1.
Chinese name
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Chinese personal names are names used by those from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and the Chinese diaspora overseas. Prior to the 20th century, educated Chinese also utilized a courtesy name or style name called zi by which they were known among those outside of their family and closest friends. From at least the time of the Shang dynasty, the Han Chinese observed a number of naming taboos regulating who may or may not use a given name. In general, using the given name connoted the speakers authority, peers and younger relatives were barred from speaking it. Owing to this, many historical Chinese figures – particularly emperors – used a half-dozen or more different names in different contexts and those possessing names identical to the emperors were frequently forced to change them. Although some terms in the ancient Chinese naming system, such as xìng and míng, are used today, they were used in different. Commoners possessed only a name, and the modern concept of a surname or family name did not yet exist at any level of society.3 billion citizens. In fact, just the top three – Wang, Li, and Zhang – cover more than 20% of the population. This homogeneity results from the majority of Han family names having only one character. Chinese surnames arose from two separate traditions, the xìng and the shì. The original xìng were clans of royalty at the Shang court, the shì did not originate from families, but denoted fiefs, states, and titles granted or recognized by the Shang court. Apart from the Jiang and Yao families, the original xìng have nearly disappeared, xìng is now used to describe the shì surnames which replaced them, while shì is used to refer to maiden names. The enormous modern clans sometimes share ancestral halls with one another, nonetheless, however tenuous these bonds sometimes are, it remains a minor taboo to marry someone with the same family name. In modern mainland China, it is the norm that a woman keeps her name unchanged. A child usually inherits his/her fathers surname, though the law explicitly states that a child may use either parents or the grandparents. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to both parents surnames. In the older generations, it was common for a married woman to prepend her husbands surname to her own. This practice is now almost extinct in mainland China, though there are a few such as the name change of Gu Kailai, but survives in some Hong Kong, Macau
2.
Chinese surname
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Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing or lineage names, and shi or clan names, Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except in places with more Western influences such as Hong Kong, traditionally Chinese surnames have been exogamous. The colloquial expressions laobaixing and bǎixìng are used in Chinese to mean ordinary folks, prior to the Warring States period, only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was also a difference between clan names or xing and lineages names or shi, Xing were surnames held by the noble clans. They generally are composed of a nü radical which has taken by some as evidence they originated from matriarchal societies based on maternal lineages. Another hypothesis has been proposed by sinologist Léon Vandermeersch upon observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the Shang dynasty through the Zhou, the female radical seems to appear at the Zhou period next to Shang sinograms indicating an ethnic group or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean lady of such or such clan, prior to the Qin Dynasty China was largely a fengjian society. In this way, a nobleman would hold a shi and a xing, after the states of China were unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes and the difference between xing and shi blurred. Many shi surnames survive to the present day, according to Kiang Kang-Hu, there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. The following are some of the sources, Xing, These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the royal family. Of these xings, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames. Royal decree by the Emperor, such as Kuang, state name, Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames, name of a fief or place of origin, Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyangting, whose descendants took the surname Ouyang, there are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of two-character surnames, but few have survived to the present. Names of an ancestor, Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples,200 of which are two-character surnames, often an ancestors courtesy name would be used. For example, Yuan Taotu took the character of his grandfathers courtesy name Boyuan as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames, seniority within the family, In ancient usage, the characters of meng, zhong, shu and ji were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth eldest sons in a family
3.
