1.
Inter-city rail
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Inter-city rail services are express passenger train services that cover longer distances than commuter or regional trains. There is no definition of inter-city rail, its meaning may vary from country to country. Most typically, an inter-city train is a train with limited stops. Inter-city rail sometimes provides international services and this is most prevalent in Europe, due to the close proximity of its 50 countries in a 10,180,000 square kilometre area. Eurostar and EuroCity are examples of this and this use of the term appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and has been widely imitated. The speeds of inter-city rail lines are diverse, ranging from 50 km/h in a mountainous area or on undeveloped tracks to 200–350 km/h on newly constructed or improved tracks. As a result, Inter-city rail may or may not fall into the category of higher-speed rail or high-speed rail, ideally, the average speed of inter-city rail service would be faster than 100 km/h in order to be competitive with car, bus and other methods of transport. 50–100 km The distance of an inter-city rail journey is usually at least 50–100 km, although in large metropolitan areas commuter. 100–500 km A distance of 100–500 km is a common journey distance for inter-city rail in many countries, in many cases, railway travel is most competitive at about 2–3 hours journey time. Inter-city rail can compete with highways and short-haul air travel for journeys of this distance. 500–1,000 km In journeys of 500–1,000 km, development of high-speed rail in some countries increases the share of railway for such longer-distance journeys. The Paris-Marseille TGV and Tokyo-Aomori Shinkansen are examples of type of journey. In conventional non high-speed rail, overnight trains are common for this distance, in many other countries, such long-distance rail journey has been replaced by air travel except for tourism or hobbyist purposes, luxury train journeys, or significant cost benefit. Discount Eurail Pass in Europe, Amtrak in the United States, New high-speed lines from 200–350 km/h operation are constructed, and many conventional lines are also upgraded to 200 km/h operation. Currently there are seven High-Speed Inter-City lines in China, with up to 21 planned and they are operated independently from the often parallel High-Speed-Rail-Lines. Japan has six main regional railway companies, known collectively as Japan Railways Group or simply as JR. Many other cities are covered by a network of JRs limited express inter-city trains on 1,067 mm, narrow gauge, major cities are covered by convenient train services of every one hour or more frequent. In addition to the JR Group, Japan has several major regional carriers such as the Kintetsu, almost every major town and city in South Korea is linked by railway, run by Korail
Inter-city rail
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An InterCity 125 passes Ealing Broadway on its way to Swansea. This is the world's fastest diesel train and is used on various intercity services in Great Britain.
Inter-city rail
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A Moroccan Inter-city train at Rabat station
Inter-city rail
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Beijing-Kowloon Through Train, hauled by a
SS8 electric locomotive, passing through
Tai Po Market Station in Hong Kong
Inter-city rail
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A
Rajdhani Express train, one of the fastest Inter-city services in India
2.
California Department of Transportation
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The California Department of Transportation is an executive department within the U. S. state of California. Caltrans manages the highway system and is actively involved with public transportation systems throughout the state. It supports Amtrak California and the Capitol Corridor, the department is part of the state cabinet-level California State Transportation Agency. Like the majority of government agencies, Caltrans is headquartered in Sacramento. In 2015, Caltrans released a new statement, Provide a safe, sustainable, integrated and efficient transportation system to enhance California’s economy. The earliest predecessor of Caltrans was the Bureau of Highways, which was created by the California Legislature and this agency consisted of three commissioners who were charged with analyzing the state road system and making recommendations. At the time, there was no highway system, since roads were purely a local responsibility. After the commissioners submitted their report to the governor on November 25,1896, voters approved an $18 million bond issue for the construction of a state highway system in 1910, and the first Highway Commission was convened in 1911. On August 7,1912, the department broke ground on its first construction project, the year 1912 also saw the founding of the Transportation Laboratory and the creation of seven administrative divisions. In 1913, the legislature started requiring vehicle registration and allocated the funds to support regular highway maintenance. In 1921, the legislature turned the Department of Engineering into the Department of Public Works, the history of Caltrans and its predecessor agencies during the 20th century was marked by many firsts. In late 1972, the legislature approved a reorganization in which the Department of Public Works was merged with the Department of Aeronautics to become the modern Department of Transportation, for administrative purposes, Caltrans divides the State of California into 12 districts, supervised by district offices. Most districts cover multiple counties, District 12 is the district with one county. The largest districts by population are District 4 and District 7, like most state agencies, Caltrans maintains its headquarters in Sacramento, which is covered by District 3. Official California Department of Transportation website Named Highways, Freeways, Structures, and Other Appurtenances in California
California Department of Transportation
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District 7 Headquarters, Los Angeles, birds-eye view (designed by
Thom Mayne (2004))
California Department of Transportation
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California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
California Department of Transportation
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Caltrans District 8 Headquarters, San Bernardino, midheight (2005)
California Department of Transportation
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Caltrans headquarters in Sacramento
3.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
Track gauge
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Indian Narrow and Broad gauge tracks
Track gauge
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Track gauge
Track gauge
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Fish-belly cast-iron rails from the Cromford and High Peak Railway
Track gauge
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An early Stephenson locomotive
4.
Union Pacific Railroad
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The Union Pacific Railroad is a freight hauling railroad that operates 8,500 locomotives over 32,100 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and it is also one of the worlds largest transportation companies. Union Pacific Railroad is the operating company of Union Pacific Corporation. Union Pacific Corporations main competitor is the BNSF Railway, the second largest freight railroad. Together, the two railroads have a duopoly on all freight rail lines in the U. S. The original company was incorporated on July 1,1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, the line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah,53 miles west of Ogden on May 10,1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. It built or purchased local lines that gave it access to Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon and it also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. UP was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872 and its independent construction company the Crédit Mobilier had bribed congressmen. The UP itself was not guilty but it did get bad publicity, the financial crisis of 1873 led to financial troubles but not bankruptcy. The company was reorganized as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24,1880, the new company declared bankruptcy during the Panic of 1893. When it emerged in 1897 it reverted to the original name, the corporate headquarters of the Union Pacific Corporation were located in New York City from its initial founding in the 1860s until Drew Lewis became CEO in the mid-1980s. He relocated it to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, later the headquarters was shifted to Dallas, Texas, before relocating to Omaha to join the operating headquarters. From the ICC annual reports, except 1979 is from Moodys, on December 31,1925 UP-OSL-OWRN-LA&SL-StJ&GI operated 9,834 route-miles and 15,265 track-miles. At the end of 1980, Union Pacific operated 9,266 route-miles and 15,647 miles of track, Moodys shows 220,697 million revenue ton-miles in 1993 on the expanded system
Union Pacific Railroad
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The Last Spike, by
Thomas Hill, (1881)
Union Pacific Railroad
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Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
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Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad gather on the 100th
meridian, which later became
Cozad, Nebraska, approximately 250 miles (400 km) west of
Omaha,
Nebraska Territory, in October 1866. The train in the background awaits the party of Eastern capitalists, newspapermen, and other prominent figures invited by the railroad executives.
Union Pacific Railroad
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Union Pacific Center in
Omaha, Nebraska
5.
Caltrain
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Caltrain is a California commuter rail line on the San Francisco Peninsula and in the Santa Clara Valley. The northern terminus of the line is in San Francisco at 4th, extra trains were often run for special events held in AT&T Park in San Francisco, Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, and SAP Center in San Jose. Caltrain operates 92 weekday trains,6 of which are extended to Gilroy, weekday ridership in February 2016 averaged 62,416, up 83% since 2010. Caltrain is governed by the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board which consists of agencies from the three counties served by Caltrain, San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Clara, each member agency has three representatives on a nine-member Board of Directors. The member agencies are the City and County of San Francisco, SamTrans, Caltrain has 29 regular stops, one football-only stop, and two weekend-only stops. As of October 2012 Caltrain runs 92 weekday trains,36 Saturday, the original commuter railroad built in 1863 was the San Francisco and San Jose Rail Road, it was purchased by Southern Pacific in 1870. Southern Pacific double-tracked the line in 1904 and rerouted it via Bayshore, after 1945, ridership declined with the rise in automobile use, in 1977 SP petitioned the state Public Utilities Commission to discontinue the commute operation because of ongoing losses. To preserve the service, in 1980 Caltrans contracted with SP. Caltrans purchased new locomotives and rolling stock, replacing SP equipment in 1985, Caltrans also upgraded stations, added shuttle buses to nearby employers, and dubbed the operation CalTrain. The Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board was formed in 1987 to manage the line, subsequently, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties commissioned Earth Metrics, Inc. to prepare an Environmental Impact Report on right-of-way acquisition and expansion of operations. With state and local funding, the PCJPB bought the right of way between San Francisco and San Jose from SP in 1991. The following year, PCJPB took responsibility for CalTrain operations and selected Amtrak as the contract operator, PCJPB extended the CalTrain service from San Jose to Gilroy, connecting to VTA Light Rail at Tamien Station in San Jose. In July 1995 CalTrain became accessible to passengers in wheelchairs, five months later, CalTrain increased the bicycle limit to 24 per train, making the service attractive to commuters in bicycle-friendly cities such as San Francisco and Palo Alto. In July 1997 the current logo was adopted, and the name became Caltrain. A year later, VTA extended its rail service from north Santa Clara to the Mountain View Caltrain station. In June 2003, a connection for the Bay Area Rapid Transit. In 2006, Caltrain announced that wireless internet access would be available on trains at no additional charge, Caltrain invested more than $1 million in researching and testing WiFi in 2006. Caltrain still hopes to offer the service eventually as part of a comprehensive communication package
Caltrain
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An SP locomotive pulls a
Peninsula Commute train past Bayshore in April 1985
Caltrain
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Caltrain
Caltrain
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A Caltrain car manufactured by
Nippon Sharyo.
Caltrain
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Baby Bullet service is provided by
MPI MP36PH-3C locomotives.
6.
