1.
Livery company
–
The livery companies of the City of London, currently 110 in number, comprise Londons ancient and modern trade associations and guilds, almost all of which are styled the Worshipful Company of. Their respective craft, trade or profession, Londons livery companies play a significant part in City life, not least by providing charitable-giving and networking opportunities. Liverymen retain voting rights for the civic offices, such as the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs and City of London Corporation. The term livery originated in the form of dress worn to retainers of a nobleman. Most livery companies retain their religious associations, although nowadays members are free to follow any faith or none. Most livery companies still maintain contacts with their trade, craft or professional roles. Some still exercise powers of regulation, inspection and enforcement, while others are awarding bodies for professional qualifications, several companies restrict membership only to those holding relevant professional qualifications, eg. the City of London Solicitors Company and the Worshipful Company of Engineers. Other companies, whose trade died out long ago, such as the Longbow Makers Company, have evolved into being primarily charitable foundations, after the Carmen received City livery status in 1746 no new companies were established in London for 180 years until the Master Mariners in 1926. Post-1926 creations are known as livery companies. The Worshipful Company of Arts Scholars, the newest, was granted status on 11 February 2014. The Honourable Company of Air Pilots is exceptional among Londons livery companies in having active overseas committees in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand and North America. Livery companies are governed by a Master, a number of Wardens, the Clerk to the Company is invariably its most senior permanent member of staff, who as chief executive officer runs its day-to-day activities. Membership generally falls into two categories, freemen and liverymen, most livery companies reserve the right to admit distinguished people, particularly in their sphere of influence, as honorary freemen. Freemen may advance to become liverymen, after obtaining the freedom of the City of London, only liverymen are eligible to vote in the annual election of the Lord Mayor of London, the Sheriffs and various other City civic offices, including the Ale Conners and Bridge Masters. The livery companies elect a majority of the members of the Livery Committee, the Committee oversees the elections of Sheriffs and the Lord Mayor, educates liverymen regarding the City and its activities, represents the livery companies in communications with the City. A liveryman is a member of their respective Company. When a Freeman becomes a liveryman, the candidate is said to be enclothed, indeed, thereafter only the master, wardens and assistants in companies are seen wearing these at company events. The masters wear them at the Citys formal events, e. g. the two Common Halls and the United Guilds Service, and Lord Mayors Show, wherever they may participate
Livery company
–
Grocers' Hall, in Princes Street, is home to the
Worshipful Company of Grocers.
Livery company
–
City of London arms
Livery company
–
The
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, whose
Hall is pictured, has ranked fourth in the precedence of City livery companies since 1515.
Livery company
–
Vinters' Hall is home to the
Worshipful Company of Vintners, 11th-placed in City precedence.
2.
City of London
–
The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
City of London
–
The City of London skyline in December 2013
City of London
–
The
Waterloo Helmet, c. 150–50 BC, found in the
River Thames
City of London
–
A surviving fragment of the
London Wall, built around 200 AD, close to
Tower Hill
City of London
–
Plaque near
Southwark Bridge noting the activities around the time of
King Alfred.
3.
Royal Charter
–
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
Royal Charter
–
King's College, now the
University of Toronto, was founded with the issuance of this royal charter
Royal Charter
–
The
Hudson's Bay Company building in
Montreal
Royal Charter
–
The emblem of the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong
4.
Threadneedle Street
–
Threadneedle Street is a street in the City of London, between Bishopsgate at its northeast end and Bank junction in the southwest. It is one of nine streets that converge at Bank, the street is famous as the site of the Bank of England, the bank itself is sometimes known as the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street and has been based at its current location since 1734. The London Stock Exchange was also situated on Threadneedle Street until 2004, the Baltic Exchange was founded in the Virginia and Baltick Coffee House on Threadneedle Street in 1744, it is now located on St Mary Axe. Some believe that the name originated as Three Needle Street, perhaps from a signboard portraying three needles, or from the three needles on the arms of needle-makers who had premises on the street. The threads and needles used by the members of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors is another possibility, before 1598 the road was part of Broad Street. In addition to the Bank of England, there are a number of shops, banks, restaurants, the Merchant Taylors Hall, home of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors, has occupied a site off Threadneedle Street since 1347. It is said that it is here that the British national anthem was sung, in private, in 1607 for the first time, the headquarters of the South Sea Company was located on the street from 1711 to the 1850s. The London office of the worlds oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank, is located at No.60, the nearest London Underground station is Bank. Londons first bus ran between Threadneedle Street and Paddington from 1829. Today, the street is served by bus routes 8,11,23,26,133,242, over 5000 tonnes of gold bars are held by the Bank of England in a system of 8 vaults over two floors under Threadneedle Street. General Threadneedle Street, Old and New London, Volume 1, pp. 531-544
Threadneedle Street
–
Looking northeast up Threadneedle Street
5.
Cornhill, London
–
Cornhill is a ward and street in the City of London, the historic nucleus and financial centre of modern London. The street runs between Bank junction and Leadenhall Street, the hill from which it takes its name is one of the three ancient hills of London, the others are Tower Hill, site of the Tower of London, and Ludgate Hill, crowned by St Pauls Cathedral. The highest point of Cornhill is at 17.7 metres above sea level, Cornhill is one of the traditional divisions of the City. At its other end it meets Threadneedle Street, Poultry, Lombard Street, the mechanism, a force pump driven by a water wheel under the northernmost arch of London Bridge, transferred water from the Thames through lead pipes to four outlets. The service was discontinued in 1603 and this became the mark from which many distances to and from London were measured and the name still appears on older mileposts. In 1652, Pasqua Rosée, possibly a native of Ragusa, Italy, opened Londons first coffeehouse, the publishers Smith, Elder and Co, based at No. 65, published the literary journal Cornhill Magazine from 1860 to 1975. The magazine was first edited by William Makepeace Thackeray, in Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, Bob Cratchit slides down Cornhill 20 times in honour of it being Christmas Eve. Today, the street is associated with opticians and makers of optical apparatus such as microscopes and telescopes. A statue of the engineer James Henry Greathead was erected in 1994 in the road beside the Royal Exchange, underneath the modern pavement is the worlds first underground public toilet, which opened in 1855. Users were charged a fee of 1d, reputedly giving rise to the saying to spend a penny. Cornhill formed part of the course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens Olympic marathon on 12 August, the four Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. The postcode for the street is EC3V, Cornhill is one of 25 wards in the City of London, and each elects an Alderman to the Court of Aldermen, and Commoners to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are Freeman of the City of London are eligible to stand, the current Alderman is Robert Howard and the current Members of Common Council are Reverend Stephen Haines, Peter Dunphy and Ian Seaton. Cornhill Ward The Official Ward Website City of London Corporation Map of Cornhill ward The English coffee houses Cornhill, after a London map of 1750
Cornhill, London
–
A drawing of Cornhill in the 1830s. The Royal Exchange is on the left.
Cornhill, London
–
Location within the City
Cornhill, London
–
Cornhill from the air
Cornhill, London
–
Alley adjacent to St. Michael's
6.
