1.
Yale University
–
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
2.
Poetry
–
Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. Early poems evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing, or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotles Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on such as repetition, verse form and rhyme. From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more generally regarded as a creative act employing language. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly figures of such as metaphor, simile and metonymy create a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Some poetry types are specific to cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition, playing with and testing, among other things, in todays increasingly globalized world, poets often adapt forms, styles and techniques from diverse cultures and languages. Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate literacy, others, however, suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing. The oldest surviving poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, comes from the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumer. An example of Egyptian epic poetry is The Story of Sinuhe, other forms of poetry developed directly from folk songs. The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of Chinese poetry, the efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in poetics—the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as Chinas through her Shijing, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance, Classical thinkers employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Later aestheticians identified three major genres, epic poetry, lyric poetry, and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry, Aristotles work was influential throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, as well as in Europe during the Renaissance. English Romantic poet John Keats termed this escape from logic Negative Capability and this romantic approach views form as a key element of successful poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic
3.
Art Spiegelman
–
Art Spiegelman is an American cartoonist, editor, and comics advocate best known for his graphic novel Maus. He is married to designer and editor Françoise Mouly and is the father of writer Nadja Spiegelman and he gained prominence in the underground comix scene in the 1970s with short, experimental, and often autobiographical work. A selection of these appeared in the collection Breakdowns in 1977, after which Spiegelman turned focus to the book-length Maus, about his relation with his father. The postmodern book depicts Nazis as cats, Jews as mice, and ethnic Poles as pigs and it won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1992 and has gained a reputation as a pivotal work, responsible for bringing scholarly attention to the comics medium. Spiegelman and Mouly edited eleven issues of Raw from 1980 to 1991. Beginning in the 1990s, the couple worked for The New Yorker, Spiegelman advocates for greater comics literacy. As an editor, a teacher at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, Art Spiegelmans parents were Polish Jews Władysław and Andzia Spiegelman. His father was born Zeev Spiegelman, with the Hebrew name Zeev ben Avraham, Władysław was his Polish name, and Władek was a diminutive of this name. He was also known as Wilhelm under the German occupation, and his mother was born Andzia Zylberberg, with the Hebrew name Hannah. She took the name Anna upon her immigration to the US, in Spiegelmans Maus, from which the couple are best known, Spiegelman used the spellings Vladek and Anja, which he believed would be easier for Americans to pronounce. The surname Spiegelman is German for mirror man, the Spiegelmans had one other son, Rysio, who died before Art was born at the age of five or six. During the Holocaust, Spiegelmans parents sent Rysio to stay with an aunt with whom they believed he would be safe. The aunt poisoned herself, along with Rysio and two other family members in her care, so that the Nazis would not take them to the extermination camps. After the war, the Spiegelmans, unable to accept that Rysio was dead, Spiegelman talked of having a sort of sibling rivalry with his ghost brother—he felt unable to compete with an ideal brother who never threw tantrums or got in any kind of trouble. Of 85 Spiegelman relatives alive at the beginning of World War II, Spiegelman was born Itzhak Avraham ben Zeev in Stockholm, Sweden, on February 15,1948. He immigrated with his parents to the US in 1951, upon immigration his name was registered as Arthur Isadore, but he later had his given name changed to Art. Initially the family settled in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and then relocated to Rego Park in Queens, New York City and he began cartooning in 1960 and imitated the style of his favorite comic books, such as Mad. At Russell Sage Junior High School, where he was an honors student and he was earning money from his drawing by the time he reached high school and sold artwork to the original Long Island Press and other outlets
4.
