Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll
Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll, 8th Earl of Argyll, Chief of Clan Campbell was a Scottish nobleman, politician, and peer. The de facto head of Scotland's government during most of the conflict of the 1640s and 1650s known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, he was the main leader of the Covenanter movement that fought for the Establishment of Presbyterianism in opposition to the preference of King Charles I and the Caroline Divines for instead Establishing both High Church Anglicanism and Bishops. He is often remembered as the principal antagonist to the Royalist general James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose.
The Marquess of Argyll, by David Scougall
Portrait traditionally identified as the 9th Earl, but subsequently confirmed as being of the 8th Earl in his youth (Scottish Notes and Queries, v11, pp.5–6). His biographer John Willcock believed that it dated from his 1626 marriage.
Photograph of now lost portrait of c.1644, attributed to George Jamesone, of Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll, formerly at Castle Campbell. The painting, rediscovered in an estate cottage in c.1870, was destroyed in an 1877 fire at Inveraray Castle.
Memorial to Argyll in St. Giles Kirk, Edinburgh
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, were a series of intertwined conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652. They resulted in victory for the Parliamentarian army, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.
Monarch of the Three Kingdoms: Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, painted 1635–1636
The spark—riot in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, reputedly started by Jenny Geddes
King Charles I and Prince Rupert before the Battle of Naseby
The English and Scots armies lovingly embrace each other