1.
Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
–
The Royal Historical Society is a learned society of the United Kingdom which advances scholarly studies of history. The society was founded and received its Royal Charter in 1868, until 1872 it was known as the Historical Society. In 1897, it merged with the Camden Society, founded in 1838 and it is now based at University College London. In its origins, and for years afterwards, the society was effectively a gentlemens club. It now exists to promote historical research worldwide, representing historians engaged in professional research, the society provides a varied programme of lectures and one-day and two-day conferences covering various kinds of historical issues. It convenes in London and from time to time throughout the United Kingdom. The societys membership comprises honorary vice-presidents, fellows, corresponding fellows, members and its archives at Senate House include many records of international as well as British history. The society encourages, promotes and sponsors research, academic or otherwise. The society, in consultation with the Historical Association and with the History at Universities Defence Group, liaises with HM Government, historiography of the United Kingdom Camden Society Taylor Milne, Alexander. A Centenary Guide to the Publications of the Royal Historical Society 1868–1968, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks. Official website List of Presidents Bibliography of British and Irish History
Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
–
Royal Historical Society emblem
2.
Leek, Staffordshire
–
Leek is a market town and civil parish in the county of Staffordshire, England, on the River Churnet. It is situated about 10 miles north east of Stoke-on-Trent and it is an ancient borough and was granted its royal charter in 1214. It is the centre for the Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. King John granted Ranulph de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, the right to hold a weekly Wednesday market, leeks coat of arms is made up of a Saltire Shield. On the top is the Stafford Knot, either side is the Leek Double Sunset, the crest is a mural crown with three Mulberry leaves on a Mount of Heather on top of which a Moorcock is resting his claw on a small-weave Shuttle. The motto ARTE FAVENTE NIL DESPERANDUM translates to, Our skill assisting us, the town had a regular cattle market for hundreds of years, reflecting its role as a centre of local farming. Following the Industrial Revolution it was a producer of textiles. However, this industry has now ceased, the mills from the towns textile era remain and many have now been converted into housing. Britannia, the former Building Society, has its headquarters in the town and was a local employer. Most of the town is at or above 600 feet and is surrounded by the countryside of the Staffordshire Moorlands which is situated on the southern uplands of the Pennines. Leek is built on the slope and crown of a hill which is situated just a few south of the Roaches. Many Victorian period, and older, buildings stand in the town. In 1849 William Sugden came to Leek and he was an architect and his work on the design of the railway stations for the Churnet Valley Railway brought him to the area. In the following year William’s son, Larner Sugden, was born, the firm had offices in Derby Street. The building still survives, the ground floor now being occupied by Boots the Chemist, Larner was a great supporter of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and so Leek’s development was in sympathetic hands. The architectural output from Sugden & Son was both prolific and varied and this last was probably the last joint venture of the father-and-son team because William Sugden died in 1892. The Sugden masterpiece was, perhaps, the Nicholson Institute, built in the Queen Anne style, the fact that this building is tucked away behind the 17th century ‘Greystones’ is a further indication of Larner’s regard for old buildings. Larner would not countenance demolition of the old building, and so, as the Nicholsons owned the land to the rear, in 1899 came the Technical Schools and the Co-operative Society Hall
Leek, Staffordshire
–
Leek town centre
Leek, Staffordshire
–
The River Churnet
Leek, Staffordshire
–
Brindley Water Mill
3.
Somerville College
–
Somerville College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1879 as Somerville Hall, it was one of the first womens colleges in Oxford, today, around 50% of students are male. The first male students were admitted to the college in 1994, the college is located at the southern end of Woodstock Road, with Little Clarendon Street to the south and Walton Street to the west. Between 2006 and 2016, the endowment rose from £44.5 million to £57.7 million. In June 1878, the Association for the Higher Education of Women was formed, talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties split, and Talbots group founded Lady Margaret Hall. Thus, in 1879, a committee was formed to create a college in which no distinction will be made between students on the ground of their belonging to different religious denominations. This second committee included John Percival, George William Kitchin, A. H. D. Acland, Thomas Hill Green, Mary Ward, William Sidgwick, Henry Nettleship, and A. G. Vernon Harcourt. This new effort resulted in the founding of Somerville Hall, named for the recently deceased Scottish mathematician. During World War I the college was converted into a hospital as Somerville Section of the 3rd Southern General Hospital. For the duration of the war, Somerville students relocated to Oriel College, notable patients who stayed in Somerville include Robert Graves and Siegfried Sassoon, who opens Siegfrieds Progress with a reference to the college. Photographs of the college in this period can be hanging in Hall. When opened, Somerville Hall had twelve students, ranging in age between 17 and 36, in 1891 it became the first womens hall to introduce entrance exams. The hall was renamed Somerville College in 1894, becoming the first of the colleges to adopt this title. In 1920, Oxford University allowed women to matriculate and therefore gain degrees, during the principalship of Janet Vaughan, Somerville, along with the other womens colleges, became a full constituent college of Oxford University. During the 1980s, there was debate as to whether womens colleges should become mixed. In the 1890s Somerville helped fashion the “New Woman”, a century later…. the college has set itself the greater challenge of educating the New Man. The college and its entrance, the Porters Lodge, are located on Woodstock Road
Somerville College
–
Colleges and
halls of the
University of Oxford Somerville College
Somerville College
–
Mary Somerville, 1780 - 1872, after whom the College is named
Somerville College
–
House from the Quad
Somerville College
–
Somerville College, Oxford - Main Quad, looking westwards, from left to right Penrose, Wolfson, Park, Holtby
4.
University of Oxford
–
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
University of Oxford
–
Balliol College – one of the university's oldest constituent colleges
University of Oxford
–
University of Oxford
seal
University of Oxford
–
Aerial view of
Merton College 's
Mob Quad, the oldest
quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378
University of Oxford
–
In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map)
5.
Byzantine History
–
This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period during which the Roman Empires east and west divided. In 285, the emperor Diocletian partitioned the Roman Empires administration into eastern and western halves, between 324 and 330, Constantine I transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium, later known as Constantinople and Nova Roma. Under Theodosius I, Christianity became the Empires official state religion, and finally, under the reign of Heraclius, the Empires military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through cycles of decline. During the reign of Maurice, the Empires eastern frontier was expanded, in a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland, the final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline. Its remaining territories were annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire, during the 3rd century, three crises threatened the Roman Empire, external invasions, internal civil wars and an economy riddled with weaknesses and problems. The city of Rome gradually became important as an administrative centre. The crisis of the 3rd century displayed the defects of the system of government that Augustus had established to administer his immense dominion. His successors had introduced some modifications, but events made it clearer that a new, more centralized, Diocletian was responsible for creating a new administrative system. He associated himself with a co-emperor, or Augustus, each Augustus was then to adopt a young colleague, or Caesar, to share in the rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner. After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, however, the tetrachy collapsed, Constantine moved the seat of the Empire, and introduced important changes into its civil and religious constitution. Constantine also began the building of the fortified walls, which were expanded. Constantine built upon the administrative reforms introduced by Diocletian and he stabilized the coinage, and made changes to the structure of the army. Under Constantine, the Empire had recovered much of its military strength and he also reconquered southern parts of Dacia, after defeating the Visigoths in 332, and he was planning a campaign against Sassanid Persia as well. In the course of the 4th century, four great sections emerged from these Constantinian beginnings, Constantine established the principle that emperors should not settle questions of doctrine, but should summon general ecclesiastical councils for that purpose
Byzantine History
–
Map of the Roman Empire showing the four Tetrarchs' zones of influence after Diocletian's reforms.
Byzantine History
–
Territorial development of the Roman Empire between the years AD 300 and 1453 (Animated map).
Byzantine History
–
Byzantine klivanium (Κλιβάνιον)
lamellar armour - a predecessor of ottoman krug
mirror armour
Byzantine History
–
The Baptism of Constantine, painted by pupils of
Raphael (1520–1524,
fresco,
Vatican City,
Apostolic Palace).
Eusebius of Caesaria records that Constantine delayed receiving
baptism until shortly before his death, as was customary among Christian converts at the time.
6.
Late Antiquity
–
Late antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the time of transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages in mainland Europe, the Mediterranean world, and the Near East. The development of the periodization has generally been accredited to historian Peter Brown, precise boundaries for the period are a continuing matter of debate, but Brown proposes a period between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Generally, it can be thought of as from the end of the Roman Empires Crisis of the Third Century to, in the East, the early Islamic period, following the Muslim conquests in the mid–7th century. In the West the end was earlier, with the start of the Early Medieval period typically placed in the 6th century, beginning with Constantine the Great, Christianity was made legal in the Empire, and a new capital was founded at Constantinople. The resultant cultural fusion of Greco-Roman, Germanic and Christian traditions formed the foundations of the subsequent culture of Europe, the term Spätantike, literally late antiquity, has been used by German-speaking historians since its popularization by Alois Riegl in the early 20th century. Concurrently, some migrating Germanic tribes such as the Ostrogoths and Visigoths saw themselves as perpetuating the Roman tradition, Constantine confirmed the legalization of the religion through the so-called Edict of Milan in 313, jointly issued with his rival in the East, Licinius. Monasticism was not the only new Christian movement to appear in Late Antiquity, notable in this regard is the topic of the Fifty Bibles of Constantine. Within the recently legitimized Christian community of the 4th century, a division could be distinctly seen between the laity and an increasingly celibate male leadership. Celibate and detached, the clergy became an elite equal in prestige to urban notables. The Late Antique period also saw a transformation of the political and social basis of life in. The later Roman Empire was in a sense a network of cities, archaeology now supplements literary sources to document the transformation followed by collapse of cities in the Mediterranean basin. Burials within the urban precincts mark another stage in dissolution of traditional urbanistic discipline, overpowered by the attraction of saintly shrines, in Roman Britain, the typical 4th- and 5th-century layer of black earth within cities seems to be a result of increased gardening in formerly urban spaces. A similar though less marked decline in population occurred later in Constantinople. In Europe there was also a decline in urban populations. As a whole, the period of antiquity was accompanied by an overall population decline in almost all Europe. Long-distance markets disappeared, and there was a reversion to a degree of local production and consumption, rather than webs of commerce. The degree and extent of discontinuity in the cities of the Greek East is a moot subject among historians. In the western Mediterranean, the new cities known to be founded in Europe between the 5th and 8th centuries were the four or five Visigothic victory cities
Late Antiquity
–
The
Barberini ivory, a late
Leonid /
Justinian Byzantine ivory leaf from an imperial
diptych, from an imperial workshop in
Constantinople in the first half of the sixth century (
Louvre Museum)
Late Antiquity
–
Modern statue of
Constantine I at
York, where he was proclaimed
Augustus in 306.
