1.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
2.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
3.
BMP file format
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The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile specification covers the BMP file format, among others wingdi. h defines BMP constants and structures. They called these device-independent bitmaps or DIBs, and the format for them is called DIB file format or BMP image file format. According to Microsoft support, A device-independent bitmap is a used to define device-independent bitmaps in various color resolutions. The main purpose of DIBs is to allow bitmaps to be moved from one device to another, a DIB is an external format, in contrast to a device-dependent bitmap, which appears in the system as a bitmap object. A DIB is normally transported in metafiles, BMP files, the following sections discuss the data stored in the BMP file or DIB in detail. This is the standard BMP file format, some applications create bitmap image files which are not compliant with the Microsoft documentation. Also, not all fields are used, a value of 0 will be found in these unused fields, the bitmap image file consists of fixed-size structures as well as variable-size structures appearing in a predetermined sequence. Many different versions of some of these structures can appear in the file, the in-memory DIB data structure is almost the same as the BMP file format, but it does not contain the 14-byte bitmap file header and begins with the DIB header. For DIBs loaded in memory, the table can also consist of 16-bit entries that constitute indexes to the currently realized palette. In all cases, the array must begin at a memory address that is a multiple of 4 bytes. In non-packed DIBs loaded in memory, the optional color profile data should be located immediately after the table and before the gap1. In all cases, the array must begin at a memory address that is a multiple of 4 bytes. In some cases it may be necessary to adjust the number of entries in the table in order to force the memory address of the pixel array to a multiple of 4 bytes. For packed DIBs loaded in memory, the optional color profile data should immediately follow the pixel array, packed DIBs are required by Windows clipboard API functions as well as by some Windows patterned brush and resource functions. This block of bytes is at the start of the file and is used to identify the file, a typical application reads this block first to ensure that the file is actually a BMP file and that it is not damaged. The first 2 bytes of the BMP file format are the character B then the character M in ASCII encoding, all of the integer values are stored in little-endian format. This block of bytes tells the detailed information about the image
4.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
5.
Vector graphics
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Vector graphics is the use of polygons to represent images in computer graphics. Vector graphics are based on vectors, which lead through locations called control points or nodes, one of the first uses of vector graphic displays was the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were retired from U. S. en route air traffic control in 1999. Vector graphics were used on the TX-2 at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory by computer graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his program Sketchpad in 1963. Subsequent vector graphics systems, most of which iterated through dynamically modifiable stored lists of drawing instructions, include the IBM2250, Imlac PDS-1, storage scope displays, such as the Tektronix 4014, could display vector images but not modify them without first erasing the display. In computer typography, modern outline fonts describe printable characters by cubic or quadratic mathematical curves with control points, nevertheless, bitmap fonts are still in use. Processing outline character data in sophisticated fashion to create satisfactory bitmaps for rendering is called hinting, although the term implies suggestion, the process is deterministic, and done by executable code, essentially a special-purpose computer language. While automatic hinting is possible, results can be inferior to that done by experts, although a typical plot might easily require a few thousand paper motions, back and forth, the paper doesnt slip. In a tiny roll-fed plotter made by Alps in Japan, teeth on thin sprockets indented the paper near its edges on the first pass, some Hewlett-Packard pen plotters had two-axis pen carriers and stationery paper. However, the moving-paper H-P plotters had grit wheels which, on the first pass, indented the paper surface, present-day vector graphic files such as engineering drawings are typically printed as bitmaps, after vector-to-raster conversion. The term vector graphics is used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes an artist can use to create an image on a raster display, Vector graphics can be uploaded to online databases for other designers to download and manipulate, speeding up the creative process. Other modes include text, multimedia, and 3D rendering, virtually all modern 3D rendering is done using extensions of 2D vector graphics techniques. Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper, the World Wide Web Consortium standard for vector graphics is Scalable Vector Graphics. The standard is complex and has been slow to be established at least in part owing to commercial interests. Many web browsers now have support for rendering SVG data. In recent years, SVG has become a significant format that is independent of the resolution of the rendering device. SVG files are essentially printable text that describes both straight and curved paths, as well as other attributes, wikipedia prefers SVG for images such as simple maps, line illustrations, coats of arms, and flags, which generally are not like photographs or other continuous-tone images
6.
Bitmap
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In computing, a bitmap is a mapping from some domain to bits, that is, values which are zero or one. It is also called a bit array or bitmap index, in computer graphics, when the domain is a rectangle a bitmap gives a way to store a binary image, that is, an image in which each pixel is either black or white. The more general term refers to a map of pixels. Often bitmap is used for this as well, in some contexts, the term bitmap implies one bit per pixel, while pixmap is used for images with multiple bits per pixel. A bitmap is a type of organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, besides BMP, other file formats that store literal bitmaps include InterLeaved Bitmap, Portable Bitmap, X Bitmap, and Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap. Similarly, most other file formats, such as JPEG, TIFF, PNG, and GIF, also store bitmap images. In typical uncompressed bitmaps, image pixels are stored with a color depth of 1,4,8,16,24,32,48. Pixels of 8 bits and fewer can represent either grayscale or indexed color. An alpha channel may be stored in a bitmap, where it is similar to a grayscale bitmap, or in a fourth channel that, for example. The bits representing the bitmap pixels may be packed or unpacked, depending on the color depth, a pixel in the picture will occupy at least n/8 bytes, where n is the bit depth. In the formula above, header size and color palette size, due to effects of row padding to align each row start to a storage unit boundary such as a word, additional bytes may be needed. They called these device-independent bitmaps or DIBs, and the format for them is called DIB file format or BMP file format. According to Microsoft support, A device-independent bitmap is a used to define device-independent bitmaps in various color resolutions. The main purpose of DIBs is to allow bitmaps to be moved from one device to another, a DIB is an external format, in contrast to a device-dependent bitmap, which appears in the system as a bitmap object. A DIB is normally transported in metafiles, BMP files, here, device independent refers to the format, or storage arrangement, and should not be confused with device-independent color. The X Window System uses a similar XBM format for black-and-white images, numerous other uncompressed bitmap file formats are in use, though most not widely
7.
