architect, William Ford, who became his brother-in-law, marrying Howards older sister in 1825. Corby remained with Ford until his departure for Canada, in London, Howard met and married his wife 24-year-old Jemima Frances Meikle on May 7,1827. In 1832, Corby met Mr. Cattermole of the Canada Land Company, leading to John and it was at this time that Howard adopted the Howard surname. John and Jemima remained married until death, however John maintained a relationship with Mary Williams. John and Jemima themselves had no children, in 1877, Jemima died of cancer. Howard lived until 1890, dying at home at Colborne Lodge in High Park, the Howards are buried in High Park, their cairn monument is near to Colborne Lodge. The monument was designed by Howard, the fence was brought from London, England. It dates to the 1700s and was part of the fence around St. Pauls Cathedral and was designed by Christopher Wren. During its transport from England, the carrying the fence sank in the St. Lawrence River. Howard was an associate of William Ford from 1824–1832, with one notable engineering project working on the Cromford Canal in Derbyshire and he is also known to have worked for Mr. Grayson of St. Lukes, London, superintending work on Leeds Castle. When Howard arrived in Toronto in 1833, he was the first professional architect in Toronto and his first public appointment was a teaching master at Upper Canada College, while developing an architectural practise. He remained affiliated with UCC until 1856 and his practise thrived with commissions ranging from cottages to banks to public projects, including Queens College of Kingston, Ontario, and the Provincial Lunatic Asylum in Toronto. Howard started surveying work in 1836, become Torontos official surveyor in 1843 and he surveyed Toronto harbour, laid out the Esplanade on the waterfront, and subdivided the harbours peninsula. He also did surveying work for cemeteries and private land sub-divisions, in 1883, the Governor-General of Canada conferred upon him the dignity of Royal Canadian Academician. In other endeavours, Howard was involved with the militia put down William Lyon Mackenzies 1837 rebellion. Howard is recorded as leading the party which found the rebels location on December 7,1937
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