1.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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Covering an area of 255,804 km², the SFRY was bordered with Italy to the west, Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east and Albania and Greece to the south. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia, Kosovo and Vojvodina, the SFRY traces back to 29 June 1943 when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II. On 29 November 1945, the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposal of King Peter II thus ending the monarchy. Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics. This led to the federation collapsing along the borders, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the federation on 27 April 1992. The term former Yugoslavia is now commonly used retrospectively, the name Yugoslavia, an Anglicised transcription of Jugoslavija, is a composite word made-up of jug and slavija. The Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian word jug means south, while slavija denotes a land of the Slavs, thus, a translation of Jugoslavija would be South-Slavia or Land of the South Slavs. The term is intended to denote the lands occupied by the six South Slavic nations, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Slovenes, the full official name of the federation varied significantly between 1945 and 1992. Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, the name deliberately left the republic-or-kingdom question open. In 1963, amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms, the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was introduced, the state is most commonly referred to by the latter name, which it held for the longest period of all. The most common abbreviation is SFRY, though SFR Yugoslavia was also used in an official capacity, particularly by the media. On 6 April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers led by Nazi Germany, by 17 April 1941, Yugoslav resistance was soon established in two forms, the Royal Yugoslav Army and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Partisan supreme commander was Josip Broz Tito, and under his command the movement soon began establishing liberated territories which attracted the attentions of the occupying forces. The coalition of parties, factions, and prominent individuals behind the movement was the Peoples Liberation Front. The Front formed a political body, the Anti-Fascist Council for the Peoples Liberation of Yugoslavia. The AVNOJ, which met for the first time in Partisan-liberated Bihać on 26 November 1942, during 1943, the Yugoslav Partisans began attracting serious attention from the Germans. In two major operations of Fall Weiss and Fall Schwartz, the Axis attempted to stamp-out the Yugoslav resistance once, on both occasions, despite heavy casualties, the Group succeeded in evading the trap and retreating to safety. The Partisans emerged stronger than before and now occupied a significant portion of Yugoslavia
2.
National Olympic Committee
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A National Olympic Committee is a national constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Olympic Committee, NOCs are responsible for organizing their peoples participation in the Olympic Games and they may nominate cities within their respective areas as candidates for future Olympic Games. NOCs also promote the development of athletes and training of coaches, there are also nine dependent territories with NOCs, Four territories of the United States, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. Three British Overseas Territories, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, one territory from the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean, Aruba. The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee was dissolved at the 123rd IOC session in July 2011 as the Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on 10 October 2010, hong Kong, a special administrative region of China. Following an amendment to the Olympic Charter in 1996, NOC recognition can only be granted recognition as an independent state by the international community. The states which thus qualify to participate in the future are the Vatican City, a UN observer state, and Niue, other disputed states face obstacles to being recognized by the IOC. Dependent territories such as Curaçao, the Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Macau, athletes from those territories can only participate in the Olympics as part of their parent nations national team. This section lists the current,206 National Olympic Committees who are recognised by the International Olympic Committee,8 National Olympic Committees who are recognised by their continental Olympic Associations, but are not recognised by the International Olympic Committee. These committees, however, are not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games, all 22 national governing bodies that form UANOC are also members of both AOC and are eligible to send athletes to either the African or Asian Games. National Olympic Committees from UANOC member countries are noted in the list below, many of these committees were founded many years before their official recognition, while others were immediately accepted after being founded. Former states, are not listed, only the current states derived from them, for example and it was later transformed into the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, and, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, was re-recognized in 1993. It has, however, participated in the Paralympic Games, the Faroe Islands have a recognised National Paralympic Committee. South Ossetia intends to establish a National Olympic Committee, and representatives from the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic take part in Armenia’s National Olympic Committee, National Paralympic Committee List of IOC country codes District of Columbia Olympic Committee National Olympic Committees. Association of National Olympic Committees website Official website
3.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
4.
