1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
Academic library
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It is unknown how many academic libraries there are internationally. An academic and research portal maintained by UNESCO links to 3,785 libraries, according to the National Center for Education Statistics, there are an estimated 3,700 academic libraries in the United States. The support of teaching and learning material for class readings. In the past, the material for class readings, intended to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has been called reserves, in the period before electronic resources became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Academic libraries must determine a focus for development since comprehensive collections are not feasible. Librarians do this by identifying the needs of the faculty and student body, as well as the mission, when there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries, these are often referred to as niche collections. These collections are often the basis of a special department and may include original papers, artwork. There is a deal of variation among academic libraries based on their size, resources, collections. The Harvard University Library is considered to be the largest academic library in the world and has the third largest collection in the United States, another notable example is the University of the South Pacific which has academic libraries distributed throughout its twelve member countries. The first colleges in the United States were intended to train members of the clergy, the libraries associated with these institutions largely consisted of donated books on the subjects of theology and the classics. In 1766, Yale had approximately 4,000 volumes, second only to Harvard, access to these libraries was restricted to faculty members and a few students, the only staff was a part-time faculty member or the president of the college. The priority of the library was to protect the books, not to allow patrons to use them, in 1849, Yale was open 30 hours a week, the University of Virginia was open nine hours a week, Columbia University four, and Bowdoin College only three. Students instead created literary societies and assessed entrance fees in order to build a collection of usable volumes often in excess of what the university library held. Around the turn of the century, this began to change. The American Library Association was formed in 1876, with members including Melvil Dewey, Libraries re-prioritized in favor of improving access to materials, and found funding increasing as a result of increased demand for said materials. Academic libraries today vary in regard to the extent to which they accommodate those who are not affiliated with their parent universities, some offer reading and borrowing privileges to members of the public on payment of an annual fee, such fees can vary greatly. The privileges so obtained usually do not extend to such services as computer usage, other than to search the catalog, alumni and students of cooperating local universities may be given discounts or other consideration when arranging for borrowing privileges. On the other hand, access to the libraries of universities is absolutely restricted to students, faculty
3.
Archive
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An archive is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organizations lifetime, in general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many copies exist. This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, a person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information, the physical place of storage can be referred to as an archive, an archives, or a repository. When referring to historical records or the places they are kept, the computing use of the term archive should not be confused with the record-keeping meaning of the term. The adjective formed from archive is archival, the practice of keeping official documents is very old. Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Hattusas, Ugarit and these discoveries have been fundamental to know ancient alphabets, languages, literature, and politics. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, however, they have been lost, since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated at a faster pace, unlike their stone tablet counterparts. Archives of churches, kingdoms, and cities from the Middle Ages survive and have kept their official status uninterruptedly till now. They are the tool for historical research on these ages. Modern archival thinking has many roots from the French Revolution, historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives. The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution that houses the archive. While there are kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types, academic, business, government, non-profit. There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives, material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations and these areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is being created. Archives in colleges, universities, and other facilities are typically housed within a library. Academic archives exist to preserve history and serve the academic community. Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only, users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public
4.