Haining
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Haining is a county-level city in Zhejiang Province, China, and under the jurisdiction of Jiaxing. It is in the side of Yangtze River Delta. It is 125 kilometers west of Shanghai, and 61.5 kilometers east of Hangzhou, to its south lies the Qiantang River. The city has an area of 700.5 sq. kilometers. Haining is known for its industry and spectacular tide in the Qiantang River. Haining consists of 4 administrative districts and 8 towns, administrative districts, Xiashi, Haizhou, Haichang, Maqiao, Towns, Xucun, Changan, Zhouwangmiao, Yanguan, Xieqiao, Dingqiao, Yuanhua, Huangwan. In May 1949 Haining was occupied by the Communist Army, and Haining County was formed, in June 1949 the county government was relocated to Xiashi Town. In October 1958 Haiyan County was merged into Haining, in December 1961 Haiyan County was re-established. In November 1986 Haining County was elevated to Haining City, under jurisdiction of Jiaxing, in history, Yanguan Town had long served as the seat of county government. During Sino-Japanese War, the county seat was moved to Yuanhua Town, after the war, the county government was formed in Xiashi Town. Haining is famous for its show, colored lanterns. Haining began to be inhabited as early as the New Stone Age some 6,000 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn period, it part of the State of the Wu. In 221BC, during the Qin Dynasty, it fell under the jurisdiction of Changshui County, in 223AD, or the second year of the reign of Wu State King Huangwu of the Three Kingdoms period, it became known as Yanguan County. In 1295, or the first year of the reign of Yuan Emperor Yuanzheng and it became Haining Prefecture in 558. As the sea invaded the prefecture via the Qiantangjiang River, the area was renamed Haining Prefecture in 1329 in the hope of calming the waves. Following the founding the PRC, the area became Haining County, Haining has developed as a city well known for its quality leather products. Zhejiang Jinko Solar Co. Ltd. founded in 2006 as a subsidiary of Hong Kong-invested JinkoSolar Holding Co, Ltd, produces solar panel photovoltaic cells and wafers
4.
Zhejiang
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Zhejiang, formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. The provinces name derives from the Zhe River, the name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou. Kuahuqiao culture was a neolithic culture that flourished in Hangzhou area in 6. Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu, the area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples known as Dongyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring, according to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great, the Song of the Yue Boatman was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north, the Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü was a swordswoman from the state of Yue, to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC, the Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, yues former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu. Kuaiji Commandery was the power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yus rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu. At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era, Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye, they continued development of the region, industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan. Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms, Wu, commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms. The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, the story depicts how the states of Wei and Shu, lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wus military resources including arrows and bows, the other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou, some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River
5.
Qing dynasty
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It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the base for the modern Chinese state. The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria, in the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Banners, military-social units that included Jurchen, Han Chinese, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into an entity, which he renamed as the Manchus. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, in 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital, Beijing. The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia, the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their title was Emperor, they used khan to the Mongols and they were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. They governed using Confucian styles and institutions of government and retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the system in dealing with neighboring territories. The Qianlong reign saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people, most of them due to famines caused by war. In spite of disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea, New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a conservative leader. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformist monarchists such as Kang Youwei, after the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. The Wuchang Uprising on October 11,1911, led to the Xinhai Revolution, General Yuan Shikai negotiated the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor, on February 12,1912. Nurhaci declared himself the Bright Khan of the Later Jin state in both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan. His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636, there are competing explanations on the meaning of Qīng. The character Qīng is composed of water and azure, both associated with the water element and this association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water
6.
Tai'an
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Taian is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province of the Peoples Republic of China. To the west, Taian is separated from the province of Henan by the Yellow River and its population was 5,494,207 as of the 2010 census, of whom 1,735,425 lived in the built-up area made of 2 urban districts. The prefecture-level city of Taian administers 6 county-level divisions, including 2 districts,2 county-level cities and 2 counties, taishan District Daiyue District Xintai City Feicheng City Ningyang County Dongping County Taian was home to the Dawenkou culture during the neolithic era. During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the site of major historical and cultural significance in the area is Mount Tai. Taian is centered on the side of Mount Tai. Taian lies in the temperate zone and has a continental. The average annual temperatures are −2.1 °C,12.8 °C, the average annual precipitation is 681 mm. There is a highway from Taian to the Jinan Airport. Within Taian there are tree lined avenues throughout the city. The nearest major airport is Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport, about 120 km to the north, list of twin towns and sister cities in China Taian travel guide from Wikivoyage Government website of Taian
7.