Late Antiquity
–
The Favourites of the Emperor Honorius, 1883:
John William Waterhouse expresses the sense of moral decadence that coloured the 19th-century historical view of the 5th century.
Late Antiquity
–
View west along the Harbour Street towards the Library of Celsus in
Ephesus. The pillars on the left side of the street were part of the
colonnaded walkway apparent in cities of Late Antique
Asia Minor.
7.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
–
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
–
MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
–
Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
8.
Keble College, Oxford
–
Keble College /ˈkiːbəl/ is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its main buildings are on Parks Road, opposite the University Museum, the college is bordered to the north by Keble Road, to the south by Museum Road, and to the west by Blackhall Road. It is considered one of the most visually impressive colleges, especially due to its main quad. Keble was established in 1870, having been built as a monument to John Keble, John Keble had been a leading member of the Oxford Movement, which sought to stress the Catholic nature of the Church of England. Consequently, the College traditionally placed an emphasis on theological teaching. In the period after the second World War the trends were towards scientific courses, as originally constituted it was for men only and the fellows were mostly bachelors resident in the college. It remains distinctive for its still-controversial neo-gothic red-brick buildings designed by William Butterfield, Keble is one of the larger colleges of the University of Oxford, with 433 undergraduates and 245 graduate students in 2011/12. The best-known of Kebles Victorian founders was Edward Pusey, after parts of the College are named. The College itself is named after John Keble, one of Puseys colleagues in the Oxford Movement and it was decided immediately after Kebles funeral that his memorial would be a new Oxford college bearing his name. Two years later, in 1868, the stone was laid by the Archbishop of Canterbury on St Marks Day. The college first opened in 1870, taking in thirty students, accordingly, the College continues to celebrate St Marks Day each year. The College is built of red, blue, and white bricks, the builders were Parnell & Son of Rugby. On its construction, Keble was not widely admired within the University, a secret society was founded, entrance to which depended upon removing one brick from the College and presenting it to the societys elders. Some accounts specify that one of the commonest red bricks was necessary for ordinary membership, a white brick for higher-level membership. The hope was that eventually Keble would be completely demolished, as a result, there remains a healthy rivalry between St Johns and Keble to this day. An apocryphal story claims that a French visitor, on first sight of the college exclaimed Cest magnifique mais ce nest pas la gare. This is a play on Field Marshal Pierre Bosquets memorable line, referring to the Charge of the Light Brigade, Cest magnifique and this story may have been borrowed from Pineros identical quip said to have been made at the opening ceremony for the Royal Courts of Justice in London. Keble is mentioned in John Betjemans poem Myfanwy at Oxford, as well as in the writings of John Ruskin and in Monty Pythons Travel Agent sketch, horace Rumpole, the barrister in John Mortimers books, was a law graduate of Keble College after World War II
Keble College, Oxford
–
Colleges and
halls of the
University of Oxford Keble College
Keble College, Oxford
–
John Keble, a leading member of the
Oxford Movement whom the college is named for.
Keble College, Oxford
–
Senior Common Room
Keble College, Oxford
–
Keble Hall
9.
Ancient History
–
Ancient history is the aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with Sumerian Cuneiform script, the term classical antiquity is often used to refer to history in the Old World from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC. This roughly coincides with the date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome. In India, ancient history includes the period of the Middle Kingdoms, and, in China. Historians have two major avenues which they take to better understand the ancient world, archaeology and the study of source texts, primary sources are those sources closest to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary sources have been distinguished from secondary sources, which cite, comment on. Archaeology is the excavation and study of artefacts in an effort to interpret, archaeologists excavate the ruins of ancient cities looking for clues as to how the people of the time period lived. The study of the ancient cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, the city of Pompeii, an ancient Roman city preserved by the eruption of a volcano in AD79. Its state of preservation is so great that it is a window into Roman culture and provided insight into the cultures of the Etruscans. The Terracotta Army, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in ancient China, the discovery of Knossos by Minos Kalokairinos and Sir Arthur Evans. The discovery of Troy by Heinrich Schliemann, most of what is known of the ancient world comes from the accounts of antiquitys own historians. Although it is important to take account the bias of each ancient author. Some of the more notable ancient writers include Herodotus, Thucydides, Arrian, Plutarch, Polybius, Sima Qian, Sallust, Livy, Josephus, Suetonius, furthermore, the reliability of the information obtained from these surviving records must be considered. Few people were capable of writing histories, as literacy was not widespread in almost any culture until long after the end of ancient history, the earliest known systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, beginning with Herodotus of Halicarnassus. He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, the Roman Empire was one of the ancient worlds most literate cultures, but many works by its most widely read historians are lost. Indeed, only a minority of the work of any major Roman historian has survived, prehistory is the period before written history. The early human migrations in the Lower Paleolithic saw Homo erectus spread across Eurasia 1.8 million years ago, the controlled use of fire occurred 800,000 years ago in the Middle Paleolithic. 250,000 years ago, Homo sapiens emerged in Africa, 60–70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa along a coastal route to South and Southeast Asia and reached Australia
Ancient History
–
Khafre's Pyramid (
4th dynasty) and
Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2500 BC or perhaps earlier)
Ancient History
–
The Mediterranean in c. the 4th century BC. Phoenician cities are labelled in yellow, Greek cities in red, and other cities in grey.
Ancient History
–
Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.
10.
Byzantine Studies
–
The disciplines founder in Germany is considered to be the philologist Hieronymus Wolf, a Renaissance humanist. He gave the name Byzantine to the eastern Roman Empire that continued after the western part collapsed in AD476, about 100 years after the final conquest of Byzantium by the Ottomans, Wolf began to collect, edit, and translate the writings of Byzantine philosophers. Other 16th-century humanists introduced Byzantine studies to Holland and Italy, Byzantine studies is the discipline that addresses the history and culture of Byzantium. Thus the unity of the object of investigation stands in contrast to the diversity of approaches that may be applied to it, – There were already Byzantine studies in the high medieval Byzantine Empire. In the later Middle Ages the interest in Byzantium was carried on by Italian humanism, the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought the formation of Byzantine studies as an independent discipline. Greek / Hellenistic culture, Roman state traditions, Oriental influence and Christian faith, together with a unity of language and culture. The starting point of Byzantine history is taken to be the reign of Constantine the Great. The east-Roman or late antique era of Byzantium begins at the latest with the division of the Roman Empire into a Western Roman Empire and this early Byzantine period lasts until approximately 641. This may be perceived as the end of antiquity, and the beginning of the middle Byzantine era and this was also the era of Iconoclasm and of the origin of the Holy Roman Empire. A certain stability was achieved under the Comnenian Dynasty, at least until the Battle of Myriokephalon, internal conflicts facilitated the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the establishment of Latin states in the south Balkans. An empire weakened in part through civil war suffered a blow when Thessalonica was captured in 1430. The Empire of Trebizond, founded in the wake of the Fourth Crusade and it is possible to distinguish between three levels of speech, Atticism, Koine, and Demotic. Thus a certain diglossia between spoken Greek and written, classical Greek may be discerned, major genres of Byzantine literature include historiography, hagiography, hagiographic collections, epistolography, rhetoric, and poetry. From the Byzantine administration, broadly construed, we have such as description of peoples and cities, accounts of court ceremonies. Technical literature is represented, for example, by texts on military strategy, collections of civil and canon law are preserved, as well as documents and acta. Some texts in the demotic are also preserved, modes of transmission entails the study of texts that are preserved primarily on papyrus, parchment or paper, in addition to inscriptions, coins, and medals. The papyrus rolls of antiquity are quickly replaced by the parchment codices of the Middle Ages, while paper arrives in the 9th century via the Arabs, diplomatics entails the study of Byzantine documents. Documents may be classified according to their producers as secular or sacred, Imperial documents may be divided into those that promulgate law, present decisions regarding specific cases, documents of foreign policy and administrative documents
Byzantine Studies
–
The opening session of the IV International Congress of Byzantine Studies in the Aula of the
University of Sofia, 09/09/1934
11.
Institute of Classical Studies
–
The Institute of Classical Studies is a research institution associated with the University of London. A member of the School of Advanced Study, the Institute is a national and international research Institute in the languages, literature, history, art, archaeology and philosophy of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. The Institute was founded in 1953 by the Senate of the University of London as a partnership between the University and the Hellenic and Roman Societies, the institute produces the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, an academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. BICS is indexed by LAnnée philologique, Eric Gardner Turner Reginald Pepys Winnington-Ingram Eric Handley John Barron Richard Sorabji Geoffrey B
Institute of Classical Studies
–
Colleges and
institutions
12.
Honorary degree
–
An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
Honorary degree
–
The honoris causa
doctorate received by
Jimmy Wales from the
University of Maastricht (2015).
Honorary degree
–
Letter from
Ezra Stiles to
George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of
Yale College (1781).
Honorary degree
–
Elena Ceauşescu becoming
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
University of Manila,
Philippines, in 1975
13.