Maus
–
Maus is a graphic novel by American cartoonist Art Spiegelman, serialized from 1980 to 1991. It depicts Spiegelman interviewing his father about his experiences as a Polish Jew, the work employs postmodern techniques and represents Jews as mice and other Germans and Poles as cats and pigs. Critics have classified Maus as memoir, biography, history, fiction, autobiography, in 1992 it became the first graphic novel to win a Pulitzer Prize. In the narrative past, Spiegelman depicts these experiences, from the leading up to World War II to his parents liberation from the Nazi concentration camps. Much of the story revolves around Spiegelmans troubled relationship with his father, and her grief-stricken husband destroyed her written accounts of Auschwitz. The book uses a minimalist drawing style and displays innovation in its pacing, and structure, a three-page strip also called Maus that he made in 1972 gave Spiegelman an opportunity to interview his father about his life during World War II. The recorded interviews became the basis for the novel, which Spiegelman began in 1978. He serialized Maus from 1980 until 1991 as an insert in Raw, a comics and graphics magazine published by Spiegelman and his wife, Françoise Mouly. A collected volume of the first six chapters that appeared in 1986 brought the book mainstream attention, Maus was one of the first graphic novels to receive significant academic attention in the English-speaking world. Most of the book weaves in and out of two timelines, in the frame tale of the narrative present, Spiegelman interviews his father Vladek in the Rego Park neighborhood of New York City in 1978–79. The story that Vladek tells unfolds in the narrative past, which begins in the mid-1930s, in Rego Park in 1958, a young Art Spiegelman complains to his father that his friends have left him behind. His father responds in broken English, Friends, if you lock them together in a room with no food for a week, then you could see what it is, friends. As an adult, Art visits his father, from whom he has become estranged, Vladek has remarried to a woman called Mala since the suicide in 1968 of Arts mother Anja. Art asks Vladek to recount his Holocaust experiences, Vladek tells of his time in the Polish city Częstochowa and how he came to marry into Anjas wealthy family in 1937 and move to Sosnowiec to become a manufacturer. Vladek begs Art not to include this in the book, Anja suffers a breakdown due to postpartum depression after giving birth to their first son Richieu, and the couple go to a sanitarium in Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia for her to recover. After they return, political and antisemitic tensions build until Vladek is drafted just before the Nazi invasion, Vladek is captured at the front and forced to work as a prisoner of war. After his release, he finds Germany has annexed Sosnowiec, and he sneaks across the border and reunites with his family. During one of Arts visits, he finds that a friend of Malas has sent the couple one of the underground comix magazines Art contributed to, Mala had tried to hide it, but Vladek finds and reads it
5.
Elihu Yale
–
Yales ancestry can be traced back to the family estate at Plas yn Iâl near the village of Llandegla, Denbighshire, Wales. The name Yale is the English spelling of the Welsh place name Iâl, the Yale family left Boston and returned to England when Elihu was three years old and he grew up going to school in London. For 20 years Yale served the Honourable East India Company, in 1684 he became the first president of Fort St. George, the companys post at Madras, India. He succeeded a number of agents from Andrew Cogan to William Gyfford, Yale was instrumental in the development of the Government General Hospital, housed at Fort St. George. Yale amassed a fortune working for the company, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants. By 1692, his repeated flouting of East India Company regulations, Yale returned to Britain in 1699. He spent the rest of his life at Plas Grono, a mansion bought by his father near Wrexham, Wales, or at his house in London, Yale married Catherine Hynmers, a widow, in 1680. The wedding took place at St. Marys Church, at Fort St. George, the marriage was the first registered at the church. Elihu Yale was re-appointed as president of the administration of Fort St George on 26 July 1687 and he then implemented an order dated 14 January 1685 which required the English at Fort St George to make all attempts at procurement of the town of St Thome on lease. To this effect, Chinna Venkatadri was sent to negotiate with the governor on 4 August 1687. The mission was successful and Chinna Venkatadri assumed sovereignty over St Thome for a period of three years, notwithstanding the vehement protests of the Portuguese inhabitants of St Thome, the English gained absolute control over all lands up to St Thomas Mount for a period of three years. In September 1688, the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb took Golconda after a prolonged battle, the Mughals took Sultan of Golconda prisoner and annexed the state. Aurangazeb guaranteed the independence of Madras, but in return demanded that the English supply troops in the event of a war against the Marathas and it was around this time that Yales three-year-old son David Yale died and was interred in the Madras cemetery. The records of this period mention a flourishing trade in Madras. He enforced a law that at least ten slaves should be carried on every ship bound for Europe, in his capacity as judge he also on several occasions sentenced so-called black criminals to whipping and enslavement. When the demand began to rapidly, the English merchants even began to kidnap young children and deport them to distant parts of the world. The charter came into effect on 29 September 1688, and a Corporation was established comprising a Mayor,12 Aldermen, 60-100 Burgesses, Nathaniel Higginson, who was then the second member of the Council of Fort St George took office as the Mayor of Madras. In August 1689, a French fleet appeared near the coast of Ceylon compelling the Governor of Pulicat Lawrence Pitt who was on high seas to seek protection within the bastions of Fort St George
6.