Graphics Device Interface
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GDI is responsible for tasks such as drawing lines and curves, rendering fonts and handling palettes. It is not directly responsible for drawing windows, menus, etc. that task is reserved for the user subsystem, other systems have components that are similar to GDI, for example macOS Quartz and X Window Systems Xlib/XCB. GDIs most significant advantages over more direct methods of accessing the hardware are perhaps its scaling capabilities, using GDI, it is very easy to draw on multiple devices, such as a screen and a printer, and expect proper reproduction in each case. This capability is at the center of most What You See Is What You Get applications for Microsoft Windows, simple games that do not require fast graphics rendering may use GDI. However, GDI is relatively hard to use for advanced animation, modern games usually use DirectX or OpenGL instead, which let programmers exploit the features of modern hardware. A Device Context is used to define the attributes of text, the actual context is maintained by GDI. A handle to the Device Context is obtained before output is written and then released after elements have been written, GDI uses Bresenhams line drawing algorithm to draw aliased lines. GDI was present in the release of Windows. MSDOS programs had hitherto manipulated the graphics hardware using software interrupts, BYTE in December 1983 discussed Microsofts plans for a system to output graphics to both printers and monitors with the same code in the forthcoming first release of Windows. With the introduction of Windows XP, GDI was complemented by the C++-based GDI+ subsystem, GDI+ uses ARGB values to represent color. GDI+ is included with all versions of Windows from Windows XP, the GDI+ dynamic library can also be shipped with an application and used under older versions of Windows from Windows 98 and Windows NT4.0 onwards. The Microsoft. NET class library provides an interface for GDI+ via the System. Drawing namespace. GDI+ is similar to Apples QuickDraw GX subsystem, and the open-source libart, in Windows Vista, all Windows applications including GDI and GDI+ applications run in the new compositing engine, Desktop Window Manager which is built atop the Windows Display Driver Model. However, due to the nature of desktop composition, operations like window moves can be faster or more responsive because underlying content does not need to be re-rendered by the application, Windows 7 includes GDI hardware acceleration for blitting operations in the Windows Display Driver Model v1.1. Most primitive GDI operations are still not hardware-accelerated, unlike Direct2D, as of November 2009, both AMD and Nvidia have released WDDM v1.1 compatible video drivers. GDI+ continues to rely on software rendering in Windows 7, a GDI printer or Winprinter is a printer designed to accept output from a host computer running the GDI under Windows. The combination of the GDI and the driver is bidirectional, they receive information from the printer such as whether it is ready to print, if it is out of paper or ink, and so on. Non-GDI printers require hardware, firmware, and memory for page rendering, some manufacturers produce essentially the same printer in a version compatible with a printer control language such as PCL or PostScript, and a cheaper GDI-only version
8.
Pointer (computer programming)
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In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer. As an analogy, a number in a books index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page. Pointers to data significantly improve performance for operations such as traversing strings, lookup tables, control tables. In particular, it is much cheaper in time and space to copy and dereference pointers than it is to copy. Pointers are also used to hold the addresses of entry points for called subroutines in procedural programming, in object-oriented programming, pointers to functions are used for binding methods, often using what are called virtual method tables. A pointer is a simple, more concrete implementation of the more abstract data type. Several languages support some type of pointer, although some have more restrictions on their use than others, because pointers allow both protected and unprotected access to memory addresses, there are risks associated with using them particularly in the latter case. Other measures may also be taken, harold Lawson is credited with the 1964 invention of the pointer. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word pointer first appeared in print as a pointer in a technical memorandum by the System Development Corporation. In computer science, a pointer is a kind of reference, a data primitive is any datum that can be read from or written to computer memory using one memory access. A data aggregate is a group of primitives that are contiguous in memory. In the context of these definitions, a byte is the smallest primitive, the memory address of the initial byte of a datum is considered the memory address of the entire datum. A memory pointer is a primitive, the value of which is intended to be used as a memory address and it is also said that a pointer points to a datum when the pointers value is the datums memory address. More generally, a pointer is a kind of reference, and it is said that a pointer references a datum stored somewhere in memory, to obtain that datum is to dereference the pointer. The feature that separates pointers from other kinds of reference is that a value is meant to be interpreted as a memory address. References serve as a level of indirection, A pointers value determines which memory address is to be used in a calculation, when setting up data structures like lists, queues and trees, it is necessary to have pointers to help manage how the structure is implemented and controlled. Typical examples of pointers are start pointers, end pointers, and these pointers can either be absolute or relative
9.
