1.
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public and these licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, Creative Commons licenses do not replace copyright, but are based upon it. The result is an agile, low-overhead and low-cost copyright-management regime, Wikipedia uses one of these licenses. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, the first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, was published in February 2002. The first set of licenses was released in December 2002. In 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project, matthew Haughey and Aaron Swartz also played a role in the early stages of the project. As of January 2016 there were an estimated 1.1 billion works licensed under the various Creative Commons licenses, as of March 2015, Flickr alone hosts over 306 million Creative Commons licensed photos. Creative Commons is governed by a board of directors and their licenses have been embraced by many as a way for creators to take control of how they choose to share their copyrighted works. Beyond that, Creative Commons has provided institutional, practical and legal support for individuals and groups wishing to experiment, Creative Commons attempts to counter what Lawrence Lessig, founder of Creative Commons, considers to be a dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture. Lessig describes this as a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the powerful, as of 2017, they are Paul Keller, Jonathan Nightingale, Chris Thorne. As of 2015, there are more than 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support, Creative Commons Korea is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon, the major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as an incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been promoting the liberal. Since March 15,2012 he has been detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison, on October 17,2015 Creative Commons Board of Directors approved a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil release. All current CC licenses require attribution, which can be inconvenient for works based on other works. Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers will dissuade artists from publishing their work, Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that todays law provides
2.
Fox
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Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes are slightly smaller than a domestic dog, with a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout. Twelve species belong to the group of Vulpes genus of true foxes. Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica, by far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox with about 47 recognized subspecies. The global distribution of foxes, together with their reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, the word fox comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European *puḱ-, meaning ’thick-haired, tail’. Male foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards, females as vixens, a group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth. Foxes are generally smaller than members of the family Canidae such as wolves, jackals. For example, in the largest species, the red fox, males weigh on average between 4.1 and 8.7 kg, while the smallest species, the fennec fox, weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg. Fox-like features typically include a face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum. Foxes are digitigrade, and thus, walk on their toes, unlike their dog relatives, foxes have partially retractable claws. Fox vibrissae, or whiskers, are black, the whiskers on the muzzle, mystaciae vibrissae, average 100-110mm long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers are also on the forelimbs and average 40mm long, pointing downward and backward, other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and adaptive significance. Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density, coat colors range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes, for example, have ears and short fur to aid in keeping the body cool. Arctic foxes, on the hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur. Red foxes, by contrast, have a typical auburn pelt, a foxs coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons, fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months
3.
Server (computing)
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In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called clients. This architecture is called the model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called services, such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, a single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, designating a computer as server-class hardware implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. The use of the server in computing comes from queueing theory, where it dates to the mid 20th century, being notably used in Kendall. In earlier papers, such as the Erlang, more terms such as operators are used. In computing, server dates at least to RFC5, one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET, the use of serving also dates to early documents, such as RFC4, contrasting serving-host with using-host. The Jargon File defines server in the sense of a process performing service for requests, usually remote, with the 1981 version reading. A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester, strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process. Through metonymy, it refers to a used to running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host, in addition to server, the words serve and service are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service may refer to either the form of functionality. Alternatively, it may refer to a program that turns a computer into a server. Originally used as servers serve users, in the sense of obey, today one says that servers serve data. For instance, web servers serve web pages to users or service their requests, the server is part of the client–server model, in this model, a server serves data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response and this is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process is a server, thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host servers
4.
