1.
Tijuana
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Tijuana is the largest city in Baja California and on the Baja California Peninsula and center of the Tijuana metropolitan area, part of the international San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. As an industrial and financial center of Mexico, Tijuana exerts an influence on economics, education, culture, art. As the city has become a center in the country, so has the surrounding metropolitan area. Currently one of the fastest growing areas in Mexico, Tijuana maintains global city status. As of 2015, the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,696,923, Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California, and is the municipal seat and cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality. Tijuana covers 70% of the municipality but contains over 80% of its population, a dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent, the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies. In the early 21st century, Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America, Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca. The city is the most visited city in the globe. More than fifty million people cross the border between two cities every year. This metropolitan crossing makes the San Ysidro Port of Entry the busiest land-border crossing in the world and it is estimated that the two border crossing stations between the cities proper of San Diego and Tijuana account for 300,000 daily border crossings alone. Tijuana is the 40th largest city in the Americas and is the westernmost city in Mexico, Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias. As the American conquest of northern Mexico ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijuanas new international position on the border gave rise to a new economic, the city was founded in July 11,1889 as urban development began. Often known by its initials, T. J. and nicknamed Gateway to Mexico, Tijuana derives from the Kumeyaay word Tiwan, meaning by-the-sea. Common in regional folklore, a myth exists purporting that the name is a conjunction of Tia Juana, Tia Juana would provide food and a resting place to travelers on their journeys. The story has become a myth with residents of the city and has particular resonance among those who like to imagine the city as a place of hospitality. In Spanish, the name is pronounced /tiˈxwana/ – with three syllables, and a fricative as represented by the sound written as j. In California, and particularly in Southern California, it is referred to as T. J. Baja Californians have adopted this pronunciation as Tiyei, in Spanish the demonym for someone from Tijuana is Tijuanense, while in English the demonym is Tijuanan
2.
Baja California
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Baja California, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California, is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 70,113 km2, or 3. 57% of the mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U. S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California and its northern limit is the U. S. state of California. The state has an population of 3,165,776 much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south. Over 75% of the lives in the capital city, Mexicali, in Ensenada. Other important cities include San Felipe, Rosarito and Tecate, additionally, there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the cheaper cost of living compared to San Diego. There is also a significant population from Central America, many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America. Baja California is the twelfth largest state by area in Mexico and its geography ranges from beaches to forests and deserts. The backbone of the state is the Sierra de Baja California, where the Picacho del Diablo and this mountain range effectively divides the weather patterns in the state. In the northwest, the weather is semi-dry and mediterranean, in the narrow center, the weather changes to be more humid due to altitude. It is in area where a few valleys can be found, such as the Valle de Guadalupe. To the east of the range, the Sonoran Desert dominates the landscape. In the south, the weather becomes drier and gives way to the Vizcaino Desert, the state is also home to numerous islands off both of its shores. In fact, the westernmost point in Mexico, the Guadalupe Island, is part of Baja California, the Coronado, Todos Santos and Cedros Islands are also on the Pacific Shore. On the Gulf of California, the biggest island is the Angel de la Guarda, separated from the peninsula by the deep, the first people came to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago. At that time two main groups are thought to have been present on the peninsula. In the south were the Cochimí, in the north were several groups belonging to the Yuman language family, including the Kiliwa, Paipai, Kumeyaay, Cocopa, and Quechan
3.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
4.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
5.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
6.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
7.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
8.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
9.
XEBG-AM
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XEBG-AM is a Spanish News/Talk radio station that serves the Tijuana area of the Mexican state of Baja California. XEBG received its first concession in October 1936, fernández and operated from facilities in the Baron Long house in Tijuana on 820 kHz, with 1,000 watts. Baron Long was the founder of the Agua Caliente resort, and some sources note that XEBG operated from the resort on 750 kHz, likely prior to its 1936 concession. XEBG moved to 1550 within several years of signing on and changed several times in its first 20 years of operation, Roberto Salazar bought it in 1946. In 1956, Octavios widow, Nelly Murillo Vda. de Lelevier, was granted a 30-year renewal for the concession, in 1959, XEBG was bought by Mario Marcos Mayans, the founder of Cadena Baja California. Mario Enrique Mayans Concha became the concessionaire in 1977 after Marcos Mayanss death, official website Radio-Locator Information on XEBG Query the FCCs AM station database for XEBG
10.