Motto
–
A motto is a maxim, a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world. In heraldry, a motto is depicted below the shield in a banderole, this placement stems from the Middle Ages, in which the vast majority of nobles possessed a coat of arms. In the case of Scottish heraldry it is mandated to appear above the crest, spanish coats of arms may display a motto in the bordure of the shield. In heraldic literature, the rallying cry respectively battle banner are also common, which date back to the battle cry. In English heraldry mottos are not granted with armorial bearings, in Scottish heraldry, mottos can only be changed by re-matriculation, with the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Although very unusual and perhaps outside standard heraldic practice, there are examples of the particular appearance of the motto scroll. Ships and submarines in the Royal Navy each have a badge and motto, Latin has been very common for mottos, but for nation states their official language is generally chosen. A canting motto is one that contains word play, for example, the motto of the Earl of Onslow is Festina lente, punningly interpreting on-slow. In literature, a motto is a sentence, phrase, poem, or word prefixed to an essay, chapter, novel and it is a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle for the written material that follows. For example, Robert Louis Stevensons Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes uses mottos at the start of each section, epigram Hendiatris Inscription List of Latin phrases List of mottos List of national mottos Slogan Tagline United in diversity United we stand, divided we fall
Motto
7.
Ancient Rome
–
In its many centuries of existence, the Roman state evolved from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate the Mediterranean region and then Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and it is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France. By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond, its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia, the Roman Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus Caesar. 721 years of Roman-Persian Wars started in 92 BC with their first war against Parthia and it would become the longest conflict in human history, and have major lasting effects and consequences for both empires. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak, Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a prelude common to the rise of a new emperor. Splinter states, such as the Palmyrene Empire, would divide the Empire during the crisis of the 3rd century. Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of history from the pre-medieval Dark Ages of Europe. King Numitor was deposed from his throne by his brother, Amulius, while Numitors daughter, Rhea Silvia, because Rhea Silvia was raped and impregnated by Mars, the Roman god of war, the twins were considered half-divine. The new king, Amulius, feared Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, a she-wolf saved and raised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor. Romulus became the source of the citys name, in order to attract people to the city, Rome became a sanctuary for the indigent, exiled, and unwanted. This caused a problem for Rome, which had a large workforce but was bereft of women, Romulus traveled to the neighboring towns and tribes and attempted to secure marriage rights, but as Rome was so full of undesirables they all refused. Legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins, after a long time in rough seas, they landed at the banks of the Tiber River. Not long after they landed, the men wanted to take to the sea again, one woman, named Roma, suggested that the women burn the ships out at sea to prevent them from leaving. At first, the men were angry with Roma, but they realized that they were in the ideal place to settle. They named the settlement after the woman who torched their ships, the Roman poet Virgil recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the Aeneid
Ancient Rome
–
Senātus Populus que Rōmānus
Ancient Rome
–
Roman Republic
Ancient Rome
–
According to legend,
Rome was founded in 753 BC by
Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf.
Ancient Rome
–
This bust from the
Capitoline Museums is traditionally identified as a portrait of
Lucius Junius Brutus.
8.
Sallust
–
Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust, was a Roman historian, politician, and novus homo from an Italian plebeian family. Sallust was born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines and was a popularis, an opponent of the old Roman aristocracy, throughout his career, and later a partisan of Julius Caesar. Sallust is the earliest known Roman historian with surviving works to his name, of which Catilines War, The Jugurthine War, Sallust was primarily influenced by the Greek historian Thucydides and amassed great wealth from his governorship of Africa. Sallust was probably born in Amiternum in Central Italy, though Eduard Schwartz takes the view that Sallusts birthplace was Rome and his birth date is calculated from the report of Jeromes Chronicon. But the New Zealander Ronald Syme suggests that Jeromes date has to be adjusted because of his carelessness, however, Sallusts birth is widely dated at 86 BC, and the Kleine Pauly Encyclopedia takes 1 October 86 BC as the birthdate. Michael Grant cautiously offers 80s BC, there is no information about Sallusts parents or family, except for Tacitus mention of his sister. The Sallustii were a noble family of Sabine origin. They belonged to the order and had full Roman citizenship. During the Social War Gaius parents hid in Rome, because Amiternum was under threat of siege by rebelling Italic tribes, because of this Sallust could have been raised in Rome He received a very good education. After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election as quaestor in 55 BC and he became a Tribune of the Plebs in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius in a street brawl. Sallust then supported the prosecution of Milo, Sallust, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus also tried to blame Cicero, one of the leaders of the Senators opposition to the triumvirate, for his support of Milo. Syme suggests that Sallust, because of his position in Milos trial, T. Mommsen states that Sallust acted in Pompeys interests. According to one inscription, some Sallustius was a proquaestor in Syria in 50 BC under Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Mommsen identified this Sallustius with Sallust the historian, though T. R. S. Broughton argued that Sallust the historian could not have been an assistant to Julius Caesars adversary. From the beginning of his career, Sallust operated as a decided partisan of Julius Caesar. In 50 BC, the censor Appius Claudius Pulcher removed him from the Senate on the grounds of gross immorality, in the following year, perhaps through Caesars influence, he was reinstated. During the Civil War of 49–45 BC Sallust acted as Caesars partisan and it was reported that Sallust dined with Caesar, Hirtius, Oppius, Balbus and Sulpicius Rufus on the night after Caesars famous crossing of the Rubicon river into Italy on 10 January. In 49 BC Sallust was moved to Illyricum and probably commanded at least one legion there after the failure of Publius Cornelius Dolabella, in 48 BC he was probably made quaestor by Caesar to re-enter the Senate
Sallust
–
Statue of Sallust in
L'Aquila
Sallust
–
Gardens of Sallust
Sallust
–
ca. 1490 manuscript for De Bello Iugurthino
9.
Tailor
–
A tailor is a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothing professionally, especially suits and mens clothing. The term refers to a set of hand and machine sewing and pressing techniques that are unique to the construction of traditional jackets. Retailers of tailored suits often take their services internationally, traveling to various cities, traditional tailoring is called bespoke tailoring in the United Kingdom, where the heart of the trade is Londons Savile Row tailoring, and custom tailoring in the United States and Hong Kong. This is unlike made to measure which uses pre-existing patterns, a bespoke garment or suit is completely original and unique to each customer. Famous fictional tailors include the tailor in The Tailor of Gloucester, The Emperors New Clothes, a more recent example is John le Carrés The Tailor of Panama. As the tailoring profession has evolved, so too have the methods of tailoring, there are a number of distinctive business models of which modern tailors may practice. While some may practice many, there are others who will only one or two. Local tailoring is as the name implies, typically the tailor is met locally and the garment produced locally. This method enables the tailor to take measurements, assess posture. Local tailors will typically have a showroom or shopfront allowing clients to choose fabrics from samples or return the garment easily should it require further modification and this is the most traditional form of tailoring. Hong Kong and London are the most famous for high quality bespoke tailoring, distance tailoring involves ordering a garment from an out-of-town tailor enabling cheaper labour to be used. In practice this can now be done on a global scale via e-commerce websites, unlike local tailoring, customers must take their own measurements, fabric selection must be made from a photo, and if further alterations are required the garment must be shipped. Today, the most common platform for distance tailoring is via online tailors, online tailors sometimes offer to pay for needed alterations at a local tailor. Another new option is the concept where a free test suit is made to the provided measurements, the test suit can be tried on and worn to see where any adjustments are wanted. The final suit is tailored to the new specifications provided by the test suit fitting. Traveling tailors travel between cities and station in a luxury hotel for a short period of time to meet. In the hotel, the customer will be able to select the fabric from samples, the order then will be shipped to the customer within three to four weeks time. Unlike local tailoring, if further alterations are required the garment must be shipped, today, most traveling tailors are from Hong Kong, traveling to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and Japan
Tailor
–
Tailoring first fitting in
Italy
Tailor
–
Clothier and tailor in the
Financial District of
Boston, Massachusetts
Tailor
–
Vintage tailor's button from
Hobart, Tasmania
Tailor
–
A roadside tailor in
Haikou City,
Hainan Province,
China
10.