Regular expression
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A regular expression, regex or regexp is, in theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a sequence of characters that define a search pattern. Usually this pattern is used by string searching algorithms for find or find. The concept arose in the 1950s when the American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene formalized the description of a regular language, the concept came into common use with Unix text-processing utilities. Today, different syntaxes for writing regular expressions exist, one being the POSIX standard and another, widely used, being the Perl syntax. Regular expressions are used in engines, search and replace dialogs of word processors and text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK. Many programming languages provide regex capabilities, built-in, or via libraries, the phrase regular expressions is often used to mean the specific, standard textual syntax for representing patterns that matching text need to conform to. Each character in an expression is understood to be a metacharacter. For example, in the regex a, a is a literal character which matches just a and. is a meta character which matches every character except a newline. Therefore, this regex would match for example a or ax or a0, together, metacharacters and literal characters can be used to identify textual material of a given pattern, or process a number of instances of it. Pattern-matches can vary from a precise equality to a general similarity. Is a very general pattern, is general and a is a precise pattern. Wildcards could also achieve this, but are limited in what they can pattern. The usual context of wildcard characters is in globbing similar names in a list of files, for example, the regex ^+|+$ matches excess whitespace at the beginning or end of a line. An advanced regex used to match any numeral is ^. $, see the Examples section for more examples. A regex processor translates a regular expression in the above syntax into a representation which can be executed and matched against a string representing the text being searched in. The picture shows the NFA scheme N obtained from the regular expression s*, where s denotes a simpler regular expression in turn, Regular expressions originated in 1956, when mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene described regular languages using his mathematical notation called regular sets. These arose in theoretical science, in the subfields of automata theory. Other early implementations of pattern matching include the SNOBOL language, which did not use regular expressions, Regular expressions entered popular use from 1968 in two uses, pattern matching in a text editor and lexical analysis in a compiler
5.
HTML
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Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web, Web browsers receive HTML documents from a webserver or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document, HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects, such as interactive forms and it provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets, tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty, by carefully following the W3Cs compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML1.0 and have made compatible in this way. When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, HTML4 defined three different versions of the language, Strict, Transitional and Frameset. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for presentational markup, which is omitted in the Strict version, instead, cascading style sheets are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML4, as this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support, rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opening it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML1.0 to XHTML1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification, the strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML1.1 support, the modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as MathML, in summary, the HTML4 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML1.0, ported this specification, as is, next, XHTML1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML2.0 was intended to be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach. The WHATWG considers their work as living standard HTML for what constitutes the state of the art in major browser implementations by Apple, Google, Mozilla, Opera, hTML5 is specified by the HTML Working Group of the W3C following the W3C process. HTML lacks some of the found in earlier hypertext systems, such as source tracking, fat links
6.
Why the lucky stiff
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Jonathan Gillette, known by the pseudonym why the lucky stiff, is a writer, cartoonist, artist, and programmer notable for his work with the Ruby programming language. Annie Lowrey described him as one of the most unusual, and beloved, along with Yukihiro Matsumoto and David Heinemeier Hansson, he was seen as one of the key figures in the Ruby community. _why made a presentation enigmatically titled A Starry Afternoon, a Sinking Symphony, and it explored how to teach programming and make the subject more appealing to adolescents. _why gave a presentation and performed with his band, the Thirsty Cups, on 19 August 2009, whys accounts on Twitter and GitHub and his personally maintained websites went offline. Shortly before he disappeared, why the lucky stiff tweeted, programming is rather thankless, U see your works become replaced by superior ones in a year. Unable to run at all in a few more, _whys colleagues have assembled collections of his writings and projects. On 5 January 2013, _whys site was online, although, as of October 2013. In March 2014, the site re-launched as the blog of an anonymous individual from Australia with no apparent connection to _why. His best known work is Whys Guide to Ruby, which teaches Ruby with stories, paul Adams of Webmonkey describes its eclectic style as resembling a collaboration between Stan Lem and Ed Lear. Chapter three was published in The Best Software Writing I, Selected and Introduced by Joel Spolsky, in April 2013, a complete book attributed to Jonathan Gillette was digitally released via the website whytheluckystiff. net and the GitHub repository cwales. It was presented as individual files of PCL without any instruction on how to assemble the print outs into a book, try Ruby is an online interactive learning tool that provided a browser-based Ruby shell and an instructor that guided beginners through their first steps in Ruby. _why is the author of several libraries and applications, most of them written in or for Ruby, camping, a microframework inspired by Ruby on Rails and based on Markaby that is less than 4 kilobytes. Park Place, a complete clone of the Amazon S3 web service. Hobix, a YAML-based weblog application written in Ruby Hpricot, an HTML parser Markaby, syck has been a part of standard Ruby libraries since Ruby version 1.8.0. He also dedicates his illustration every year to RubyKaigi, the biggest Ruby conference in Japan, in March 2009, he was a speaker at the Art and Code conference at Carnegie Mellon University. _why never publicly revealed his own identity while he was active as why the lucky stiff, at the time, he did not make any statement on his being outed
7.