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
–
The Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies is a professional school of Yale University. It was founded to train foresters, and now trains environmental leaders through four 2-year degree programs, still offering forestry instruction, the school has the oldest graduate forestry program in the United States. The school was founded in 1900 as the Yale Forest School, at the urging of Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, his parents endowed the two-year postgraduate program. At the time Pinchot was serving as Bernhard Fernows successor as Chief of the Division of Forestry, Pinchot released two foresters from the division to start the school, fellow Yale graduate Henry Solon Graves and James Toumey. Graves became the Schools first dean and Toumey its second, when the school opened, other places in the United States offered forestry training, but none had a post-graduate program. ) In the fall of 1900, the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell had 24 students, Biltmore Forest School 9, despite its small size, from its beginnings the school influenced American forestry. The first two chiefs of the USFS were Pinchot and Graves, the three were graduates from the schools first decade. Wilderness and land conservation advocate Aldo Leopold graduated in the class of 1908, in 1950, the activist wing of that society formed The Nature Conservancy. Besides the schools own forests, Yale has used a number of sites in the eastern United States for field education over the years. From 1904 to 1926, the summer session leading to a degree in forestry was held at Grey Towers and Foresters Hall in Milford. Beginning in 1912, Yale classes took occasional trips to the land of the Crossett Lumber Company in Arkansas. For two decades from 1946 until 1966, the company provided the school a camp, including cabins, Yale students have also used a field camp at the Great Mountain Forest in northwestern Connecticut since 1941. The school changed its name to the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1972, the schools 16th and present dean is Ingrid C. Indy Burke, who replaced Sir Peter Crane in October,2016, Kroon Hall, the schools main building, is named for the philanthropist Richard Kroon. The building has 50,000 square feet of space, the building obtained Platinum Rating under the LEED certification system. It is designed by Hopkins Architects of London with Architect of Record Centerbrook Architects, goodfellow Inc from Delson, Quebec has supplied all the glulam roof structure for this project. The Yale-Myers Forest, in Union, Connecticut, donated to Yale in 1930 by alumnus George Hewitt Myers, is managed by the school as a working forest. Yale-Toumey Forest, near Keene, New Hampshire, was set up by James W. Toumey in 1913, other Yale forestlands include Goss Woods, Crowell Forest, Cross Woods, Bowen Forest, and Crowell Ravine
7.
Yale School of Management
–
The Yale School of Management is the graduate business school of Yale University and is located on Whitney Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. As of August 2015,668 students were enrolled in its MBA program,114 in the EMBA program,63 in the MAM program, beginning in the 2017-2018 school year, the school will launch a one-year Master of Management Studies degree in Systemic Risk. The School has 86 full-time faculty members, and the dean is Edward A. Snyder, the School conducts education and research in leadership, behavioral economics, operations management, marketing, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, and other areas. The EMBA program offers focused study in healthcare, asset management, beginning in the 1950s, Yale University started to expand coursework offerings in business and organization management. In 1971, Yale University received a donation establishing a program in management from Frederick W. Beinecke, two years later, the Yale Corporation approved the establishment of a School of Organization and Management. Arriving in 1976, the first class of the program that awarded a masters degree in public. Historically known for its strength in studies regarding nonprofits and the public sector, shortly thereafter in 1999, the School began offering a master of business degree and discontinued the MPPM degree. Yale SOM launched an executive MBA program for professionals in 2005. That same year in January, SOMs new building, Edward P. Evans Hall, opened at 165 Whitney Avenue, one block away from the old campus on Hillhouse Avenue. Edward P. Evans Hall, a 249, 743-square-foot building named after the Yale alumnus who donated $50 million to the school, is the new home for Yale School of Management as of January 2014. An inaugural conference entitled Business + Society, Leadership in an Increasingly Complex World marked the opening of the new campus, the three-day conference examined major trends transforming markets and organizations around the world. Foster + Partners, the firm chaired by Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate Lord Norman Foster ARCH ’62, Edward P. Evans Hall houses technology-enabled classrooms, faculty offices, academic centers, and student and meeting spaces organized around an enclosed courtyard. The Master of Advanced Management program is a program based at SOMs New Haven campus for business students from Global Network for Advanced Management schools. All MAM students matriculate into the MAM program immediately after their graduation from their business schools to continue the studies at SOM. The MAM class of 2016 is composed of 63 students from 34 countries and 20 Global Network for Advanced Management schools and is 38% women. For the 2006–2007 academic year, the School introduced its Integrated Curriculum, the Orientation to Management is the first segment of the curriculum, which introduces students to core concepts and business skills. The core of the curriculum and first-year experience is a series of interdisciplinary. These courses include Employee, Innovator, Operations Engine, Sourcing and Managing Funds, Competitor, Customer, Investor, The Global Macro-economy, and State and Society
8.