1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers
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During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country. As the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first, whereas, other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country, according with tradition and IOC guidelines. The collation method used is based on the names as written in Hangul, whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of the Congo entered as the Peoples Republic of the Congo while the Democratic Republic of Congo entered under its former name, the following is a list of each countrys announced flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by name, the flag bearers name. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.1984 Summer Olympics national flag bearers 1992 Summer Olympics national flag bearers
5.
Matija Ljubek
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Matija Ljubek was a Croatian sprint canoeist who competed in the 1970s and 1980s and later became a sports official. Born in Belišće, Osijek-Baranja, Ljubek competed in four Summer Olympics where he won four medals and this included two golds, one silver, and one bronze. He also won ten medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with four golds, in 1976 he was awarded a Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia. Ljubek later became vice-president of the Croatian Olympic Committee and served as chef de mission for the Croatian Olympic team. Ljubek died in 2000 when he was shot by an estranged brother-in-law while trying to defend his mother in Valpovo, ICF medalists for Olympic and World Championships - Part 1, flatwater, 1936-2007. ICF medalists for Olympic and World Championships - Part 2, rest of flatwater and remaining canoeing disciplines, sports-Reference. com profile Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky. Canoeing, Mens Canadian Singles 1000 Meters, in The Complete Book of the Olympics,2008 Edition
6.
Yugoslavia at the Olympics
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Teams from Yugoslavia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920. Previously, several athletes from Croatia, Slovenia and Vojvodina had competed for Austria or Hungary when those countries were part of the Empire of Austria-Hungary, a small team of two athletes had competed distinctly for Serbia at the 1912 Summer Olympics. Kosovo, an autonomous province, made its Olympic debut as an independent national team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. During the dissolution of Yugoslavia, several new committees were formed in the break-away countries, Yugoslavia has hosted the Games on one occasion. *Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil, List of flag bearers for Yugoslavia at the Olympics Category, Olympic competitors for Yugoslavia Yugoslavia at the Paralympics List of Yugoslav Olympic medalists Results and Medalists. Sportnet Bernard Jurišić, Tuđe nećemo - svoje ne damo, April 1,2008, accessed September 30,2010
7.
Yugoslavia at the 1920 Summer Olympics
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Athletes from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Yugoslavia debuted at the Olympic Games participating in every edition of the Summer Olympics ever since, eleven Yugoslav athletes participated in Belgium, only the football team – without the substitutes. Yugoslavia competed in the Olympic football tournament for the first time and it lost both of its matches
8.
Yugoslavia at the 1924 Summer Olympics
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Athletes from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. For the first time in history the country won medals, five athletes represented Yugoslavia in 1924. It was the debut appearance in the sport. Ranks given are within the heat, four cyclists represented Yugoslavia in 1924. It was the debut in the sport. A single equestrian represented Yugoslavia in 1924 and it was the nations debut in the sport. Seunig finished last in the dressage event, Yugoslavia competed in the Olympic football tournament for the second time in 1924. It was the debut in the sport. Leon Štukelj took the medal in the horizontal bar to become Yugoslavias first Olympic medalist in any sport, he would go on to finish first overall. Ranks given are within the heat, Men Men Mens Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database
9.
Yugoslavia at the 1960 Summer Olympics
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Athletes from the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 116 competitors,107 men and 9 women, took part in 64 events in 14 sports, Yugoslavia had won silver medals in Mens Football for the past 3 Summer Games and finally won gold in Rome. Mens Marathon Franjo Škrinjar →2,21.40 Franjo Mihalić →2,21,52 Five male cyclists represented Yugoslavia in 1960, Mens sabre Aleksandar Vasin Womens foil Vera Jeftimijades Six shooters represented Yugoslavia in 1960
10.
Yugoslavia at the 1980 Summer Olympics
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Athletes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 164 competitors,135 men and 28 women, took part in 69 events in 17 sports, in the second time the nation competed in Olympic archery, Yugoslavia again entered only one man. He came in place, missing a top eight finish by eight points. Yugoslavia 32105 *2, finland 311134.56,51 Mens 1. 500m Freestyle Borut Petrič Final –15
11.