California Zephyr
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The California Zephyr is a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago, Illinois, and Emeryville, California, via Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California. At 2,438 miles it is Amtraks longest route after the Texas Eagle, Amtrak claims the route as one of its most scenic, with views of the upper Colorado River valley in the Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. It was scheduled to pass through the most spectacular scenery on its route in the daylight. Since 1983 the California Zephyr name has applied to the Amtrak service, which operates daily and is a hybrid of the route of the original Zephyr and its former rival. During fiscal year 2012, the California Zephyr carried more than 376,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $47,605,728 in 2012, a 6. 4% increase on 2011. Cars owned by different railroads ran together, cars cycled in and out for service, repairs, and varying passenger loads with the seasons. The first train was named in San Francisco by Eleanor Parker while California Lieutenant Governor Goodwin Knight, mayor of San Francisco Elmer Robinson, for the inaugural run in 1949, every woman on the train was given silver and orange orchids flown from Hilo, Hawaii. The car hostesses were known as Zephyrettes, in summer 1954 the schedule for 2,532 miles Chicago to San Francisco was 50hr 50min. An eastbound California Zephyr through Ruby Canyon saw the trains first birth on March 1,1955, the California Zephyr was not immune to falling passenger travel in the 1960s, moreover, it began to lose money even when sold out. The Western Pacific applied to discontinue its portion in 1966 but the Interstate Commerce Commission refused after public outcry. The D&RGW made the same request in 1969 and in 1970 the ICC permitted Western Pacific to end its portion, provided the D&RGW, the last westbound California Zephyr to the west coast left Chicago on March 22,1970 and arrived in Oakland two days later. The California Zephyr had operated for 21 years and 2 days, east of Salt Lake City the train was reduced to a tri-weekly schedule, operating as California Service on the Burlington and as the Rio Grande Zephyr on the Rio Grande. The Rio Grande portion of the train was extended beyond Salt Lake to Ogden, Utah, allowing Nevada and this continued until the creation of Amtrak on May 1,1971. After debuting on the Denver Zephyr in 1936, they served on the California Zephyr from 1949 until it was discontinued in 1970, at any one time, there were 10 or 11 Zephyrettes who were actively employed. When Amtrak revived the California Zephyr in 1983 it invited a former Zephyrette, Beulah Bauman, a pair of the Western Pacifics Budd Rail Diesel Cars, replacements for the Royal Gorge, also picked up the name Zephyrette. At the last minute, the Rio Grande refused to join Amtrak and this forced Amtrak on to the Union Pacifics Overland Route through southern Wyoming instead of Colorado. The Rio Grande continued to operate the Rio Grande Zephyr between Denver and Ogden, in 1983 the D&RGW elected to join Amtrak, citing increasing losses in passenger operations. Amtrak re-routed the San Francisco Zephyr over the D&RGWs Moffat Subdivision between Denver and Salt Lake City, its preference from 1971
California Zephyr
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Westbound California Zephyr by
Book Cliffs in Utah
California Zephyr
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The train in Altamont, California prior to its first run in 1949.
California Zephyr
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The Vista-Dome coach "Silver Scout."
California Zephyr
–
A
Zephyrette (center, in blue uniform) at work on the lower level of a California Zephyr
Vista-Dome car in 1967
7.
Chicago Union Station
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Chicago Union Station is a major railroad station that opened in 1925 in Chicago, Illinois, replacing an earlier station built in 1881. It is the only remaining intercity rail terminal in Chicago, as well as being the primary terminal for commuter trains. The station stands on the west side of the Chicago River between West Adams Street and West Jackson Boulevard, just outside the Chicago Loop, including approach and storage tracks, it is about nine and a half city blocks in size. Its facilities are underground, buried beneath streets and skyscrapers. Chicago Union Station is the third-busiest rail terminal in the United States, after Grand Central Terminal and it is Amtraks overall fourth-busiest station. It handles approximately 120,000 passengers on a weekday and is one of Chicago’s most iconic structures, reflecting the city’s strong architectural heritage. In addition to standing out architecturally, Union Station has features that reflect its commitment to sustainability, in 2011, its lighting system was replaced with more energy-efficient light bulbs and motion sensors, reducing the station’s carbon footprint by 4 million tons annually. Chicago Union Station was designated as one of America’s “Great Places” in 2012 by the American Planning Association. The “Great Places” program by APA highlights places streets, neighborhoods, and public spaces around America that exhibit “exemplary character, quality, and planning. ”These places are unique in their cultural and historical significance, sense of community, and vision. Other criteria include “architectural features, accessibility, functionality, and community involvement. ”Chicago Union Station is considered a “Great Public Space” by APA and these spaces are safe and inviting, well-maintained, and attractive, both visually and in functionality. In addition, local culture and history are reflected within the space, Union Station is laid out with a double stub-end configuration, with 10 tracks coming into the station from the north and 14 from the south. Because passenger trains do not pass through Union Station, all passengers traveling through Chicago must change trains to reach their final destination. There are 2 through tracks to allow out-of-service equipment moves between the north and south side, including one with a platform to allow extra long trains to board, between the north and south sides of the station is a passenger concourse. Passengers can walk through the concourse to get from any platform to any other without stairs or elevators, odd-numbered platforms are on the north half of the station, and even-numbered platforms on the south half. The north tracks are used by Amtrak for the Hiawatha Service and the Empire Builder, and by Metra for the Milwaukee District West, Milwaukee District North, the south tracks are used for all of the other Amtrak and Metra services. Two station management structures, one on side of the terminal, monitor train-to-track assignments. The concourse also has a level between platform and street level, containing a food court featuring local vendors as well as national chains. Located west of Canal Street, Union Stations headhouse occupies a city block
Chicago Union Station
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Chicago Union Station
Chicago Union Station
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One of the two grand staircases, where famous movie scenes, such as in
The Untouchables (1987), were filmed.
Chicago Union Station
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The Great Hall
Chicago Union Station
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The first Union Station
8.
Rocklin (Amtrak station)
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Rocklin station is an Amtrak train station in Rocklin, California, United States. The city and the Placer County Transportation Planning Agency funded the design and construction of the current $1.25 million depot, designed by Studio SMS of nearby Roseville and inspired by historic 19th and early 20th century stations, the depot is dominated by a clock tower. The building is finished in an ashlar stone veneer in varying shades of grey and beige. The depot has a room for rail and bus passengers. In FY2012 Rocklin was the 43rd-busiest of Amtraks 74 California stations, Amtrak – Stations – Rocklin, CA Rocklin Amtrak Station Rocklin --Great American Stations
Rocklin (Amtrak station)
–
Rocklin Station, October 3, 2012
9.
Roseville (Amtrak station)
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Roseville is an Amtrak train station in Roseville, California, United States. It serves the California Zephyr and Capitol Corridor lines and it is located at 201 Pacific Street and is unstaffed. The design of the two-story building pays homage to Southern Pacific Railroad stations from the early 20th century, in FY2012 it was the 30th-busiest of Amtraks 74 California stations, boarding or detraining an average of about 170 passengers daily. Amtrak – Stations – Roseville, CA Roseville Amtrak Station Roseville --Great American Stations
Roseville (Amtrak station)
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Roseville Station from across the tracks, September 26, 2012
10.
Placer County, California
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Placer County, officially the County of Placer, is a county located in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 348,432, Placer County is included in the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in both the Sacramento Valley and Sierra Nevada regions, in what is known as the Gold Country and it stretches from the suburbs of Sacramento to Lake Tahoe and the Nevada border. The discovery of gold in 1848 brought tens of thousands of miners from around the world, in addition to many more thousands intending to provide goods and services to the miners. Only three years after the discovery of gold, the county was formed from portions of Sutter. Placer County took its name from the Spanish word for sand or gravel deposits containing gold, miners washed away the gravel, leaving the heavier gold, in a process known as placer mining. Gold mining was a major industry through the 1880s, but gradually the new residents turned to farming the fertile soil, harvesting timber. Auburn was settled when Claude Chana discovered gold in Auburn Ravine in May 1848 and later became a shipping, the cornerstone of Placers beautiful and historic courthouse, which is clearly visible from Interstate 80 through Auburn, was laid on July 4,1894. The building itself was renovated during the late 1980s and continues to serve the public today with courtrooms, a sheriffs office. Loomis and Newcastle began as mining towns, but soon became centers of a booming fruit-growing industry, penryn was founded by a Welsh miner, Griffith Griffith, who turned from mining to establish a large granite quarry. Rocklin began as a town and became home to a number of granite quarries. Lincoln and Sheridan continue to support ranching and farming, Lincoln also is the home of one of the countys oldest businesses, the Gladding, McBean terra cotta clay manufacturing plant established in 1875. The 1960 Winter Olympics were hosted in Squaw Valley, which is located in Placer County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,502 square miles. Watercourses in Placer County include the American River and Bunch Creek, Lake Tahoe has 40. 96% of its surface area in Placer County, more than in any of the four other counties in which it lies. El Dorado National Forest in part Tahoe National Forest in part The 2010 United States Census reported that Placer County had a population of 348,432. The racial makeup of Placer County was 290,977 White,4,751 African American,3,011 Native American,20,435 Asian,778 Pacific Islander,13,375 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44,710 persons. As of the census of 2000, there were 248,399 people,93,382 households, the population density was 177 people per square mile
Placer County, California
Placer County, California
Placer County, California
Placer County, California
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Gold specimen from the Eagle's Nest Mine, a famous source of specimen gold in Placer County
11.