Savile Row
–
Savile Row is a street in Mayfair, central London. Originally named Savile Street, it was built between 1731 and 1735 as part of the development of the Burlington Estate and it was designed under the influence of Burlingtons interpretation of Palladian architecture, known as Burlingtonian. Henry Flitcroft, under the supervision of Daniel Garrett, appears to have been the main architect – though 1, initially, the street was occupied mainly by military officers and their wives, later William Pitt the Younger and Irish-born playwright and MP, Richard Brinsley Sheridan were residents. Tailors started doing business in the area in the late 18th century, first in Cork Street, about 1790, then by 1803 in Savile Row itself. In 1846, Henry Poole, later credited as the creator of the jacket or tuxedo. The term bespoke as applied to fine tailoring is understood to have originated in Savile Row, Savile Row runs parallel to Regent Street between Conduit Street at the northern end and Vigo Street at the southern. Linking roads include New Burlington Place, New Burlington Street, Boyle Street, the freehold is owned by the Pollen Estate, who work in partnership with Westminster City Council to protect the streets tailoring heritage under the Savile Row SPA. As of August 2014, Norway’s Oil Fund, the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund, had acquired a 57. 8% interest in the Pollen Estate and this includes properties in Mayfair, among which is Savile Row. The first house in what would become Savile Row was a fine House and Ground,1, and occupied by a series of nobles until it was demolished in 1730 in preparation for the laying out of the houses on the east of Savile Row in 1731. Maddoxs land, consisting mainly of fruit and other trees covering what would become Savile Row, jules Verne had Phileas Fogg, his lead character in Around the World in Eighty Days, live at 7 Savile Row – a fashionable address and the former home of Sheridan. It may have been the affluent and influential nature of the residents of Savile Row that first attracted dealers in luxury goods to the area. Tailors started to take premises around Savile Row in the late 18th century, first in Cork Street, about 1790, then by 1803 in Savile Row itself. In 1846, Henry Poole, credited as creator of the jacket or tuxedo. As tailoring moved into the street, the house frontages were altered to bring light into the tailors working area with the addition of glass frontages. The houses have been altered over time, the original Burlingtonian design has been mostly lost. The Royal Geographical Society occupied No, david Livingstone was laid out in state at the societys headquarters, before being buried in Westminster Abbey. Savile Row was extended to Conduit Street in 1937–38, and by 1939 and this police station was damaged in another German bombing raid in September 1940, during which the building opposite, No. 21a, was destroyed, as was No.7 earlier that month and it was demolished in 2009 and replaced by a new mixed-use development designed by Eric Parry, Architects
Savile Row
–
The immediate vicinity of Savile Row.
Savile Row
–
Savile Row from Burlington Gardens
Savile Row
–
Savile Row (then called Savile Street) as shown on Richard Horwood's 1819 map of London
Savile Row
–
Bomb damage in Savile Row, 1944.
11.
Wolverhampton Grammar School
–
Wolverhampton Grammar School is a co-educational independent school in Wolverhampton, England. Jenyns was born in the city of Wolverhampton circa 1448, in 1875, the school moved to its present site on the Compton Road from its previous site on John Street in the centre of Wolverhampton. This move was overseen by the Chairman of Governors, Sir Rupert Kettle and this resulted in the school adopting its current name of Wolverhampton Grammar School. Unusually, Wolverhampton Girls High School has remained in existence alongside it and it has never been disclosed why the grammar school became mixed while the Girls High School has remained open as an all-girls school. The current head, Kathy Crewe-Read who was appointed in September 2013, is the first female head in the schools 500-year history, replacing Vincent Darby who retired after five years in post, Kathy Crewe-Read studied Pure Mathematics at Aberystwyth University. Prior to joining WGS, Kathy was Senior Deputy at The King’s School and she has also taught at King William’s College Isle of Man, St Swithun’s School Winchester and Yarm School in Yorkshire. Over recent years the school has undergone development to improve facilities available to pupils and this included construction of a rock climbing wall, which replaced an Eton Fives court behind the sports centre. A new large extension to the block was also completed in 2005. In December 2007, a new block for the arts was opened on Merridale Lane, beyond Moretons Piece, with a production of As You Like It and an exhibition by artist in residence, Derek Jones. It houses a number of art classrooms on two storeys, a space and a 150-200 seat studio theatre, a versatile performance space with extensive technical facilities. In September 2011 Wolverhampton Grammar Junior School was opened on the school site, the old art block has subsequently been converted into a new languages suite and the former languages building, the Hallmark - is now the junior school. The new school is led by Mr Andrew Hymer, Sir Arthur Benson, chief secretary to Central African Council, Governor of North Rhodesia 1954–59 Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet, inventor and rocket designer. Robert William Felkin, LRCS, MD, FRSE, FRGS, medical missionary, ceremonial magician and member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, author on Uganda and Central Africa, Robert Jenrick, Conservative Member of Parliament for Newark from 2014 to the Present. Chris Kelly, Conservative MP for Dudley South at 2010 general election, mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury, Governor of the Bank of England 2003-13. Sir David Wright, British diplomat, ambassador to Japan 1996–99, Sir Norman Brook, 1st Baron Normanbrook of Chelsea, head of the British Civil Service in the late 1950s and 1960s. Described by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as the technician of cabinet government in the mid twentieth century. Developer of the theory of Love Waves, mark Moore, headmaster of Clifton College. Sathnam Sanghera, Times journalist and author, jacqui Oatley, first female football commentator on television
Wolverhampton Grammar School
–
Wolverhampton Grammar School
12.