Sheffield Scientific School
–
Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut for instruction in science and engineering. Originally named the Yale Scientific School, it was renamed in 1861 in honor of Joseph E. Sheffield, the school was incorporated in 1871. The Sheffield Scientific School helped establish the model for the transition of U. S. higher education from a model to one which incorporated both the sciences and the liberal arts. Following World War I, however, its curriculum gradually became completely integrated with Yale College, the Sheff ceased to function as a separate entity in 1956. After technological developments in the nineteenth century such as the electric telegraph. Harvard established the Lawrence Scientific School in 1846 and Dartmouth began the Chandler Scientific School in 1852, the stage was set at Yale for the transition in education beginning in 1846, when professorships of agricultural chemistry and practical chemistry were established. In 1847, the School of Applied Chemistry became part of a newly created Department of Philosophy, classes and labs were hosted in the Second Presidents House on Yales Old Campus until funding and a suitable facility could be found. Norton died in 1852 and was replaced by John Addison Porter, Applied chemistry was followed in 1852 by a professorship of civil engineering establishing a school of engineering. These programs made up the Yale Scientific School, in 1853 and 1854, science and engineering courses were listed in the Yale College course catalog as offered by the Yale Scientific School. Porter elicited help from his father-in-law, Joseph Earl Sheffield, and in 1858, Sheffield donated funds, the old Yale Medical School building on the northeast corner of Grove and Prospect Streets was renovated and renamed Sheffield Hall. Sheffields building reinforced the division of Hillhouse Avenue into an upper, residential section, in 1861, the school became the Sheffield Scientific School in recognition of his generosity devoted to the promotion of the study of the natural, physical, and mathematical sciences. Sheffield was one of Yales greatest benefactors and continued to support the school throughout his life, Yale also received US$591,000 from his will as well as his house, the Sheffield mansion, designed and originally owned by Ithiel Town. The school also benefited from the Morrill Act starting in 1863, land grant status, however, was transferred to the Storrs Agricultural School in 1893 after arguments by the state grange that the school was not a proper farm school. A series of lectures, later known as the Sheffield Lectures was instituted by the school in 1866, professor Othniel Charles Marsh of the school led four Yale scientific expeditions in search of fossils in 1870-3. The Sheffield School innovated with a course offering science and mathematics as well as economics, English, geography, history, modern languages, philology. Unlike Yale College students at the time, Sheffield students had no dorms, no required chapel, no disciplinary marks, the Academical Department of Yale and Sheffield became rivals. The Ac students studied liberal arts and would look down on the practical Sheff students, the Yale Scientific Magazine was founded at Sheffield in 1894, the first student magazine devoted to the sciences. In 1872–73, Sheffield Scientific Schools first new building, North Sheffield Hall was built, designed by Josiah Cleaveland Cady and this was followed by Winchester Hall and Sheffield Chemical
9.