Sacramento River
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The Sacramento River is the principal river of Northern California in the United States, and is the largest river in California. Rising in the Klamath Mountains, the river flows south for 400 miles before reaching the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, the Sacramento and its wide natural floodplain were once abundant in fish and other aquatic creatures, notably one of the southernmost large runs of chinook salmon in North America. For about 12,000 years, humans have depended on the vast natural resources of the watershed, the river has provided a route for trade and travel since ancient times. Hundreds of tribes sharing regional customs and traditions inhabited the Sacramento Valley, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga named the river Rio de los Sacramentos in 1808, later shortened and anglicized into Sacramento. In the 19th century gold was discovered on a tributary of the Sacramento River, starting the California Gold Rush, overland trails such as the California Trail and Siskiyou Trail guided hundreds of thousands of people to the gold fields. By the late part of the mining had ceased to be a major part of the economy. Many populous communities were established along the Sacramento River, including the capital of Sacramento. Intensive agriculture and mining contributed to pollution in the Sacramento River, since the 1950s the watershed has been intensely developed for water supply and the generation of hydroelectric power. Today, large dams impound the river and almost all of its major tributaries, the Sacramento is used heavily for irrigation and serves much of Central and Southern California through the canals of giant state and federal water projects. The Sacramento River originates in the mountains and plateaus of far northern California as three major waterways that flow into Shasta Lake, the Upper Sacramento River, McCloud River and Pit River. The Upper Sacramento begins near Mount Shasta, at the confluence of North, Middle and it flows east into a small reservoir, Lake Siskiyou, before turning south. The river flows through a canyon for about 60 miles, past Dunsmuir and Castella, the Pit River, by far the largest of the three, begins in Modoc County in the northeastern corner of California. Draining a vast and remote volcanic highlands area, it flows southwest for nearly 300 miles before emptying into Shasta Lake near Montgomery Creek, Goose Lake, straddling the Oregon–California border, occasionally overflows into the Pit River during wet years, although this has not happened since 1881. The Goose Lake watershed is the part of the Sacramento River basin extending into another state. Unlike most California rivers, the Pit and the McCloud Rivers are predominantly spring-fed, ensuring a large, at the lower end of Shasta Lake is Shasta Dam, which impounds the Sacramento River for flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation. Before the construction of Shasta Dam the McCloud River emptied into the Pit River, the Pit River Bridge, which carries Interstate 5 and the Union Pacific Railroad over the reservoir, is structurally the highest double-decked bridge in the United States. The Upper Sacramento River canyon also provides the route for I-5, below Shasta Dam the Sacramento River enters the foothills region of the northern Sacramento Valley. It flows through Keswick Dam, where it receives about 1,200,000 acre feet of water per year diverted from the Trinity River and it then swings east through Redding, the largest city of the Shasta Cascade region, and turns southeast, entering Tehama County
Sacramento River
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Sacramento River from the old pumping station in
Sacramento, California
Sacramento River
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Map of the Sacramento River
watershed
Sacramento River
–
The
Castle Crags, a series of granite peaks rising above the upper Sacramento River canyon just to the right.
Mount Shasta, the highest mountain in the Sacramento drainage, is seen in the distance.
Sacramento River
–
The
Carquinez Strait, which connects the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay to San Pablo and San Francisco Bays, and then the Pacific. The channel formed from water flooding over the Coast Ranges from a gigantic lake that formed in the Central Valley a few hundred thousand years ago, when the rising mountains blocked the Sacramento's route to the Pacific Ocean.
12.
Carquinez Strait
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The Carquinez Strait is a narrow tidal strait in northern California. It is part of the estuary of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin rivers as they drain into the San Francisco Bay. The strait connects Suisun Bay, which receives the waters of the rivers, with San Pablo Bay. The strait forms part of the border between Solano and Contra Costa counties, and is approximately 15 mi north of Oakland, the cities of Benicia and Vallejo lie on the north side of the strait, while Martinez, Port Costa, and Crockett sit on the southern coast. The Napa River joins the strait, via the short Mare Island Strait, the strait is named after the Karkin, a linguistic division of the Ohlone Native Americans who resided on both sides of the strait. The California Maritime Academy is at the end of the strait on the northern waterfront. The C&H Sugar refinery is located on the shore in the small town of Crockett. The strait is crossed by two bridges, the Carquinez Bridge on Interstate 80 and the Benicia-Martinez Bridge on Interstate 680. Each highway bridge consists of two spans, Interstate 780 connects the two highways on the northern slope of the strait. State Route 4 connects these highways south of and inland from the strait, a rail bridge just east of the Benicia-Martinez bridge is used by the Capitol Corridor, California Zephyr, and Coast Starlight trains. A rail ferry, with the ferries Contra Costa and Solano provided service across the strait near the location of the current rail bridge until the bridge was built in 1930. Tall pylons carrying power lines cross the strait as well, the Carquinez Strait Powerline Crossing was the worlds first powerline crossing of a large river. The channel is navigable and is used for commercial and military shipping, deep water ship traffic bound for both the Port of Sacramento and the Port of Stockton traverse the strait. The narrow gap in the Coast Range that forms the strait has led to the formation of the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta, a river delta, upstream of it. The strait is too small to allow the passage of huge amounts of floodwaters created during years with heavy rainfall/snowmelt events. Because the Delta area is the first to fill and last to drain in an event, silt and soil have more time to drop out of suspension
Carquinez Strait
–
Aerial view of the Carquinez Strait looking east, with the
Carquinez Bridge in the foreground and the
Benicia-Martinez Bridge in the background.
Carquinez Strait
–
Carquinez Strait
Carquinez Strait
–
Bodies of water
13.
Martinez (Amtrak station)
–
Martinez is an Amtrak passenger train station in Martinez, California, United States, the county seat of Contra Costa County. The station was opened in September 2001, superseding an earlier building that still stands a couple of blocks to the east. Prior to the creation of Amtrak on May 1,1971, the station is served by local County Connection bus service and connecting service from WestCAT, and Tri-Delta Transit, as well as an Amtrak Thruway Bus Service. The station includes a center for buses, passenger drop off and pick-up zones, a taxi stand. The station is served by 42 Amtrak passenger trains each weekday and 34 per day on the weekends, the Capitol Corridor service runs between San Jose, CA and Sacramento, CA and offers 30 trains per weekday. The San Joaquin service offers 8 trains daily between Oakland, CA and Bakersfield, CA, the California Zephyr and the Coast Starlight each operate one train daily in each direction. Of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Martinez was the sixth-busiest in fiscal 2013 and this Station is located in Contra Costa County. County Connection is the transit agency charged with providing bus service. Route 98X offers a bus service to the Walnut Creek BART station. Routes 3,16,18,19, and 28 provide local bus service to the Concord, North Concord/Martinez, and Pleasant Hill BART stations, as well as points in between, including Diablo Valley College. There is an Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach service to McKinleyville, CA300 miles to the north of Martinez, via Vallejo, Napa, Santa Rosa, Ukiah, Garberville, Amtrak – Stations – Martinez, CA Martinez Amtrak Station Martinez -Great American Stations
Martinez (Amtrak station)
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Martinez
14.
Berkeley (Amtrak station)
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Berkeley is an Amtrak station in Berkeley, California, served by Amtrak Californias Capitol Corridor service. The station is located under the University Avenue overpass just west of 4th Street and it is served by AC Transit bus lines 51B and 802, AC Transit bus line Z stops nearby on 6th Street. The current platform opened on September 17,2005, after a $2.4 million renovation, of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Berkeley was the 23rd-busiest in FY2012, boarding or detraining an average of approximately 417 passengers daily. The station house was built by the Southern Pacific in 1913, Amtrak California service at Berkeley began in 1986 with the twice-daily San Joaquins, which then operated between Oakland and Bakersfield. Berkeley was a stop on the Capitol Corridor when that service began in late 1991. San Joaquins service at Berkeley ended in 1993 because of low ridership, Berkeley station for a different Southern Pacific station Amtrak – Stations – Berkeley, CA Berkeley --Great American Stations
Berkeley (Amtrak station)
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Berkeley
15.
Millbrae Intermodal Terminal
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The Millbrae Intermodal Terminal is an at-grade Bay Area Rapid Transit and Caltrain station located in suburban Millbrae, California, in northern San Mateo County. It was expected to support over 30,000 BART trips per day, Millbrae Station is the largest intermodal terminal in the United States west of the Mississippi. It has three tracks for BART and two for Caltrain. An island platform allows a connection between the two systems. A concourse mezzanine is above the platforms, currently two BART tracks and one island platform usually are kept out of regular service, used instead to hold train sets that are also out of service. The station is also a bus transit hub with multiple bus bays served by several SamTrans lines. Millbrae Station has about 2,900 parking spaces, including a parking garage. The Reserved Parking areas cost $2/day from 10am-3pm on weekdays, a free Library-a-Go-Go Peninsula Library System library book vending machine was added in May 2011. The station has daily Caltrain commuter rail service along the line between San Jose and San Francisco. Midday trains are hourly each way, service is frequent during commute hours. Service south of San Jose to Gilroy is limited to three weekday round trips. Passengers who board the train without a ticket are subject to fines of up to $250 plus court fees. Passengers who use the electronic Clipper card to ride the Caltrain must remember to tag on their card prior to boarding, if they board the train without tagging on, they will be subject to the same fines. In addition, Caltrain passengers are charged the maximum one way fare when they tag on prior to boarding the train, if passengers who use the Clipper card forget to tag off when they exit the train, they will be charged the highest cash fare from point of origin. In 2015, construction began on the rail system. If completed as planned, Millbrae would serve as one of one or two stations between San Francisco and San Jose, and would allow high-speed rail passengers to reach SFO via BART. $290 million has been allocated to lengthen the platforms for connection to High Speed Rail, before the Millbrae Intermodal Terminal was built for the BART San Mateo Extension terminus Millbrae had a free Caltrain shuttle bus between the station and San Francisco International Airport. The former Southern Pacific Depot has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 1,1978, in 1985 Caltrain service began at the original Millbrae depot, replacing Southern Pacific trains that had operated along the San Francisco Peninsula since the early 20th century
Millbrae Intermodal Terminal
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The BART side of the station at night.
Millbrae Intermodal Terminal
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The Caltrain side of the station.
Millbrae Intermodal Terminal
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The old Southern Pacific Millbrae Depot near the current intermodal terminal.
16.
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco, California
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco, California
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco, California
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
17.
Oakland Coliseum Station
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They are located in Oakland, California, United States, and are connected to each other, and to the Oakland Coliseum and the Oracle Arena by pedestrian bridges. BART and Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority, Capitol Corridors administration agency, in addition to the Coliseum–Oakland International Airport AGT line, AC Transit bus routes 73 and 805 also provide service between the BART station and Oakland International Airport. BARTs Coliseum station consists of an island platform with the concourse mezzanine at ground level. The BART to OAK Airport station has a track and side platform. Capitol Corridors Oakland Coliseum station, the newest Capitol Corridor station and it is unstaffed, but has an electronic ticketing system. In 2002, CCJPA, in conjunction with Caltrans and the City of Oakland, in October 2009, Oakland City Council voted its approval for a 3. 2-mile extension of BART to Oakland International Airport. Preliminary construction began in late 2010, the service began on November 22,2014, fares for the BART to OAK Airport service are $6. Of the 44 BART stations open at the time, Coliseum station was the 16th-busiest in FY2014, Oakland Coliseum served an average of approximately 157 Amtrak passengers daily in 2015
Oakland Coliseum Station
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BART station platform
Oakland Coliseum Station
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A BART A-car at Oakland Coliseum Station.