University of Warwick
–
The University of Warwick is a research university in Coventry, England. It was founded in 1965 as part of a government initiative to expand access to higher education, Warwick Business School was established in 1967 and Warwick Medical School was opened in 2000. Warwick merged with Coventry College of Education in 1979 and Horticulture Research International in 2004, Warwick is primarily based on a 290 hectare campus on the outskirts of Coventry with a satellite campus in Wellesbourne and a London base at the Shard in central London. It is organised into four faculties—Arts, Medicine, Science and Social Sciences—within which there are 32 departments. Warwick has around 23,600 full-time students and 1,800 academic and research staff and had an income of £573.6 million in 2015/16. Warwick Arts Centre, an arts complex in the universitys main campus, is the largest venue of its kind in the UK outside London. It was ranked 7th in the UK amongst multi-faculty institutions for the quality of its research, entrance is competitive, with around 7 applicants per place for undergraduate study. Warwick has been ranked as the worlds 20th best university based on employer reputation, Warwick is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, EQUIS, the European University Association, the M5 Group, the Russell Group and Universities UK. It is the only European member of the Center for Urban Science and Progress, the university has extensive commercial activities, including the University of Warwick Science Park and Warwick Manufacturing Group. The idea for a university in Warwickshire was first mooted shortly after the Second World War, a partnership of the city and county councils ultimately provided the impetus for the university to be established on a 400-acre site jointly granted by the two authorities. There was some discussion between local sponsors from both the city and county over whether it should be named after Coventry or Warwickshire. The name University of Warwick was adopted, even though the County Town of Warwick itself lies some 8 miles to its southwest, the establishment of the University of Warwick was given approval by the government in 1961 and received its Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1965. Since then, the university has incorporated the former Coventry College of Education in 1979 and has extended its holdings by the continuing purchase of adjoining farm land. The university also benefited from a donation from the family of Jack Martin. The university initially admitted a small intake of students in 1964. Since its establishment Warwick has expanded its grounds to 721 acres with modern buildings and academic facilities, lakes. In the 1960s and 1970s, Warwick had a reputation as a radical institution. More recently, the university was seen as an institution of the Labour government which was in power from 1997 to 2010
University of Warwick
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Warwick Arts Centre at night
University of Warwick
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The University of Warwick
University of Warwick
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Ian Davenport 's Everything (2004) in the Warwick Mathematics Institute.
University of Warwick
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L to R: International Manufacturing Centre (IMC), Department of Computer Science (DCS), Zeeman Building (Maths and Statistics)
14.
University of St Andrews
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The University of St Andrews is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties, the university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas, in term time, over one-third of the towns population is either a staff member or student of the university. It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, the Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the worlds Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom, St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews alumni and former staff, a charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the university status by issuing a series of papal bulls. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432, subsequent kings supported the university with King James V confirming privileges of the university in 1532. A college of theology and arts called St Johns College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose, St Salvators College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonards College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, St Johns College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Marys College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvators Chapel, St Leonards College Chapel, at this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was beset by civil. He described it as pining in decay and struggling for life, in the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A and it required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the level as men in October 1894
University of St Andrews
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College Hall, within the 16th century St Mary's College building
University of St Andrews
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University of St Andrews
shield
University of St Andrews
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St Salvator's Chapel in 1843
University of St Andrews
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The "Gateway" building, built in 2000 and now used for the university's management department
15.
University of Aberdeen
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The University of Aberdeen is a public research university in Aberdeen, Scotland. The university as it is today was formed in 1860 by a merger between Kings College and Marischal College, a university founded in 1593 as a Protestant alternative to the former. Today, Aberdeen is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world and is one of two universities in the city, the other being the Robert Gordon University. The universitys iconic buildings act as symbols of wider Aberdeen, particularly Marischal College in the city centre, there are two campuses, the predominantly utilised Kings College campus dominates the section of the city known as Old Aberdeen, which is approximately two miles north of the city centre. Although the original site of the foundation, most academic buildings were constructed in the 20th century during a period of significant expansion. The universitys Foresterhill campus is next to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and houses the School of Medicine, Aberdeen has approximately 13,500 students from undergraduate to doctoral level, including many international students. An abundant range of disciplines are taught at the university, with 650 undergraduate degree offered in the 2012-13 academic year. Five Nobel laureates have since associated with Aberdeen. The first principal was Hector Boece, graduate and professor of the University of Paris, despite this founding date, teaching did not start for another ten years, and the University of Aberdeen celebrated 500 years of teaching and learning in 2005. Following the Scottish Reformation in 1560, Kings College was purged of its Roman Catholic staff, George Keith, the fifth Earl Marischal was a moderniser within the college and supportive of the reforming ideas of Peter Ramus. In April 1593 he founded a university in the city. It is also possible the founding of another college in nearby Fraserburgh by Sir Alexander Fraser, Aberdeen was highly unusual at this time for having two universities in one city, as 20th-century University prospectuses observed, Aberdeen had the same number as existed in England at the time. In addition, a university was set up to the north of Aberdeen in Fraserburgh from 1595. Initially, Marischal College offered the Principal of Kings College a role in selecting its academics, Marischal College, in the commercial heart of the city, was quite different in nature and outlook. For example, it was integrated into the life of the city. The two rival colleges often clashed, sometimes in court, but also in brawls between students on the streets of Aberdeen, as the institutions put aside their differences, a process of attempted mergers began in the 17th century. During this time, both colleges made notable contributions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Both colleges supported the Jacobite rebellion and following the defeat of the 1715 rising were largely purged by the authorities of their academics and officials
University of Aberdeen
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King's College, Aberdeen. Visible is chapel and tomb of William Elphinstone, seen in May 2013
University of Aberdeen
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Marischal College with the new front under construction; circa 1900
University of Aberdeen
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Façade of the Sir Duncan Rice Library at King's College campus
University of Aberdeen
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King's College
16.
Society of Antiquaries of London
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It is based at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, and is a registered charity. Members of the Society are known as Fellows and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FSA after their names, the Society retains a highly selective election procedure, in comparison with many other learned societies. Elections then occur by anonymous ballot, and a candidate must achieve a ratio of two votes for every ‘no vote cast by Fellows participating in the ballot to be elected as a Fellow. Fellowship is thus regarded as recognition of significant achievement in the fields of archaeology, antiquities, history, the first secretary for the society was William Stukeley. The Society has grown to more than 2,900 Fellows, a precursor organisation, the College of Antiquaries, was founded c. 1586 and functioned largely as a debating society until it was forbidden to do so by King James I in 1614. The first informal meeting of the modern Society of Antiquaries occurred at the Bear Tavern on The Strand on 5 December 1707, the proposal for the society was to be advanced by Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, but his dismissal from government caused it to become idle. The formalisation of proceedings occurred in 1717, the first minutes at the Mitre Tavern and those attending these meetings examined objects, gave talks, and discussed theories of historical sites. Reports on the dilapidation of significant buildings were also produced, the society was also concerned with the topics of heraldry, genealogy, and historical documents. In 1751, an application for a charter of incorporation was sought by its long-serving vice president Joseph Ayloffe. The Society began to gather large collections of manuscripts, paintings, the acquisition of a large group of important paintings in 1828 preceded the establishment of the National Portrait Gallery by some 30 years. A gift of Thomas Kenwich, which included portraits of Edward IV, Mary Tudor, among other finds, they discovered the previously unknown London citadel in the northwest corner of the London Wall. The findings were summarized in 1968 by W. F, in 2007, the Society celebrated its tercentennial year with an exhibition at the Royal Academy entitled Making History, Antiquaries in Britain 1707-2007. The Societys Library is the archaeological research library in the UK. Having acquired material since the early 18th century, the Librarys present holdings number more than 100,000 books, the catalogue include rare drawings and manuscripts, such as the inventory of all Henry VIIIs possessions at the time of his death. The series continued to appear on a basis until 1906. The papers were published in a format, and were notable for the inclusion of finely engraved views. A fellow of the society, Richard Gough, sought to expand and improve publication of the societys research, the first of these with a reproduction of a 16th-century oil painting of the historic scene at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. The paper for this series required a larger size than was available, the manufacturer James Whatman was instructed to create a sheet 31 in ×53 in, the engraving of the plate, measuring 4 ft 1 in by 2 ft 3 in, required two years to complete
Society of Antiquaries of London
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Entrance in the courtyard of Burlington House
Society of Antiquaries of London
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Vertue, 'The Gate at Whitehall' (
Holbein Gate) in Vetusta Monumenta Vol.1, 1747 (1826).
17.
British Academy
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The British Academy is the United Kingdoms national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It receives a grant from the Department for Business, Innovation. In 2014/15 the British Academys total income was £33,100,000, including £27,000,000 from BIS. £32,900,000 was distributed during the year in grants, awards. The British Academy was established in 1902 and received its Royal Charter in the same year and it is now a fellowship of more than 900 leading scholars spanning all disciplines across the humanities and social sciences. The Academy is a self-governing and independent registered charity, based at 10–11 Carlton House Terrace in London, as a learned society, it seeks to foster and promote the full range of work that makes up the humanities and social sciences, including inter- and multi-disciplinary work. Until 1927–28 the Academy had no premises, then it moved to some rooms in No.6 Burlington Gardens. In 1968 it moved the short distance to Burlington House and it subsequently moved to headquarters near Regents Park. Then in 1998 the Academy moved to its present headquarters in Carlton House Terrace, overlooking St Jamess Park, the Terrace was designed by John Nash and built in the 1820s and 1830s. Number 10 was formerly the London residence of the Ridley family, in March 2010, the Academy embarked on a £2. 75m project to renovate and restore the public rooms in No. 11, following the departure of former tenant the Foreign Press Association, the work was completed in January 2011 and the new spaces include a new 150-seat Wolfson Auditorium are available for public hire. The history, problems and achievements of the Academy have been recorded in works by two of its Secretaries, Sir Frederic Kenyon’s volume of 37 pages covers the years up to 1951, Sir Mortimer Wheeler’s volume covers the years 1949 to 1968. Election as a Fellow of the British Academy recognises high scholarly distinction in the humanities or social sciences, fellows may use the letters FBA after their names. The British Academy channels substantial public funding support for individuals and organisations pursuing humanities and social sciences research and scholarship in the UK. In 2014/15, the Academy received around £30m to support research and researchers across the humanities, funds available to the Academy were invested in the following main areas, research career development, a portfolio of research grant opportunities, and international engagement. The demand and quality of applications submitted for Academy funding remains high and this year the Academy received around 3,600 applications and made 588 awards to scholars based in around 100 different universities across the UK – a success rate of 16%. The Academy also funds and coordinates a network of overseas institutes which provide local expertise, logistical support, as the UKs national voice for the humanities and social sciences, the British Academy seeks to promote and protect the interests and health of these disciplines and their research base. The Centre was established in October 2009 initially funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and it oversees a programme of activity engaging the expertise within the humanities and social sciences to shed light on policy issues. It produces substantive reports making recommendations on policy and practice
British Academy
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The British Academy's premises at 10–11
Carlton House Terrace
British Academy
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The British Academy's royal seal depicts the Greek muse
Clio. She was redrawn by designer and illustrator Debbie Cook in 2008.