Callback (computer programming)
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In computer programming, a callback is any executable code that is passed as an argument to other code, which is expected to call back the argument at a given time. This execution may be immediate as in a callback, or it might happen at a later time as in an asynchronous callback. In all cases, the intention is to specify a function or subroutine as an entity that is, depending on the language, programming languages support callbacks in different ways, often implementing them with subroutines, lambda expressions, blocks, or function pointers. There are two types of callbacks, differing in how they control data flow at runtime, blocking callbacks, while blocking callbacks are invoked before a function returns, deferred callbacks may be invoked after a function returns. Deferred callbacks are often used in the context of I/O operations or event handling, callbacks are used to program applications in windowing systems. A major concern here is the management of privilege and security, whilst the function is called from the operating system, a solution to this problem is using rings of protection. This is supported by most compilers and provides the advantage of using different languages together without special wrapper libraries or classes, one example may be the Windows API that is directly accessible by many different languages, compilers and assemblers. The downside is that some knowledge is needed and most of the type control is not in effect. C++ allows objects to provide their own implementation of the function call operation, the Standard Template Library accepts these objects, as well as function pointers, as parameters to various polymorphic algorithms. Many interpreted languages, such as JavaScript, Lua, Python, Perl and PHP, CLI languages such as C# and VB. NET provide a type-safe encapsulating reference, a delegate, to define well-typed function pointers. These can be used as callbacks, events and event handlers, as used in. NET languages, provide generalized syntax for callbacks. Functional languages generally support first-class functions, which can be passed as callbacks to other functions, note that Java cannot, however, modify the local variables in the enclosing scope. Such objects are effectively a bundle of callbacks, plus the data they need to manipulate and they are useful in implementing various design patterns such as Visitor, Observer, and Strategy. Callbacks may also be used to control whether a function acts or not, the following C code demonstrates the use of callbacks to display two numbers. This is one of the two advantages of callbacks. The other advantage is that the function can pass whatever parameters it wishes to the called functions. This allows correct information hiding, the code that passes a callback to a function does not need to know the parameter values that will be passed to the function. If it only passed the value, then the parameters would need to be exposed publicly
10.
Windows 3.0
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Windows 3.0, a graphical environment, is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 22,1990. It became the first widely successful version of Windows and a rival to Apple Macintosh and it was followed by Windows 3.1. Windows 3.0 originated in 1989 when David Weise and Murray Sargent independently decided to develop a protected mode Windows as an experiment and they cobbled together a rough prototype and presented it to company executives, who were impressed enough to approve it as an official project. However, this was of limited use for the home market, the MS-DOS Executive file manager/program launcher was replaced with the icon-based Program Manager and the list-based File Manager, splitting files and programs. The Control Panel, previously available as an applet, was re-modeled after the one in the classic Mac OS. It centralized system settings, including control over the scheme of the interface. A number of applications were included, such as the text editor Notepad and the word processor Write, a macro recorder, the paint program Paintbrush. Also, the earlier Reversi game was complemented with the card game Microsoft Solitaire, 256-color VGA and MCGA modes were supported for the first time. Windows 3.0 includes a Protected/Enhanced mode which allows Windows applications to use memory in a more painless manner than their DOS counterparts could. It can run in any of Real, Standard, or 386 Enhanced modes, Windows 3.0 tries to auto detect which mode to run in, although it can be forced to run in a specific mode using the switches, /r, /s and /3 respectively. Since Windows 3.0 runs in 16-bit 286 protected mode and not 32-bit 386 protected mode, however, on 32-bit CPUs, the programmer had access to larger memory pointers and so it was possible to expand program segments to whatever size was desired. Because of this, Windows 3.0 can access only 16 MB total of RAM and this was the first version to run Windows programs in protected mode, although the 386 enhanced mode kernel was an enhanced version of the protected mode kernel for Windows/286. The official system requirements for Windows 3.1 or higher Also, Windows 3.0 cannot run in full color on most 8086/88 machines, as the built-in 640×350 EGA and 640×480 VGA drivers contained Intel 80186 instructions. MCGA 320×200 and 640×480 drivers did not contain these instructions and this could be worked around by installing the Windows 2. x EGA/VGA drivers, replacing the CPU with an NEC V20/V30, or by using a modified VGA driver that supports the 8086/88. Real mode primarily existed as a way to run Windows 2. x applications and it was removed in Windows 3. 1x. Almost all applications designed for Windows 3.0 had to be run in standard or 386 enhanced modes, however, it was necessary to load Windows 3.0 in real mode to run SWAPFILE. EXE, which allowed users to change virtual memory settings. Officially, Microsoft stated that an 8Mhz turbo 8086 was the minimum CPU needed to run Windows 3.0 and it could be run on 4.77 MHz 8088 machines, but performance is so slow as to render the OS almost unusable. Up to 4 MB of EMS memory is supported in real mode, Standard mode was used most often as its requirements were more in-line with an average PC of that era — an 80286 processor with at least 1 MB of memory
11.
Microsoft Office
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Microsoft Office is an office suite of applications, servers, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on 1 August 1988, initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a spell checker, OLE data integration. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for software under the Office Business Applications brand. On 10 July 2012, Softpedia reported that Office is used by over a billion people worldwide, Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments. The original, and most widely used version, is the version, available for PCs running the Windows. The most current desktop version is Office 2016 for Windows and macOS, released on 22 September 2015 and 9 July 2015, more recently, Microsoft developed Office Mobile, which are free-to-use versions of Office applications for mobile devices. Microsoft also produces and runs Office Online, a version of core Office apps. Microsoft Word is a word processor available for Windows and macOS, Word is also included in some editions of the now discontinued Microsoft Works. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a broad population, Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none was required. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Macintosh attempted to add closer WYSIWYG features into its package, Word for Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of Microsoft Word and its proprietary Doc format is a de facto standard, although Word 2007 deprecated this format in favor of Office Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format. Support for Portable Document Format and OpenDocument was first introduced in Word for Windows with Service Pack 2 for Word 2007, Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that originally competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, and eventually outsold it. It is available for the Windows and macOS platforms, Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985, and the first Windows version in November 1987. Microsoft PowerPoint is a program for Windows and macOS. It is used to create slideshows, composed of text, graphics, and other objects, Microsoft Access is a database management system for Windows that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. Microsoft Access stores data in its own based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications, Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager
12.