Foyle and Londonderry College
–
Foyle College is a co-educational non-denominational voluntary grammar school in Derry City, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The schools legal name is Foyle and Londonderry College, in 1976, two local schools, Foyle College and Londonderry High School, merged under the Foyle and Londonderry College Act 1976 to form Foyle and Londonderry College. In 2011, the Board of Governors re-branded the school as Foyle College, the school is a member of the Independent Schools Council of the United Kingdom and also the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference. Foyle College and Londonderry High School have been providing education for people in the Derry area. In October 2007, the school celebrated its 390th anniversary with a plaque commemorating headmasters of the school since 1617, the Free School was built to the honour of God and the spreading of good literature. The school received no endowment from that company or from The Honourable The Irish Society, there followed an ongoing dispute between the Irish Society and the Church of Ireland Bishop of Derry as to who had the authority to appoint the headmaster. The former because one of its representatives had founded the school and this was only resolved in the early 19th century by Act of Parliament. The school took the name Foyle College in 1814, the story goes that one of the boarders, George Fletcher Moore, proposed to the other pupils to christen the new school, Foyle College which was seconded and carried with repeated acclamations. For 30 years, from 1868, Foyle College had to compete with a rival in the Londonderry Academical Institution. This school, established by a body of local merchants. Foyle then had the use of the buildings at Lawrence Hill and this was opened on 2 May 1968 by H. R. H. Like Foyle College, Londonderry High School owed its existence to the merging of two independent institutions, the first of these, the Ladies Collegiate School, was set up in 1877 by the Misses McKillip - pioneers in the movement for higher education for women in Ireland. Their vision and drive resulted in the starting of a school at 11 Queen Street, two further moves saw the renamed Victoria High School located in Crawford Square, where boarding and day pupils were accommodated. The nearby Northlands School of Housewifery was associated with Victoria High School, at the top of Lawrence Hill, Miss J. Kerr had opened St. Lurachs College circa 1900 - this school also took boarders. Strand House School closed during the First World War and the girls went to Victoria or St. Lurachs. In 1922 Victoria High School and St. Lurachs amalgamated to form Londonderry High School, by 1928 Duncreggan, formerly the home of the late William Tillie, H. M. L. had been purchased and the boarders were transferred there from St. Lurachs. In the immediate post-war period there was an ever-growing need for increased educational facilities, the high point of an ambitious and forward-looking programme was undoubtedly the opening of the new £150,000 building extensions between Duncreggan House and Dunseverick. The Preparatory Department closed in 2003, Foyle College is a split-site school
Foyle and Londonderry College
–
Foyle College
Foyle and Londonderry College
–
Action from a FALC rugby match, January 2005.
Foyle and Londonderry College
–
A scene from the 2005 school production of
Me and My Girl.
13.
Wallingford School
–
Wallingford School is a secondary school with academy status located in the town of Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England. The schools objective is to send every young person into the world able, in September 2016, the housing system was overhauled, with the students houses playing a larger role in their day-to-day life than before. As part of the overhaul, the houses were renamed to represent figures with links to Wallingford, the Headteacher is Nigel Willis, who came to Wallingford in 2005, following the interim Headship of Mr Douglas Brown. The Headteacher from September 2001 to August 2005 was Mr Jerry Owens, according to the BBCs School league tables, the schools GCSE results have improved from an all-time low in 2005. A number of buildings make up the school estate and these are named after various notable people from Wallingford, or past teachers at the school. The main blocks are, The Blackstone Building, with Geography, Art, The School Library and, more recently, the sixth form block. * The Main Building, with Reception, English, The School Hall, the Canteen, The Old Gym, Design & Technology, ICT, the Kershaw Building, with Maths, Drama, Music and Modern Foreign Language. The Doug Brown Building, with Science and Technicians Offices, the Castle Leisure Centre, for PE lessons and large assemblies. In recent years, Wallingford School has purchased the Castle Leisure Centre from the current owners so the school can use the centre full-time and take over management of public sports events. Wallingford School features two parts - the secondary school, and a sixth form college which merge to feature the same teachers, lesson structure, subjects, timetable, sixth Form students study AS-Levels in Year 12 and A-Levels in Year 13. These students can spend a year studying five GCSE subjects to retake, unlike the Years 7 -11, sixth form students are not required to wear school uniform. They are also given the freedom to sign in and out of the site at lunchtimes. Charlie Brooker, journalist and TV presenter Rob Wilson, politician and Member of Parliament for Reading East Wallingford School website
Wallingford School
14.
Thomas White (merchant)
–
Sir Thomas White was an English cloth merchant, Lord Mayor of London in 1553, and a civic benefactor and founder of St Johns College, Oxford. He was born in Reading, Berkshire, the son of William White, a clothier of Reading and he was brought up in London. Sir Thomas was twice married, to Avicia and to Joan, a principal member of the guild of Merchant Taylors, he served as Sheriff of London in 1547, and was elected Lord Mayor of London in 1553. He was knighted in the year by Queen Mary I. He was a member of the commission for the trial of Lady Jane Grey and he was involved in the foundation of Merchant Taylors School, and made provision that scholars of the college should be nominated from pupils of the school. He purchased Gloucester Hall and set it up in 1560 as a hall of residence for scholars, as a result of his philanthropy, he was listed in Richard Johnsons Nine Worthies of London in 1592. The charity was founded in 1542 and is still extant and it gives interest-free loans to aspiring businesspeople in Leicestershire and Rutland. There are several memorials to White in England and he is honoured on Leicesters Clock Tower, memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell, Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time. Volume 2, Printed Pearson and Rollason, tudor Place, Sir Thomas White Royal Berkshire History, Sir Thomas White Sir Thomas White Loan Charity The Charity of Sir Thomas White, Warwick
Thomas White (merchant)
–
Portrait of Sir Thomas White by
"Sampson the paynter" [1] (1597). In the collection of the City of Oxford.
Thomas White (merchant)
–
Statue of Sir Thomas White in
Coventry, West Midlands
15.
Pembroke College, Cambridge
–
Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has seven hundred students. Physically, it is one of the larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its founding. As of 2014 the college has an endowment of £67 million. Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges, Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister, in Pembrokes case William Pitt the Younger. The college library, with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower, is endowed with a copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams. The colleges current master is Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury, Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke founded Pembroke College, Cambridge. Christmas Eve 1347, Edward III granted Marie de St Pol, widow of the Earl of Pembroke, the Hall of Valence Mary, as it was originally known, was thus founded to house a body of students and fellows. The college was later renamed Pembroke Hall, and finally became Pembroke College in 1856, Marie was closely involved with College affairs in the thirty years up to her death in 1377. Both the founding of the college and the building of the citys first college Chapel required the grant of a papal bull. The original court was the universitys smallest at only 95 feet by 55 feet, the colleges gatehouse is the oldest in Cambridge. The original Chapel now forms the Old Library and has a striking seventeenth-century plaster ceiling, designed by Henry Doogood, around the Civil War, one of Pembrokes fellows and Chaplain to the future Charles I, Matthew Wren, was imprisoned by Oliver Cromwell. On his release after eighteen years, he fulfilled a promise by hiring his nephew Christopher Wren to build a great Chapel in his former college. The resulting Chapel was consecrated on St Matthews Day,1665, and the end was extended by George Gilbert Scott in 1880. An increase in membership over the last 150 years saw an increase in building activity. The Hall was rebuilt in 1875–6 by Alfred Waterhouse after he had declared the medieval Hall unsafe, Building work continued into the 20th century with W. D. Caröe as architect. He added Pitt Building between Ivy Court and Waterhouses Lodge, and extended New Court with the construction of O staircase on the side of the Lodge. In 1926, as the Fellows had become disenchanted with Waterhouses Hall, Maurice Webb was brought in to remove the open roof, put in a flat ceiling
Pembroke College, Cambridge
–
Colleges of the
University of Cambridge Pembroke College
Pembroke College, Cambridge
–
The Gatehouse is the oldest in Cambridge, dating from the 14th century
Pembroke College, Cambridge
–
Pembroke College chapel interior in September 2014
Pembroke College, Cambridge
–
The
Trumpington Street Façade with the College Chapel on the right, the first building to be built by Sir Christopher Wren
16.