Ruby MRI
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Matzs Ruby Interpreter or Ruby MRI is the reference implementation of the Ruby programming language named after Ruby creator Yukihiro Matsumoto. Until the specification of the Ruby language in 2011, the MRI implementation was considered the de facto reference, the latest stable version is Ruby 2.4.0. Yukihiro Matsumoto started working on Ruby on February 24,1993, Ruby was named as a gemstone because of a joke within Matsumotos circle of friends alluding to the name of the Perl programming language. The 1.8 branch has maintained until June 2013. This version provides bug fixes, but also many Ruby feature enhancements, the RubySpec project has independently created a large test suite that captures 1.8. 6/1.8. 7/1.9 behavior as a reference conformance tool. Ruby MRI1.9.2 passed over 99% of RubySpec, MRI Ruby 2.2 crashed on one of the tests. As a result of the uptake by the MRI developers. Prior to release 1.9.3, the Ruby interpreter and libraries were distributed as dual-licensed free and open source software, under the GNU General Public License or the Ruby License. In release 1.9.3, Rubys License has been changed from a dual license with GPLv2 to a license with the 2-clause BSD license. Ruby MRI is available for the operating systems, This list may not be exhaustive. PowerPC64 performance Since version 2.2.1, Ruby MRI performance on PowerPC64 was improved, commonly noted limitations include, Backward compatibility Version 1.9 and 1.8 have slight semantic differences. The release of Ruby 2.0 sought to avoid such a conflict between different versions
8.
Vagrant (software)
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Vagrant is an open-source software product for building and maintaining portable virtual development environments. The core idea behind its creation lies in the fact that the environment maintenance becomes increasingly difficult in a project with multiple technical stacks. Vagrant manages all the necessary configurations for the developers in order to avoid the maintenance and setup time. Vagrant is written in the Ruby language, but its ecosystem supports development in almost all major languages, Vagrant was first started as a personal side-project by Mitchell Hashimoto in January 2010. The first version of Vagrant was released in March 2010, in October 2010, Engine Yard declared that they were going to sponsor the Vagrant project. The first stable version, Vagrant 1.0, was released in March 2012, in November 2012, Mitchell formed an organization called “HashiCorp” to support the full-time development of Vagrant, Vagrant remained liberally licensed open-source software. HashiCorp now works on creating commercial additions and provides professional support, Vagrant was originally tied to VirtualBox, but version 1.1 added support for other virtualization software such as VMware and KVM, and for server environments like Amazon EC2. Vagrant is written in Ruby, but it can be used in written in other programming languages such as PHP, Python, Java, C#. Since version 1.6, Vagrant natively supports Docker containers, Vagrant uses Provisioners and Providers as building blocks to manage the development environments. Provisioners are tools that allow users to customize the configuration of virtual environments, Puppet and Chef are the two most widely used provisioners in the Vagrant ecosystem. Providers are the services that Vagrant uses to set up and create virtual environments, support for VirtualBox, Hyper-V, and Docker virtualization ships with Vagrant, while VMware and AWS are supported via plugins. Vagrant sits on top of software as a wrapper and helps the developer interact easily with the providers. It automates the configuration of virtual environments using Chef or Puppet, machine and software requirements are written in a file called Vagrantfile to execute necessary steps in order to create a development-ready box. Box is a format and an extension for Vagrant environments that is copied to another machine in order to replicate the same environment, official website List of Vagrant boxes
9.
