1.
NCR Corporation
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They also provide IT maintenance support services. NCR had been based in Dayton, Ohio, starting in 1884, NCR was founded in 1884 and acquired by AT&T in 1991. A restructuring of AT&T in 1996 led to NCRs re-establishment January 1,1997 as a separate company, NCR is the only AT&T spin-off company that has retained its original name—all the others have either been purchased or renamed following subsequent mergers. The company began as the National Manufacturing Company of Dayton, Ohio, was established to manufacture, in 1884, the company and patents were bought by John Henry Patterson and his brother Frank Jefferson Patterson, and the firm was renamed the National Cash Register Company. Patterson formed NCR into one of the first modern American companies by introducing new, aggressive sales methods and he established the first sales training school in 1893 and introduced a comprehensive social welfare program for his factory workers. Other significant figures in the history of the company were Charles F. Kettering, Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Deeds and Kettering went on to found Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company which later became Delco Products Division of General Motors, Watson eventually worked his way up to general sales manager. At an uninspiring sales meeting, Watson interrupted, saying The trouble with one of us is that we dont think enough. We dont get paid for working with our feet — we get paid for working with our heads, Watson then wrote THINK on the easel. Signs with this motto were erected in factory buildings, sales offices, THINK later became a widely known symbol of IBM. Kettering designed the first cash register powered by a motor in 1906. Within a few years he developed the Class 1000 register which was in production for 40 years, telephone Credit Authorization system for verifying credit in department stores. When John H. Patterson and his brother took over the company, cash registers were expensive, there was little demand for the expensive device, but Patterson believed the product would sell once shopkeepers understood it would drastically decrease theft by salesclerks. He created a team known as the American Selling Force which worked on commissions and followed a standard sales script. The philosophy was to sell a business rather than just a piece of machinery. Sales demonstrations were set up in hotels depicting a store interior complete with real merchandise, the sale prospect was described as the P. P. or Probable Purchaser. Once initial objections were swept aside and the P. P. admitted to internal theft losses, the deal was sealed with a 25 cent cigar. NCR expanded quickly and became multi-national in 1888, between 1893 and 1906 it acquired a number of smaller cash register companies
2.
Amiga
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The Amiga is a family of personal computers sold by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. The Amiga provided a significant upgrade from earlier 8-bit home computers, the Amiga 1000 was officially released in July 1985, but a series of production problems meant it did not become widely available until early 1986. The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became one of the home computers of the late 1980s. The A3000, introduced in 1990, started the second generation of Amiga systems, followed by the A500+, finally, as the third generation, the A1200 and the A4000 were released in late 1992. The platform became particularly popular for gaming and programming demos and it also found a prominent role in the desktop video, video production, and show control business, leading to video editing systems such as the Video Toaster. The Amigas native ability to play back multiple digital sound samples made it a popular platform for early tracker music software. It was also an expensive alternative to the Apple Macintosh. Initially, the Amiga was developed alongside various Commodore PC clones, Commodore ultimately went bankrupt in April 1994 after the Amiga CD32 model failed in the marketplace. Since the demise of Commodore, various groups have marketed successors to the original Amiga line, including Genesi, Eyetech, ACube Systems Srl, likewise, AmigaOS has influenced replacements, clones and compatible systems such as MorphOS, AmigaOS4 and AROS. The Amiga was so far ahead of its time that almost nobody—including Commodores marketing department—could fully articulate what it was all about. Today, its obvious the Amiga was the first multimedia computer, but in those days it was derided as a machine because few people grasped the importance of advanced graphics, sound. Nine years later, vendors are still struggling to make systems that work like 1985 Amigas, Jay Miner joined Atari in the 1970s to develop custom integrated circuits, and led development of the Atari 2600s TIA. Almost as soon as its development was complete, the team developing a much more sophisticated set of chips, CTIA, ANTIC and POKEY. With the 8-bit lines launch in 1979, Miner again started looking at a next generation chipset, Miner wanted to start work with the new Motorola 68000, but management was only interested in another MOS6502 based system. Miner left the company, and the industry, shortly thereafter, in 1982, Larry Kaplan was approached by a number of investors who wanted to develop a new game platform. Kaplan hired Miner to run the side of the newly formed company. The system was code-named Lorraine in keeping with Miners policy of giving systems female names, in case the company presidents wife. When Kaplan left the late in 1982 to rejoin Atari, Miner was promoted to head engineer
3.