Old Campus (Yale University)
–
The Old Campus is the oldest area of the Yale University campus in New Haven, Connecticut. It is the residence of Yale College freshmen and also contains offices for the academic departments of Classics, English, Comparative Literature. Fourteen buildings—including eight dormitories and two chapels—surround a 4-acre courtyard with an entrance from the New Haven Green known as Phelps Gate. The Old Campus comprised most of Yale Colleges grounds between its arrival in New Haven in 1718 and its 20th-century expansion and it was joined by Connecticut Hall in 1750, a student dormitory and Yales only surviving building from the colonial era. A linear building plan established in 1792, known as Old Brick Row, was the first campus plan in the United States, after 1870, the original plan gave way to the current quadrangle of dormitories, academic buildings, and chapels. Although the current buildings have been renovated and their uses changed during the twentieth century, when Yale College moved to New Haven in 1718, the town constructed its first building, the College House, at the corner of College and Chapel Streets, where Bingham Hall now stands. The wood-framed structure contained all the functions of the college, student rooms, a library, falling into disrepair, this building was torn down in stages from 1775 to 1782. Beginning in 1750 with the construction of Connecticut Hall, a student dormitory. A chapel, later known as the Atheneum, joined the dormitory in 1761, trumbulls drawings chose Stiles linear pattern, interleaving narrow, steepled buildings between long student dormitories. By 1824, Old Brick Row included four student dormitories, then known as colleges, around the Brick Row at this time were a chemical laboratory, a mineralogical building, and the Second Presidents House, replacing one north of Elm Street. The college gradually purchased parcels of land until it controlled the whole block by 1857, properties owned by Amos Doolittle and Benjamin Franklin were consolidated and demolished, as were the town jail and poorhouse. On newly acquired land surrounding Old Brick Row, administrators built the Trumbull Gallery, Divinity College, the College Library, of the fourteen Yale buildings completed by 1850, only two, Connecticut Hall and the College Library, would stand fifty years later, and both survive today. In 1870, Yale President Noah Porter announced the gradual abandoment and removal of the present buildings of the Brick Row, where before it had been most pretegious to live off campus, the new dormitories became fashionable as the preserve of seniors. When Yales residential colleges were opened in 1933, the Old Campus transitioned to a home for the common Freshman Year, in 1833, a picket fence encircling the campus was replaced with a rail fence, causing a major shift in the social patterns of the Old Campus. The Yale Fence, a fence with square posts and round rails that ran three sides of Old Brick Row, was the colleges primary gathering place thereafter. Students would claim sections by class year, with seniors taking choice seats along Chapel Street, however, as the modern quadrangle took form, the fence was gradually uprooted. In 1888, the displacement of its last section for Osborn Hall caused 2,100 alumni to write in protest, the Yale Fence Club, an undergraduate fraternal organization, was named in its memory. The fence currently lining the Old Campus interior courtyard is modeled after the old fence, Old Campus houses freshmen from ten of Yale Colleges twelve residential colleges
10.
Harkness Tower
–
Harkness Tower is a masonry tower at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Part of the Collegiate Gothic Memorial Quadrangle complex completed in 1922, it is named for Charles William Harkness, brother of Yales largest benefactor, when the residential college system was inaugurated in 1933, the tower became part of Branford College. It was designed by James Gamble Rogers, a Yale College classmate of Anna Harknesss other son, James S. Hedden was the contractors supervisor for the project and took many photographs of the constructions progress. The tower underwent renovations from September 2009 to May 2010 to repair its masonry, Harkness Tower was the first couronne tower in English Perpendicular Gothic style built in the modern era. The 15th-century Boston Stump is the tallest parish church tower in England, Rogers also based some details on the 16th-century tower of St Giles church in Wrexham, Wales, where Elihu Yale is buried. In turn, Harkness Tower has been identified as the influence for the tower of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Hamilton. The towers image was adopted by the Yale Herald, a student newspaper. Harkness Tower is 216 feet tall, one foot for each year since Yales founding at the time it was built, from a square base, it rises in stages to a double stone crown on an octagonal base, and at the top are stone finials. From the street level to the roof, there are 284 steps, midway to the top, four openwork copper clockfaces tell the hours. The bells of the carillon are behind the clockfaces, fixed to a made of steel I-beams. The playing console of the carillon is at the level of the balconies immediately below the clock faces. Lower levels of the house a water tank, two practice carillons, the old chimes playing console, office space for the Yale University Guild of Carillonneurs. The tower was built of stone blocks, and reinforced with steel in 1966 to handle the new bells in the carillon. In reality, the Washington Monument was the countrys tallest such structure long before Harkness Tower was built, the towerss decorative elements were sculpted by Lee Lawrie. The lowest level of sculpture depicts Yales Eight Worthies, Elihu Yale, Jonathan Edwards, Nathan Hale, Noah Webster, James Fenimore Cooper, the second level of sculpture depicts Phidias, Homer, Aristotle, and Euclid. The gargoyles on the top level depict Yales students at war and in study, along with masks of Homer, Virgil, Dante, the tower contains the Yale Memorial Carillon, a 54-bell carillon. It is an instrument, the C bell sounds a concert B. Ten bells were installed in 1922 and 44 added in 1966, the instrument is played by members of a student-run group set up for the purpose, the Yale Guild of Carillonneurs, and selected guest carillonneurs