XESPN-AM
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XESPN-AM, known on-air as Cadena 800, is a Spanish language news/talk station that serves the Tijuana-San Diego area. The station came on air in April 1965 as XEMMM-AM, named for its owner, the station initially broadcast during the daytime only. XEMMM joined ESPN Radio in late 2002, replacing XETRA, which had changed from radio to adult standards some months earlier. In 2003, the sign changed to XESPN. In 2009, ESPN Radio moved to sister FM station XHMORE while XESPN joined ESPN Deportes Radio, on October 6,2010, CBC ceased sports programming on XESPN and adopted a news/talk format programmed by Grupo Imagen. ESPN Deportes Radio is now available in the San Diego-Tijuana border region on XESDD-AM1030
11.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
12.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
13.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
14.
Media market
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They can coincide or overlap with one or more metropolitan areas, though rural regions with few significant population centers can also be designated as markets. Conversely, very large areas can sometimes be subdivided into multiple segments. Market regions may overlap, meaning that people residing on the edge of one market may be able to receive content from other nearby markets. They are widely used in measurements, which are compiled in the United States by Nielsen Media Research. Nielsen measures both television and radio audiences since its acquisition of Arbitron, which was completed in September 2013, markets are identified by the largest city, which are usually located in the center of the market region. In the United States, radio markets are generally a bit smaller than their counterparts, as broadcast power restrictions are stricter for radio than TV. AM band and FM band radio ratings are separated, as are broadcast. This information is used by advertisers to determine how to reach a specific audience, a Television Market Area is a group of counties in the United States covered by a specific group of television stations. The term is used by the U. S, governments Federal Communications Commission to regulate broadcast, cable, and satellite transmissions, according to the Code of Federal Regulations, at 47 CFR §76.51 and FCC. gov. The TMAs not only have control over local broadcasts. These market areas can also be used to define restrictions on rebroadcasting of broadcast television signals, generally speaking, only stations within the same market area can be rebroadcast. The only exception to rule is the significantly viewed list. Virtually all of the United States is located within the boundaries of exactly one TMA, a similar term used by Nielsen Media Research is the Designated Market Area, and they control the trademark on it. DMAs are used by Nielsen Media Research to identify TV stations that best reach an area, there are 210 Nielsen DMAs in the United States,56 of which are metered. TMAs may cover a larger area than the stations that serve it. This is particularly true in markets that have hilly or mountainous terrain that is ill-suited for digital broadcasting, in these cases, the outlying areas of a TMA may only be served by cable and satellite, or perhaps by small translators. Conversely, a small market such as Erie, Pennsylvania may have stations where their signal spills well over into neighboring TMAs. Arbitron at one time also maintained similar areas for television ratings, there were 286 ADIs in the United States
15.
Spanish-language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
16.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
17.
XHITZ-FM
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XHITZ-FM is a CHR station in San Diego-Tijuana broadcasting on 90.3 MHz. The station is owned by a Mexican company, with its transmitter and this company leases the programming and advertising rights to Local Media of San Diego, with studios in San Diego. XHIS-FM received its concession in November 1973, owned by Víctor Díaz, founder of Califórmula Broadcasting which would come to own, in 1983, XHIS became XHITZ-FM and changed to an album rock format under contract to San Diego Radio Company, an American-based operator. However, in 1984, the station stumbled in an ownership dispute, a bitter battle between San Diego Radio Company and Califórmula led to the abrupt end of the album rock format as the latter took control of the station. In 1986, Díaz sold the American marketing rights for XHITZ again, BMM ceased operation of the station on June 30,1988 as it assigned the rights to another company, Consolidated Radio Sales, which was also bankrupt. The result was that Díaz and the head of Consolidated Radio Sales, Jack McCoy, in 1989, XHITZ flipped to a Pirate Radio format based on the success of KQLZ in Los Angeles. On April 5,1990, however, the station switched formats to Rhythmic Top 40 under Program Director Rick Thomas, Z90 competed against Q106, which was the powerhouse of Top 40 in the market. However by August 1998, XHITZ would move away from its Dance/R&B approach to focusing more on R&B/Hip-Hop product. The station also rebranded as Jammin Z90 before reverting to Z90.3, XHITZ remained a hip-hop leader until 2004, when XHMORE-FM flipped to a hip hop-emphasizing Rhythmic Top 40. These two stations would battle until late 2009, when XHMORE changed formats, shortly after this, the station shifted back to its Dance-leaning and more Mainstream sound. Despite being the markets only Rhythmic Top 40, XHITZ continues to share the music as KHTS and KEGY, all of whom are Rhythmic-leaning Top 40/CHRs. On April 2,2012, XHITZ rebranded themselves on-air from Z90.3 to Jammin Z90, in mid-2014, XHITZ rebranded back to Z90. Today, the airs a CHR format, resulting in both Nielsen BDS and Mediabase moving XHITZ from their Rhythmic to Mainstream reporting panels in February 2015. A2003 ruling forced Clear Channel to divest the operating rights to its Mexican stations in order to remain under FCC ownership caps, Finest City took over operations on December 1,2005. In 2009, these programming and marketing rights were sold to Broadcast Corporation of the Americas after Finest City defaulted on assets that resulted in its bankruptcy, in 2010, BCA would spin off XHITZ, XETRA and XHRM to Local Media of America after a change in management. The intent of this agreement is to local ownership and operation of San Diegos top-rated radio stations. archive. org/web/20100317020028/http, //www. yes. com, 80/#KSCF. log#XHITZ
18.