18.
Hayward (Amtrak station)
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Hayward is a train station in Hayward, California, United States served by Amtrak, the national railroad passenger system. Currently the only route that stops at this station is Amtrak Californias Capitol Corridor, service at Hayward began on May 29,1997. The Capitol Corridor stops in Hayward 14 times daily, with seven trains in each direction, Hayward served an average of about 111 passengers daily in FY2015. Media related to Hayward at Wikimedia Commons Amtrak – Stations – Hayward, CA Capital Corridor Hayward --Great American Stations
Hayward (Amtrak station)
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Station platform, looking north.
19.
Warm Springs (BART station)
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Warm Springs / South Fremont is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station in Fremont, California. Service began on March 25,2017, during peak hours, weekdays before 6,00 p. m. this station has four trains per hour on the San Francisco and Daly City line. In comparison, the neighboring Fremont station has eight trains per hour running on the Daly City, during off-peak hours, both stations are served by the Richmond line with three trains per hour. The reason for only having one of the lines serve this station at any time is a shortage of available train cars. Originally targeted for 2014, the start of service was delayed repeatedly, service terminates at this station pending completion of the Milpitas and Berryessa stations. The station has a platform, overhead concourse, connections to AC Transit,2,082 parking spaces on 34 acres at ground level, bicycle lockers. AC Transit buses, not VTA buses, serve this station, planning for the Warm Springs extension began as early as 1994, and BART estimated it would cost $550 million with 7,800 daily riders by 2010. A1994 study by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission forecast 3,200 daily riders in 2010, as of 2010, construction was underway with an estimated cost of $890 million, but the final cost was reduced to $790 million. The cost of the subway segment under the lake in Fremont was reduced by 45% from the estimate of $249 million to $136 million. Service began on on March 25,2017, the extension broke ground in 2009. Construction of the began in 2011, and was expected to take three and a half years. However, the opening was pushed back from the original 2014, to fall 2015, to early 2016, to spring 2016, to summer 2016, to fall 2016, to late fall 2016, to winter 2017, and to spring 2017. The schedule for opening was withdrawn, because it was hard to predict, the yet-to-open station was fully staffed six months in advance of the opening, due to a union contract. The station was expected to open as an October surprise, an event for the November 8 vote on a BART bond measure. In 2011 the city of Fremont approved $90,000 to lobby against construction of a Union Pacific rail yard adjacent to the station, a pedestrian and bicycle bridge to the west side of the station is planned for completion in 2018
Warm Springs (BART station)
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Station under construction, photographed from its southwest corner, January 30, 2014
20.
Fremont Station
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Fremont station is located in Fremont, California and is served by Amtraks Capitol Corridor and the Altamont Corridor Express. The Station is located in Alameda County, the Altamont Corridor Express serves the station on weekdays. Amtraks Capitol Corridor stops 14 times daily, with seven trains in each direction, the Coast Starlight passes the station daily, but does not stop. Amtrak tickets can be purchased from the QuikTrak machine located inside the waiting area. The station has two outside-boarding platforms, platform 1, nearest the station on the north side of the tracks, is of standard length for Capitol Corridor trains. Platform 2, on the side of the tracks, is a short platform. The Fremont Boulevard grade crossing is immediately to the west of the station, occasionally, passengers board the train from the road. Of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Fremont was the 36th-busiest in FY2012, AC Transit has a bus stop across the street, served by Lines 210,99, and Transbay bus U. Line 216 and All-Nighter 801 also serve the station on nearby Peralta Blvd, Lines 99 and 216 connect this station to the Fremont. Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach buses stop right at the station, the Depot Diner, located at the west end of the depot, contains the historic creamery counter and chairs from Cloverdale Creamery. Fremont Flowers moved the original chairs and counter to the depot. The owner of the shop also owns the Depot Diner. Centervilles first Southern Pacific Railroad station was nothing more than a boxcar, in that month the current wooden structure was opened. It was one of sixty Type 23 stations built by Southern Pacific, the station was a busy one during its early years, handling both freight and passenger traffic, including two to three daily milk trains. By the mid-1920s, automobile traffic began to grow, and the trains were discontinued. Passenger service ended on March 29,1940, the Railway Express Agency continued shipping to and from the station until 1958. The station was closed on September 30,1961. The station changed many times in the following decades, becoming a furniture store, a spice store, a toy store
Fremont Station
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The exterior of Fremont Station
Fremont Station
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Station sign of Fremont station
Fremont Station
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Exterior of Centerville SP depot with Cafe ads.
Fremont Station
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Shelter of Centerville train depot
21.
Santa Clara County, California
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Santa Clara County, California, officially the County of Santa Clara, is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,781,642, the county seat is San Jose, the tenth-most populous city in the United States. Santa Clara County is part of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, located at the southern end of the San Francisco Bay, the highly urbanized Santa Clara Valley within Santa Clara County is also known as Silicon Valley. Santa Clara is the most populous county in the San Francisco Bay Area region, Santa Clara County is named after Mission Santa Clara, which was established in 1777, and is also named for Saint Clare of Assisi. Santa Clara County was one of the counties of California. The original inhabitants included the Ohlone, residing on Coyote Creek, part of the countys territory was given to Alameda County in 1853. In 1882, Santa Clara County tried to levy taxes upon property of the Southern Pacific Railroad within county boundaries. The result was the U. S. Supreme Court case of Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad,118 U. S.394, in which the Court extended Due Process rights to artificial legal entities. In the early 20th Century, the area was promoted as the Valley of the Hearts Delight due to its natural beauty, the first major technology company to be based in the area was Hewlett-Packard, founded in a garage in Palo Alto in 1939. IBM selected San Jose as its West Coast headquarters in 1943, varian Associates, Fairchild Semiconductor, and other early innovators were located in the county by the late 1940s and 1950s. The U. S. Navy had a presence in the area. The term Silicon Valley was coined in 1971, the trend accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s, and agriculture has since then been nearly eliminated from the northern part of the county. And Hewlett-Packard, and internet companies eBay, Facebook, Google, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,304 square miles, of which 1,290 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water. The San Andreas Fault runs along the Santa Cruz Mountains in the south, as of 2012, an estimated 400 tule elk roam 1,875 square kilometres in northeastern Santa Clara County and southeastern Alameda County. The vast majority of these Superfund sites were caused by associated with the high tech sector located in Silicon Valley. As of 2013, Santa Clara County has the highest median income of any county in California at $84,741. The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Clara County had a population of 1,781,642. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 479,210 persons,22. 5% Mexican,0. 4% Puerto Rican,0. 1% Cuban,3. 8% Other Hispanic
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
22.
Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)
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Coyote Creek is a river that flows through the Santa Clara Valley in California, United States. Coyote Creek was originally named Arroyo del Coyote by Padre Pedro Font when the de Anza Expedition reached it on Sunday, March 31,1776. Although it is called a creek, Coyote Creek is actually a river draining 320 square miles and running 63.6 miles from the confluence of its East Fork and Middle Fork to southeast San Francisco Bay. The rivers main source is on Mount Sizer near Henry W. Coe State Park, at the base of the Diablo Range, the creek is impounded by two dams, first Coyote Reservoir and then Anderson Lake. Coyote Reservoir Dam was built across the active 1000-ft wide trace of the Calaveras fault by the Santa Clara Valley Water District between 1934–36, storing 10,000 acre feet of water. As Coyote Creek forms the boundary of downtown San Jose. There, Miguelita Creek, Penitencia Creek, and Berryessa Creek are all tributaries, Coyote Creek then bypasses the Newby Island landfill and empties into the San Francisco Bay. There is a chain of parks along Coyote Creek called the Coyote Creek Park Chain, the feasibility of a trail connecting the parks within this chain to Almaden Park was first examined in 1989. The river is managed by the SCVWD, in 1983, torrential rains caused by el Niño resulted in significant flooding of Coyote Creek in the Alviso neighborhood. The SCVWD, with advice from Santa Clara Basin Watershed Management Initiative stakeholders, the plan includes over sixty projects to benefit flood protection, habitat enhancement, parks, and trails. The Silver Creek Fault runs generally parallel to Coyote Creek, in response SCVWD has lowered the water to 54% full, which is 60 feet below the dam crest. According to the SCVWD, remediation of the problem will likely require lengthy construction that would take up to six years, the 2017 flood was the worst one since 1997. February 20,2017 San Jose City opened overnight shelter for residents who choose to voluntarily evacuate their homes in low-lying areas along Coyote Creek, subsequent days, the city started issuing mandatory and advisory evacuation areas. On February 21,2017, five people were rescued from the Coyote Creek floodwaters at Los Lagos Golf Course, the flood on that day forced the closure of US101 in Morgan Hill. Twenty-eight horses were stranded at Cooksy Family Stables in South San Jose, the flooding was caused by the overflowing of Anderson Reservoir and above average rainfall. Nearly 500 homes were evacuated at Senter Road and Phelan Avenue, the entire William Street park was flooded. A parking garage at San Jose International Airport was also flooded, about 14,000 people were forced out of their homes as a result of the flood. By February 23,2017, nearly 4,000 people were placed under evacuation orders
Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)
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Outline
23.