Microsoft Word
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Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25,1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems, commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features, in 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983. Its name was simplified to Microsoft Word. Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World and that year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows. Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse and it was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar. However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to Mac OS and this was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features and it fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite. After its release, Word for Mac OSs sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years, Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, after MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released in 1992, was a popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac OS ever created, in 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Mac OS and was never updated due to the degree of software piracy on the Atari platform. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989, with the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free, as of March 2014, it is still available for download from Microsofts web site. In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up, both the Windows and Mac OS versions would start from the same code base
13.
Microsoft PowerPoint
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Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program currently developed by Microsoft, for use on both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems. PowerPoint, initially named Presenter, was created by Forethought Inc, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the slide-based presentation format and is one of the most commonly used slide-based presentation programs available. Microsoft has also released the PowerPoint mobile application for use on Apple, originally designed for the Macintosh computer, the initial release was called Presenter, developed by Thomas Rudkin and Dennis Austin of Forethought, Inc. In 1987, it was renamed to PowerPoint due to problems with trademarks, by then some experts believed that desktop presentations, using computers to create flip charts and overhead transparencies, could become as large a market as desktop publishing. That year Forethought was bought by Microsoft for $14 million, and became Microsofts Graphics Business Unit, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, the same day that Microsoft released Windows 3.0. PowerPoint introduced many new changes with the release of PowerPoint 97 and it incorporated the Visual Basic for Applications language, underlying all macro generation in Office 97. PowerPoint 2000 introduced a clipboard that could hold objects at once. PowerPoint 2002 massively overhauled the engine, allowing users to create more advanced. PowerPoint 2011 makes it possible to remove image backgrounds, and provides additional effects for pictures. As of 2012, various versions of PowerPoint claim about 95% of the software market share. Among presenters world-wide, this program is used at a frequency of 350 times per second. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of pages or slides. The slide analogy is a reference to the slide projector, slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, for larger audiences the computer display is often a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts, PowerPoint provides three types of movements, Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations. Transitions, on the hand, there are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways, Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move
14.
Microsoft Publisher
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However, it has a relatively small share of the desktop publishing market, which is dominated by Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress. Publishers proprietary file format is supported in LibreOffice since February 2013, corel Draw X4 features read only support. Adobes PageMaker software saves files with a. pub extension but the two files are incompatible and unrelated, Publisher supports numerous other file formats, including the Enhanced Metafile format which is supported on Windows platforms. The Microsoft Publisher trial version can be used to view. pub files beyond the trial period, official website Microsoft Publisher blog on MSDN Blogs
15.
Windows XP
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Windows XP is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24,2001, however, in January 2000, both projects were shelved in favor of a single OS codenamed Whistler, which would serve as a single OS platform for both consumer and business markets. Windows XP was an advance from the MS-DOS based versions of Windows in security, stability. It introduced a significantly redesigned graphical user interface and was the first version of Windows to use product activation in an effort to reduce its copyright infringement. Despite some initial concerns over the new licensing model and product activation system, Windows XP eventually proved to be popular and widely used. It is estimated that at least 400 million copies of Windows XP were sold globally within its first five years of availability, sales of Windows XP licenses to original equipment manufacturers ceased on June 30,2008, but continued for netbooks until October 2010. Windows XP remained popular even after the release of newer versions, vistas 2009 successor, Windows 7, only overtook XP in total market share at the end of 2011. Extended support for Windows XP ended on April 8,2014, as of November 2016, Windows XP desktop market share makes it the fourth most popular Windows version after Windows 7, Windows 10 and Windows 8.1. Windows XP is still popular in some countries, Africa as a whole and in Asia, e. g. in China. A number of activity centers were planned, serving as hubs for email communications, playing music, managing or viewing photos, searching the Internet, however, the project proved to be too ambitious. Microsoft discussed a plan to delay Neptune in favor of an interim OS known as Asteroid, which would have been an update to Windows 2000, and since Neptune and Odyssey would be based on the same code-base anyway, it made sense to combine them into a single project. In June 2000, Microsoft began the technical beta testing process, Whistler was expected to be available in Personal, Professional, Server, Advanced Server. At PDC on July 13,2000, Microsoft announced that Whistler would be released during the half of 2001. Build 2257 featured further refinements to the Watercolor theme, along with the introduction of the two-column Start menu. Microsoft released Whistler Beta 1, build 2296, on October 31,2000, build 2410 in January 2001 introduced Internet Explorer 6.0 and the Microsoft Product Activation system. Making it very friendly for the user to use. Builds 2416 and 2419 added the File and Transfer Settings Wizard, on February 5,2001, Microsoft officially announced that Whistler would be known as Windows XP, where XP stands for experience. As a complement, the version of Microsoft Office was also announced as Office XP
16.