Opera
–
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing, recitative, a style and arias, a more melodic style. Opera incorporates many of the elements of theatre, such as acting, scenery. The performance is given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. Opera is a key part of the Western classical music tradition, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his operas in the 1760s. The first third of the 19th century saw the point of the bel canto style, with Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti. It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer, the mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by Richard Wagner in Germany and Giuseppe Verdi in Italy. The popularity of opera continued through the era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Giacomo Puccini. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, the 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism, Neoclassicism, and Minimalism. With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso, since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on these mediums. Beginning in 2006, a number of opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas all over the world. In 2009, an opera company offered a download of a complete performance. The words of an opera are known as the libretto, some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti, others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e. g. Mozart with Lorenzo Da Ponte. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action, in some forms of opera, such as singspiel, opéra comique, operetta, and semi-opera, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, the terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail below. Over the 18th century, arias were accompanied by the orchestra. Subsequent composers have tended to follow Wagners example, though some, the changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail below
Opera
–
The performers from the Atlanta Opera sing the finale of
Lucia di Lammermoor. The
opera orchestra is visible in the lowered area in front of the stage.
Opera
–
The
Palais Garnier of the
Paris Opéra, one of the world's most famous
opera houses.
Opera
–
Claudio Monteverdi
Opera
–
George Frideric Handel, 1733
17.
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
–
The Guildhall School of Music and Drama is an independent music and dramatic arts school which was founded in 1880 in London, England. Students can pursue courses in music, opera, drama and technical theatre arts, the school currently numbers almost 900 students, approximately 700 of whom are undergraduate and postgraduate music students and 175 on the acting and technical theatre programmes. In any given year, about 40% of the students are from outside the UK, the chairman of Guildhall is David Andrew Graves, elected a governor in 2009 he became deputy of the board and then chairman in 2012. Ife led the Guildhall School’s application for Taught Degree-Awarding Powers, which were granted by the Privy Council in April 2014, the Guildhall School of Music first opened its doors on 27 September 1880, housed in a disused warehouse in the City of London. With 62 part-time students, it was the first municipal college in Great Britain. The new building was completed by 9 December 1886 and the then Lord Mayor of London, teaching continued under the first principal of the school, Thomas Henry Weist Hill, and his team of 90 professors. The new site, designed by architect Sir Horace Jones, comprised a common room for professors and 45 studios, each room contained both a grand piano and an upright piano. Additionally, there was a room and a practice room, in reality a small concert hall which was used for orchestral. The practice room was also the venue for the school concerts Initially, all tuition was on a part-time basis. Departments of speech, voice and acting were added and by 1935 the school had added, the school moved to its present premises in the heart of the City of Londons Barbican Centre in 1977 and continues to be owned, funded and administered by the City of London. About three minutes walk from the school, Sundial Court offers self-catering single-room accommodation for 178 students, in 2001 the Secretary of State, Baroness Blackstone, announced that the Barbican Centre, including the Guildhall School, was to be Grade II listed. The school currently numbers over 800 students on its roll call, as of 2017, about 135 are studying in the acting and technical theatre programmes. In any given year, about 40% of the students are from outside the UK typically represent over 40 nationalities, the school is a member of Conservatoires UK and of the European Association of Conservatoires. The school was rated No.1 specialist institution in the UK in the Guardian University Guide 2013 and 2014, the most significant investment in the Guildhall Schools future came to fruition via the £90 million redevelopment of the neighbouring Milton Court site. The new building, which opened in 2013, houses three new performance spaces, a hall, a theatre and a studio theatre in addition to drama teaching. The school offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs as well as the Junior Guildhall, a Saturday school serving students from 4 to 18 years of age. The schools outreach activities won the Queens Anniversary Prize in 2005, the school was awarded a further Queens Anniversary Prize in 2007 in recognition of the outstanding achievements and work of the Opera Programme. The schools performance facilities include a 308-seat drama and opera theatre, concert hall, lecture/recital hall, in addition, students of the school regularly perform in other London venues, including the Barbican Centre, the Bridewell Theatre, the Soho Theatre, the Royal Court and the Swan
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
–
The main entrance to Guildhall at the
Barbican Estate
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
–
Guildhall School inside the Barbican Estate
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
–
Logo until 2014
18.
Almshouses
–
An almshouse is charitable housing provided to enable people to live in a particular community. They are often targeted at the poor of a locality, at those from certain forms of employment, or their widows. Many almshouses are European Christian institutions though some are secular, alms are, in the Christian tradition, money or services donated to support the poor and indigent. Almshouses were established from the 10th century in Britain, to provide a place of residence for poor, old and distressed people. The first recorded almshouse was founded in York by King Athelstan, in the Middle Ages, the majority of European hospitals functioned as almshouses. In 1269 or 1270 an almshouse was established in Stavanger as the first known in Norway, the English tradition of almshouses was introduced to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by its founder, William Penn. The Maryland legislature created almshouses in Anne Arundel County, financed by property taxes on landowners throughout the state, massachusetts also had a long tradition of almshouses. In the United States, aid tended to be limited to the elderly and disabled, Almshouses have been created throughout the period since the 10th century, up to the present day. Many of the almshouses in England were established with the aim of benefiting the soul of the founder or their family. As a result, most were regarded as chantries and were dissolved during the Reformation, Almshouses tend to be characterised by their charitable status and by the aim of supporting the continued independence of their residents. In the Netherlands, a number of hofjes are still functioning as accommodation for elderly people, the economics of almshouses takes the form of the provision of subsidised accommodation, often integrated with social care resources such as wardens. The basis for modern civil almshouses and workhouses came into being in 1597 when the Act for the Relief of the Poor was enacted. These institutions underwent various population, program, and name changes, blockley Almshouse Carroll County Almshouse and Farm, Westminster, Maryland Halfway house Hostel List of British almshouses Poorhouse Heath, Sidney. Old English houses of alms, a record with architectural and historical notes. Almshouses in the West Riding of Yorkshire 1600-1900, goose, Nigel, Caffrey, Helen, Langley, Anne, eds. The British Almshouse, new perspectives on philanthropy ca 1400-1914, the Almshouse Association The Almshouse Residents Action Group List of English Almshouses associated with monastic institutions. Medieval Hospitals of England, by Rotha Mary Clay
Almshouses
–
Detail from a document connected with the foundation of
Henry VII 's chantry and almshouses at Westminster. The King sits in the Star Chamber and receives the Archbishop of Canterbury
William Warham,
Richard Fox, the Bishop of Westminster and clerics associated with
Westminster Abbey and
St. Paul's Cathedral as well as the
Lord Mayor of London
Almshouses
–
Drawing of almshouses in
Rochford, 1787
Almshouses
–
Almshouses at the parish church of St John in
Thaxted.
Almshouses
–
The almshouse at
Woburn,
Bedfordshire
19.