Yugoslavia at the 1984 Summer Olympics
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Yugoslavia competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States which took place from 29 July to 12 August 1984. Yugoslav athletes had competed in every Summer Olympic Games since their debut in 1920. The Yugoslav Olympic Committee sent a delegation of 139 athletes,105 men and 34 women, competing in 16 sports, due to the Soviet-led boycott, Yugoslavia was one of only three Communist countries to take part at the Games, along with China and Romania. Yugoslavia left Los Angeles with a total of 18 Olympic medals, finishing ninth in the medal standings. Five of these medals were won in sports and included gold in both mens and womens handball tournaments, gold in the water polo tournament and bronze medals in mens football and basketball. Water polo coach Ratko Rudić led the mens team to triumph in the tournament. Yugoslavia finished in position in the final medal rankings, with seven gold medals and 18 medals overall
12.
Serbia at the Olympics
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Serbia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 as the Kingdom of Serbia. Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team after years at the 2008 Summer Olympics. From 1920 to the 1992 Winter Olympics Serbian athletes participated as part of the Yugoslavian team, at the 1992 Summer Olympics they participated as Independent Olympic Participants as their nation was under United Nations sanctions. The continuing sanctions meant that no Serbian athletes competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics, sanctions were mostly lifted in 1995. From the 1996 Summer Olympics to the 2006 Winter Olympics they participated as part of the Serbia, in the period from 1920 to 2006, athletes representing these defunct countries won a total of 99 medals,95 at Summer Games and 4 at Winter Games. List of flag bearers for Serbia at the Olympics Category, Olympic competitors for Serbia Serbia at the Paralympics List of Yugoslav Olympic medalists Serbia
13.
Croatia at the Olympics
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Croatia competed at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 1992, and has participated in every Games since then. The National Olympic Committee for Croatia is the Croatian Olympic Committee, at the Winter Olympic Games, Janica Kostelić won six medals between 2002 and 2006, her brother Ivica won four silver medals, and Jakov Fak won a bronze in 2010. List of flag bearers for Croatia at the Olympics Category, Olympic competitors for Croatia Croatia at the Paralympics Milan Neralić List of Yugoslav Olympic medalists Croatia, sportnet Bernard Jurišić, Tuđe nećemo - svoje ne damo, April 1,2008, accessed September 30,2010
14.
Slovenia at the Olympics
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Slovenia first participated as an independent nation at the Olympic Games at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, and the country has sent athletes to compete at every Games since then. The Slovenian Olympic Committee was established in 1991 and was recognised by the International Olympic Committee on 5 February 1992, Slovenian athletes first competed at the Olympics in Stockholm, at the 1912 Summer Olympics, as part of the Austrian team. There, Rudolf Cvetko became the first Slovene to win an Olympic medal, then, until Slovenias independence, they competed as part of Yugoslavia. Before the Second World War, all of the Olympic medals for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were won by Slovene gymnasts. Leon Štukelj was the most prominent pre-war athlete, winning three gold, one silver, and two medals, and he is still the most decorated Slovenian Olympian. Among post-war Olympians, Miroslav Cerar won two gold and one bronze medals, also in gymnastics, athletes representing Slovenia have won a total of 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 15 at the Winter Olympic Games. The most successful games were the 2014 Winter Olympics, where Slovenian athletes won a record eight medals. Tina Maze and Iztok Čop are the most decorated post-independence Slovenian Olympians, the shooter Rajmond Debevec has competed at the Olympics eight times as of 2016. He competed between 1984 and 2012, representing Yugoslavia for his first two appearances, track and field athlete Merlene Ottey competed at the Olympics seven times between 1980 and 2004. In her first six appearances, she was representing Jamaica, for whom she won nine medals, Debevec is the oldest medallist and the oldest Slovenian participant at the Olympics, having won his last medal at the age of 49 in 2012. The youngest participant from Slovenia was Nastja Govejšek, a swimmer, the youngest Olympic medallist for Slovenia has been alpine skier Alenka Dovžan, who was 18 years old when she competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Slovenian athletes have won medals in seven sports at the Summer, the most successful sport for Slovenia at the Summer Olympics is judo with five medals while the most successful sport at the Winter Olympics is alpine skiing with seven medals. In team sports, the teams have participated three times in handball and once in ice hockey, and the ice hockey team has already qualified for the tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics. With a population of 2 million, Slovenia often finds itself among countries with the highest medal-per-capita rankings and this list only contains Olympic medal winners for Slovenia as an independent country. Among listed medalists, Sadik Mujkić also won two Olympic medals, one of which was a bronze at the 1988 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia and this list contains Olympic medals won by Slovenian athletes before Slovenia started to participate as an independent country in 1992. The list includes athletes who won individual medals and athletes who won medals as part of the team. Rudolf Cvetko won a medal as a member of Austrian team, all other athletes won medals for Yugoslavia, which corresponded to Kingdom of Yugoslavia for the Games from 1920 to 1936 and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1988. Both spent important parts of their careers playing for Slovenian clubs, vangelovska played at Ljubljanas ŽKD Ježica and Jelovac at Ljubljanas KK Olimpija
15.