Gzip
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Gzip is a file format and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems. Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, Gzip is based on the DEFLATE algorithm, which is a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. DEFLATE was intended as a replacement for LZW and other patent-encumbered data compression algorithms which, at the time, limited the usability of compress, although its file format also allows for multiple such streams to be concatenated, gzip is normally used to compress just single files. Compressed archives are created by assembling collections of files into a single tar archive. The final. tar. gz or. tgz file is called a tarball. Gzip is not to be confused with the ZIP archive format, various implementations of the program have been written. The most commonly known is the GNU Projects implementation using Lempel-Ziv coding, openBSDs version of gzip is actually the compress program, to which support for the gzip format was added in OpenBSD3.4. The g in this specific version stands for gratis and these implementations originally come from NetBSD, and supports decompression of bzip2 and the Unix pack format. The tar utility included in most Linux distributions can extract. tar. gz files by passing the z option, zlib is an abstraction of the DEFLATE algorithm in library form which includes support both for the gzip file format and a lightweight stream format in its API. The zlib stream format, DEFLATE, and the file format were standardized respectively as RFC1950, RFC1951. The gzip format is used in HTTP compression, a used to speed up the sending of HTML. It is one of the three formats for HTTP compression as specified in RFC2616. This RFC also specifies a zlib format, which is equal to the gzip format except that gzip adds eleven bytes of overhead in the form of headers and trailers. Still, the format is sometimes recommended over zlib because Microsoft Internet Explorer does not implement the standard correctly. Zlib DEFLATE is used internally by the Portable Network Graphics format, since the late 1990s, bzip2, a file compression utility based on a block-sorting algorithm, has gained some popularity as a gzip replacement. It produces considerably smaller files, but at the cost of memory, comparison of file archivers Free file format List of archive formats List of Unix programs GNU Gzip home page Original gzip Home Page
17.
Image
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Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph or screen display, or three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram. They may be captured by optical devices – such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water. The word image is used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as a map, a graph. A volatile image is one that only for a short period of time. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a fixed image, also called a hard copy, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as paper or textile by photography or any other digital process. A mental image exists in a mind, as something one remembers or imagines. The subject of an image need not be real, it may be a concept, such as a graph, function. For example, Sigmund Freud claimed to have dreamed purely in aural-images of dialogs, a still image is a single static image, as distinguished from a kinetic image. This phrase is used in photography, visual media and the industry to emphasize that one is not talking about movies. A film still is a taken on the set of a movie or television program during production. In literature, imagery is a picture which appeals to the senses. It can both be figurative and literal, a moving image is typically a movie or video, including digital video. It could also be an animated display such as a zoetrope, library of Congress – Format Descriptions for Still Images Image Processing – Online Open Research Group Legal Issues Regarding Images Image Copyright Case
18.
Batik (software)
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Batik is a pure-Java library that can be used to render, generate, and manipulate SVG graphics. IBM supported the project and then donated the code to the Apache Software Foundation, the Batik distribution also contains a ready-to-use SVG browser making use of the above modules. The name of the library comes from the Batik painting technique, Batik was long the most conformant existing SVG1.1 implementation and as of 2011 is just a small fraction behind Opera. The latest 1.2 late October 2004 working draft
19.
Scalable Vector Graphics
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Scalable Vector Graphics is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is a standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files and this means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, All major modern web browsers—including Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, and Microsoft Edge—have SVG rendering support. SVG has been in development within the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999, the early SVG Working Group decided not to develop any of the commercial submissions, but to create a new markup language that was informed by but not really based on any of them. SVG allows three types of objects, vector graphic shapes such as paths and outlines consisting of straight lines and curves, bitmap images. Graphical objects can be grouped, styled, transformed and composited into previously rendered objects, the feature set includes nested transformations, clipping paths, alpha masks, filter effects and template objects. SVG drawings can be interactive and can include animation, defined in the SVG XML elements or via scripting that accesses the SVG Document Object Model, SVG uses CSS for styling and JavaScript for scripting. Text, including internationalization and localization, appearing in plain text within the SVG DOM enhances the accessibility of SVG graphics, the SVG specification was updated to version 1.1 in 2011. There are two Mobile SVG Profiles, SVG Tiny and SVG Basic, meant for mobile devices with reduced computational, Scalable Vector Graphics 2 became a W3C Candidate Recommendation on 15 September 2016. SVG2 incorporates several new features in addition to those of SVG1.1, though the SVG Specification primarily focuses on vector graphics markup language, its design includes the basic capabilities of a page description language like Adobes PDF. It contains provisions for rich graphics, and is compatible with CSS for styling purposes, SVG has the information needed to place each glyph and image in a chosen location on a printed page. A print-specialized subset of SVG is currently a W3C Working Draft, SVG drawings can be dynamic and interactive. Time-based modifications to the elements can be described in SMIL, or can be programmed in a scripting language, the W3C explicitly recommends SMIL as the standard for animation in SVG. A rich set of event handlers such as onmouseover and onclick can be assigned to any SVG graphical object, SVG images, being XML, contain many repeated fragments of text, so they are well suited for lossless data compression algorithms. When an SVG image has been compressed with the industry standard gzip algorithm, it is referred to as an SVGZ image, conforming SVG1.1 viewers will display compressed images. An SVGZ file is typically 20 to 50 percent of the original size, W3C provides SVGZ files to test for conformance. SVG1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 4 September 2001, SVG1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 14 January 2003
20.