University of British Columbia
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The University of British Columbia, commonly referred to as UBC, is a public research university with campuses and facilities in British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia and it is British Columbias oldest institution of higher learning and has over 60,000 students at its Vancouver and Okanagan Valley campuses. Most students are enrolled in five faculties, Arts, Science, Applied Science, UBC Faculty of Medicine. UBCs 4.02 km2 Vancouver campus is within the University Endowment Lands, the 2.09 km2 Okanagan campus, acquired in 2005, is in Kelowna. UBCs admission standards is the 2nd most rigorous in Canada with the average of 89. 95% high school GPA for all incoming domestic students in 2015 for the Vancouver Campus. According to the annual rankings compiled by Macleans and U. S. News, in 2015 U. S. News and World Report and Times Higher Education ranked UBC among the 20 best public universities worldwide. With an annual research budget valued at $600 million, UBC funds 8,442 projects as of 2014, the university has also educated three Canadian prime ministers, most recently Justin Trudeau, the current prime minister. One of the largest research libraries in Canada, the UBC Library system has over 9.9 million volumes among its 21 branches, since 1968, UBC is home to TRIUMF, Canadas national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics which houses the worlds largest cyclotron. In 1877, only six years after British Columbia joined Canada, the provincial legislature passed An Act Respecting the University of British Columbia in 1890, but disagreements arose over whether to build the university on Vancouver Island or the mainland. The British Columbia University Act of 1908 formally called a university into being. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership, the Act constituted a twenty-one member senate with Francis Carter-Cotton of Vancouver as Chancellor. Before the University Act, there had been attempts at creating a degree-granting university with help from the Universities of Toronto. Building on an affiliation between Vancouver and Victoria high schools with McGill University, Henry Marshall Tory helped establish the McGill University College of British Columbia. From 1906 to 1915, McGill BC operated as an institution providing the first few years toward a degree at McGill University or elsewhere. The Henry Marshall Tory Medal was established in 1941 by Tory, founding President of the University of Alberta and of the National Research Council of Canada, and a co-founder of Carleton University. In the meantime, appeals were made to the government to revive the legislation for a provincial institution, leading to the University Endowment Act in 1907. In 1910 the Point Grey site was chosen, and the government appointed Dr. Frank Fairchild Wesbrook as President in 1913, on the first day of lectures was September 30,1915, the new independent university absorbed McGill University College. The University of British Columbia awarded its first degrees in 1916, World War I dominated campus life, and the student body was decimated by enlistments for active service, with three hundred UBC students in Company D alone
5.
Greater Vancouver
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Greater Vancouver, also known as Metro Vancouver, is the metropolitan area with its major urban centre being the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The term Greater Vancouver is roughly coterminous with the area governed by the Metro Vancouver regional district. It is often used to include areas beyond the boundaries of the district but does not generally include wilderness. Usage of the term Greater Vancouver is not consistent, Greater Vancouver occupies the southwest corner of mainland British Columbia. It comprises roughly the half of the Lower Mainland and sits astride the lower reaches of the Fraser River. Thirteen of the thirty most populous municipalities are located in Greater Vancouver. The official land area of the district is 2,877.36 square kilometres and it is the most densely populated region in British Columbia. See Metro Vancouver#Municipalities for a list of municipalities in the region, the University of British Columbia and the University Endowment Lands, both located to the west of the City of Vancouvers limits, are not subject to governance by any municipality. According to the 2001 census,1,986,965 people lived in the metropolitan area, the 2006 Census placed the population at 2,116,581, representing 6. 5% growth since the last census. In 2006, the Greater Vancouver CMA had a population of 2,116,581 living in 870,992 dwellings, the Greater Vancouver Regional District has a land area of 2,877.36 km2 and a population density of 735. 6/km2. In 2011, Metro Vancouver had a population of 2,313,328 living in 949,565 dwellings, the regional district has a land area of 2,882.55 km2 and a population density of 802. 5/km2. The population of Metro Vancouver is of diverse origin, other prominent groups include Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Southeast Asian, West Asian, and Latin Americans. British Columbia is Canadas most ethnically diverse province, federally, the electorates in the Greater Vancouver region elect Conservative, New Democratic, and Liberal Members of Parliaments. In 2011, the Liberals were reduced to two seats, both located in Vancouver, however, in the past, Liberal support has been strong in the Lower Mainland. Following the 1993 election, the Liberals held every seat but one in the City of Vancouver, Greater Vancouver, like the rest of British Columbia, is divided between the BC Liberals and the BC NDP. Polling from the 2013 provincial election showed that supporters of the BC Liberals were almost evenly split between federal Liberals and federal Conservatives. Despite this trend, former NDP Premier Ujjal Dosanjh ran federally for the Liberals in the 2004 election, in terms of political geography, Greater Vancouver is not as polarized between urban core and suburban areas as metropolitan areas in other parts of the country are. However, the BC NDP tends to draw support from ridings on the east side of Vancouver, Burnaby, the Tri-Cities
6.