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics
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Bosnia and Herzegovina sent athletes to the Summer Olympic Games under its own flag for the first time in 1992. Bosnian athletes competed under the Yugoslav flag until the breakup of that country, the Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and recognized in 1993. Bosnian-Herzegovinian athletes have won medals on occasions in different sports as part of teams. Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Paralympics Bosnia and Herzegovina at the World Championships in Athletics Bosnia and Herzegovina
16.
Republic of Macedonia at the Olympics
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Previously, until 1988, Macedonian athletes competed for Yugoslavia. The country participates officially under its provisional UN appellation former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia due to the dispute that has arisen over its name, only one athlete representing Macedonia since 1996 has won an Olympic medal. Several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia have also won Olympic medals, Macedonia at the Paralympics The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
17.
Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics
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Yugoslavia had been represented at every Summer Olympic Games from 1920–1988, and all but two Winter Olympic Games between 1924–1988. Because of the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, Olympic participation changed, newly independent Croatia and Slovenia sent their own delegations to the 1992 Winter Olympics, with Yugoslavia represented by athletes from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. These would be the last Games for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established in April 1992, consisting of the Republic of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia. The athletes could not participate at the opening and closing ceremonies of the games, a team of 52 athletes competed in individual events, with three medals won in shooting. The continued sanctions against FR Yugoslavia meant that no athletes could qualify to compete or even to compete under the Olympic flag at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, the sanctions were lifted in time for the next Olympiad. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the team was designated Yugoslavia, using the same IOC code as the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1988, despite the fact that FR Yugoslavia had not been recognized as the successor to SFRY. The team of 68 athletes participated in 13 sports and won four medals, in Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Yugoslavia team participated with 111 athletes in 14 sports and won three medals. The team of 87 athletes competed in 14 sports and won two silver medals, after the Montenegrin independence referendum in 2006, the state union was dissolved and each nation declared independence. The Olympic Committee of Serbia succeeded the NOC for Serbia and Montenegro in June 2006, with approval of the Assembly of the Olympic Committee of Serbia, the newly formed Montenegrin Olympic Committee was recognized by the IOC in July 2007. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Serbia returned at the Olympic after 96 years under this name while Montenegro made debut as independent nation, Kosovo, a former autonomous province, was subsequently granted an independent status by the International Olympic Committee. The Committee provisionally recognised the Olympic Committee of Kosovo and gave it full membership on 9 December 2014, kosovar athletes made their Olympic debut under the flag of Kosovo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This list includes all competitors who won Olympic medals for Serbia and Montenegro, while competing as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1996 and 2000, Serbia and Montenegro at the Paralympics Results and Medalists. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04
18.
Montenegro at the Olympics
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Montenegro participated at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008, at the Beijing Games. Previously, Montenegrin athletes have competed as part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, the National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee. It was created in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007, on August 11,2012, Montenegro won its first ever Olympic medal as an independent country, taking silver in womens handball. Winners of the Medals from Montenegro
19.