KHTS-FM
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KHTS-FM is a Top 40 station licensed to El Cajon, California and serving the San Diego market. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and brands as Channel 93.3, the stations studios are located in San Diegos Kearny Mesa neighborhood on the northeast side, and the transmitter is located in East San Diego east of Balboa Park. Currently, KHTS is the most listened to station in all of the San Diego region. From 1961 to 1995, the station was KECR-FM, owned by the religious Family Radio organization, the station was sold off in 1995 to Jacor Communications, with Family Radio continuing to broadcast in San Diego on KECR, an AM station on 910. Shortly after, the station received their current KHTS-FM calls and this brought personalities such as Bubba The Love Sponge to the market, along with WFLZ referencing San Diego weather and events in their programming. The simulcast was broken on August 30,1996, with the shifting to a 43-hour loop of remixes of the then-popular Macarena by Los Del Rio. At 4 PM that day, KHTS-FM officially flipped to Top 40, originally, KHTS-FM focused on Rhythmic Top 40/Dance hits and remixes of mainstream pop and rock. The station would also air attack liners against rivals XHITZ-FM, KFMB-FM, the station maintains a rhythmic-leaning sound and continues to air dance mixes on weekends. WFLZ KHTS-FM Official Website Query the FCCs FM station database for KHTS Radio-Locator information on KHTS Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KHTS
19.
ESPN Radio
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ESPN Radio is an American sports radio network. It was launched on January 1,1992 under the banner of SportsRadio ESPN. ESPN Radio is located at ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut, ESPN Radio is broadcast to hundreds of affiliate stations as well as to subscribers of Sirius XM Radio in the United States and Canada. The networks content is streamed online and via mobile applications and other media devices via TuneIn. In 2014, ESPN partnered with TuneIn to create 24/7 streams of its most popular programming including Mike & Mike, select iHeartMedia-owned ESPN Radio affiliates are available through iHeartRadio. Most other markets have ESPN Radio affiliates, whether they be part-time or have their entire format dedicated to ESPN Radio, the Walt Disney Company did not include the ESPN Radio network or the Radio Disney network in the 2007 sale of ABC Radio to Citadel Broadcasting. ESPN Radio Network was formed in September 1991 by both ESPN, Inc. and Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. s ABC Radio Networks. Twenty-five stations had signed on as affiliates as of its announcement on September 5,1991 with an expected total of 200 at the January launch. Shelby Whitfield, executive producer of ABC Radio Sports, and John A. Walsh, the network launched as Sports Radio ESPN on January 1,1992. At first, ESPN Radio broadcast only on weekends, the network debut with 16 hours running on 147 affiliates in 43 states. Its initial programming consisted of shows, update segments and occasional features. By 1996, it expanded to weekdays with a show hosted by The Fabulous Sports Babe, one hour of that show was simulcast on ESPN2. Two years later, Tony Bruno and Mike Golic were brought together for a new morning show, Mike Greenberg was named as Brunos replacement, and the morning show became Mike & Mike, which still airs today. In January,2010, Mike & Mike celebrated their 10-year anniversary on ESPN Radio, dan Patrick was a mainstay in afternoons until his departure from ESPN in 2007. Gradually, ESPN added more dayparts and became a 24-hour service, in 1995, ESPN Radio gained national radio rights to the NBA. In 1997, it gained the national rights to MLB. Disney purchased WEVD from the Forward Association in September 2002 to become WEPN, ESPN Radio flagship station. Disney spun off and merged on June 12,2007 its ABC Radio Networks with Citadel Broadcasting into Citadel Communications while retaining its ESPN Radio and Radio Disney networks, note **, KESN103.3 FM is currently operated by Cumulus Media under local marketing agreement
20.