Winamp
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Since version 2 it has been sold as freemium and supports extensibility with plug-ins and skins, and features music visualization, playlist and a media library, supported by a large online community. Version 1 of Winamp was released in 1997, and grew popular with over 3 million downloads. Winamp 2.0 was released on September 8,1998, the 2. x versions were widely used and made Winamp one of the most downloaded Windows applications. By 2000, Winamp had over 25 million registered users, a poor reception to the 2002 rewrite, Winamp3, was followed by the release of Winamp 5 in 2003, and a later release of version 5.5 in 2007. Playback formats Winamp supports music playback using MP3, MIDI, MOD, MPEG-1 audio layers 1 and 2, AAC, M4A, FLAC, WAV, Winamp was one of the first widely used music players on Windows to support playback of Ogg Vorbis by default. It supports gapless playback for MP3 and AAC and ReplayGain for volume leveling across tracks, CD support includes playing and importing music from audio CDs, optionally with CD-Text, and burning music to CDs. The standard version limits maximum speed and datarate, the Pro version removes these limitations. Winamp supports playback of Windows Media Video and Nullsoft Streaming Video, for MPEG Video, AVI, and other unsupported video types, Winamp uses Microsofts DirectShow API for playback, allowing playback of most of the video formats supported by Windows Media Player. 5.1 Surround sound is supported where formats and decoders allow, Media Library At installation, Winamp scans the users system for media files to add to the Media Library database. It supports full Unicode filenames and Unicode metadata for media files, in the Media Library user interface pane, under Local Media, several selectors permit display of subsets of media files with greater detail. Adding album art and track tags Get Album Art permits retrieval of cover art, autotagging analyzes a tracks audio using the Gracenote service and retrieves the songs ID2 and ID3 metadata. Podcatcher Winamp can also be used as an RSS media feeds aggregator capable of displaying articles, downloading, SHOUTcast Wire provides a directory and RSS subscription system for podcasts. Media Monitor Winamp Media Monitor allows web-based browsing and bookmarking music blog websites, the Media Monitor is preloaded with music blog URLs. Winamp Remote Winamp Remote allows remote playback of unprotected media files on the users PC via the Internet, Remote adjusts bitrate based on available bandwidth, and can be controlled by web interface, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and mobile phones. Plug-ins In February 1998, Winamp was rewritten as an audio player with a plug-in architecture. This feature was received well by reviewers, development was early, diverse, and rapid,66 plugins were published by November 1998. The Winamp software development kit allows developers to create seven different types of plug-ins. Input. Output, sends data to devices or files
4.
Ubuntu (operating system)
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Ubuntu is published by Canonical Ltd, who offer commercial support. It uses Unity as its user interface for the desktop. Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so–called clouds, development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd. a company of South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other related to Ubuntu. The Ubuntu project is committed to the principles of open-source software development, people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it. Ubuntu is built on Debians architecture and infrastructure, to provide Linux server, desktop, phone, tablet, the first release was in October 2004. Starting with Ubuntu 6.06, every release, one release every two years, receives long-term support. Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the Ubuntu stack. The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date. Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debians unstable branch, both distributions use Debians deb package format and package management tools. Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily compatible with each other, however. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian, Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible, before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. One month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together, Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation, the purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project. On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd-party cloud management platforms, Unity has become the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop, although following the release of Ubuntu 17.10 it will move to the GNOME3 desktop instead as work on Unity ends. A default installation of Ubuntu contains a range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission
5.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
6.
GNU General Public License
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The GNU General Public License is a widely used free software license, which guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share and modify the software. The license was written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project. The GPL is a license, which means that derivative work can only be distributed under the same license terms. This is in distinction to permissive free licenses, of which the BSD licenses. GPL was the first copyleft license for general use, historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain. Prominent free software licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel. In 2007, the version of the license was released to address some perceived problems with the second version that were discovered during its long-time usage. To keep the license up to date, the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause, developers can omit it when licensing their software, for instance the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause. The GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project, the original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs, the GNU Debugger and the GNU C Compiler. These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them incompatible, Stallmans goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus making it possible for many projects to share code. The second version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991, version 3 was developed to attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007. Version 1 of the GNU GPL, released on 25 February 1989, the first problem was that distributors may publish binary files only—executable, but not readable or modifiable by humans. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that any vendor distributing binaries must also make the source code available under the same licensing terms. The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions, either to the license, the union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work, thus adding unacceptable restrictions. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that modified versions, as a whole, had to be distributed under the terms in GPLv1. Therefore, software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms, according to Richard Stallman, the major change in GPLv2 was the Liberty or Death clause, as he calls it – Section 7. The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL-covered work only if they can all of the licenses obligations. In other words, the obligations of the license may not be severed due to conflicting obligations and this provision is intended to discourage any party from using a patent infringement claim or other litigation to impair users freedom under the license
7.