London Borough of Lewisham
–
The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south-east London, England and forms part of Inner London. The principal settlement of the borough is Lewisham, the local authority is Lewisham London Borough Council and it is based in Catford. The Prime Meridian passes through Lewisham, blackheath, Goldsmiths, University of London and Millwall F. C. are located within the borough. Minor boundary changes have occurred since its creation, the most significant amendments were made in 1996, when the former area of the Royal Docks in Deptford was transferred from the London Borough of Greenwich. The borough is surrounded by the Royal Borough of Greenwich to the east, the London Borough of Bromley to the south, the River Thames forms a short section of northern boundary with the Isle of Dogs in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Deptford Creek, Pool River, River Quaggy and River Ravensbourne pass through the borough, according to the 2011 census, Lewisham has a population of 275,885, is 53% white and 47% BME, and 43% of households are owner-occupiers. The motto of the borough is Salus Populi Suprema Lex, which means The welfare of the people the highest law, the current Chief Executive is Barry Quirk. The borough is administered by the four directorates of the council, Children and Young People, Community Services, Customer Services, the honour of Freedom of the Borough has been awarded to, Alan Milner Smith, OBE, Town Clerk Frederick William Winslade, Esq. Some of these wards had the same names as the present wards. When the wards were revised for 2002, some larger, absorbing parts of other previous wards. The previous wards and areas used from 1978 to 1998 were, Lewishams council, the first mayoral election was in 2002 and was won by the Labour Party candidate, Steve Bullock, who was re-elected in 2006,2010 and 2014. Following the 2014 council elections, there are 53 Labour Party councillors, the borough includes the constituencies of Lewisham Deptford, Lewisham West and Penge and Lewisham East. These are the MPs who have represented constituencies covered by the borough since its formation in 1964, note that constituencies change their boundaries over time, even where names remain the same. Lewisham station, once known as Lewisham Junction, is located at the junction of the lines to Dartford and Hayes, the East London Line terminated at New Cross and New Cross Gate until December 2007. An extension to this line opened on 23 May 2010, serving Brockley, Honor Oak Park, Forest Hill and this forms part of the London Overground network. The South London Line runs along the extreme North West of the borough, There is a proposal for a new station at New Bermondsey providing a link to Clapham Junction. Deptford Bridge – on the border between Lewisham and Greenwich, elverson Road – on the border between Lewisham and Greenwich. Lewisham There are no Tube stations in the borough, as the East London Line is now part of London Overground, however, Lewisham Council and Network Rail would like the Bakerloo line extended from Elephant & Castle to Lewisham and Hayes
London Borough of Lewisham
–
Lewisham, an important transport hub
London Borough of Lewisham
20.
Worshipful Company of Skinners
–
The Worshipful Company of Skinners is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. It was originally an association of those engaged in the trade of skins and it was granted Royal Charter in 1327. The Companys motto is To God Only Be All Glory, merchant Taylors kept precedence in 2006/7, their regular turn
Worshipful Company of Skinners
–
Skinners' Hall (1770–90) by W. Jupp
Worshipful Company of Skinners
–
Queen Margarete of Anjou, wife of King Henry VI, here reproduced, is entered in the roll of the fraternity of Our Lady under date XV year of King Edward IV (A.D. 1475)
21.
Easter
–
It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed
Easter
–
Icon of the Resurrection, with Christ, having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs. Christ is flanked by saints, and Satan, depicted as an old man, is bound and chained. (See
Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art.)
Easter
–
One of the earliest known depictions of the
crucifixion and
resurrection of Jesus (
Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript, 6th century)
Easter
–
The
Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples. The early Christians too would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection.
Easter
–
A stained glass window depicting the
Passover Lamb, a concept integral to the foundation of Easter
22.
Worshipful Company of Mercers
–
The Worshipful Company of Mercers is the premier Livery Company of the City of London and ranks first in the order of precedence of the Companies. It is the first of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, although of even older origin, the Company was incorporated under a Royal Charter in 1394, the Companys earliest extant Charter. The Companys aim was to act as an association for general merchants. By the 16th century many members of the Company had lost any connection with the original trade, today, the Company exists primarily as a charitable institution, supporting a variety of causes. The Companys motto is Honor Deo, Latin for Honour to God, the word mercer derives from the Latin merx, mercis, merchandise from which root also derives the word merchant. In recent times the Company has founded a City Technology College, there was also a Mercers School which was granted its first charter in 1447, and closed in 1959 when pupil numbers fell. The school was most recently based in Barnards Inn in Holborn, in 2011, the Mercers co-sponsored a new academy school, Hammersmith Academy, specialising in creative and digital media and information technology, located in Hammersmith. The school was established in a new building, with support from the Mercers, the Mercers Company is based at Mercers Hall in Ironmonger Lane, off Poultry, in the City of London. From the 14th century onwards the Company held its meetings in the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon on nearby Cheapside, between 1517 and 1524 the Company built the Mercers Chapel on this land, with the first Mercers Hall above it, fronting Cheapside. The building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, the second Hall, designed by Edward Jarman and John Oliver, opened in May 1676. The Hall was extensively refurbished during the period 1877 to 1881, the frontage was remodelled by George Barnes Williams and the interiors were redesigned by John Gregory Crace, the renowned Victorian designer. The Hall was destroyed by fire in 1941 during the Blitz, the third and present Mercers Hall was opened in May 1958. The architect was E. Noel Clifton of Gunton and Gunton, the Hall incorporates fittings from the old Hall, including some 17th-century woodwork and Victorian stained glass. The Mercers Company is the only City Livery Company to have its own private chapel, children whose father or mother was a member of the Company at the time of their birth have an automatic right to become Mercers by patrimony. Most other members have a connection to the Company and obtain their Freedom by Redemption. Under this process applicants are recommended for membership after an interview and, if approved, other people can also become Members by Redemption. Membership is sometimes granted because the Company wishes to honour the individual, notable Members who joined the Company by Redemption are Thomas More and Winston Churchill. One other route to membership is by apprenticeship, but this has not happened recently
Worshipful Company of Mercers
–
Mercers' Hall in
Ironmonger Lane.
23.
Worshipful Company of Grocers
–
The Worshipful Company of Grocers is one of the 110 Livery Companies of the City of London and ranks second in order of precedence. Established in 1345, the Grocers comprise one of Londons Great Twelve City Livery Companies, the company was founded in the 14th century by members of the Guild of Pepperers, which dates from 1180. The Company was responsible for maintaining standards for the purity of spices and for the setting of certain weights and its members included Londons pharmacists, who separated forming the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in 1617. The guild was known as the Company of Grossers from 1373 until 1376 when it was renamed the Company of Grocers of London, in 1428, two years after building its first hall in Old Jewry, the Company was granted a Royal Charter by King Henry VI of England. One of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, it ranks second in the Companies order of precedence after the Mercers Company, the Companys motto is God Grant Grace. The Company also provides banqueting and conference facilities at Grocers Hall situated in Princes Street, the earliest known Grocers Hall was in Poultry, then known as Conningshop-lane on account of the three conies or rabbits hanging over a poulterers stall in the lane. It was built in 1428 on land owned by Lord Fitzwalter and let out for dinners, funerals, county feasts. The hall was renovated in 1681 by the future Lord Mayor of London. A new hall was built on the site between 1798 and 1802 when part of the garden was sold to the Bank of England for the expansion of nearby Princes Street. However, frequent and extensive repairs were required due to defective foundations in the building, a fifth and final hall was constructed nearby in 1970, also on Princes Street, which remains the Grocers home today. The present Master Grocer for 2014-15 is James Roundell and the Companys Clerk is Brigadier Robert Pridham, reeds Schools Annual Foundation Appeal has been held at Grocers’ Hall for over fifty years. Additionally, in 1876 the Company founded the Grocers Company School, in Hackney, east of the City of London and this was transferred into London County Councils control after that authoritys formation in 1889 and changed its name to Hackney Downs School, it closed in 1995. The Grocers Company now maintains close links with and is the sponsor of Hackneys Mossbourne Academy. The church of St Mary the Virgin at Northill in Bedfordshire shows the Grocers coat of arms on a glass window by John Oliver. The company commissioned the window in 1664, some Account of the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the City of London. 1829 history of the Company by the Governor of the Bank of England, the Grocers Company of the City of London www. liverycompanies. com
Worshipful Company of Grocers
–
The fifth and current Grocers' Hall, on Prince's Street.