Santa Clara Station (California)
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The Santa Clara Depot is one of two heavy railway stations in Santa Clara, California. The Santa Clara station has a platform serving the southbound Caltrain track. The island platform is connected to the platform by a pedestrian tunnel. Additional tracks are northeast of the Caltrain tracks used by Amtrak, Altamont Corridor Express, the platforms have been rebuilt to eliminate the hold out rule and permit ACE and Amtrak Capitol Corridor trains to stop at the station. The original 24x50 board and batten depot was one of the two way stations built between San Francisco and San Jose, plans for a railroad linking San Francisco and San Jose began as early as 1851. Though the 1851 scheme ultimately failed, the incorporation of the San Francisco, the first passenger service to San Francisco started in January 1864. The Southern Pacific Railroad acquired the San Francisco & San Jose Railroad in 1868, the depot, originally on the east side of the tracks, was moved to its present location in 1877 and attached to the existing 32x50 freight house constructed several years earlier. Because of the volume of agricultural freight shipped from the depot. On November 1,1877, the San Jose Mercury reported the facility nearing completion, following construction of the railroad, farming and fruit-related industries developed in the Santa Clara area, with the depot serving as a focal point for shipping. Rail service provided the link to San Francisco and, in the later 1870s. Typical of these efforts were those of James A. Dawson, by the turn of the century, the Pratt-Low Preserving Company, the largest fruit packing plant in central California, was located just south of the depot. The California Department of Transportation acquired the depot from Southern Pacific in 1980 and it was placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. In cooperation with the South Bay Historical Railroad Society, a group founded the same year, they began renovation work in 1986 on the depot. A group of volunteers spent over 25,000 hours hauling away debris, replacing support timbers, siding, exterior decking and interior flooring, scraping peeling paint, painting and many other repairs. The station is a transportation center, with Caltrain and Altamont Corridor Express train service. Bus service is extensive and includes limited-stop and, since July 2005, Amtrak Capitol Corridor trains began stopping at the station on May 21,2012, giving Caltrain a second direct connection to Amtrak. Of Amtraks 74 California stations, Santa Clara University was the 73rd-busiest in FY2012, rather, it was decided that two Peninsula stations would be sufficient, one in Palo Alto or Redwood City, and the other serving the larger San Francisco International Airport. This station is planned as the station for the BART extension to San Jose in the second
Santa Clara Station (California)
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Santa Clara Station, 2007
Santa Clara Station (California)
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Santa Clara Station
Santa Clara Station (California)
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The new pedestrian tunnel as it appeared in 2012
24.
Winchester Transit Center
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Winchester Transit Center is a light rail station and park-and-ride lot operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Campbell, California. Winchester is the terminus of the Mountain View–Winchester light rail line. Winchester station was built as part of the Vasona Light Rail extension project and this project extended VTA light rail service from the intersection of Woz Way and West San Carlos St in San Jose in a southwesterly direction, terminating at this station. The station began service on October 1,2005, after a delay of months after a dispute with the Federal Railroad Administration. The construction of station and the rest of the Vasona Light Rail extension was part of the 1996 Measure B Transportation Improvement Program. Santa Clara County voters approved the Measure B project in 1996 along with a one percent sales tax increase. The construction of the Winchester station ended the 74 years that Campbell was without Lightrail service, the San Jose Railroads and the Peninsular Railway Company of San Jose petitioned to stop street car trolley service after the death of Henry C. Blackwood in 1931 and the costs that the railroad would endure with the new highway being built. John D.85 to Palo Alto Media related to Winchester Transit Center at Wikimedia Commons Park & Ride Lots - Winchester Light Rail Station at VTA
Winchester Transit Center
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Station with train waiting to depart, September 20, 2012
25.
Pajaro, California
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Pajaro is a census-designated place in Monterey County, California, United States. Pajaro is located on the bank of the Pajaro River 5 miles northeast of its mouth. The population was 3,070 at the 2010 census, down from 3,384 at the 2000 census, the school district is in Santa Cruz County. The town, the name of which is derived from pájaro, is in the Pajaro Valley on the Pajaro River, Pajaro is located at 36°54′15″N 121°44′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.9 square miles. The Pajaro post office operated from 1872 to 1873 and from 1882 to 1888 and this town was heavily flooded in 1995 and 1998. The oldest building in the community of Pajaro is the Porter-Vallejo Mansion, constructed in the 1840s and remodeled multiple times, it was acquired in 1991 by then-Monterey County Supervisor Marc Del Piero and converted into a public library/senior citizen center. Additionally, it houses a day-care facility for the children of migrant farm workers. On Monday, May 11,1903, President Theodore Roosevelt stopped in Pajaro for a whistle stop address on his way to Santa Cruz. He arrived in his special train via the Southern Pacific at 8, 50am and left at 9, the 2010 United States Census reported that Pajaro had a population of 3,070. The population density was 3,312.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pajaro was 1,451 White,15 African American,78 Native American,53 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,1,281 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,889 persons. The Census reported that 2,979 people lived in households,91 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 41 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 46 households were made up of individuals and 19 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 4.80. There were 552 families, the family size was 4.82. The median age was 25.6 years, for every 100 females there were 124.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 134.3 males, there were 655 housing units at an average density of 706.7 per square mile, of which 141 were owner-occupied, and 480 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 4%, the vacancy rate was 3. 2%
Pajaro, California
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Pajaro, viewed from the bridge across the Pajaro River
26.
Castroville, California
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Castroville is a census-designated place in Monterey County, California, United States. At the time of the 2010 census the population was 6,481, after the 1848 cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, Juan Bautista Castro, son of María Antonia Pico de Castro, founded Castroville in 1863. Castroville is known for its artichoke crop and for the annual Castroville Artichoke Festival, Rancho Moro Cojo, granted by Governor Luis Antonio Arguello in 1825. The second is Rancho Bolsa Nueva, by Governnor Mariano Chico in 1836, the third was granted by Governor Juan Alvarado to Simeon Castro in 1837. Lake Merritt and the sloughs were popular for fishing and hunting, the area around Castroville was crisscrossed by a network of sloughs and swamps. The land is formed by a solid crust superimposed on a vast miry base. Lots were divided into 50 by 130 feet, an alley ran through each block, a lottery was established and 100 lots were given away to any person who would clear land and build homes. In 1870 Manuel R. Juan Bautista Castro would run for county supervisor for the district, Castro, Merritt, Geil and others traveled to the oldest settlement of Sotoville in Salinas, that is where the Indians and Paisanos lived. They packed their belongings, it was said Castro packed the tortilla cast iron pans, personal items and they were registered and became ready to vote. They were not able to read in English, so the ballets were translated for them, Juan Bautista Castro won the office of supervisor of his district. Juan Pomber became Road- Master of the district, the county supplied money and low income housing was built on the donated lots. Castroville now had residents and a community, in 1875 Castroville had 900 residents. The Southern Pacific Railroad began extending the south from Gilroy. Juan Bautista Castro had ambitions of Castroville becoming the new Station Freight Depot, Castrovilles asking price for the land was high. Salinas offered the land for free, and was selected over Castroville, Castroville was still considered an important stop, serving as the point of juncture of the road from Monterey, and from Soledad to San Francisco. The first roundhouse was built here in Castroville, the publishers were Juan Bautista Castro and Joseph R. Merritt. Editors were Manuel R. Merritt and S. F, the office was in the Hicks Building on the corner of Merritt and Poole Streets. It was a paper and a new edition was available every Saturday
Castroville, California
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Castroville Sign and La Scuola on Merritt Street
Castroville, California
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The last standing building in Chinatown. The Saloon
Castroville, California
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The Saloon, Rear View
Castroville, California
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Saloon on Fire
27.
Interstate 880
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Interstate 880 is an Interstate Highway in the San Francisco Bay Area connecting San Jose and Oakland, running parallel to the northeastern shore of San Francisco Bay. For most of its route, I-880 is officially known as the Nimitz Freeway, after World War II fleet admiral Chester Nimitz and this route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System. The southern terminus of I-880 is at its interchange with Interstate 280, from there, it heads roughly northeast past the San Jose International Airport to U. S. Route 101. In Oakland, I-880 passes by Oakland International Airport, Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum, the northern terminus of I-880 is in Oakland at the junction with Interstate 80 and Interstate 580, near the eastern approach of the Bay Bridge. I-880 between I-238 in San Leandro and the MacArthur Maze is used as a truck route. Officially, the Nimitz Freeway designation is Route 880 from Route 101 to Route 80, as named by Senate Concurrent Resolution 23 and it then turned north at Cypress Street, passing through the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure and following a newly constructed alignment to El Cerrito. The first short piece of the new Eastshore Freeway opened to traffic on July 22,1949 and it was extended to 98th Avenue on June 1,1950, Lewelling Boulevard on June 13,1952, and Jackson Street on June 5,1953. At the San Jose end, the overlap with Route 5 between Bayshore Highway and Warm Springs was bypassed on July 2,1954, within Oakland, the double-decker Cypress Street Viaduct opened on June 11,1957, connecting the freeway with the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. As these sections opened, Sign Route 17 was moved from its old surface routing, other than Route 5 south of Warm Springs, the portion from San Leandro into Oakland was also kept as part of Route 105. Prior to 1984, the known as I-880 used to be part of State Route 17. SR17 used to run from Santa Cruz all the way through San Jose, Oakland, in 1947, construction commenced on a freeway to replace the street routing of SR17 through the East Bay. In 1958, the south of the MacArthur Maze was renamed the Nimitz Freeway in honor of WWII Admiral Nimitz. The northern portion of I-880 was designated Business U. S. Route 50 for a time between the I-80 interchange and downtown Oakland, from 1971 to 1983, Interstate 880 was the original route designation for the Beltline Freeway, the northern bypass freeway for the Sacramento area. The now-designated Capital City Freeway was then the original I-80 routing, continuing southwest directly into downtown Sacramento, I-80 was then re-routed along the Beltline Freeway in 1983, while the Capital City Freeway became Interstate 80 Business. This was the greatest loss of life caused by that earthquake, the freeway reopened in July 1997 on a new route parallel to railroad tracks around the outskirts of West Oakland with the entire project being completed shortly before 2000. Although only about three miles in length, the replacement freeway cost over $1, the former path of the structure, Cypress Street, was renamed Mandela Parkway, and the median where the freeway stood became a landscaped linear park. Several aspects of the I-880 facility have been constructed in designated floodplains such as the 1990 interchange improvements at Dixon Landing Road, in that case the Federal Highway Administration was required to make a finding that there was no feasible alternative to the new ramp system as designed. In that same study, the FHWA produced an analysis to support the fact that adequate wetlands mitigation had been designed into the improvement project and this activity has occurred in Oakland, San Leandro, Hayward, Newark and Fremont
Interstate 880
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I-880 approaching CA-92 in Hayward
Interstate 880
Interstate 880
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Portion of the collapsed Cypress Viaduct in Oakland.
28.