Inkscape
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Inkscape is a free and open-source vector graphics editor, it can be used to create or edit vector graphics such as illustrations, diagrams, line arts, charts, logos and complex paintings. Inkscapes primary vector graphics format is Scalable Vector Graphics, however many other formats can be imported and exported, Inkscape can render primitive vector shapes and text. These objects may be filled with colors, patterns, radial or linear color gradients and their borders may be stroked. Embedding and optional tracing of raster graphics is supported, enabling the editor to create vector graphics from photos. Created shapes can be manipulated with transformations, such as moving, rotating, scaling and skewing. Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was based on Raph Leviens Gill. The Inkscape FAQ interprets the word Inkscape as a compound of ink, four former Sodipodi developers led the fork, they identified differences over project objectives, openness to third-party contributions, and technical disagreements as their reasons for forking. Notably, Inkscapes implementation of the SVG standard, although incomplete, has shown gradual improvement, since 2005 Inkscape has participated in the Google Summer of Code program. Up until the end of November 2007, Inkscapes bug tracking system was hosted on SourceForge, the basic objects in Inkscape are, Rectangles & Squares tool, creates rectangles and squares, corners of squares and rectangles can be rounded. 3D Boxes tool, creates 3D boxes that have adjustable XYZ perspectives, 3D boxes are in fact groups of paths and after ungrouping can be further modified. Circles/Ellipses/Arcs tool, circles and ellipses can be transformed into arcs, stars & Polygons tool, Multi-pointed stars with two radius control handles can be used to emulate spirographs. Polygons with one control handle can be used to create items based on the number of hexagons, pentagons. Spirals tool, creates spirals that have a number of turns, divergence, inner radius Pencil tool. Pen tool, creates a Bézier node-by-node curve and or line segments in the same path, calligraphy tool, creates freehand calligraphic or brush-like strokes, optionally the tool can use pressure and tilt readings from a graphics tablet. Text tool, creates texts that can use any of the Operating Systems outline, Text conversion to paths, Normal, Bold, Italic, Condensed and Heavy, Alignments, Superscript, Subscript, Vertical and Horizontal text are implemented. All text objects can be transformed via Line Spacing, Letter Spacing, Word Spacing, Horizontal Kerning, Vertical Shift, Text can be put along a path, flowed into a shape or spell checked. Bullet lists, numbered lists, indentations, and underlined text are not available as of version 0.91
21.
XnView
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XnView is an image organizer and general-purpose file manager used for viewing, converting, organizing and editing raster images, as well as general purpose file management. It comes with built-in hex inspection, batch renaming and screen capture tools and it is licensed as freeware for private, educational and non-profit uses. For other uses, it is licensed as commercial software and it is now available for Windows, Windows Mobile and Pocket PC but was previously available for Unix-like systems as well. An extended version of XnView, called XnViewMP, is available for Windows, macOS, XnView has received five cows from Tucows. In 2006 Sveriges Television recommended XnView in their High Definition Multi Format Test Set, research papers about DICOM and digital watermarking used XnView for image processing. XnView can read more than 500 image file formats, some audio and video file formats, XnView also supports ICC profiles in JPEG, PNG and TIFF files. Classic XnView can read image formats resulting in more than 32 bits per pixel, XnView can show IPTC, Exif and XMP metadata, and write IPTC metadata. XnView can search files that have the filename or data. The display of the histogram of a picture is possible, scripts can be created to convert, manipulate and rename a batch of images in one go. Creation of advanced slide shows is also possible, lossless turning, flipping and cropping of JPEG files is supported. Typical image editing tools are included, for color and size manipulation, several filters. XnView supports. 8bf Photoshop plugins such as the Harrys Filters 3.0 included in the full version, support for most raw image formats is based on dcraw. Support for vector graphics can be integrated with Ghostscript, classic XnView does not support Unicode, and SVG requires a commercial CAD plugin. These features are available in the multi-platform edition XnView MP based on Qt, classic XnView is also distributed in the PortableApps format. XnView 2.13 was the last version for Windows platforms older than Windows XP, version 2.30 released in 2015 supports the Netpbm PAM format, can read Better Portable Graphics, and offers an add-on for Imgur uploads
22.
PostScript
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PostScript is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business. It is a typed, concatenative programming language and was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Doug Brotz, Ed Taft. The concepts of the PostScript language were seeded in 1976 when John Warnock was working at Evans & Sutherland, at that time John Warnock was developing an interpreter for a large three-dimensional graphics database of New York harbor. Warnock conceived the Design System language to process the graphics, concurrently, researchers at Xerox PARC had developed the first laser printer and had recognized the need for a standard means of defining page images. In 1975-76 Bob Sproull and William Newman developed the Press format, but Press, a data format rather than a language, lacked flexibility, and PARC mounted the Interpress effort to create a successor. In 1978 Evans & Sutherland asked Warnock to move from the San Francisco Bay Area to their headquarters in Utah. He then joined Xerox PARC to work with Martin Newell and they rewrote Design System to create J & M which was used for VLSI design and the investigation of type and graphics printing. This work later evolved and expanded into the Interpress language, Warnock left with Chuck Geschke and founded Adobe Systems in December 1982. They, together with Doug Brotz, Ed Taft and Bill Paxton created a language, similar to Interpress, called PostScript. At about this time they were visited by Steve Jobs, who urged them to adapt PostScript to be used as the language for driving laser printers. In March 1985, the Apple LaserWriter was the first printer to ship with PostScript, the combination of technical merits and widespread availability made PostScript a language of choice for graphical output for printing applications. For a time an interpreter for the PostScript language was a component of laser printers. However, the cost of implementation was high, computers output raw PS code that would be interpreted by the printer into an image at the printers natural resolution. This required high performance microprocessors and ample memory, the LaserWriter used a 12 MHz Motorola 68000, making it faster than any of the Macintosh computers to which it attached. When the laser printer engines themselves cost over a thousand dollars the added cost of PS was marginal, the first version of the PostScript language was released to the market in 1984. The term Level 1 was added when Level 2 was introduced, PostScript 3 came at the end of 1997, and along with many new dictionary-based versions of older operators, introduced better color handling, and new filters. Prior to the introduction of PostScript, printers were designed to print character output given the text—typically in ASCII—as input and this changed to some degree with the increasing popularity of dot matrix printers. The characters on these systems were drawn as a series of dots, dot matrix printers also introduced the ability to print raster graphics
23.