XEWV-FM
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XEWV-FM is a radio station in Mexicali, Baja California, broadcasting on 106.7 MHz. XEWV-FM received its concession in June 1965 for operation on 89.6 MHz, at the time, Mexico had licensed several radio stations on even decimal FM frequencies, which were never used in the United States. By 1970, all of the even decimal stations had been relocated to odd-numbered frequencies or had disappeared, in 1974, Cadena Baja California bought XEWV-AM-FM. After 27 years of regional Mexican music as Fiesta Mexicana, on September 9,2011, XEWV-FM flipped to the More FM format, which debuted in Tijuana on sister station XHMORE-FM in 1994
21.
Mexicali
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Mexicali is the capital city of the Mexican state of Baja California and seat of the Municipality of Mexicali. The city maintains a highly educated and skilled population, as it has modernized, mexicalis economy has been historically based on agricultural products, and to this day it remains a large sector of the economy. As time has progressed, however, its economy has gone from being agricultural to include industry. Mexicali became the center for the aerospace industry in Mexico when Rockwell Collins established an operation there in 1966. Rockwell Collins is the oldest company under the program nationwide. The Spaniards arrived in the area crossing the Sonoran Deserts Camino del Diablo or Devils Road. This led to the evangelization of the area by Catholic missionaries, nowadays, indigenous Cocopah people still inhabit a small government-protected corner of the Colorado River delta near the junction of the Hardy and the Colorado. The Cocopah mostly work on agricultural ejidos or fishing, the early European presence in this area was limited to Anzas and subsequent Spanish expeditions across the Colorado Desert and subsequent travelers on the Sonora Road opened by them. Also the presence of the Jesuits who attempted to establish a mission in what is now Fort Yuma and they left after a revolt by the Yuma in 1781. After this, the Spanish had little to do with the corner of the Baja California Peninsula, perceiving it as an untamable. Later in the 1820s, the Mexican authorities reopened the Sonoran Road, the Sonoran Road provided a route for American fur trappers, and later American troops of Kearny and Cooke passing through the area during the Mexican–American War. Herds of cattle and sheep were driven into California across this desert trail also and this route became a U. S. This mail route remained in use until 1877 when the Southern Pacific Railroad came to Yuma making it obsolete and these sediments extended far to the west of the river itself, accumulating in a shallow basin below the Sierra de Cucapá. However, from time period until the 1880s, the area was almost completely unpopulated. However, around 1900, the area with any real population, aside from the Cocopah, were concentrated in Los Algodones. In 1900, the U. S. -based California Development Company received permission from the government of Díaz to cut a canal through the deltas Arroyo Alamo, to attract farmers to the area, the developers named it the Imperial Valley. In 1903, the first 500 farmers arrived, by late 1904,405 km² of valley were irrigated, with 10,000 people settled on the land harvesting cotton, fruits, and vegetables. The concentration of housing units that straddled the border was called Calexico on the U. S. side
22.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
23.
XESURF-AM
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XESURF-AM is a Mexican-licensed radio station. The transmitter site is located near Tijuana, Baja California, the AM station is operated by Zion Multimedia Inc. located in Downey, California, United States. XESURFs signal is heard much of Southern California, including the San Diego. In the 1940s,540 kHz was home to KFMB, when KFMB moved up the dial to 760 kHz, the government broadcast authorities in the U. S. and Mexico reserved 540 kHz for a Mexico-based radio station. However, for a few years in the 1980s, there was a U. S. -licensed radio station at this frequency and that station played Broadway show tunes. It was not until May 13,1991 that the concession was awarded for XETIN-AM, ultimately, a Mexican concessionaire took over operation of XETIN for Los Angeles radio station owner Saul Levine. The station broadcast in Spanish until 1995, when XETIN became an all-news station branded as K-News, simulcasting with KNNS in Beverly Hills, the station became XEBACH-AM in 1997, broadcasting classical music. The format flip was partly motivated by San Diegos original classical station, KFSD, in June 2000, XEBACH became XEJAZZ-AM with a jazz format relayed from KJAZ in Los Angeles. The format did not last long, and XEJAZZ promptly became XEBACH again in May 2001, the station spent much of the mid-2000s simulcasting that station, with adult standards until February 2004, oldies until February 2005, and then adult standards again until October 2006. In October 2006, the station ended its simulcast with KKGO, the country format was simulcast with KKGO starting on December 1,2006, when KKGO and the country music format moved to 105.1 FM in February 2007, the format was still simulcast on XESURF. In May 2007, the split to air classic country music as 540 The Zoo. On November 27,2007, XESURF changed formats yet again, after KGIL dropped the talk format on August 27,2009, XESURF temporarily carried an oldies format until changing to Spanish-language programming that September. In March 2010, the concession was transferred to a Mexican company named Radio Rys, S. A. de C. V
24.