Interstate 80
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Interstate 80 is a transcontinental limited-access highway in the United States that runs from downtown San Francisco, California, to Teaneck, New Jersey, in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The highway was designated in 1956 as one of the routes of the Interstate Highway System. Its final segment was opened to traffic in 1986 and it is the second-longest Interstate Highway in the United States, following I-90. I-80 is the Interstate Highway that most closely approximates the route of the historic Lincoln Highway, from near Chicago east to near Youngstown, Ohio, I-80 is a toll road, containing the majority of both the Indiana Toll Road and the Ohio Turnpike. I-80 runs concurrently with I-90 from near Portage, Indiana, to Elyria, in Pennsylvania, I-80 is known as the Keystone Shortway, a non-tolled freeway that crosses rural north-central portions of the state on the way to New Jersey and New York City. I-80 begins at an interchange with U. S. Route 101 in San Francisco and it then heads northeast through Vallejo, Sacramento, and the Sierra Nevada mountains before crossing into Nevada. A portion of the route through Pinole involved the experimental transplantation of the rare species Santa Cruz tarweed in the right-of-way, in Nevada, I-80 traverses the northern portion of the state. The Nevada portion of I-80 follows the paths of the Truckee and Humboldt rivers, the Interstate also follows the historical routes of the California Trail, First Transcontinental Railroad, and Feather River Route throughout portions of the state. I-80 in Nevada closely follows, and at points directly overlaps, the original route of the Victory Highway, State Route 1. After crossing Utahs western border in Wendover, I-80 crosses the desolate Bonneville Salt Flats west of the Great Salt Lake, the longest stretch between exits on an Interstate Highway is located between Wendover and Knolls, with 37.4 miles between those exits. This portion of I-80, crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert, is flat and straight, dotted with large warning signs about driver fatigue. It ascends Parleys Canyon and passes within a few miles of Park City as it follows a route through the mountains towards the junction with the terminus of the western section of I-84. From the junction it continues up Echo Canyon and on towards the border with Wyoming, the route of the Utah section of I-80 is defined in Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-113. In Wyoming, I-80 reaches its maximum elevation of 8,640 feet above sea level at Sherman Summit, near Buford, farther west in Wyoming, the Interstate passes through the dry Red Desert and over the Continental Divide. I-80 enters Nebraska west of Bushnell, the western portion of I-80 in Nebraska runs very close to the state of Colorado, without entering the state. The intersection of I-76 and I-80 is visible from the Colorado–Nebraska state line, from its intersection with I-76 to Grand Island, I-80 lies in the valley of the South Platte River and the Platte River. Along this length, the road does not vary from a straight line by more than a few yards. After Lincoln, I-80 turns northeast towards Omaha and it then crosses the Missouri River in Omaha to enter the state of Iowa
Interstate 80
–
Interstate 80 is a major urban freeway in the San Francisco Bay Area
Interstate 80
–
Interstate 80
Interstate 80
–
I-80 descending into
Reno from the
Sierra Nevada
Interstate 80
–
Mountains of the
Great Salt Lake as seen approaching
Salt Lake City from the west
29.
Auburn, California
–
Auburn is the county seat of Placer County, California. Its population was 13,330 during the 2010 census, Auburn is known for its California Gold Rush history, and is registered as a California Historical Landmark. Auburn is part of Greater Sacramento and is home to the Auburn State Recreation Area, the park is the site of more sporting endurance events than any other place in the world, giving Auburn the undisputed and internationally acclaimed title of Endurance Capital of the World. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Auburn area. The indigenous Nisenan, an offshoot of the Maidu, were the first to establish a permanent settlement in the Auburn area, in the spring of 1848, a group of French gold miners arrived and camped in what would later be known as the Auburn Ravine. This group was on its way to the fields in Coloma, California, and it included Francois Gendron, Philibert Courteau. The young Chana discovered gold on May 16,1848, after finding the gold deposits in the soil, the trio decided to stay for more prospecting and mining. Placer mining in the Auburn area was good, with the camp first becoming known as the North Fork Dry Diggings. This name was changed to the Woods Dry Diggings, after John S. Wood settled down, built a cabin, the area soon developed into a mining camp, and it was officially named Auburn in August 1849. By 1850, the population had grown to about 1,500 people. Gold mining operations moved up the ravine to the site of present-day Auburn, in 1865, the Central Pacific Railroad, the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad, reached Auburn, as it was being built east from Sacramento toward Ogden, Utah. The restored Old Town has houses and retail buildings from the middle of the 19th century, the oldest fire station and the Post Office date from the Gold Rush years. Casual gold-mining accessories, as well as American Indian and Chinese artifacts, Auburn was the home and birthplace of noted science fiction and fantasy poet and writer Clark Ashton Smith. A memorial to him is located near Old Town, Auburn is home to Placer High School, which is one of the oldest high schools in California. Local dentist Kenneth H. Foxs colossal sculptures are located throughout the town, the statues chronicle Auburns history, such as a middle-aged Claud Chana gold panning in the nearby American River, and a Chinese coolie worker building the Transcontinental Railroad. Auburn is located at 38°53′55″N 121°04′28″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.2 square miles, of which 0.03 square miles, or 0. 38%, is water. Auburn is situated in the Northern California foothills of the Sierra Nevada range, approximately 800 vertical feet above the confluence of the North Fork and it is located between Sacramento and Reno, Nevada along Interstate 80. Mountainous wilderness canyons and the slope of the Sierra Nevada lie adjacent eastward
Auburn, California
–
Old Town Auburn in July 2015
Auburn, California
–
The Placer County Courthouse was constructed between 1894 and 1898.
Auburn, California
–
The
Queen Anne style Old Town Firehouse is a landmark. It originally adjoined a row of commercial buildings (now demolished). It was home to the Auburn Volunteer Fire Department.
Auburn, California
–
Rolling hills of Auburn, taken near Indian Hill Road.
30.
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
–
The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province. The vast majority of the lies in the state of California. The Sierra runs 400 miles north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west, the Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks, the character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology. More than one hundred years ago during the Nevadan orogeny. The range started to uplift four M. A. ago, the uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones. Uplift continues due to faulting caused by forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada has a significant history, the California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912, the Sierra Nevada lies in Central and Eastern California, with a very small but historically important spur extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevadas elevation increases gradually from 1,000 feet in the Central Valley to an height of about 10,500 feet at its crest only 50–75 miles to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment, unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift. The Sierra Nevada stretches from the Susan River and Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south and it is bounded on the west by Californias Central Valley and on the east by the Basin and Range Province. The geographical boundary between the Sierra and the Cascades is virtually indistinguishable, with the Fredonyer Pass designation being traditional, physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade-Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The range is drained on its western slope by the Central Valley watershed, the northern third of the western Sierra is part of the Sacramento River watershed, and the middle third is drained by the San Joaquin River. The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower, its rivers flow out into the endorheic Great Basin of eastern California and western Nevada. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct which provides water to Southern California, the height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the range from 5,000 feet to more than 9,000 feet. The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet high, farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
–
The Sierra's
Mills Creek cirque (center) is on the west side of the
Sierra Crest, south of
Mono Lake (top, blue).
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
–
Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the range and the contiguous United States
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
–
The Sierra hosts many waterways, such as the
Tuolumne River.
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
–
Mount Tallac above
Lake Tahoe
31.
History of California through 1899
–
Human history in California begins with indigenous Americans first arriving in California some 13, 000–15,000 years ago. Exploration and settlement by Europeans along the coasts and in the valleys began in the 16th century. California was acquired by the United States under the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the defeat of Mexico in the Mexican–American War, American westward expansion intensified with the California Gold Rush, beginning in 1849. California joined the Union as a state in 1850, due to the Compromise of 1850. By the end of the 19th century, California was still rural and agricultural. The most commonly accepted model of migration to the New World is that peoples from Asia crossed the Bering land bridge to the Americas some 16,500 years ago. The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of an early habitation. In all, some 30 tribes or culture groups lived in what is now California and these groups included the early-arriving Hokan family and the recently arrived Uto-Aztecan of the desert southeast. This cultural diversity was among the densest in North America, and was likely the result of a series of migrations and invasions during the last 10, 000–15,000 years. At the time of the first European contact, Native American tribes included the Chumash, Maidu, Miwok, Modoc, Mohave, Ohlone, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, Tataviam, Tongva, Wintu, tribes adapted to Californias many climates. Coastal tribes were a source of trading beads, produced from mussel shells using stone tools. Tribes in Californias broad Central Valley and the surrounding foothills developed an early agriculture, burning the grasslands to encourage growth of wild plants. The acorns from these trees were pounded into a powder, tribes living in the mountains of the north and east relied heavily on salmon and game hunting, and used Californias volcanic legacy by collecting and shaping obsidian for themselves and for trade. The deserts of the southeast were home to tribes who learned to thrive in harsh environment by making careful use of local plants and living in oases. The indigenous people practiced various forms of forest gardening in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, by burning underbrush and grass, the Native Americans revitalized patches of land whose regrowth provided fresh shoots to attract food animals. A form of farming was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle. The relative strength of the tribes was dynamic, as the more successful expanded their territories, slave-trading and war among tribes alternated with periods of relative peace. The total population of Native California is estimated, by the time of extensive European contact in the 18th century, before Europeans landed in North America, about one-third of all natives in what is now the United States were living in the area that is now California
History of California through 1899
–
California's
Yosemite Valley
History of California through 1899
–
California was misrepresented in early maps as an
island. This example c. 1650. Restored.
History of California through 1899
–
A portrait of
Junípero Serra
32.
Oakland, California
–
Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
Oakland, California
–
Oakland skyline, with the old eastern span of the
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in background
Oakland, California
–
1857 Map of Oakland
Oakland, California
–
One day's output of 1917
Chevrolet automobiles at their major
West Coast plant, now the location of
Eastmont Town Center
Oakland, California
–
In 1924, the
Tribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark.
33.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
34.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
35.
Seattle
–
Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
Seattle
–
Downtown Seattle from
Queen Anne Hill
Seattle
–
Seal
Seattle
–
The
Battle of Seattle (1856)
Seattle
–
Seattle's first
streetcar, at the corner of Occidental and Yesler, 1884. All of the buildings visible in this picture were destroyed by fire five years later.
36.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
37.
Chicago, Illinois
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago, Illinois
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago, Illinois
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago, Illinois
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago, Illinois
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
38.