British Academy
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Professor
Mary Beard, Fellow of the British Academy, filming in
Rome, Italy
British Academy
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Rowan Williams, Fellow of the British Academy
18.
Somerville College, Oxford
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Somerville College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1879 as Somerville Hall, it was one of the first womens colleges in Oxford, today, around 50% of students are male. The first male students were admitted to the college in 1994, the college is located at the southern end of Woodstock Road, with Little Clarendon Street to the south and Walton Street to the west. Between 2006 and 2016, the endowment rose from £44.5 million to £57.7 million. In June 1878, the Association for the Higher Education of Women was formed, talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties split, and Talbots group founded Lady Margaret Hall. Thus, in 1879, a committee was formed to create a college in which no distinction will be made between students on the ground of their belonging to different religious denominations. This second committee included John Percival, George William Kitchin, A. H. D. Acland, Thomas Hill Green, Mary Ward, William Sidgwick, Henry Nettleship, and A. G. Vernon Harcourt. This new effort resulted in the founding of Somerville Hall, named for the recently deceased Scottish mathematician. During World War I the college was converted into a hospital as Somerville Section of the 3rd Southern General Hospital. For the duration of the war, Somerville students relocated to Oriel College, notable patients who stayed in Somerville include Robert Graves and Siegfried Sassoon, who opens Siegfrieds Progress with a reference to the college. Photographs of the college in this period can be hanging in Hall. When opened, Somerville Hall had twelve students, ranging in age between 17 and 36, in 1891 it became the first womens hall to introduce entrance exams. The hall was renamed Somerville College in 1894, becoming the first of the colleges to adopt this title. In 1920, Oxford University allowed women to matriculate and therefore gain degrees, during the principalship of Janet Vaughan, Somerville, along with the other womens colleges, became a full constituent college of Oxford University. During the 1980s, there was debate as to whether womens colleges should become mixed. In the 1890s Somerville helped fashion the “New Woman”, a century later…. the college has set itself the greater challenge of educating the New Man. The college and its entrance, the Porters Lodge, are located on Woodstock Road
Somerville College, Oxford
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Colleges and
halls of the
University of Oxford Somerville College
Somerville College, Oxford
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Mary Somerville, 1780 - 1872, after whom the College is named
Somerville College, Oxford
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House from the Quad
Somerville College, Oxford
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Somerville College, Oxford - Main Quad, looking westwards, from left to right Penrose, Wolfson, Park, Holtby
19.
Agathias
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Agathias was a native of Myrina. A brother of Agathias is mentioned in sources, but his name has not survived. Their probable sister Eugenia is known by name, the Suda clarifies that Agathias was active in the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I, mentioning him as a contemporary of Paul the Silentiary, Macedonius of Thessalonica and Tribonian. Agathias mentions being present in Alexandria as a law student at the time when an earthquake destroyed Berytus, the law school of Berytus had been recognized as one of the three official law schools of the empire. Within a few years, as the result of the earthquake of 551. The dating of the event to 551, as a law student, Agathias could be in his early twenties and he mentions leaving Alexandria for Constantinople shortly following the earthquake. Agathias visited the island of Kos, where he witnessed the devastation caused by the earthquake and he returned to Constantinople in 554 to finish his training, and practised as an advocatus in the courts. John of Epiphania reports that Agathias practiced his profession in the capital, evagrius Scholasticus and Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos describe Agathias as a rhetor. The Suda and a passage of John of Nikiû call him Agathias the scholastic and he is known to have served as pater civitatis of Smyrna. He is credited with constructing public latrines for the city, while Agathias mentions these buildings, he fails to mention his own role in constructing them. Myrina is known to have erected statues to honor Agathias, his father Memnonius and he seems to have been known to his contemporaries more as an advocatus and a poet. There are few mentions of Agathias as a historian, few details survive of his personal life – mainly in his extant poems. One of them tells the story of his pet cat eating his partridge, another responds to his seeing the tomb of the courtesan Lais of Corinth, implying a visit to that city, which he refers to using the poetic name Ephyra. No full account of his life survives, literature, however, was Agathias favorite pursuit, and he remains best known as a poet. Of his Daphniaca, a collection of poems in hexameter on love and romance in nine books. This work largely survives in the Greek Anthology—the edition by Maximus Planudes preserves examples not found elsewhere, Agathiass poems exhibit considerable taste and elegance. He also wrote notes on the Description of Greece of Pausanias. Almost equally valued are Agathiass Histories, which he started in the reign of Justin II and he explains his own motivation in writing it, as simply being unwilling to let the momentous events of his own times go unrecorded
Agathias
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A game of
τάβλη (tabula) played by Zeno in 480 and recorded by Agathias in circa 530 because of a very unlucky dice result for Zeno. The game is nearly identical to
backgammon; Zeno (red) threw 2, 5 and 6 and was forced to leave eight pieces alone and thus exposed to capture. See "Zeno's Game of τάβλη".
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
21.
Procopius
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Procopius of Caesarea was a prominent late antique scholar from Palaestina Prima. He is commonly held to be the last major historian of the ancient Western world, apart from his own writings, the main source for Procopius life is an entry in the Suda, a Byzantine encyclopaedia, written sometime after 975, which tells everything about his early life. He was a native of Caesarea in the Roman Province Palaestina Prima and he evidently knew Latin, as was natural for a man with legal training. In 527, the first year of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinians reign, he became the adsessor for Belisarius, Procopius was with Belisarius on the eastern front until the latter was defeated at the Battle of Callinicum in 531 and recalled to Constantinople. Procopius witnessed the Nika riots of January,532, which Belisarius, Procopius recorded a few of the extreme weather events of 535–536, although these were presented as a backdrop to Roman military activities, such as a mutiny, in and near Carthage. He rejoined Belisarius for his campaign against the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy and experienced the Gothic siege of Rome that lasted a year and nine days and he witnessed Belisarius entry into the Gothic capital, Ravenna, in 540. Book Eight of the Wars of Justinian, and the Secret History, suggest that his relationship with Belisarius seems to have cooled thereafter. When Belisarius was sent back to Italy in 544 to cope with a renewal of the war with the Goths, now led by the able king Totila, Procopius appears to have no longer been on Belisarius staff. As magister militum, Belisarius was a vir illustris, and Procopius, as his adsessor, must and he thus belonged to the middle-ranking group of the ordo senatorius. However, the Suda, which is well informed in such matters. Should this information be correct, then Procopius had a seat in the senate of Constantinople and it is not known when Procopius himself died, and many historians date his death to 554, but in 562 there was an urban prefect of Constantinople who happened to be called Procopius. In that year, Belisarius was implicated in a conspiracy and was brought before this urban prefect, the writings of Procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian. Procopius Wars of Justinian is clearly his most important work, although it is not as known as the Secret History. The first two deal with the conflict between the Romans and Sassanid Persia in Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia, Lazica and Caucasian Iberia. They also cover the early career of the Roman general Belisarius, Procopius patron, the next two books, the Vandal War, cover Belisarius successful campaign against the Vandal kingdom in Roman Africa. The remaining books cover the Gothic War, the campaigns by Belisarius and others to recapture Italy and this includes accounts of the sieges of Naples and Rome. Later, Procopius added a book, which brings the history to 552/553. This eighth book covers both in Italy and on the Eastern frontier
Procopius
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Emperor Justinian
Procopius
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Triumphal arch at the entrance to the
Sangarius Bridge
22.
University of California Press
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University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California and its headquarters are located in Oakland, California. It also distributes titles published by the Huntington Library, Watershed Media, each year it publishes approximately 180 new books and 31 journals in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences and keeps about 3,500 book titles in print. The Press commissioned as its corporate typeface University of California Old Style from type designer Frederic Goudy from 1936-8, finley Joan of Arc, The Image of Female Heroism, Marina Warner Strong Democracy, Participatory Politics for a New Age, Benjamin R. These titles were selected for their merit and for their illumination of California history. The Ford by Mary Austin Thieves Market by A. I, by Al Young Official University of California Press website California Digital Library - University of California Libraries Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection Mark Twain Project Online
University of California Press
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2008 conference booth
23.
HarperCollins
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The company is headquartered in New York City and is a subsidiary of News Corp. The worldwide CEO of HarperCollins is Brian Murray, HarperCollins has publishing groups in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and India and China. As of 2017 China provides as the source of manufacturing. The company publishes many different imprints, both former independent publishing houses and new imprints, in 1989, Collins was bought by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, and the publisher was combined with Harper & Row, which NewsCorp had acquired two years earlier. In 1999, News Corporation purchased the Hearst Book Group, consisting of William Morrow & Company and these imprints are now published under the rubric of HarperCollins. HarperCollins bought educational publisher Letts and Lonsdale in March 2010, in 2011, HarperCollins announced they had agreed to acquire the publisher Thomas Nelson. The purchase was completed on July 11,2012, with an announcement that Thomas Nelson would operate independently given the position it has in Christian book publishing. Both Thomas Nelson and Zondervan were then organized as imprints, or keystone publishing programs, under a new division, key roles in the reorganization were awarded to former Thomas Nelson executives. Brian Murray, the current CEO of HarperCollins, succeeded Jane Friedman who was CEO from 1997 to 2008, notable management figures include Lisa Sharkey, current senior vice president and director of creative development and Barry Winkleman from 1989 to 1994. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, HarperCollins, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law. The Scranton, PA warehouse closed in September 2013 and a Nashville, TN warehouse, under the name Thomas Nelson, several office positions and departments continued to work for HarperCollins in Scranton, but in a new location. Company officials attribute the closings and mergers to the growing demand for e-book formats. HarperCollins maintains the backlist of many of the originally published by their many merged imprints. Authors published originally by Harper include Mark Twain, the Brontë sisters, authors published originally by Collins include H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie and J. R. R. Tolkien. This is a list of some of the more noted books, N. D. Gone, Clive Barker The Children of Húrin, J. R. R. R. R. They were the home of Maurice Sendak, Shel Silverstein. In 1998, Nordstroms personal correspondence was published as Dear Genius, The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom, Zolotow later became head of the Childrens Books Department, and went on to become the companys first female Vice-President. The Chronicles of Narnia series by C. S. Lewis, HarperCollins has published the following notable childrens books, the I Can Read
HarperCollins
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The News Building, HarperCollins's UK headquarters in
London
HarperCollins
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2008 conference booth
24.