Worshipful Company of Grocers
–
Grocers'
arms.
24.
Worshipful Company of Drapers
–
The Worshipful Company of Drapers is one of the 110 livery companies of the City of London. It has the formal name The Master and Wardens and Brethren, more usually known simply as the Drapers Company, it is one of the historic Great Twelve Livery Companies and was founded during the Middle Ages. An informal association of drapers had organized as early as 1180, the organisation was formally founded in 1361, it received a Royal Charter three years later. It was incorporated as a company under a Royal Charter in 1438 and was the first corporate body to be granted a coat of arms, the charter gave the company perpetual succession and a common seal. Over the centuries the original privileges granted by Royal Charter have been confirmed and amended by successive monarchs, the acting charter of today is that granted by James I in 1607, amended by four supplemental charters, most recently in 2008. The majority of drapers lived in and around Cornhill, Candlewick Street, possibly it was for this reason that their allegiance was transferred to St Mary le Bow in Cheapside and later to St Michael, Cornhill, where the company continues to worship today. Despite these changes, the drapers retain the Blessed Virgin Mary as their patron saint, originally, the organisation was a trade association of wool and cloth merchants. It has been one of the most powerful companies in London politics, over one hundred Lord Mayors have been members of the company, the first, Henry Fitz-Ailwyn, is thought to have been a draper. During the Plantation of Ulster, the company held land around Moneymore, today, the company operates as a charitable, ceremonial and educational institution. It also administers three almshouses, Queen Elizabeth College Greenwich, Edmansons Close Tottenham and Walters Close Southwark and it provides the chairman and four other governors of Bancrofts School, who use the Drapers coat of arms and motto. It is the co-sponsor of Drapers Academy, which uses a similar logo, the Company founded two girls schools, in Llandaff and Denbigh, Wales, using the endowment of Welsh merchant Thomas Howell, who bequeathed a sum of money to the foundation. Both schools are independent and separate institutions but the Company still has a representative in the body of the former. The company also has links with some eighteen other educational establishments. It administers charitable trusts relating to relief of need, education and almshouses, it provides banqueting and catering services, the Court of Assistants is its governing body. The Drapers Company continues to play a role in the life of the City and its liverymen carry out important functions in the elections of the governance of the City and its offices. The Drapers Company is based at Drapers Hall located in Throgmorton Street, the company has owned the site since 1543, when it purchased the London mansion of Thomas Cromwell, of Austin Friars, from King Henry VIII. Cromwell had been attainted and executed in 1540, the building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London and rebuilt to designs by Edward Jarman. After another fire in 1772, it was rebuilt again and this time the architect was John Gorham
Worshipful Company of Drapers
–
The Worshipful Company of Drapers
Worshipful Company of Drapers
–
Queen Elizabeth's College (almshouses)
Worshipful Company of Drapers
–
Administration entrance to Drapers' Hall pictured in 2012.
Worshipful Company of Drapers
–
People
25.
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
–
The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers is one of the 110 Livery Companies of the City of London, being an incorporated guild of sellers of fish and seafood in the City. The Company ranks fourth in the order of precedence of City Livery Companies, the Company records an unbroken existence for over 700 years – although undoubtedly it existed earlier – having received its first Royal Charter in 1272. A predecessor guild was fined as adulterine in 1154 and it took the name Stock Fishmongers Company under another Royal Charter granted in 1508. Then, in 1537, it merged with the Salt Fishmongers Company to form the Company with its present name, however, in a Royal Charter granted to the Fishmongers by Richard II in 1399, all their privileges were restored. The same Charter states they should elect six Wardens annually, the number continues to the present day. Until the end of the 14th century the Fishmongers convened their own court of law, called Leyhalmode, at which disputes over fish, from 1555 to the present day, the Company has acted as Trustee of Greshams School at Holt, Norfolk. In the early 17th century, the Company was granted lands at Ballykelly and Banagher in modern-day Northern Ireland and it remained a major landowner there until the 20th century, and the villages contain some of the most interesting buildings erected in Ulster by the Plantation companies. In 1714, the Irish actor Thomas Doggett provided money to endow a boat race called Doggetts Coat and Badge Race in honour of the new king, George I of Hanover. The race was originally to be rowed annually on 1 August on the River Thames, the prize for the champion oarsman is a fine red coat embellished with a large silver badge on one arm, depicting the white horse of Hanover with the word liberty underneath. Peters Hospital and almshouses at Newington in Surrey, the Company is governed by its Prime Warden, five other Wardens and its Court of Assistants, comprising 28 appointed Livery members. In its early history, the Company established a monopoly over the sale of fish in the City of London and this responsibility is undertaken by the Companys fishmeters under powers established by a Royal Charter of James I in 1604. The Company is closely involved with monitoring salmon and fresh water fishing as well as the catching of shellfish throughout UK waters and it encourages research through grants and sponsorship and also publishes books on fish, such as Fish and Shellfish and The Fishmongers Company Cook Book. The Fishmongers Company is also a significant educational charity, as well as Greshams School, it has also long supported the City and Guilds of London Art School and the City and Guilds of London Institute. The Company comprises about 300 members, including a representation of working fishmongers. Voting is by show of hands, but should one liveryman call for a recount, the Companys livery hall in the City of London is known as Fishmongers Hall, its earliest recorded hall was built in 1310. A new hall, on the present site, was bequeathed to the Company in 1434, together with 43 other Livery halls, this one was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and a replacement hall designed by the architect Edward Jerman opened in 1671. This hall by Jerman was demolished to facilitate the construction of the new London Bridge in 1827, the Fishmongers next hall was designed by Henry Roberts and built by William Cubitt & Company, opening in 1834. After severe bomb damage during the Blitz, Fishmongers Hall was restored by Austen Hall, since 1555, the Company has acted as the Trustee of Greshams School in Holt, Norfolk, in accordance with the wishes of Lord Mayor Sir John Gresham
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
–
Fishmongers' Hall overlooking the Thames at London Bridge.
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
–
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
–
Fishing industry
Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
–
Aquaculture
26.
Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths
–
The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths is one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London. The Company, which originates from the century, received a Royal Charter in 1327. Its motto is Justitia Virtutum Regina, Latin for Justice is Queen of Virtues, the Goldsmiths Company founded a London Technical and Recreative Institute in 1891, which is better known nowadays as Goldsmiths, University of London. The Company was established as a guild for the goldsmith trade. Only those clothed with the livery of the Company were licensed to trade such precious commodities within the bounds of the City, whilst this arrangement maintained standards, it also became restrictive in an ever increasing global market. The word hallmarking derives from the fact that metals were officially inspected and marked at Goldsmiths Hall. Today, the Company is one of the few Livery Companies still to play a role in its ancient trade. At the Trial of the Pyx, the Goldsmiths Company is also responsible for checking the validity of British coinage, in 2012 Goldsmiths’ Centre, a space for workshops, exhibitions and events, and education including apprentice training, opened in Clerkenwell. Harache family The Goldsmiths Company The Goldsmiths Centre
Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths
–
The third and present
Goldsmiths' Hall in the second half of the 19th century
27.
Worshipful Company of Haberdashers
–
The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, is an ancient merchant guild of London, England associated with the silk and velvet trades. The Haberdashers Company follows the Mercers Company in precedence, receiving its first Royal Charter in 1448, the formal name under which it is incorporated is The Master and Four Wardens of the Fraternity of the Art or Mystery of Haberdashers in the City of London. As an educational foundation, the Haberdashers Company maintains a tradition of supporting schools. It founded a school in Hoxton in 1690, and following redevelopment of the site, in June 1875, it reopened the school. At the same time, it opened a boys and girls school in Hatcham, the Hoxton Boys School moved to Hampstead, North London, and subsequently to Elstree in 1961 to become the Haberdashers Askes Boys School, Elstree. The Girls School, founded in Hoxton moved to Creffield Road, Acton, opening on 1st November 1989 with 47 Hoxton pupils and 12 new girls, working in a temporary iron building. In September 1974, it opened on its present site in Elstree as Haberdashers Askes School for Girls, in 1990, at Haberdashers School, Monmouth, the Glover Music School was established funded by Dr Jane Glover CBE, sister of the present Master. In keeping with its Christian tradition, the Haberdashers Company continues to present copies of the King James Bible to starters at all its schools, the company owns and takes an interest in the patronage of its eight parish church advowsons. The company is sole trustee of two educational charities, Haberdashers Askes Charity and the William Joness Schools Foundation. The company ranks eighth in the order of precedence of City livery companies and, as such, like other livery companies, it supports the work of the Lord Mayor, the City of London Corporation and the Sheriffs of London. HRH The Earl of Wessex currently serves on the Haberdashers Court of Assistants, the Haberdashers motto is Serve and Obey. The Haberdashers Company moved to its new hall at 18 West Smithfield on 15 April 2002, on 24 October 2002 Queen Elizabeth II was welcomed by the Master Haberdasher, Nicholas Lund, to formally declare its Hall open. On the south side of the property, the company has developed office space opens onto Hosier Lane. Within the hall, its cloisters to the side lead via a circular staircase to the first floor where its Court Room, Committee Room. The reception gallery leads to the hall, which has a high vaulted ceiling and is entirely oak-panelled. There are also offices for staff, facilities for catering staff with storage and cellars below the hall, together with accommodation for the Master. The Clerk to the Haberdashers Company, since 2013, is Commodore Philip Thicknesse RN, and the Revd Canon David Parrott serves as Honorary Chaplain. cityoflondon. gov. uk
Worshipful Company of Haberdashers
–
An 1831 heraldic
property mark of the Haberdashers' Company
28.
Worshipful Company of Salters
–
The Worshipful Company of Salters is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London, 9th in order of precedence. The Company originated as the Guild of Corpus Christi, which was granted a Royal Charter of incorporation in 1394, further Charters granted the Company the authority to set standards and regulations regarding the products of its members. Originally, the Salters Company included individuals whose trades involved the usage of salts, as with many other livery companies, the Salters Company has lost its direct connection to its original trade. Currently, however, the company supports the chemical industry and supports education in chemistry, furthermore, it is a charitable organization. The Companys motto is Sal Sapit Omnia, Latin for Salt Savours All, Salters Hall, St. Swithins Lane, was home of the company until it was bombed in 1941. The hall was during the 1700s the meeting place of Presbyterians, the present Salters Hall on Fore Street dates from 1976 and was designed by architect Basil Spence, best known for his work on Coventry Cathedral. It now provides prizes for students of chemistry, chemical engineering, biology and physics, as well as running various activities to promote the study of science, the arms were granted by Thomas Benolt in 1530. The crest and supporters followed in 1591, granted by Robert Cooke, blazon, Per chevron azure and gules, three covered salts argent, garnished or. Crest, On a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm erect, issuing from clouds all proper, holding a covered salt argent, supporters, Two otters sable, bezanty, ducally gorged and chained or
Worshipful Company of Salters
–
Worshipful Company of Salters
29.
Worshipful Company of Ironmongers
–
The Worshipful Company of Ironmongers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The Ironmongers, who were known as the Ferroners, were incorporated under a Royal Charter in 1463. The Company today is primarily a charitable institution, the Company ranks tenth in the order of precedence of the City of Londons livery companies, it is therefore one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies. The Companys motto is God Is Our Strength, Ironmongers Hall is the home of the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers. It is located in Aldersgate Street in the City of London, the first hall, dating back to 1457, was in Fenchurch Street, it was rebuilt in 1587 and rebuilt again in 1745 on the same site. The third hall was destroyed on 7 July 1917 by a bomb dropped during World War I. The present Hall stands on land which was bought in 1922, construction work, which was undertaken by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts, started that year and the Hall was opened on 17 June 1925
Worshipful Company of Ironmongers
–
Ceremonial Barge of the Ironmongers' Company
Worshipful Company of Ironmongers
–
Entrance to Ironmongers' Hall
30.
Worshipful Company of Vintners
–
The Worshipful Company of Vintners is one of the most ancient Livery Companies of the City of London, England. It probably existed as early as the century, and it received a Royal Charter in 1364. Due to the Royal Charter, the Company gained a monopoly over wine imports from Gascony, also, it acquired the right to sell wine without a licence, and it became the most powerful company in the wine trade. However, in 1553, it lost its right to sell anywhere in the country. Up to 2006, Vintners retained the right to sell wine without a licence in certain areas and this right has now been abolished, but limited privileges remain. The Vintners Company ranks eleventh in the order of precedence of Livery Companies, the Companys motto is Vinum Exhilarat Animum, Latin for Wine Cheers the Spirit. Vintners Hall is situated by Southwark Bridge, in Vintry ward, the nearby Garlickhythe was a dock where French garlic and wine were landed, from medieval times. One of the more rights of the Company involves the ceremony of swan upping
Worshipful Company of Vintners
–
Function room in Vintners' Hall
Worshipful Company of Vintners
–
Swan marker of the Worshipful Company of Vintners, in his blue uniform, during annual swan upping, Abingdon, summer 2011.
Worshipful Company of Vintners
–
The Vintners starting swan upping, at Sunbury, 2004
Worshipful Company of Vintners
–
The Queen's Swan Uppers (white flag, far right) and swan uppers from the Vintners' Company (red flag) and Dyers' Company conducting Swan Upping on the Thames in Abingdon, in 2006.