Vacaville, CA
–
Vacaville is a city located in Solano County in Northern California. The town is nearly halfway between Sacramento and San Francisco on I-80 and it sits approximately 35 miles from Sacramento, and 55 miles from San Francisco. As of the 2010 census, Vacaville had a population of 92,428, the city was originally laid out on land deeded by Manuel Cabeza Vaca to William McDaniel in August 1850. Its original plot was recorded on December 13,1851, the city was a Pony Express stop and was home to many large produce companies and local farms which flourished due to the Vaca Valleys rich soil, including The Nut Tree. There are a number of rare and endangered species in the Vacaville area, to this day Trifolium amoenum can still be found in Lagoon Valley Regional Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 28.6 square miles. 99. 26% of the area is land and 0. 74% is water, excluding the Putah South Canal and minor local creeks, the only significant body of water within the city is the 105-acre Lagoon Valley Lake. The unincorporated communities of Allendale and Elmira are generally considered to be part of greater Vacaville, Vacaville has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Characteristic of inland California, summers can get quite hot, autumns are warm in the early part but quickly cool down as the wet season approaches. Winters can be cool, and often foggy, but are mild compared to other regions, spring is a rather pleasant season with fairly mild temperatures and not so much rain. The greater majority of precipitation falls in the autumn, winter, according to National Weather Service records, average January temperatures in Vacaville are a maximum of 55.4 °F and a minimum of 36.7 °F. Average July temperatures are a maximum of 95.2 °F, there are an average of 87.7 days with highs of 90 °F or higher. There are an average of 30.7 days with lows of 32 °F or lower, the record high temperature was 116 °F on July 23,2006. The record low temperature was 14 °F on December 26,1924, average annual precipitation is 24.55 inches. There are an average of 57 days with measurable precipitation, the wettest year was 1983 with 48.90 inches and the driest year was 2012 with 5 inches. The most precipitation in one month was 19.83 inches in January 1916, the most precipitation in 24 hours was 6.10 inches on February 27,1940. Snowfall is rare in Vacaville, but light measurable amounts have occurred, the 2010 United States Census reported that Vacaville had a population of 92,428. The population density was 3,233.5 people per square mile
Vacaville, CA
–
Vacaville Skyline. Sacramento skyline seen 30 miles distant.
Vacaville, CA
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Vacaville Hills
Vacaville, CA
–
Vacaville Hills during summer
Vacaville, CA
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Aerial view of Vacaville
39.
Union City (BART station)
–
Union City station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station located in downtown Union City near the Decoto district. Service at this station began on September 11,1972, the station sits near Decoto Road east of Alvarado-Niles Road, directly behind James Logan High Schools campus. Temporary parking spaces were constructed in 2006, and opened in the Summer of 2007, the station is currently undergoing construction through 2016 to create a second entrance on the other side of the station. Local bus service is provided by Union City Transit and AC Transit, currently, no connection to other regional trains exists at Union City BART station. In February 2008, Union Citys Economic Development Department and BART proposed that this become a regional rail intermodal station. For now, the Dumbarton Express bus service provides service to the Peninsula. Funding for this went to Bart to San Jose project which would be opened in 2017. In May 2011, developers, Union City and BART officials unveiled the first residential housing project inside the city/transit agency-specified redevelopment district, the BART station building facade has been completely renovated and overhauled facelift which lends it an airy feeling similar to SFO station. Across the street sits the newly constructed East Plaza, which features a fountain containing three bronze sculptures created by French sculptor Louis Derebe, in February 2014, construction on Phase 2 began, around 300 apartments were constructed near the eastern entrance of the station. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Union City Station
Union City (BART station)
–
Platform as seen in Spring 2000.
Union City (BART station)
–
West entrance of the BART station
40.
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
–
Just to the south of the Dumbarton road bridge lies the Dumbarton Rail Bridge. Built in 1910, the bridge was the first structure to span San Francisco Bay. The last freight train traveled over the bridge in 1982, part of the western timber trestle approach collapsed in a suspected arson fire in 1998. The Dumbarton Rail Bridge was championed by E. H. Harriman, prior to the completion of the Dumbarton Cut-off, transcontinental rail freight was offloaded at Oakland and ferried to San Francisco. Henry Rengstorff argued the bridge would impede water traffic, which was needed as a route in case of a railroad strike or natural disaster. Tracks were laid from Niles to Dumbarton starting in late 1906, the Dumbarton Cut-off rail line includes a second swing bridge to the east of the Dumbarton Rail Bridge, spanning Newark Slough. The Newark Slough bridge was complete by May 1908, at the time, it was the most expensive bridge structure built in California. Newark celebrated the start of service with a picnic. Regular passenger service departing Newark was established in 1911, the terminus was Redwood City. The increased freight service afforded by the Dumbarton Cut-off caused some Hillsborough residents to complain about the black smoke, the Central California Railway transferred ownership of the entire Dumbarton Cut-off rail line from Niles to Redwood City to the Central Pacific in March 1912. Some sections of the trestles were replaced with precast concrete structures in the 1960s and 1970s. The last freight train passed over the Dumbarton Cut-off in May 1982, on the night of 2 January 1998, the western trestle approach caught on fire, and the smoke from the creosote-treated timbers forced the shutdown of the Dumbarton Bridge in both directions. The fire was not extinguished until noon on 3 January 1998, access to the bridge was difficult, and firefighters were forced to use a rail maintenance vehicle along with a pump truck with a large reservoir, as the wetlands precluded access via fireboat. Arson was suspected as the cause of the fire, but never proven. There are plans for new bridges, new stations, and rehabilitation of the rail line to serve a commuter rail service to connect Union City, Fremont. From Union City, trains would stop at stations in Fremont, Newark, in the afternoon, the six trains would return from San Francisco and San Jose to Union City. No reverse commute, mid-day, or night-time trains would be part of the initial service, two more stations could be added in Redwood City and Hayward if rider participation would justify the cost. SamTrans purchased the entire Dumbarton Cut-off from Redwood Junction to Newark Junction for US$6,900,000 in early 1994, other proposed improvements included a proposed fourteen-span bridge over Alameda Creek to separate freight and passenger traffic
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
–
The Dumbarton Bridge and its adjacent powerline towers
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
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California clapper rail is a known resident of the western terminus area
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
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The original vertical-lift span of the Dumbarton Bridge, shown in 1984 shortly before it was demolished
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
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A view from the air, above Palo Alto, looking towards Fremont
41.
Union City, California
–
Incorporated on January 13,1959, combining the communities of Alvarado, New Haven, and Decoto, the city has over 72,000 residents today and very diverse population. Alvarado is a California Historical Landmark, the city celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 2009. The Cities of Fremont, Newark, and Union City make up the Tri-City Area to the south. The larger City of Hayward surrounds the city to the north, the Tri-City Area hosts many local events, along with programs for the youth. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19 square miles. The Niles Cone aquifer, managed by the Alameda County Water District, the 2010 United States Census reported that Union City had a population of 69,516. The population density was 3,570.6 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Union City was 16,640 White,4,402 Black,329 Native American,35,363 Asian,892 Pacific Islander,7,253 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 15,895 persons. The Census reported that 68,998 people lived in households,422 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 856 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 128 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,740 households were made up of individuals and 1,002 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.38. There were 16,677 families, the family size was 3.69. The median age was 36.2 years, for every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. There were 21,258 housing units at a density of 1,091.9 per square mile, of which 13,580 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 5%, the vacancy rate was 5. 3%. 46,272 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 22,726 people lived in housing units. As of 2014 the median price of a house in Union City is over $500,000. As of 2000 the population was 66,869 and 15,696 families residing in Union City, the population density was 3,473.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 18,877 housing units at a density of 980.4 per square mile
Union City, California
–
Union City Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station
Union City, California
–
Seal
Union City, California
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The center, two-story building, is the original courthouse
Union City, California
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Bodies of water
42.
Coast Subdivision
–
The Coast Line is a railroad line between Burbank, California and the San Francisco Bay Area, roughly along the Pacific Coast. It is the shortest rail route from Los Angeles to the Bay Area, the first version of the Coast line, via Saugus and Santa Paula through the Santa Clara River Valley, was completed by the Southern Pacific Railroad on December 31,1900. The Montalvo Cutoff crossed the Santa Clara River to serve the farmers in the Oxnard Plain and was extended to Santa Susana in Simi Valley, the Santa Susana Tunnel opened in 1904 connecting with the Chatsworth cutoff from Burbank and thereafter was the main line. Ownership is now with Caltrain north of Santa Clara, and Union Pacific Railroad, in the golden era of passenger service SP trains on the San Francisco leg of this route ran from the Third and Townsend Depot in San Francisco to the Union Station in Los Angeles. The Oakland-Los Angeles trains originated from the 16th Street Station in Oakland, Union Pacific freight trains run on the route, although the San Joaquin Valley route is the primary north–south California route. The Coast Line is an important link for one of the busiest passenger routes in the nation, millions in enhancements to improve the reliability and safety of this 351-mile-long railroad corridor have been proposed by Caltrans and federal railroad officials. Ventura County would get rail curve realignments near Seacliff, the Santa Clara River, future rail service could include a Ventura–Santa Barbara commuter rail service. Long-range plans also including commuter service between Ventura and Santa Clarita along the route through the Santa Clara River Valley. The Ventura County Transportation Commission purchased the Santa Paula Branch Line within Ventura County from Southern Pacific, while a portion of the line was abandoned after being washed out in Los Angeles County, the proposed Newhall Ranch development will provide for a route through the community
Coast Subdivision
–
Bridge at
Gaviota State Park, seen from the beach
43.
Jack London Square
–
Jack London Square is a popular entertainment and business destination on the waterfront of Oakland, California, United States. A farmers market is hosted among the shops on Sunday mornings. The former presidential yacht USS Potomac is moored at an adjacent slip, Jack London Square is located at the south end of Broadway, across the Oakland Estuary from Alameda. Current California Governor Jerry Brown made his home here before moving north to the Uptown neighborhood. KTVU, the Bay Areas Fox affiliate, has had studios at the Square since it began broadcasting on March 3,1958, swarm Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in the neighborhood. A mainline railroad runs through the middle of the street, with the speed limit set at 15 mph. The tracks running through Jack London Square are used by BNSF Railway, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, San Joaquin, the trains share the road with automobiles, AC Transit buses, and pedestrians. The square is a popular spot for railfans. Jack London Square’s most recent changes are adding more businesses, restaurants, under lead developer Ellis Partners, Jack London Squares new architecture and public spaces are adding to the daytime and nighttime population and use. Recent new components include the 55 Harrison building, a 178,000 square-foot mid-rise by RMW Architects in association with Steve Worthington, Jack London District, Oakland, California Chinatown, Oakland, California Old Oakland Official website The Jack London District Association The Jack London News
Jack London Square
–
Jack London docks at dawn, summertime
Jack London Square
–
An excursion train pulled by a classic
BC Rail steam locomotive visits JLS in 1977
Jack London Square
–
Reconstruction of Jack London's Klondike Hut in Jack London Square
44.