Routledge
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Routledge is a British multinational publisher. The company publishes approximately 1,800 journals &5,000 new books each year, Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences. Following the merger of Informa and T&F in 2004, Routledge become a publishing unit, the firm originated in 1836, when Camden bookseller George Routledge published an unsuccessful guidebook, The Beauties of Gilsand with his brother-in-law W H Warne as assistant. The company was restyled in 1858 as Routledge, Warne & Routledge when George Routledges son, Robert Warne Routledge, Frederick Warne eventually left the company after the death of his brother W. H. Warne in May 1859. Gaining rights to titles, he founded Frederick Warne & Co in 1865. In July 1865, his son Edmund Routledge became a partner, by 1902 the company was running close to bankruptcy. Following a successful restructuring, however, it was able to recover and began to acquire and merge with other publishing companies including J. C. In 1912 the company merged with Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. the descendant of companies founded by Charles Kegan Paul, Alexander Chenevix Trench, Nicholas Trübner and it was soon particularly known for its titles in the social sciences. In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined with Associated Book Publishers, just two year later, Cinven and Routledges directors accepted a deal for Routledges acquisition by Taylor & Francis Group, with the Routledge name being retained as an imprint and subdivision. In 2004, T&F became a division within Informa plc after a merger, Routledge has grown considerably as a result of organic growth and acquisitions of other publishing companies and other publishers titles by its parent company. Humanities and social sciences acquired by T&F from other publishers are rebranded under the Routledge imprint. The famous English publisher Fredric Warburg was an editor at Routledge during the early 20th century. Novelist Nina Stibbe author of Love, Nina worked at the company as a Commissioning Editor in the 1990s, the republished works of these authors have appeared as part of the Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds series. Competitors to the series are Verso Books Radical Thinkers, Penguin Classics, Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006. Some of its publications were, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Edward Craig, in 10 volumes, Encyclopedia of Ethics, by Lawrence C. Reference Works by Europa Publications, published by Routledge, Europa World Year Book, many of Routledges reference works are published in print and electronic formats as Routledge Handbooks and have their own dedicated Web site, Routledge Handbooks Online. Records of Routledge & Kegan Paul - Correspondence files covering the period 1935 to 1990, as well as review files 1950s-1990s, Special Collections, archives of George Routledge & Company 1853-1902, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973. 6 reels of microfilm and printed index, archives of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Henry S. King 1858-1912, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973
Routledge
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2008 conference booth
Routledge
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Routledge
25.
Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the worlds oldest publishing house and it also holds letters patent as the Queens Printer. The Presss mission is To further the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. With a global presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries. Its publishing includes journals, monographs, reference works, textbooks. Cambridge University Press is an enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the university. Cambridge University Press is both the oldest publishing house in the world and the oldest university press and it originated from Letters Patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534, and has been producing books continuously since the first University Press book was printed. Cambridge is one of the two privileged presses, authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton, William Harvey, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, and Stephen Hawking. In 1591, Thomass successor, John Legate, printed the first Cambridge Bible, the London Stationers objected strenuously, claiming that they had the monopoly on Bible printing. The universitys response was to point out the provision in its charter to print all manner of books. In July 1697 the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university towards the house and presse and James Halman, Registrary of the University. It was in Bentleys time, in 1698, that a body of scholars was appointed to be responsible to the university for the Presss affairs. The Press Syndicates publishing committee still meets regularly, and its role still includes the review, John Baskerville became University Printer in the mid-eighteenth century. Baskervilles concern was the production of the finest possible books using his own type-design, a technological breakthrough was badly needed, and it came when Lord Stanhope perfected the making of stereotype plates. This involved making a mould of the surface of a page of type. The Press was the first to use this technique, and in 1805 produced the technically successful, under the stewardship of C. J. Clay, who was University Printer from 1854 to 1882, the Press increased the size and scale of its academic and educational publishing operation. An important factor in this increase was the inauguration of its list of schoolbooks, during Clays administration, the Press also undertook a sizable co-publishing venture with Oxford, the Revised Version of the Bible, which was begun in 1870 and completed in 1885. It was Wright who devised the plan for one of the most distinctive Cambridge contributions to publishing—the Cambridge Histories, the Cambridge Modern History was published between 1902 and 1912
Cambridge University Press
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The University Printing House, on the main site of the Press
Cambridge University Press
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The
letters patent of Cambridge University Press by
Henry VIII allow the Press to print "all manner of books". The fine initial with the king's portrait inside it and the large first line of script are still discernible.
Cambridge University Press
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The Pitt Building in Cambridge, which used to be the headquarters of Cambridge University Press, and now serves as a conference centre for the Press.
Cambridge University Press
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On the main site of the Press
26.
Harvard University Press
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Harvard University Press is a publishing house established on January 13,1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. In 2005, it published 220 new titles and it is a member of the Association of American University Presses. Its current director is William P. Sisler and the editor-in-chief is Susan Wallace Boehmer, the press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, in New York City, and in London, England. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the Harvard Guide to American History. The John Harvard Library book series is published under the Belknap imprint, Harvard University Press distributes the Loeb Classical Library and is the publisher of the I Tatti Renaissance Library, the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, and the Murty Classical Library of India. It is distinct from Harvard Business Press, which is part of Harvard Business Publishing, category, Harvard University Press books Hall, Max. Official website Blog of Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press
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Kittredge Hall, home to Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press
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History
27.
Colleges of the University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford has 38 Colleges and six Permanent Private Halls of religious foundation. These colleges are not only houses of residence, but have substantial responsibility for student teaching, generally tutorials and classes are the responsibility of colleges, while lectures, examinations, laboratories, and the central library are run by the university. Most colleges take both graduates and undergraduates, but several are for graduates only, undergraduate and graduate students may name preferred colleges in their applications. For the Department of Physics, reallocation is done on a random basis after a shortlist of candidates is drawn upon, for graduate students, many colleges express a preference for candidates who plan to undertake research in an area of interest of one of its fellows. St Hughs College, for example, states that it accepts students in most subjects. College buildings range from the medieval to modern buildings, but most are made up of interlinked quadrangles,2008 saw the first modern merger of colleges, with Green College and Templeton College merging to form Green Templeton College. This reduced the number of Colleges of the University from 39 to 38, the number of PPHs also reduced in 2008, when Greyfriars closed down. The University of Oxfords collegiate system arose because the university came into existence through the agglomeration of independent institutions in the city of Oxford. The first academic houses were monastic halls, of the dozens that were established in Oxford during the 12th to 15th centuries, none survived the Reformation. The modern Dominican permanent private hall of Blackfriars is a descendant of the original, as the University took shape, friction between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Often generously endowed and with permanent teaching staff, the colleges were originally the preserve of graduate students, however, once they began accepting fee-paying undergraduates in the 14th century, the halls days were numbered. The fourth oldest college is Exeter, which was founded in 1314 and the fifth is Oriel, the most recent new foundation is Kellogg College, founded in 1990, while the most recent overall is Green Templeton College,2008. Women entered the university for the first time in 1878, becoming members of the University in 1920, womens colleges before integration were Somerville College, Lady Margaret Hall, St Annes, St Hildas, and St Hughs. In 1974 the first mens colleges to admit women as members were Brasenose, Hertford, Jesus College, St Catherines, however, the Hall had begun to admit female postgraduate students from Michaelmas 2014. Some colleges, such as Kellogg, Linacre, Nuffield, St Antonys, St Cross, all Souls College admits only Fellows. Harris Manchester College is intended specifically for students with a minimum age of 21. Each college and permanent private hall has its own arms, although in some cases these were assumed rather than granted by the College of Arms, the blazons below are taken from the Oxford University Calendar unless otherwise indicated
Colleges of the University of Oxford
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Aerial view of many of the colleges of the University of Oxford
Colleges of the University of Oxford
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Brasenose College in the 1670s
28.
John Vickers
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Sir John Vickers is a British economist and the Warden of All Souls College, Oxford. Sir John was educated at Eastbourne Grammar School and Oriel College, Oxford, after a period working in the oil industry, he taught economics at Oxford University and was Drummond Professor of Political Economy from 1991 to 2008. His visiting academic posts have included the London Business School, the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University. He was President of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2003–2007, from 1998 to 2000 he was Chief Economist at the Bank of England and a member of the Monetary Policy Committee. From 2000 to 2005 he was Director General/Chairman of the Office of Fair Trading, since October 2008, he has been Warden of All Souls College, Oxford. In June 2010, he became Chair of the UKs newly created Independent Commission on Banking, the ICBs task is to consider structural and related non-structural reforms to the UK banking sector to promote financial stability and competition. The reforms are to be implemented by 2019 at the latest at a cost to the banks of between £4bn-7bn, in the autumn of 2011, he returned to teaching at Oxford. He currently teaches the first-year undergraduate Introductory Macroeconomics course, John Vickers has written widely on economic topics. His current research concerns the economics of competition and regulation
John Vickers
–
v
29.