X Window System
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The X Window System is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on UNIX-like computer operating systems. X provides the framework for a GUI environment, drawing and moving windows on the display device and interacting with a mouse. X does not mandate the user interface – this is handled by individual programs, as such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly, different programs may present radically different interfaces. X originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1984, the protocol has been version 11 since September 1987. The X. Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, X. Org Server, available as free and open source software under the MIT License, X is an architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities. Each person using a terminal has the ability to interact with the display with any type of user input device. X provides the framework, or primitives, for building such GUI environments, drawing and moving windows on the display and interacting with a mouse. X does not mandate the user interface, individual client programs handle this, programs may use Xs graphical abilities with no user interface. As such, the styling of X-based environments varies greatly. Unlike most earlier display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X features network transparency, which means an X program running on a computer somewhere on a network can display its user interface on an X server running on other computer on the network. The fact that the server is applied to the software in front of the user is often surprising to users accustomed to their programs being clients to services on remote computers. Xs network protocol is based on X command primitives and this approach allows both 2D and 3D operations by an X client application which might be running on a different computer to still be fully accelerated on the X servers display. X provides no support for audio, several projects exist to fill this niche. X uses a model, an X server communicates with various client programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output and sends back user input, a client and server can even communicate securely over the Internet by tunneling the connection over an encrypted network session. An X client itself may emulate an X server by providing services to other clients. This is known as X nesting, open-source clients such as Xnest and Xephyr support such X nesting
8.
Audacious (software)
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Audacious is a free and open source audio player with a focus on low resource use, high audio quality, and support for a wide range of audio formats. It is designed primarily for use on POSIX-compatible systems such as Linux, Audacious is the default audio player in Lubuntu and in Ubuntu Studio. Audacious began as a fork of Beep Media Player, which itself is a fork of XMMS, william nenolod Pitcock decided to fork Beep Media Player after the original development team announced that they were stopping development in order to create a next-generation version called BMPx. According to the Audacious home page, Pitcock and others had own ideas about how a player should be designed, which wanted to try in a production environment. Since version 2.1, Audacious includes both the Winamp-like interface known from previous versions and a new, GTK+-based interface known as GTKUI, GTKUI became the default interface in Audacious 2.4. Before version 3.0, Audacious used the GTK+2. x toolkit by default, partial support for GTK+3. x was added in version 2.5, while version 3.0 has full support for GTK+3. x and uses it by default. However, dissatisfied with the evolution of GTK+3. x, MIDI via native OS synthesizer control or TiMidity. CD Audio Audacious owes a large portion of its functionality to plugins, more features are available via third-party plugins. Current versions of the Audacious core classify plugins as follows, Decoder plugins, transport plugins, which are lowlevel and implemented by the VFS layer. General plugins, which provide user-added services to the player Output plugins, visualization plugins, which provide visualizations based on fast Fourier transforms of the wave data. Effect plugins, which provide various sound processing on the audio stream Container plugins. Lowlevel plugins, which provide services to the player core and are not categorized into any of the other plugins.2. Winamp. wsz skin files, a type of Zip archive, can be used directly, the program can use Windows Bitmap graphics from the Winamp archive, although native skins for Linux are usually rendered in Portable Network Graphics format. Audacious 1. x allows the user to adjust the RGB color balance of any skin, Audacious is intended to be a standalone media player and not a server, though it accepts connections from client software, such as Conky. Connection to Audacious for remote control can be done over plain DBus, by using an MPRIS-compatible client, from XMMS to Audacious, The history of a Winamp clone. Official website Audacious on GitHub Audacious plugins on GitHub Bug tracker
9.
Music tracker
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A music tracker is a type of music sequencer software for creating music. The music is represented as discrete musical notes positioned in several channels at discrete chronological positions on a vertical timeline, the file format used for saving songs is called a module file. A music trackers user interface is usually number based, notes, parameter changes, effects and other commands are entered with the keyboard into a grid of fixed time slots as codes consisting of letters, numbers and hexadecimal digits. Separate patterns have independent timelines, a complete song consists of a master list of repeated patterns, Music trackers like DefleMask and Famitracker are commonly used to make chiptunes. The term tracker derives from Ultimate Soundtracker, the first tracker software, Ultimate Soundtracker was written by Karsten Obarski and released in 1987 by EAS Computer Technik for the Commodore Amiga. Ultimate Soundtracker was a product, but soon shareware clones such as NoiseTracker appeared as well. The general concept of step-sequencing samples numerically, as used in trackers, is found in the Fairlight CMI sampling workstation of the early 1980s. Later, in Rock Monitor 3 and 4 they implemented sample player, however, since the notes were samples, the limitation was less important than those of synthesizing music chips. During the 1990s, tracker musicians gravitated to the PC as software production in general switched from the Amiga platform to the PC. Another sound card popular on the PC tracker scene was the Gravis Ultrasound, for a time, it offered unparalleled sound quality and became the choice of discerning tracker musicians. Understanding that the support of music would benefit sales, Gravis gave away some 6000 GUS cards to participants. Coupled with excellent developer documentation, this gesture quickly prompted the GUS to become a component of many tracking programs. Inevitably, the balance was largely redressed with the introduction of the Sound Blaster AWE32 and its successors, the responsibility for audio mixing passed from hardware to software, which gradually enabled the use of more and more channels. An Amiga tracker called Symphonie Pro even supported 256 channels, as such, hardware mixing did not last. As processors got faster and acquired special multimedia processing abilities and companies began to push Hardware Abstraction Layers, like DirectX, DirectX, WDM and, now more commonly, ASIO, deliver high-quality sampled audio irrespective of hardware brand. There was also a split off from the sample based trackers taking advantage of the OPL2/OPL3 chips of the Sound Blaster series, Adlib Tracker II and many others survive to this day. Tracker music could be found in games of the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as the Unreal series, Deus Ex, Jazz Jackrabbit and Hitman. Some of the early Amiga trackers such as ProTracker and OctaMED have received various updates, ProTracker having resumed development in 2004, with plans for releasing version 5 to Windows and AmigaOS, but only version 4.0 beta 2 for AmigaOS has been released
10.