XEWW-AM
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It operates with 50,000 watts at night as is required by the Rio treaty. This same treaty would normally allow XEWW to operate with a signal of 100,000 watts. Had it chosen to operate at 100,000 watts days would have required a modified daytime directional antenna at Rosarito and its current format is Spanish-language talk radio under the brand name W Radio. It is the station of C. D. They had CD Chivas USA of Major League Soccer as its station up to 2014, XEWW is also the overflow station for English-language radio broadcasts of USC Trojans football and basketball games when there is a conflict with another game that airs on KSPN. Jorge Rivera, founder of XEAC in 1936, had a dream to create the worlds most powerful AM radio station, In the US, jorge chose the border between Mexico and the United States for his powerful radio transmitter. Located on a mountain near Rosarito, the 50,000 watt tower, considered a border blaster, XEAC eventually became XEAK-AM, playing the hits of its time. In 1958, the concession for XEAC was sold to Radiodifusora del Pacífico, by the mid-60s, the powerful station was featuring beautiful music as X-TRA Music over Southern California, with the distinctive tag, In the air everywhere, over the Southland. The selection of 690 kHz was undoubtedly determined by the then-current requirement to maintain a 50 kHz separation between stations in the same or an adjacent market. Although formerly cited as a border blaster this stations present Rosarito transmitter facility strongly favors service to Baja California, AM Stereo was first demonstrated on XETRA Tijuana in the 1960s using the Kahn independent sideband system, later tests were run via US and Canadian-based stations. XETRA is no longer operating in AM stereo, in succeeding decades, XTRA would switch formats numerous times. During most of the 1970s and 1980s, XETRA continued as a music station. During its beautiful music years, XETRA became one of the first AM stations in the San Diego area to broadcast in AM stereo. When interest in the Beautiful Music format died down in the late 70s, XETRA switched formats to Top 40/adult contemporary music, later, the station switched to an oldies format, and XETRA called themselves 69 XTRA Gold. For a number of years, the station was the broadcast home of the San Diego Chargers National Football League team, the station also briefly carried Stanford University football. The out-of-market team was carried because the son of station manager John Lynch was on scholarship with the team, in 1996, the concession for XETRA was transferred to XETRA Comunicaciones, S. A. de C. V. In the latter part of the 1990s and most of the 2000s, hacksaw is famous for his best 15 minutes in radio with Hacksaws Headlines and using such phrases as I am bleeping brilliant. Jim Rome also got his start on the station, even though he refers to this station as the nifty 650 on his show despite the fact that it is not on 650 kHz
25.
XEMO-AM
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XEMO-AM or La Poderosa 860 AM is a Spanish-language radio station that is based in Tijuana, but on a clear day, the signal can be heard as far away as Los Angeles. The station plays music and is the only Spanish language AM station in San Diego that broadcasts music that reaches a far distance. XEMO is operated by San Diego based Uniradio, Inc. with the concession, Uniradio also owns several Spanish language radio stations that serve the San Diego-Tijuana radio market. XEMO is also the Spanish flagship radio station of the San Diego Padres, XEMO received its first concession on January 2,1934. It was owned by Fernando Federico Fereira until 1966, when it was sold to Gustavo Faist Fernandez, in turn, Faist transferred the station to Gustavo E. Astiazaran Rosas in 1969. In 1973, the concession was placed under its current concessionaire
26.