Richard Carwardine
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Richard John Carwardine, FRHistS, FBA, FLSW is a Welsh historian and academic. He specialises in American Politics and religion in the era of the American Civil War and he was President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford from 2010 to 2016. Carwardine was born in Cardiff, Wales, the son of John Francis Carwardine and he attended Maesycwmmer Primary School and Monmouth School. At Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as William Jones Exhibitioner and he studied for his D. Phil. in Modern History at the Queens College, Oxford, and the University of California, Berkeley, as the Ochs-Oakes Senior Scholar in American History and Institutions. Carwardine taught American history at the University of Sheffield where he served as Dean of the Faculty of Arts. In 2002 he was appointed Rhodes Professor of American History & Institutions at Oxford University, elected President of Corpus Christi College, he assumed office in January 2010. He is also a Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University. Litt, Carwardine is a co-founder of the Abbey Shakespeare Players. The company present a Shakespeare play every summer at St. Dogmaels Abbey in Pembrokeshire, transatlantic Revivalism, Popular Evangelicalism in Britain and America, 1790-1865. ISBN 0-313-20308-3 OCLC4037176 Carwardine, Richard, evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America. New Haven, Yale University Press,1993, ISBN 0-300-05413-0 OCLC26931100 Carwardine, Richard. Abraham Lincoln and the Fourth Estate, The White House and the Press During the American Civil War, ISBN 0-704-91197-3 OCLC61810490 Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln, A Life of Purpose and Power, new York, Alfred A. Knopf,2006. ISBN 1-400-04456-1 OCLC60421093 Carwardine, Richard, and Jay Sexton, new York, Oxford University Press,2011. ISBN 019537911X OCLC666242533 Lecture at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library Debretts People of Today
Richard Carwardine
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Richard Carwardine in July 2010 during the Gilder-Lehrman "Age of Lincoln" seminar at St. Catherine's College
30.
Rick Trainor
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Sir Richard Hughes Rick Trainor KBE, FRHS, FKC FAcSS, is an academic administrator and historian who served as the Principal of Kings College London from 2004 to 2014. He was previously the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Greenwich from 2000 to 2004 and he is currently Rector of Exeter College, Oxford. Trainor was born in the United States and he was awarded an honorary knighthood in June 2010 for services to higher education in the United Kingdom. The award was honorary because of his American nationality, but on 31 December 2010 the knighthood was made substantive by Queen Elizabeth II following his assumption of British nationality, Trainor was educated at Calvert Hall College High School in Towson, Maryland, in the United States. He graduated from Brown University with a BA summa cum laude in American Civilization and he is a former Rhodes Scholar. He is a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and he is also an Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and Trinity College of Music, and a member of the Anglo-American Fulbright Commission. Trainor is currently the President of the Economic History Society and he holds honorary degrees from the University of Kent, the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, and the University of Glasgow. He has been Emeritus professor of Social History at Kings College London since 2014 and he is an honorary fellow of the Institute of Historical Research. As a result of his work with Kings College London, the established a scholarship in his name. He is married to Marguerite Dupree, an historian of medicine currently at Glasgow University. Trainor was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Greenwich, prior to this appointment, he was Senior Vice-Principal of the University of Glasgow. In 2004 Trainor became Principal of Kings College London, where he is also Professor of Social History, in 2009 the title of President of Kings was added. Between 2007 and 2009 Rick served as President of Universities UK and he served on the Confederation of British Industries Higher Education Task Force from 2008–2009. Since becoming Principal of Kings in 2004, Trainor has overseen the promotion of the College from 96th to 19th place in the QS World University Rankings, in 2010 Kings was named UK Sunday Times University of the Year. According to 2014s Research Excellence Framework, the academic institution rose 15 places since its last assessment in 2008 and he also oversaw the joining Kings College London with the Francis Crick Institute in 2011. During Trainors tenure, in 2009 Kings acquired the East Wing of Somerset House, Somerset House East Wing was opened by Her Majesty The Queen in February 2012. Under Trainors leadership, the College launched Kings Cultural Institute, enhancing ties to a number of national cultural institutions. Trainor received the Annual Leadership Award of the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education in June 2011 for his role in the Colleges fundraising and these centres of research and study aim to focus on contemporary developments in fast-changing parts of the world
Rick Trainor
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Sir Richard Trainor
31.
Will Hutton
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William Nicolas Hutton is a British political economist, writer, weekly newspaper columnist and former editor-in-chief for The Observer. He is widely known for his advocacy of centre-left policies, criticisms of the neoliberal economic consensus, although born in Woolwich, where his father had worked at the Royal Ordnance factory, Hutton began his education in Scotland. He went to Bishopton Primary School in Bishopton, Renfrewshire, then Paisley Grammar School when he was eight and his father moved to Bromley, then in Kent, and he attended Southborough Lane County Primary School in Petts Wood. Hutton studied at Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School in Sidcup, where he was introduced to A level economics by a teacher and he only got average marks at O-level, but enjoyed the sixth form more, studying geography, history and economics. He organised the school tennis team, Hutton moved on to work in television and radio, spending ten years with the BBC, including working as economics correspondent for Newsnight from 1983 to 1988, where he replaced Peter Hobday. In 2010 he was criticised for his handling of the Industrial Society by a number of publications including The Sunday Times and Private Eye, as a result of Huttons directorship the Work Foundation ceased to be financially viable and was sold to Lancaster University. In March 2011, he was appointed as Principal of Hertford College, Oxford and he continues to be associated with the Work Foundation as chair-designate of a major new initiative on innovation. He sits on the European Advisory Board of Princeton University Press, Huttons book The Writing on the Wall was released in the UK in January 2007. On 18 February 2007, Hutton was a featured guest in BBCs Have Your Say programme discussing the implications of Chinas growth, in 1992, he won the What The Papers Say award for Political Journalist of the Year. In 2003 he was made an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Bristol and his latest book, Them and Us, Changing Britain – Why We Need a Fair Society, was published by Little, Brown. Hutton married Jane Atkinson, the daughter of a neurosurgeon, in 1978 and they have two daughters, Alice and Sarah. His wife was a director of a property development company called First Premise based in Richmond upon Thames, Jane was diagnosed of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in December 2013, and died in February 2016. The Scene Shifts, the Legacy Remains, the State of the Nation, The Political Legacy of Aneurin Bevan. Discussion with Anthony Giddens and Jonathan Pugh, December 2008 Hutton on April 2011 Lateline on Chinas economic bubble, interview with Tony Jones in October 2008
Will Hutton
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Will Hutton
Will Hutton
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Hutton (right) with
Vince Cable in 2013
32.
Nigel Shadbolt
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Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt FREng CEng CITP FBCS CPsychol is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Sir Tim Berners-Lee and he is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is a researcher, policy expert and commentator. He has studied and researched Psychology, Cognitive Science, Computational Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science and he has made numerous contributions to all of these disciplines. Running through all of work has been his desire to understand how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines. Shadbolt was born in London but raised in the Derbyshire village of Ashford-in-the-Water and he studied for an undergraduate degree in philosophy and psychology at Newcastle University. His PhD was from the Department of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Edinburgh and his thesis resulted in a framework for understanding how human dialogue is organised. He also writes on the implications of his research. One example is the book he co-authored with Kieron OHara that examines privacy and his most recent research is on the topic of social machines – understanding the emergent problem solving that arises from a combination of humans, computers and data at webscale. The SOCIAM project on social machines is funded by the Engineering, in 1983, Shadbolt moved to the University of Nottingham and joined the Department of Psychology. From 2000 to 2015 he was Professor of Artificial Intelligence in the School of Electronics, from 2000 to 2007, he led and directed the Advanced Knowledge Technologies Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration. In 2006 Shadbolt became a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and he is a Fellow of the British Computer Society and was its President in its 50th jubilee year. His Semantic Web research led to the formation of Garlik, offering identity protection services, in 2008, Garlik was awarded Technology Pioneer status by the Davos World Economic Forum and won the prestigious UK BT Flagship IT Award. Garlik had over 500,000 users when Experian acquired it in November 2011, in June 2009 he was appointed together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee as Information Advisor to the UK Government. The two led a team to develop data. gov. uk, a point of access for UK non-personal Governmental public data. In December 2012, Shadbolt and Sir Tim Berners-Lee formally launched the Open Data Institute, the ODI focuses on incubating and nurturing new businesses wanting to harness open data, training and promoting standards. In 2013, Shadbolt and Sir Tim Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of tech startup State. com, on 1 August 2015 he became Principal of Jesus College, Oxford and a Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Nigel Shadbolt
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Sir Nigel Shadbolt
Nigel Shadbolt
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Nigel Shadbolt speaking at
Wikimania 2014
33.
Alan Rusbridger
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Alan Charles Rusbridger is a British journalist, Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford and the former editor-in-chief of The Guardian. He took up the post in 1995, having been a reporter, Rusbridger stood down from the post at the end of May 2015 and was succeeded by Katharine Viner. Rusbridger was born in Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia, a protectorate, the son of B. E. and G. H. Rusbridger, at Magdalene College, Cambridge, he read English Literature. During the vacations of his first two years at university, he worked for the Cambridge Evening News as an intern, and he stayed with the Evening News until 1979. He then joined The Guardian as a reporter, and subsequently wrote the papers diary column, in November 1985, Rusbridger had a brief stint as a Royal reporter following the Prince and Princess of Wales around Melbourne, Australia. Fascinated by gadgets, at this stage he was using a Tandy word processor. He left in 1986 to become TV critic of The Observer, then a separate newspaper. After returning to The Guardian, he launched the Weekend supplement in 1988 and he became features editor in 1994. As editor he defended the paper against a number of defamation suits, including those from the Police Federation. In the case involving Hamilton, and the lobbyist Ian Greer, he said, Rusbridger countered them by being available for TV interviews over three days to ensure that their version of events did not gain precedence. Hamiltons case collapsed shortly before a hearing, while Aitken was demonstrated to have perjured himself. I mean, a lot of the trade union stuff doesnt seem as horrendous now as it seemed at the time, from around 1997, he oversaw the launch and development of the newspapers website, initially known as Guardian Unlimited. In September 2005 The Guardian responded to the tabloid re-launches of The Times and The Independent by moving from a format to the Berliner format. The print edition of the newspaper still accounted for about 75% of the companys revenue around 2012. Rusbridger received £471,000 in pay and benefits in 2008–9, an alternative action was agreed and in the presence of the authorities the drives were destroyed, Rusbridger described performing the task as slightly pointless. Given that there were copies, I saw no reason not to destroy this material ourselves. On 3 December 2013 Rusbridger gave evidence before a Home Affairs Select Committee hearing on counterterrorism at the UK Parliament with regard to the publication of information leaked by Snowden. In the film The Fifth Estate, about The Guardians former association with the WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, in December 2014, Rusbridger announced he would step down as editor of The Guardian in the summer of 2015
Alan Rusbridger
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Alan Rusbridger at the International Journalism Festival 2014
34.
Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws
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Helena Ann Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws, QC, FRSA, is a British barrister, broadcaster, and Labour member of the House of Lords. Baroness Kennedy is a chair of the Human Genetics Commission, which advises Her Majestys Government on ethical, social. Lady Kennedy was born in Glasgow to a devoutly Roman Catholic family and she is one of four sisters born to Joshua Patrick and Mary Veronica Kennedy, both committed Labour activists. Her father, a printer with the Daily Record, was a union official. She attended Holyrood Secondary School in Glasgow, where she was appointed Head Girl, Kennedy still regularly attends Mass and professes that her Catholicism remains very much part of who I am, even though she eschews its more traditional values. She went on to study Law at Londons Council of Legal Education, among her many cases, Kennedy acted as junior counsel for child murderer Myra Hindley during the latters 1974 trial for plotting to escape from Holloway. Lady Kennedy rebels against her party whip in the House of Lords more frequently than any other Labour Peer and she was Chair of Charter 88 and is closely affiliated to the educational charity Common Purpose. Lady Kennedy was elected principal of Mansfield College, Oxford in July 2010 and her first partner was the actor Iain Mitchell, with whom she lived from 1978 until 1984, and by whom she has a son. In 1986, Kennedy married Dr Iain Louis Hutchison, with whom she has a daughter, helena Kennedy Foundation, registered charity no.1074025
Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws
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Kennedy signing
The Convention on Modern Liberty in January 2009
35.
Martin J. Taylor
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Sir Martin John Taylor, FRS is a British mathematician and academic. On 5 November 2009 he was elected Warden of Merton College, Oxford, Taylor was born in Leicester in 1952 and educated at Wyggeston Grammar School. His early research concerned various properties and structures of algebraic numbers, in 1981 he proved the Fröhlich conjecture relating the symmetries of algebraic integers to the behaviour of certain analytic functions called Artin L-functions. Taylor was awarded the London Mathematical Society Whitehead Prize in 1982 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996. He was President of the London Mathematical Society from 1998 to 2000 and in 2004 was appointed Physical Secretary, Taylor was knighted in the 2009 New Year Honours. Taylor received an honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of East Anglia in July 2012 and his hobbies include fly fishing and hill walking, and he is an enthusiastic supporter of Manchester United. Sir Martin Taylors profile on the Merton College website Martin J. Taylor at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Martin J. Taylor
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Martin J. Taylor (right)
36.
Andrew Dilnot
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Sir Andrew William Dilnot, CBE is a British economist and broadcaster. He was formerly the Director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies from 1991 to 2002, as of September 2012 he is Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford. He took up post as Chair of the UK Statistics Authority in April 2012, Dilnot attended Olchfa School, a comprehensive school in Swansea. He studied PPE at St Johns College, Oxford, Dilnot was Director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies from 1991 to 2002. Dilnot was a presenter on BBC Radio 4’s programme about statistics More or Less, many of the items on the programme deal with the misuse and fabrication of statistics. Dilnot and Michael Blastland wrote The Tiger That Isnt, which was based on More or Less, Dilnot became Principal of St Hughs College in 2002, becoming the only principal of an Oxford College educated at a comprehensive school. He became a Pro Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University in 2005, in June 2010, Dilnot was asked by the government to chair the Commission on Funding of Care and Support. He took a sabbatical from St Hughs College from March to July 2011, the Commission published its report in July 2011. The Commissions primary recommendation was to limit individuals contribution to social care costs to £35,000, currently, individuals who do not fit means-tested criteria can be liable for unlimited costs. The Commissions report was welcomed by Health Secretary Andrew Lansley, in 2011, the government nominated Dilnot to be the Chair of the UK Statistics Authority. Parliament formally endorsed the appointment on 13 December 2011, University of Sheffield Knoop Lecture 2014
Andrew Dilnot
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Sir Andrew Dilnot, Nov 2014
37.
Lynne Brindley
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Dame Lynne Janie Brindley, DBE, FRSA, FBA is the Master of Pembroke College, Oxford. She is also a member of the Ofcom Board, Brindley gained a first class degree in music at the University of Reading around 1975 and then began her professional career as a library trainee at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. She studied librarianship at the School of Librarianship, University College London and she first worked for the British Library in 1979, in the Bibliographic Services Division and by 1983 she led the chief executives office. She moved on to be director of services at the University of Aston. On 17 November 2011, Brindley announced that she would be stepping down from her post as Chief Executive at the British Library at the end of July 2012, Brindley became the Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1 August 2013. In this context of change, Brindley is committed to ensuring that the Library does not become more than a book museum. Brindleys explained, Most people are aware that a switch to digital broadcasting is expected by the end of this decade. A mere 10% of new titles will be available in print alone by 2020, in this context, the British Librarys role in warehousing large book collections is at risk. Brindley accords special priority to the needs of researchers and believes that libraries should also play a key role in helping to teach literacy skills. Students who simply want to use Google and take what it says as gospel do a disservice to the skills people will increasingly need to survive in the digital economy. Brindley has received degrees of D. Litt from the University of Leicester on 11 July 2002, the University of Reading in 2004. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2008 New Years Honours List for services to education, on 16 July 2015, she was elected an honorary fellow of the British Academy. Comment, All this for the price of a latte and a muffin and we cannot allow the British Librarys peerless collection to be put at risk by potential funding The Guardian. A fine collection of headaches, Rupert Christiansen looks at the ups, mPs push for online research library The Guardian. 9 July 2002 Davies, Gareth Huw, bringing Bill Gates to book, A week in the life of Lynne Brindley, timesonline. co. uk,4 March 2007 Day, Julia. British Library seeks marketing head, Guardian. co. uk,16 February 2001 and my work space, Lynne Brindley is the first woman – and the first librarian – to head up the British Library. She talks to Sandra Deeble about the places that inspire her The Guardian, Librarys archive fund gets £6. 5m The Times. Anger grows after British Library junks rare books The Guardian, British Library halts dumping of newspapers The Guardian
Lynne Brindley
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Brindley in 2008
38.
Ivor Roberts (diplomat)
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Sir Ivor Anthony Roberts KCMG is former British diplomat and the current President of Trinity College, Oxford. He was previously British Ambassador to Yugoslavia, Ireland, and Italy, born in Liverpool, Roberts was educated at St Marys College, Crosby and the University of Oxford, graduating with a degree in Modern Languages in 1968 and proceeded to take his MA in 1972. Roberts joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Third Secretary in 1968 and he went to study Arabic at MECAS in the Lebanon in 1969, and was posted to Paris in 1970. He was appointed First Secretary at the British High Commission in Canberra in 1978, in 1980 he was posted temporarily to the newly independent Pacific state of Vanuatu as Political Adviser at the time of a rebellion. He returned to Canberra as Head of the Economic and Commercial Department and he then returned to London and took up the post of Deputy Head of News Department in the FCO. From 1989 to 1993 he was Minister in the British Embassy in Madrid and he was appointed Chargé dAffaires and Consul-General in Belgrade in March 1994, and after recognition of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by the United Kingdom, he became Ambassador. During his time at Belgrade he conducted negotiations on behalf of the international mediators with both the Yugoslav authorities and the Bosnian Serbs, Roberts was also involved in the negotiations for the release of British soldiers held hostage by the Bosnian Serbs in May/June 1995. He left Belgrade at the end of 1997, in 1998-99 he took a sabbatical year as Senior Associate Member of St Antonys College, Oxford. Roberts returned as Ambassador to Ireland 1999–2003, and to Italy from March 2003 until his retirement in 2006, after Sir Ivor retired from HM Diplomatic Service in September 2006 he took up his post as President of Trinity College, Oxford. In April 2007, The Independent confirmed the story, Sir Ivor is the Chairman of the Council of the British School at Rome and a Patron of the Venice in Peril Fund. He also chairs the Board of the Kings College Group in Madrid and is a Member of the International Advisory Board of The Independent News, Roberts is an advisory board member of the Counter Extremism Project. Roberts married Elizabeth Smith, a scholar of French poetry and formerly a diplomat in the Australian Foreign Service, the couple have two sons and a daughter. Lady Roberts is a writer and lecturer on Balkan politics, in 2009, Roberts edited the sixth edition of Satows Diplomatic Practice, originally written in 1917 by Sir Ernest Satow and widely used in embassies throughout the world. It was reviewed by Sir Jeremy Greenstock later the same year, list of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Ireland Website of the British Embassy in Rome New appointments and honours, Oxford Today, The University Magazine,18,1, p.6 Debretts People of Today
Ivor Roberts (diplomat)
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Sir Ivor in London, November 2011
Ivor Roberts (diplomat)
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KCMG Badge and Breast Star
39.