Shandong
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Shandong is a coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandongs Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was established as the center of Confucianism. Individually, the two Chinese characters in the name Shandong mean mountain and east, Shandong could hence be translated literally as east of the mountains and refers to the provinces location to the east of the Taihang Mountains. A common nickname for Shandong is Qílǔ, after the States of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas the State of Qi was a power of its era. Lu, however, became renowned for being the home of Confucius, the cultural dominance of the State of Lu heritage is reflected in the official abbreviation for Shandong which is 鲁. English speakers in the 19th century called the province Shan-tung, the province is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. The earliest dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, over subsequent centuries, the Dongyi were eventually sinicized. During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, at this time, Shandong was home to two major states, the state of Qi at Linzi and the state of Lu at Qufu. Lu is noted for being the home of Confucius, the state was, however, comparatively small, and eventually succumbed to the larger state of Chu from the south. The state of Qi was, on the hand, was a major power throughout the period. Cities it ruled included Linzi, Jimo and Ju, the Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BCE. The Han dynasty that followed created a number of commanderies supervised by two regions in what is now modern Shandong, Qingzhou in the north and Yanzhou in the south, during the division of the Three Kingdoms, Shandong belonged to the Cao Wei, which ruled over northern China. After the Three Kingdoms period, a period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun, Shandong stayed with the Northern Dynasties for the rest of this period. The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty presided over the golden age of China
8.
University of Shanghai
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University of Shanghai, also known as Shanghai College and Hujiang University, was a university established by the American Baptist Missionary Union and the Southern Baptist Convention in Shanghai. It was the predecessor of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, the Central China Mission of the American Southern Baptist Convention and the East China Mission of the American Baptist Missionary Union gathered in Shanghai. The two missions collaborated for higher education, establishing the Shanghai Baptist Theological Seminary in 1906 and Shanghai Baptist College in 1909, the two were combined in 1911 to form Shanghai Baptist College and Theological Seminary. The name University of Shanghai was adopted when it was registered with the Chinese Government in 1929, in 1952, University of Shanghai was merged into East China Normal University and other universities in Shanghai. In 1919, the campus was designed by the American architect Henry Murphys company, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
9.
Tianjin University
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Tianjin University is the first modern higher education institution in China, and now a national university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China. It was established in 1895 as Tientsin University/Imperial Tientsin University and later Peiyang University, in 1951, after restructuring, it was renamed Tianjin University, and became one of the largest multidisciplinary engineering universities in China. The university was one of the first 16 universities accredited by the nation in 1959 and it is also among the first group of institutions of higher learning in the national “211-Project” to which priority is given in construction. In 1895, Sheng Xuanhuai submitted his memorial to the Guangxu Emperor to request for approval to set up a higher education institution in Tianjin. After approval on October 2,1895, Peiyang Western Study College was founded by him and American educator Charles Daniel Tenney and it was the first university providing four year degree modern higher education in China. The university modeled itself on the famous American Universities and aimed to rejuvenate China by training qualified personnel with new scientific, after the PR Chinas foundation and university restructures, Peiyang University was renamed Tianjin University in 1951. Peiyang University / Tianjin University contributes greatly to the Chinese society, in its early days, undergraduates had the permission to directly pursue graduate study at Harvard and Yale without any entrance exams. Its Law School, which is the first Law School in China, was merged into Peking University, peiyangs Department of Aeronautics was separated and developed into Beihang University. And The Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Tsinghua University,1895 Peiyang University founded 1899 The first modern diploma in China granted 1907 Developed into a comprehensive university integrating Engineering with Liberal Arts, Law and Education. The total student population is 25,000 with 9500 doctoral students and students for masters degree, over 100,000 students have graduated from Tianjin University. The university occupies an area of 1.37 km2, and has an area of 800,000 m2. More than 100 provincial, municipal, autonomous regional or ministerial leaders were graduated from Tianjin University since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. A discipline layout, with stress on engineering, incorporating science, engineering, economics, management, humanities, education, law, the university now has 6 national key disciplines and 17 municipal key disciplines. The university also confers masters degrees in business administration and public administration, the university consists of 12 schools. Forty-three majors are available for undergraduates, in addition, the university has a Graduate School, Continuing Education School, Professional Education School, Network Education School, and International Education School. The Administrators’ Training Center of Higher Engineering Education of the Ministry of Education is also located at this university, in the undergraduate teaching evaluation organized by the Ministry of Education in 1999, the university was appraised as “Excellent”. The university boasts a team of professional and concurrent researchers. There are over 80 laboratories,110 research institutes,15 experimental research, since the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world, hundreds of scientific and technological achievements of the university have won prizes