University of British Columbia Library
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The University of British Columbia Library is the library system of the University of British Columbia. In 2014, UBC Library ranked 22nd among members of the Association of Research Libraries, UBC Library has the largest collection of Asian-language materials in North America and the largest biomedical collection in Western Canada. It is a library for publications of the governments of British Columbia, Canada, Japan. The Librarys collections of special and unique materials include the archives of Canadian author and artist Douglas Coupland, the collection includes documents, books, maps, posters, paintings, photographs, silver, glass, ceramic ware and other artifacts. In October 2015, UBC Library opened its newest facility, Library Preservation and Archives, the building is located at UBC Vancouver’s South Campus and provides 2,280 square metres of high-density collection storage. It can store about 1.6 million volumes and the facility houses a campus-wide records management service. The Asian Library, located in the Asian Centre, houses the largest research collection in Asian languages in North America and its holdings in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Urdu and Indonesian exceed 580,000 volumes. Subject material about Asia in English and other European languages, as well as Asian materials in languages, are kept in Koerner Library. Asia-related law materials are located in the Law Library, monographs in Tamil, Malayalam, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Marathi, Rajasthani, Assamese, Nepali and Tibetan are shelved in the Irving K. The Asian Librarys rare book collection, mainly from the Puban collection, the Chinese collection ranked third in North America in number of volumes at the time of publication of Endymion Wilkinsons Chinese History, A Manual in 2000. UBCs Main Library underwent major renovations beginning in 2002, in phase one, the north wing was demolished and rebuilt. It now houses the bookstacks of the facility, the South Wing was officially opened to the public on February 25,2008, with the heritage core opening in late March 2008. The building is now known as the Irving K, Barber Learning Centre, named in honour of donor Irving K. Barber. Notable features include the first Automated Storage and Retrieval System in Canada, the system increases the amount of storage space available, but has been criticized for preventing browsing. Barber Learning Centre houses the Rare Books and Special Collections and University Archives divisions, the Learning Centre is also home to the Chapman Learning Commons on level three, located in the restored historic core of the old Main Library. Artwork on display around the Learning Centre includes pieces from noted artists such as John Nutter, Kevin DuBois, the Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at the UBC Main Library. UBC Library also serves the Universitys Okanagan campus in Kelowna, British Columbia, in 2014/15, the Okanagan campus Library had 688,000 library visits. Answering more than 17,000 in-person inquiries at their Library Service Desk, the Okanagan Library assumed responsibility for campus writing services in 2014, and launched a new Writing & Research Services unit
7.
Squamish language
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An archaic historical rendering of the native Sḵwx̱wú7mesh is Sko-ko-mish but this should not be confused with the name of the Skokomish people of Washington state. Squamish is most closely related to the Sechelt, Halkomelem, anthropologists and linguists who have worked on the Squamish language go back to the 1880s. The first collection of words was collected by German anthropologist Franz Boas, during the following decade, anthropologist Charles Hill-Tout collected some Squamish words, sentences and stories. In the 1930s, anthropologist Homer Barnett worked with Jimmy Frank to collect information about traditional Squamish culture, in the 1950s, Dutch linguist Aert H. Kuipers worked on the first comprehensive grammar of the Squamish language, later published as The Squamish Language. In 1968, the British Columbia Language Project undertook more documentation of the Squamish language, randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy, the main collaborators on this project, devised the writing system presently used for Squamish. The Squamish-English bilingual dictionary was published by the University of Washington Press in 2011, in 1990, the Chief and Council of the Squamish people declared Squamish to be the official language of their people, a declaration made to ensure funding for the language and its revitalization. In 2010, the First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council considered the language to be endangered and nearly extinct. In 2011, the language was being using the Where Are Your Keys. Technique, and a Squamish–English dictionary was completed in 2011. A Squamish festival was scheduled for April 22,2013, with two fluent elders, aiming to inspire more efforts to keep the language alive, so far 15 families in the Squamish area are part of the program. The goal is to revive the language by trying to have it used every day at home — getting the parents on board, in 2014, a Squamish-language program was made available at Capilano University. The consonant phonemes of Squamish, first in IPA and then in the Squamish orthography, There are also four vowel phonemes, /a/, /i/, /u/, Squamish Nation History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963 Bar-el, Leora. Verbal Plurality and Adverbial Quantification, A Case Study of Skwxú7mesh, MA thesis, University of British Columbia. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Bar-el, Leora, Henry Davis, and Lisa Matthewson. Proceedings of the 35th NELS Conference, Bar-el, Leora, Peter Jacobs, and Martina Wiltschko. A Number Feature in Squamish Salish, Proceedings of WCCFL20, Karine Megerdoomian and Leora Bar-el. Bar-el, Leora, and Linda T. Watt, Bar-el, Leora, and Linda T. Watt. S. Gessner, S. Oh, and K. Shiobara, burton, Strang, Henry Davis, Peter Jacobs, Linda Tamburri Watt, and Martina Wiltschko