Ivor Crewe
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Sir Ivor Martin Crewe, FAcSS is the Master of University College, Oxford and President of the Academy of Social Sciences. He was previously Vice-Chancellor of the University of Essex and also a Professor in the Department of Government at Essex. Crewe was educated at Manchester Grammar School and then went to Exeter College, Oxford, where he gained a first-class BA in Philosophy, Politics, in 1968 he received his MSc from the London School of Economics and Political Science where he earned the SSRC post-graduate award. At Essex, Crewe was director of the ESRC Data Archive from 1974 to 1982, with Dr David Rose, he established the British Household Panel Study and founded the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Essex in 1990. From 1977-82, Crewe was editor of the British Journal of Political Science and he was a frequent commentator on UK elections for television and the press. He regarded the success of New Labour in the 1997 and 2001 general elections as a vindication of his electoral analysis. From 1995 to 1 September 2007, Crewe was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Essex and is a former Chair of the 1994 Group, as President of UUK from 2003 to 2005, he mobilised university Vice-Chancellors in favour of the Governments proposal to introduce tuition fees. Crewe was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2006 New Year Honours, in July 2008, Crewe succeeded Lord Butler of Brockwell as Master of University College, Oxford. In 2013 Crewe and King published The Blunders of our Governments, named in his honour and designed by architect Patel Taylor, the Ivor Crewe Lecture Hall at the University of Essex, was completed in 2006. The building was nominated for a Civic Trust Award in 2008, Ivor Crewe, The Electorate, Partisan Dealignment Ten Years On, West European Politics,6, pp. 183–215. Ivor Crewe, Has the Electorate Become Thatcherite. in Robert Skidelsky, Thatcherism, Ivor Crewe, Values, The Crusade that Failed in Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon, The Thatcher Effect, pp. 239–50. Ivor Crewe, Margaret Thatcher, As the British Saw Her, The Public Perspective, Vol.2, January/February 1991, Ivor Crewe, The Thatcher legacy, in Anthony King, Britain at the Polls,1992, pp. 1–28. Ivor Crewe, Electoral Behaviour in Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon, The Major Effect, Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, SDP, The Birth, Life and Death of the British Social Democratic Party. Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, The Blunders of our Governments, Ivor Crewe, all to play for, The Guardian,3 February 2004. Sir Ivor Crewes CV at the University of Essex
Ivor Crewe
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Sir Ivor Crewe at the 2014
Eights Week, on the
River Thames in
Oxford.
Ivor Crewe
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The Ivor Crewe Lecture Hall at the
University of Essex, completed in 2006.
40.
Permanent Private Hall
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A Permanent Private Hall at the University of Oxford is an educational institution within the university. There are six Permanent Private Halls at Oxford, five of which admit undergraduates and they were founded by different Christian denominations. Students at PPHs are members of the University of Oxford and have access to the Universitys facilities and activities. Regent’s Park College is the largest PPH, and admits men and women of any age, St Benet’s Hall once only accepted male students, but now admits women as graduates and started to admit women as undergraduates in 2016. Blackfriars, St Stephen’s House and Wycliffe Hall accept only mature students, campion Hall admits Jesuits and priests of other orders and congregations who are graduate students. It occasionally accepts non-ordained students and ministers of other churches, in some cases, a Permanent Private Hall can be granted full collegiate status, recent examples include Mansfield College and Harris Manchester College. However, one hall, Greyfriars, closed at the end of the academic year 2007–08, as the Franciscan order which ran, Greyfriars students were transferred to Regents Park College when it closed. Regulations for the Establishment and Maintenance of Permanent Private Halls Review of the Permanent Private Halls associated with the University of Oxford
Permanent Private Hall
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Leadership
41.
Werner Jeanrond
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Werner Günter Adolf Jeanrond is Master of St Benets Hall at the University of Oxford. Werner G Jeanrond is a German Roman Catholic theologian and he was born in 1955 in Saarbrücken in the Saar Protectorate, now Saarland, Germany. He is currently Master of St Benets Hall, a Permanent Private Hall of the University of Oxford, and he is the first lay Master in the history of St. Benets Hall. Professor Jeanrond studied theology, German language and literature, and educational science at the Universities of Saarbrücken, Regensburg, in 1979, he took his masters degree at the University of Saarbrücken and in 1984 his PhD at the University of Chicago. In 1985, he was awarded the degree of MA at the University of Dublin, from 1981 to 1994, he was Lecturer and Senior Lecturer in theology at the University of Dublin and Fellow of Trinity College. From 1995 to 2007, he was Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Lund in Sweden, while in Lund, he supervised the doctoral dissertation of Antje Jackelén who is now the first woman to be Archbishop of Uppsala and Primate of the Church of Sweden. From 2008-2012, he was Professor of Divinity holding the 1640 Chair of Divinity at the University of Glasgow, after his departure from Glasgow, he was appointed an Honorary Senior Research Fellow thus maintaining a link with that university. In 2012, he became Master of St Benets Hall, as an Oxford Head of House, he incepted to the degree of MA from the University of Oxford. Systematic theology, theological and philosophical hermeneutics, theological method, theology of religions, theology of love, theology of hope and he has held visiting professorships at the Universities of Uppsala, Chicago, Regensburg, and Riga. Kyrkans framtid, Teologiska reflexioner III, Lund, Arcus,2012, title in English, The Churchs Future, Theological Reflections III. A Theology of Love, London/New York, T&T Clark,2010, translated into Chinese, Danish, Italian, Spanish, and Swedish. Call and Response, The Challenge of Christian Life, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, Theological Hermeneutics, Development and Significance, London, Macmillan, and New York, Crossroad,1991. Translated into French, Italian, Polish and Turkish, Text und Interpretation als Kategorien theologischen Denkens, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck,1986. English edition, Text and Interpretation as Categories of Theological Thinking, thomas J. Wilson, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, and New York, Crossroad,1988. Recognising the Margins, Essays in Honour of Seán V. Freyne, with Andrew D. H. Mayes, the Concept of God in Global Dialogue, with Aasulv Lande, eds. Dynamics of Difference, Christianity and Alterity, a Festschrift for Werner G Jeanrond, eds. Ulrich Schmiedel and James M Matarazzo, Jr, London and New York, St Benets Hall, Oxford Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford
Werner Jeanrond
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Dr Jeanrond in 2012 at
Glasgow University
42.
Robin Ward (priest)
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Robin Ward SSC is a priest of the Church of England and the Principal of St Stephens House, Oxford, a theological college in England. Ward was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford and St Stephens House and he later obtained a PhD from Kings College London on submission of a thesis entitled The Schism at Antioch in the Fourth Century. Ward was ordained deacon in 1991 and priest in 1992 and he served as assistant curate of St Andrews Romford from 1991 to 1994 and of St Andrews and St Francis of Assisis Willesden Green from 1994 to 1996. He was the vicar of St John the Baptists Sevenoaks from 1996 until 2006 and he was also the honorary canon theologian of Rochester Cathedral from 2005 until 2006. On 1 September 2006 he became the Principal of St Stephens House, Ward represented the Diocese of Rochester in the General Synod of the Church of England. He was a member of the Revision Committee on Ordination Services and he is a member of the Society of the Holy Cross. Ward is married to Ruth Ward, a solicitor, and they have two children, on Christian Priesthood, ISBN 978-0-8264-9908-0 Ward, R. Building Disciplined Lives of Regular Prayer, Study and Worship Ward, R. Review of Herbert McCabe, The Good Life, Ethics and the pursuit of happiness Ward, R.788
Robin Ward (priest)
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Writings [edit]
43.
Recognised Independent Centre
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The formal designation was created in 2006. Five institutions have so far been awarded RIC status, while the RICs remain independent financially and in governance they make a significant contribution to the University in research, tuition, and publishing. The University has established a Joint Coordinating Committee for Recognised Independent Centres, the University Council and relevant Faculties nominate members to sit on the governing bodies of the RICs. A student at an RIC is not automatically a member of the University but can apply to use its facilities, in practice the majority of students attached to RICs will also be registered as students of Oxford University, and be members of Colleges. Some academics hold joint appointments made between University Faculties and RICs, as well as participating in University-wide research and teaching, the RICs interact with each other. Whatever its specialist interest, each RIC helps to link distinct communities and cultures with scholars, the government, and the media in a fast-paced critical dialogue
Recognised Independent Centre
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Leadership
44.
Shaunaka Rishi Das
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Shaunaka Rishi Das is the Director of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, a position he has held since the Centres foundation in 1997. He is a Hindu cleric, a lecturer, a broadcaster and his interests include education, comparative theology, communication, and leadership. He is a member of The Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life, convened in 2013 by the Woolf Institute, in 2013 the Indian government appointed him to sit on the International Advisory Council of the Auroville Foundation. Keshava, Rishi Dass wife of 27 years, died in December 2013, as Director of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies he maintains the vision and ethos of the OCHS and encourages the Centre’s continued growth and development in all spheres. He has also been responsible for forging formal relationships between the OCHS and Universities in the USA, Europe, India, and China and he is the first Hindu Chaplain to Oxford University in its 800-year history. He is a broadcaster, making the Hindu contribution to Prayer for the Day on BBC Radio 4 since 2007. He was also a participant in the popular History of the World in 100 Objects series broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and he has acted as a consultant for a number of documentaries on Hindu culture and traditions. He has written articles for The Guardian and The Independent newspapers, Business India, from that time he developed a personal interest, and played an active part in such dialogue. He was an member of the Northern Ireland Interfaith Forum. From 2002 -2004 he was a trustee and executive member of The Interfaith Network UK, Rishi Das has been a pioneer in promoting interfaith and comparative theological dialogue in his own community. This Interfaith statement was a significant step for ISKCON, addressing issues of integration in a global society and it has also been recognised as a pioneering statement from any Hindu tradition, advocating informed engagement with others over presenting a position of policy to others. Responses to the document noted its importance in addressing modern issues while keeping with the integrity of the ancient tradition, kenneth Cracknell He has also been responsible for facilitating various conferences, seminars, and symposia promoting Vaishnava-Christian dialogue at different levels. He was instrumental, along with his colleagues, Anuttama Das, born an Irish Catholic, and expressing an early interest in the priesthood, Rishi Das joined a Hare Krishna ashram, in Dublin, in 1979. In 1982 he was given Brahmanical initiation - ordained as a priest - in the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, inspired by biblical and philosophical reading, which began when he was fourteen, Rishi Das developed a broad interest in spirituality. Considering how to do to that, how to forsake all, joining a Hindu movement in the Ireland of his time did not feel like a courageous act for Rishi Das. Of his first encounters with the International Society for Krishna Consciousness he said, They were speaking Christianity, I knew I had met the people I was to practice with. My desire was to be a Christian, I had to struggle with the fact that I found it being practised to the highest standard by non-Christians. To sample his spiritual thought in the form of prayer we can refer to one of his BBC Broadcasts, Dear Lord, my desire is to serve you, please let me know what You desire, and bless me with the grace to accept what you think is best
Shaunaka Rishi Das
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Board Of Governor's Dinner 2010
45.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
46.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