XEKAM-AM
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XEKAM-AM is a Spanish news/talk radio station in Rosarito, Baja California. XEKAM broadcasts on 950 kHz and carries Radio Fórmula programming, xEGM-AM received its concession on November 10,1961. It was owned by Gustavo Faist Moráns Difusoras del Valle, S. A. by the late 1960s, XEGM had increased its power to 10,000 watts day/5,000 watts night. In the late 1980s, the callsign was changed to XEKAM-AM, during this time, XEKAM was programmed from the United States, with studios in Hollywood, California. It shut down for a time in 1992 after failing to obtain the necessary FCC permits to originate programming for air on a foreign station. The loss of the stations US programming sent the station into a tailspin and off the air, employees went unpaid, in 1998, the concession for XEKAM was transferred to a Radio Fórmula subsidiary. Radio Fórmula Query the FCCs AM station database for XEKAM
27.
XESDD-AM
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XESDD-AM or La Tremenda is a radio station in Tijuana, Baja California. It broadcasts on 1030 kHz from a site along Mexican Federal Highway 1 near Puerto Nuevo in Playas de Rosarito Municipality, the first concession for XESDD was issued for 920 kHz at Ensenada, Baja California in 1988. XESDD was originally owned by Juan José de Jesús Espejo Munguía, in 1999, XESDD was bought by Radio S. A. which sold its Baja California stations to Media Sports de México, S. A. de C. V. Under Media Sports, XESDD initially became an ESPN Deportes affiliate and it also moved from 920 kHz to 1030 kHz in order to resolve interference issues. Query the FCCs AM station database for XESDD Radio-Locator Information on XESDD Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for XESDD
28.
XEPRS-AM
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XEPRS-AM, known as The Mighty 1090, is an American-operated sports talk radio station targeting English-speaking listeners in San Diego. Its signal originates from Rosarito, Baja California, Mexico, XEPRS was the flagship station of the San Diego Padres from 2004-2016, San Diego Toreros mens basketball, San Diego State Aztecs football and basketball, and the San Diego Gulls. The station also used to air games for the Anaheim Ducks, Wolfman Jack immortalized XEPRS in the George Lucas movie American Graffiti. XEPRS is a Class A,50,000 Watt clear-channel station with a non-directional antenna daytime, XEPRS broadcasts on the frequency of 1090 kHz, a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. Todays 1090 AM started out as 150, 000-watt XERB on 730 kHz, the original concession was awarded to Manuel P. Barbachano, grandson of one-time governor of Yucatán Miguel Barbachano. The concession was sold to Radiodifusora Internacional, S. A. in 1939, not long after, XERB was sold to Interamericana de Radio, S. A. in 1950. In the early 1960s, Robert Weston Smith was living in Del Rio, Texas, after several violent incidents at XERFs transmitter, Smith and partner Marvin Kosofsky purchased daytime-only AM station KUXL in 1964 in Minneapolis / St. Paul, Minnesota. Smith relocated to Minnesota and never appeared as Wolfman Jack on KUXL, in 1965, Smith made an arrangement with the U. S. agent for XERB. Smith began selling ad time on the Mighty 1090 and recording Wolfman Jack shows for his new affiliate, Wolfman and his associates were able to make the station turn a huge profit by selling programming to radio proselytizers in 15-30 minute blocks. Because they had such a following and made so much money. Wolfman began broadcasting pre-recorded shows on three different Mexican stations at different times of the day, XERB, XERF, and XEG1050 kHz in Monterrey, according to his biography, by 1971 Wolfman was making a profit of almost $50,000 a month. The Mexican company executives that leased XERB noticed this and got greedy and they wanted to throw him out and make all the money themselves. The owners bribed Mexican officials into politically squeezing Wolfman off the air, the Mexican government acquiesced by passing a law prohibiting Pentecostal or religious programming on Mexican airwaves. Since XERB made most of its profits from airtime sold to the prayer-cloth preachers, in one stroke they cleaned out 80 percent of all the money we were expecting to make. He and Kosofsky had to control of the station to the Mexican owners. With Wolfman out of the way, the owners tried to duplicate his successful formula. They changed the letters to XEPRS-AM and programmed soul music, calling the station “The Soul Express. ”Wolfman still broadcast for over a year while under the new ownership, April 15,1972 was the last day Wolfman ever held sway over the Mexican border airwaves. Airchecks of that last show are available online
29.
XEAZ-AM
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XEAZ-AM is a radio station in Tijuana, broadcasting on 1270 AM. It is known as La Z and carries a grupera format, XEAZ received its concession in 1948. The station was owned by Fernando Sánchez Mayans, related to the founding family of Cadena Baja California. In 2008, Radiodifusoras Capital sold the station to Grupo Radiodigital Siglo XXI, in 2015, XEAZ and 24 other radio stations were folded into Grupo Radio Centro, a business owned by the same family as GRM