Joel Spolsky
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Avram Joel Spolsky is a software engineer and writer. He is the author of Joel on Software, a blog on software development, and he was a Program Manager on the Microsoft Excel team between 1991 and 1994. He later founded Fog Creek Software in 2000 and launched the Joel on Software blog, in 2008, he launched the Stack Overflow programmer Q&A site in collaboration with Jeff Atwood. Using the Stack Exchange software product which powers Stack Overflow, the Stack Exchange Network now hosts over 100 Q&A sites, Spolsky grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and lived there until he was 15. He then moved with his family to Israel, where he attended high school and he was one of the founders of the kibbutz Hanaton in Lower Galilee. In 1987, he returned to the United States to attend college, Spolsky started working at Microsoft in 1991 as a Program Manager on the Microsoft Excel team, where he designed Excel Basic and drove Microsofts Visual Basic for Applications strategy. He moved to New York City in 1995 where he worked for Viacom, in 2000, he founded Fog Creek Software and created the Joel on Software blog. Joel on Software was one of the first blogs set up by a business owner, in 2005, Spolsky co-produced and appeared in Aardvarkd,12 Weeks with Geeks, a documentary documenting Fog Creeks development of Project Aardvark, a remote assistance tool. Spolsky also co-founded Stack Overflow, a question and answer community website for software developers and he is now CEO of the resulting Stack Overflow and the Stack Exchange Network. In 2011, Spolsky launched Trello, a project management tool inspired by Kanban methodology. In 2016, Spolsky announced the appointment of Anil Dash as Fog Creek Softwares new CEO, with Spolsky continuing as Stack Overflows CEO and he is the author of five books, including User Interface Design for Programmers and Smart and Gets Things Done. He is also the creator of The Joel Test, Spolsky coined the term fix it twice for a process improvement method. It implies a quick, immediate solution for fixing an incident, Spolsky announced his marriage to his husband, Jared, on social media and his blog. He lives on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, in software development, a Shlemiel the painters algorithm is a method that is inefficient because the programmer has overlooked some fundamental issues at the very lowest levels of software design. The term was coined in 2001 by Spolsky, the term is not to be confused with the Painters algorithm, as the two are entirely unrelated. Spolsky used a Yiddish joke to illustrate a certain poor programming practice, in the joke, Schlemiel has a job painting the dotted lines down the middle of a road. Each day, Schlemiel paints less than he painted the day before, when he is asked why, Schlemiel complains that it is because each day he gets farther away from the paint can. The programming practice that Spolsky used to make his point was repeated concatenation of null-terminated character arrays, next, the second string is copied to the end of the first, effectively concatenating the two
10.
Padrino (web framework)
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Padrino is a free and open-source web framework, written in Ruby and based on Sinatra. It is an alternative to other Ruby web frameworks such as Ruby on Rails, Merb, Nitro and it is dependent on the Rack web server interface. Padrino was created and open-sourced in 2010, the framework was created by Nathan Esquenazi, Davide DAgostino and Arthur Chiu based on the prior sinatra_more gem. The framework was created in order to extend Sinatra to more easily support rich web applications and this is a list of major functionality Padrino provides on top of Sinatra, Agnostic, Full support for many popular testing, templating, mocking, and database libraries. Generators, Create Padrino applications, models, controllers i. e. padrino g project, mountable, Unlike other Ruby frameworks, principally designed for mounting multiple apps. Routing, Full url named routes, named params, respond_to support, tag Helpers, View helpers such as, tag, content_tag, input_tag. Asset Helpers, View helpers such as, link_to, image_tag, javascript_include_tag, form Helpers, Builder support such as, form_tag, form_for, field_set_tag, text_field. Text Helpers, Useful formatting like, relative_time_ago, js_escape_html, sanitize_html, mailer, Fast and simple delivery support for sending emails. Logging, Provide a unified logger that can interact with your ORM or any library, reloading, Automatically reloads server code during development. Ruby on Rails Official website Padrino Core Team
