Bitters
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A bitters is traditionally an alcoholic preparation flavored with botanical matter for a bitter or bittersweet flavor. Originally, numerous longstanding brands of bitters were developed as patent medicines, but now are sold as digestifs, sometimes with herbal properties, and as cocktail flavorings.
An old bottle of "Kuyavian Stomach Essence", bitters from Posen, Germany (now Poznań in Poland).
This 1883 advertisement promised help with a variety of ailments.
A bottle of Angostura aromatic bitters with its distinctive, over-sized label
A whiskey sour, served in a coupe glass, is garnished with drops of Peychaud's Bitters swirled into the foam (from egg white) atop the drink.
Taste
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The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). Taste is the perception stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste, along with the sense of smell and trigeminal nerve stimulation, determines flavors of food and other substances. Humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas, including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. The gustatory cortex is responsible for the perception of taste.
Taste buds and papillae of the human tongue
Taste receptors of the human tongue
Signal transduction of taste receptors
Active brain areas in taste perception