Etree
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Etree, or electronic tree, is a music community created in the summer of 1998 for the online trading of live concerts. Etree pioneered the standards for distributing lossless audio on the net, etree. org was created because collectors and curators of live music recordings historically faced four related problems, First, a problem common to all curators, source material degrades over time. In particular, the audio tape used to make many live audio recordings physically decays and, as it is repeatedly played back. Preserving musical source material, therefore, meant restricting access to it, as a result, archival music may have been preserved, but it was not being heard by anyone. Similarly, individuals who possessed live concert recordings were typically unable to store them appropriately and/or they lacked the ability to make copies for archiving, essentially, the musical history of 20th Century concert performances was being lost, locked up in vaults or decaying in attics and living-room bookcases. Second, copies of analog recordings tend to degrade when copied due to the introduction of hiss or noise inherent to the use of magnetic tape, as a result, no two copies are identical, and each copy, or generation, sounds inferior to the generation preceding it. Even today, historians and collectors find much confusion as to date, venue, setlist, the presence of fraudsters, commercial bootleggers, and other criminals in this area did not help. Archivists, therefore, prefer to distribute copies of material as widely as possible, to reduce the risk that all copies are destroyed. By the late 1990s, mechanisms for capturing or transferring recordings to the domain were well-developed. Copies of such recordings could be made that were exact duplicates of the original recording, thus, today, digital recordings are typically made to DAT, optical disc, or to hard drives, flash memory, and other types of digital storage. This is typically done by generating a checksum of the data in a file, usually in the MD5 format, if the checksums match, the files are identical, if not, then the files are different. Such matching copies are referred to as lossless copies, distribution of lossless audio data became easier as the Internet developed. S. Still, this was slow and liable to fail if a person on the branch of the tree did not follow through. For example, a 74-minute CD holds approximately 640 MB of uncompressed PCM data, transferring a single CD worth of data over a dial-up modem takes approximately seven days. Several developments in technology made the fourth factor, the lossless file transfer over the Internet. First, the Shorten file format was developed by a company called SoftSound, third, mailing lists, e-mail, listservs, etc. allowed collectors and curators to locate each other and material of interest more easily. Once these events happened, the community was formed by members of two highly regarded online music-trading communities, Sugarmegs Audio and PCP. Starting with 10 people, etree. org saw staggering growth rate, by February 2001, there were almost 300 independent FTP servers providing the trunk of etree. org to over 12,000 users
11.
C++
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C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation and it was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ is a language, with implementations of it available on many platforms and provided by various organizations, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel. C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization, with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2014 as ISO/IEC14882,2014. The C++ programming language was standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC14882,1998. The current C++14 standard supersedes these and C++11, with new features, the C++17 standard is due in 2017, with the draft largely implemented by some compilers already, and C++20 is the next planned standard thereafter. Many other programming languages have influenced by C++, including C#, D, Java. In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on C with Classes, the motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrups experience in programming for his Ph. D. thesis. When Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed computing, remembering his Ph. D. experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the C language with Simula-like features. C was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable, as well as C and Simulas influences, other languages also influenced C++, including ALGOL68, Ada, CLU and ML. Initially, Stroustrups C with Classes added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, inlining, furthermore, it included the development of a standalone compiler for C++, Cfront. In 1985, the first edition of The C++ Programming Language was released, the first commercial implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year. In 1989, C++2.0 was released, followed by the second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static functions, const member functions. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published and this work became the basis for the future standard. Later feature additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces, new casts, after a minor C++14 update released in December 2014, various new additions are planned for 2017 and 2020. According to Stroustrup, the name signifies the nature of the changes from C. This name is credited to Rick Mascitti and was first used in December 1983, when Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a tongue-in-cheek spirit
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