Vector Markup Language
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Vector Markup Language was an XML-based file format for two-dimensional vector graphics. VML was specified in Part 4 of the Office Open XML standards ISO/IEC29500, according to the specification, VML is a deprecated format included in Office Open XML for legacy reasons only. VML was pervasively used in MS Office 2007 documents, as of 2012, with the release of Internet Explorer 10, VML became obsolete and is no longer supported by Internet Explorer standard mode. It is a feature that is available in Internet Explorer 10 only when the browser is set to run in modes that emulate the functionality of previous versions of Internet Explorer 6,7,8. VML was submitted to the W3C in 1998 by Autodesk, Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Microsoft, around the same time other competing W3C submissions were received in the area of web vector graphics, such as PGML from Adobe Systems, Sun Microsystems, and others. As a result of submissions, a new W3C working group was created. SVG became a W3C Recommendation in 2001 as a language for describing two-dimensional vector, VML has been largely deprecated in favor of other formats, such as SVG. SVG is not compatible with VML, development of the format ceased in 1998. VML is implemented in Internet Explorer from version 5 to version 9, VML is no longer available in Internet Explorer 10. Microsoft expects web sites to transition to SVG, version 2 of the Google Maps JavaScript API used to use VML for vector paths on Internet Explorer 5. 5+, but has been officially deprecated in favour of version 3, which does not. Such files retain complete vector information, and can be reopened for editing using other Microsoft applications, VML was natively supported by Microsofts Internet Explorer up to version 9 inline within HTML, using an undefined version of SGML namespaces. Support for VML was dropped in Internet Explorer 10 and subsequent versions, support for ink annotations in Office Open XML files was added to LibreOffice during the 3.7 development cycle. VML is not natively supported by most web browsers, web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari or Google Chrome support SVG instead of VML. Though VML is deprecated as a standard in Internet Explorer, it is most commonly used in relation to the development of HTML emails rendered in Microsoft Outlook 2007,2010, and 2013
24.
F-Secure
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F-Secure Corporation is a Finnish cyber security and privacy company based in Helsinki, Finland. The company has 20 country offices and a presence in more than 100 countries, with Security Lab operations in Helsinki, Finland and in Kuala Lumpur, through more than 200 operator partners globally, millions of broadband customer use F-Secure services. With Radar Managed Services vulnerability scanning and Rapid Detection Service as flagship products, F-Secure Corp. is publicly traded on the Helsinki Stock Exchange under the symbol FSC1V. F-Secure was first established under the name Data Fellows by Petri Allas, Data Fellows trained computer users and built customized databases. Three years later, the company launched its first major software project, f-Secure’ first antivirus product for Windows PCs was launched in 1994. Data Fellows became F-Secure in 1999, F-Secure was the first company that developed an anti-rootkit technology called BlackLight in 2005. In June 2015, F-Secure expanded into the market by acquiring nSense. F-Secure Client Security received AV-TEST Best Protection award for the time in 2016. In co-operation with Aalto University School of Science and Technology, F-Secure runs a one semester course for future virus analysts and we have to draw a line with every sample we get regarding whether to detect it or not. This decision-making is influenced only by technical factors, and nothing else and we will also be adding detection of any program we see that might be used for terrorist activity or to benefit organized crime. We would like to state this for the record, as we have received queries regarding whether we would have the guts to detect something obviously made by a known violent mafia or terrorist organization
25.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
26.
Raster graphics
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Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats. A raster is technically characterized by the width and height of the image in pixels, the printing and prepress industries know raster graphics as contones. The opposite to contones is line work, usually implemented as vector graphics in digital systems, the word raster has its origins in the Latin rastrum, which is derived from radere. It originates from the scan of cathode ray tube video monitors. By association, it can refer to a rectangular grid of pixels. The word rastrum is now used to refer to a device for drawing musical staff lines, most modern computers have bitmapped displays, where each on-screen pixel directly corresponds to a small number of bits in memory. The screen is refreshed simply by scanning through pixels and coloring them according to set of bits. The refresh procedure, being speed critical, is implemented by dedicated circuitry. Most computer images are stored in raster graphics formats or compressed variations, including GIF, JPEG, and PNG, three-dimensional voxel raster graphics are employed in video games and are also used in medical imaging such as MRI scanners. GIS programs commonly use rasters that encode geographic data in the values as well as the pixel locations. Raster graphics are resolution dependent, meaning they cannot scale up to a resolution without loss of apparent quality. This property contrasts with the capabilities of graphics, which easily scale up to the quality of the device rendering them. Raster graphics deal more practically than vector graphics with photographs and photo-realistic images, typically, a resolution of 150 to 300 PPI works well for 4-color process printing. However, for printing technologies that perform color mixing through dithering rather than through overprinting, printer DPI and image PPI have a different meaning. Thus, for instance, printing an image at 250 PPI may actually require a printer setting of 1200 DPI, when an image is rendered in a raster-based image editor, the image is composed of millions of pixels. At its core, an image editor works by manipulating each individual pixel. Most pixel-based image editors work using the RGB color model, and this article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the relicensing terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later
27.