Kosovo at the Olympics
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Kosovo has made its Olympic debut as a member state in 2016. Its team is organized by the Olympic Committee of Kosovo, created in 1992 and it won its first medal on its debut appearance in 2016, when judoka Majlinda Kelmendi took gold in the womens -52 kg category. From 1920 to the 1992 Winter Olympics, Kosovar athletes participated as part of the Yugoslavian team, in 1960 Summer Olympics three football players born in Kosovo won gold medal as part of Yugoslavia national football team. In the 1984 Summer Olympics, boxer Aziz Salihu became the first individual athlete from Kosovo winning an Olympic medal, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Olympic Committee of Kosovo was established 1992. However, only Kosovar athletes with Serbian ethnicity participated as part of Serbia and Montenegro, on 17 February 2008 Kosovos Parliament declared independence from Serbia. Also, IOC turned down Kelmendis request to compete as an independent athlete, Olympic Committee of Serbia invited all athletes from Kosovo to join Serbian team. Kelmendi chose to represent Albania, while Kosovo Serbs athletes participated under the flag of Serbia, in April 2013, the Brussels Agreement was concluded between the Serbian and Kosovan governments. Kosovo was recognised as a member of the IOC on 22 October 2014. At that time, Kosovo was not a member or observer state of the United Nations, Serbia protested Kosovos admission to the IOC, as it officially claims that Kosovo is an autonomous province of Serbia. However, Serbia, considering the effects of Yugoslavias expulsion in 1992. Some athletes from Kosovo, ethnic Serbs such as volleyball player Milena Rašić and basketball player Marko Simonović, continued to play for the Serbian national team
20.
1988 Summer Olympics
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The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia, in the Seoul Games,159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes,6,197 men and 2,194 women. 263 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics,11,331 media showed the Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games for two of the worlds dominating sport powers, the Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games. North Korea, still officially at war with South Korea, and its allies, Albania, Ethiopia, Cuba, Madagascar, Nicaragua boycotted the games because of the U. S. military support to the Contra rebels. However, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics were avoided, resulting in the largest ever number of participating nations during the Cold War era, before the opening of the games, thousands of homeless were captured by the police and sent to work camps. Several died under torture. ′ Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through a vote held on 30 September 1981, below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden, West Germany. After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th Asian Games in 1986, Soviet Vladimir Artemov won four gold medals in gymnastics. Daniela Silivaş of Romania won three and equalled compatriot Nadia Comănecis record of seven Perfect 10s in one Olympic Games, to these medals, she added a gold in the 4×100 relay and a silver in the 4×400. Just after the Games, she announced her retirement, Canadian Ben Johnson won the 100 m final with a new world record, but was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol. Johnson has since claimed that his positive test was the result of sabotage, the US finishes in fourth place after the completion of the optional rounds with a combined score of 390.575, three tenths of a point behind the German Democratic Republic. The USSR won their team gold medals in artistic gymnastics on both the mens and womens sides with scores of 593.350 and 395.475 respectively. The mens team was led by Vladimir Artemov, while Elena Shushunova lead the womens team, lawrence Lemieux, a Canadian sailor in the Finn class, was in second place and poised to win a silver medal when he abandoned the race to save an injured competitor. He arrived in 21st place, but was recognized by the IOC with the Pierre de Coubertin medal honoring his bravery and sacrifice. U. S. diver Greg Louganis won back-to-back titles on both diving events, but only hitting the springboard with his head in the 3 m event final. This became a minor controversy years later when Louganis revealed he knew he was HIV-positive at the time, since HIV cannot survive in open water, no other divers were ever in danger. Christa Luding-Rothenburger of East Germany became the first athlete to win Olympic medals at the Winter Olympics and she added a cycling silver to the speed skating gold she won earlier in the Winter Olympics of that year in Calgary. Swimmer Kristin Otto of East Germany won six gold medals, other multi-medalists in the pool were Matt Biondi and Janet Evans
21.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
Serbia (1912, 2008–)
Croatia (1992–)
Slovenia (1992–)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992 S–)
Independent Olympic Participants (1992 S)
Macedonia (1996–)
Serbia and Montenegro (2004–2006)
Montenegro (2008–)
Kosovo (2016–)
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Gold Medal