APNG
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The Animated Portable Network Graphics file format is an extension to the Portable Network Graphics specification. It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files, while supporting 24-bit images and it also retains backward compatibility with non-animated PNG files. The first frame of an APNG file is stored as a normal PNG stream, the frame speed data and extra animation frames are stored in extra chunks. APNG competes with Multiple-image Network Graphics, a format for bitmapped animations created by the same team as PNG. APNGs advantage is the library size and compatibility with older PNG implementations. The APNG specification was created in 2004 by Stuart Parmenter and Vladimir Vukićević of the Mozilla Corporation to allow for storing the animations needed for such as throbbers. Among users and maintainers of the PNG and MNG formats, APNG had a lukewarm reception, in particular, PNG was conceived to be a single-image format. The PNG group officially rejected APNG as an extension on April 20,2007. There have been several subsequent proposals for a simple animated graphics format based on PNG using several different approaches, Mozilla Firefox added support for APNG in version 3 trunk builds on March 23,2007. Iceweasel 3 supports APNG by using Mozillas unofficial variant of libpng, in 2008 WorldDMB adopted APNG as a backward compatible extension to enable animation as part of the MOT SlideShow user application for Digital Radio. APNG1.0 Specification - Animated Portable Network Graphics is included as normative Annex A in the ETSI standard TS101499 V2.2.1, in 2010 Commercial Radio Broadcasters in Sydney began to include APNG animations in DAB+ digital radio broadcasts. These APNG animations are carried by the MOT slideshow application which accompanies the audio services and it is expected that other cities in Australia will follow in early 2011. Mozillas role in extending the PNG format to APNG echoes Netscapes much earlier role in popularizing animated GIFs, in 2016, Apple adopted the APNG format as the preferred format for animated stickers in iOS10 iMessage apps. On March 15,2017 APNG support was added to Chromium and this leaves Microsoft Edges Rendering Engine as the only engine to not support the format. A server-side library exists that allows web browsers that support the canvas tag, examples of such browsers include Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer 9. For image processing software that doesnt export to APNG, users can use a program called APNG Assembler and it creates highly optimized Animated PNG files from PNG/TGA image sequences. A PNG file consists of the PNG Signature, followed by a series of chunks, a chunk consists of four parts, Length, Chunk type, Chunk data and CRC. There are about 20 different chunk types, but for a minimal PNG, only 3 are required, The IHDR chunk, one or more IDAT chunks, the next graphic shows the contents of such a minimal PNG file, representing just one red pixel
28.
BSAVE (bitmap format)
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A BSAVE Image as it is referenced in a graphics program is an image file format created usually by saving raw video memory to disk. The BASIC BSAVE command is a general command meant for dumping ranges of addresses to disk. Data could be recalled using the counterpart BLOAD command, some platforms provided a BRUN command that would immediately attempt to execute the loaded RAM image as a program. BSAVE was in use as a file format when the IBM PC was introduced. It was also in use on the Apple II in the same time period. Although the commands were available on the Commodore PET line, they were removed from the later Commodore 64, in 1985 the Commodore 128 was released with Commodore BASIC version 7.0 which restored the BSAVE and BLOAD commands. The BSAVED format is a device-dependent raster image format, the file header stores information about the hardware address. The graphics data follows the header directly and is stored as raw data in the format of the native adapters addressable memory, there is no file compression, and therefore these load very quickly and without much programming when displayed in native mode. No additional information, such as screen resolution, color depth and palette information, bit planes, Video adapters were simple when this format was in wide use and the other information necessary to display the image could usually be inferred by programs that loaded such files. The BASIC programming language was shipped as part of the system on the first IBM PCs, Apple. On computers that did not start up in BASIC, BASIC was loaded by manually running the BASIC interpreter, the user could then type BASIC commands in direct mode or by creating and/or running a numbered BASIC program within the interpreter. One of the commands that early BASIC offered was BSAVE and another command was BLOAD, using the BSAVE command, an addressable area and length of memory could be saved to disk as a named file. This Image of saved memory could then be reloaded from disk into addressable memory later with the BLOAD command, if the BSAVEd image contained program code it could be executed, if data it could be used again, and if the BSAVEd image contained graphics it could be viewed. The video area of memory was addressable, the PUT and GET commands were used in addition to the BSAVE and BLOAD commands on the IBM PC to allow clips of the screen to be pre-formatted for BSAVE and BLOAD. PUT and GET allowed display modifier verbs which resembled functions in the Windows Graphical Device Interface used by programmers later. Microsoft produced the BASIC interpreters that were bundled with the IBM PC, Apple II, and Commodore PET, and included the ability to BSAVE and BLOAD RAM images on all 3 platforms. It was possible for users of the day to use the BLOAD command to load a graphics image that had been BSAVED in addition to loading a BSAVED executable or data image. With the passing of MS-DOS so did the use of DOS programs that saved in the BSAVED format and their use by programmers has stopped because the BLOAD command is no longer supported in modern programming languages which discourage accessing video memory directly