Truckee, California
–
Truckee is an incorporated town in Nevada County, California, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 16,180, the town’s original name was Coburn Station, commemorating a saloon keeper. It was renamed Truckee after a Paiute chief, whose assumed Paiute name was Tru-ki-zo and he was the father of Chief Winnemucca and grandfather of Sarah Winnemucca. The first Europeans who came to cross the Sierra Nevada encountered his tribe, the friendly Chief rode toward them yelling, “Tro-kay. ”, which is Paiute for “Everything is all right”. The unaware travelers assumed he was yelling his name, Chief Truckee later served as a guide for John C. Truckee is located along Interstate 80 at 39°20′32″N 120°12′13″W, Truckee has a dry-summer continental climate. Winters are extremely snowy and cold if not severe, while summers are cool-to-warm and dry, the National Weather Service reports that Truckee’s warmest month is July with an average maximum temperature of 82.7 °F and an average minimum temperature of 42.4 °F. January is the coldest month with an maximum temperature of 40.9 °F. The record maximum temperature of 104 °F was on July 6,2007, the record minimum temperature of −28 °F was on February 27,1962. Normal annual precipitation in Truckee is 30.85 inches, measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 87.0 days annually. The most precipitation in one month was 23.65 inches in December 1955, the most snow in one month was 196.0 inches in February 1938, and the most in a season 444.30 inches between July 1951 and June 1952. The maximum 24-hour snowfall was 34.0 inches on February 17,1990, the 2010 United States Census reported that Truckee had a population of 16,180. The population density was 480.8 people per square mile, the Census reported that 16,137 people lived in households,43 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 were institutionalized. There were 502 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 43 same-sex married couples or partnerships,1,382 households were made up of individuals and 275 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54, there were 4,168 families, the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 38.0 years, for every 100 females there were 108.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.3 males, there were 12,803 housing units at an average density of 380.4 per square mile, of which 4,326 were owner-occupied, and 2,017 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 3%, the vacancy rate was 7. 8%
Truckee, California
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Donner Pass Road
Truckee, California
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First snow of winter, Trout Creek, December 2007
Truckee, California
–
The
Truckee River just east of Truckee.
Truckee, California
–
A house in Truckee.
45.
Fiscal year
–
A fiscal year is the period used by governments for accounting and budget purposes, which vary between countries. It is also used for reporting by business and other organizations. Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, the calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxation, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as Council rates, licence fees, etc. —are also levied on a year basis. The fiscal year end is the date marks the end of the fiscal year. Some companies—such as Cisco Systems—end their fiscal year on the day of the week each year. Under such a system, some years will have 52 weeks. Many universities have a year which ends during the summer. In the northern hemisphere this is July to the next June, in the southern hemisphere this is calendar year, January to December. Some media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year, the American football league NFL uses the term league year, which in effect forms the leagues fiscal year. In Afghanistan, the year was recently changed from 1 Hamal –29 Hoot to 1 Jadi –30 Qaus. The fiscal year runs with the Afghan calendar, thus resulting in difference of the Gregorian dates once in a four-year span, in Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a financial year and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year 2017 is the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2017 and it is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises. Business enterprises may opt to use a year that ends at the end of a week. All entities within the one group must use the financial year. The Commonwealth adopted the near-ubiquitous financial year standard since its inception in 1901, the reason given for the change was for convenience, as Parliament typically sits during May and June, while it was difficult for it to meet in November and December to pass a budget. In Austria the fiscal year is the year,1 January to 31 December
Fiscal year
–
Accounting
46.
US dollar
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
US dollar
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
US dollar
–
Federal Reserve Notes
US dollar
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
US dollar
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
47.
Northeast Regional
–
The Northeast Regional is a higher-speed rail service operated by Amtrak in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States. In the past it has known as the NortheastDirect, Acela Regional. It is the busiest Amtrak route, carrying 8.04 million passengers in fiscal year 2013, the Northeast Regional service earned over $568.7 million in gross ticket revenue in FY2013, a 6. 2% increase over the $536 million earned during FY2012. There is daily all-reserved service about every hour during the day, trains generally run between Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D. C. with more between New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington. Extensions and branches extend to Springfield, Massachusetts, and Richmond, Newport News, Norfolk and Lynchburg, travel times between Washington and New York are typically slightly faster than the equivalent travel time by car. Trains usually have 7 to 10 cars with one or two locomotives pulling, although they may be as long as 14 cars during peak travel periods, the passenger cars are the rebuilt Amfleet I series passenger cars built by the Budd Company in the mid to late 1970s. Since May 2008, Northeast Regional trains have the cafe in the middle of the train, the Coach Class car adjacent to business class is designated the quiet car, where passengers are asked to refrain from loud talking and mobile phone conversations. If a second Café Car is present, it is used for passenger seating. The overnight Northeast Regional trains numbered 65,66, and 67 have a different configuration from the other Northeast Regional trains and these trains offer a limited number of business-class seats at the front of the Café Car, instead of having a dedicated Business Class car. The overnight trains have no car, but do have a baggage car used for baggage service. Between Boston and Washington, the service has overhead electric wires and this segment reaches speeds of 125 mph with ACS-64 electric locomotives built from 2012-2015. The ACS-64 locomotives replaced the AEM-7 locomotives in June of 2016, Northeast Regional trains in Virginia and along the route between Springfield and New Haven use GE P42DC diesel locomotives and have lower top speeds. Because the Virginian segments use freight railroad tracks, these trains are likely to suffer delays due to congested tracks. Electrification ended at New Haven, Connecticut, requiring an engine change, on October 28,1995 Amtrak introduced the NortheastDirect brand for all trains on the Northeast Corridor except for the express Metroliner and hourly Clocker services. The November 10,1996, timetable restored the old names in addition to the NortheastDirect brand, the names were dropped with the May 16,1999, schedule. In 2000 Amtrak completed electrifying the route from New Haven to Boston in preparation for the introduction of the Acela Express, the first two all-electric round-trips to and from Boston were branded Acela Regional and equipped with refurbished Amfleet cars painted in the Acela-like Capstone livery. All-electric service began on January 31,2000, the NortheastDirect branding continued to be used for trains which changed from electric to diesel traction in New Haven. Due to customer confusion with the Acela Express, the name was changed again on March 17,2003, the train derailed along a curve and was determined to have been traveling at a speed of about 100 mph, exceeding the limit of 50 mph on that curve
Northeast Regional
–
An ACS-64 locomotive leads a Northeast Regional through Maryland in 2014
Northeast Regional
–
The NortheastDirect branding was used for most Northeast Regional services 1995-2002.
Northeast Regional
–
An Acela HHP-8 at South Station, Boston, in 2002.
Northeast Regional
–
A Virginian Northeast Regional crosses the
James River near
Lynchburg in 2011.
48.
Pacific Surfliner
–
The Pacific Surfliner is a 350-mile passenger train service operated by Amtrak, with funding from the California Department of Transportation as part of the Amtrak California network. The Pacific Surfliner serves the communities on the coast of Southern California between San Diego and San Luis Obispo, the service carried over 2.7 million passengers during fiscal year 2013, a 2. 5% increase from FY2012. Total revenue during FY2013 was $62,576,548, an increase of 6. 8% over FY2012, the Pacific Surfliner was Amtraks third-busiest service, and the busiest outside the Northeast Corridor. The Los Angeles-San Diego portion of the Pacific Surfliner route was served by the Santa Fe Railways San Diegan passenger trains until Amtrak took over operations. Initially there were three trips, but in 1976 the schedule was expanded. In 1988 the service was extended to Santa Barbara, followed in 1995 with one trip a day going all the way to San Luis Obispo, as the name San Diegan no longer reflected the extent of the route, it was renamed the Pacific Surfliner in 2000. The route is named after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railways Surf Line, the 350-mile San Luis Obispo-San Diego trip takes approximately 8½ hours with an average speed of 41.2 miles per hour, maximum track speed is 79 to 90 miles per hour. The Pacific Surfliner operates 14 daily trains between LA and San Diego, on the northernmost part, there are five trains per day in each direction. Thruway Motorcoach connections are available between Santa Barbara, California and Paso Robles during hours when that part of the Coast Line track is in use by freight trains. The 500 series trains go from LA to San Diego and the 700 series trains go onto the nothernmost part of the route. For trains 761,566,567, and 790, they operate slightly different schedules on weekends and they are recognized by having a 1 in front of their number. As of the April 3,2017 schedule, Amtrak also created slightly different schedules for trains 768,572,583, because the San Diego, San Luis Obispo, and Goleta stations are not equipped to turn equipment, trains are operated in push-pull mode. The locomotive is at the rear of the train, pushing the train from Goleta/San Luis Obispo or San Diego to Los Angeles, at Los Angeles, the train reverses at the station, and the locomotive pulls the train to San Diego or Goleta/San Luis Obispo, respectively. A project is currently being prepared for run-through tracks at Union Station in Los Angeles, as of 2007, the route recovers 63% of its operating expenses through ticket sales. Local agencies along with the host railroads formed the Los Angeles–San Diego-San Luis Obispo Rail Corridor Agency in 1989, the Pacific Surfliner is operated by Amtrak under the Amtrak California brand with funding provided by the California Department of Transportation. Serious discussions were held in 2009 regarding the local agencies administering the service rather than Caltrans,1225, passed in 2014, allowed LOSSAN to amend the joint powers agreement and become the sponsor of state-supported intercity passenger rail service in the corridor. In mid-2015, LOSSAN assumed oversight for the Surfliner and they are also working with Caltrans to assess rail operations from Los Angeles to San Diego to develop better connections, close gaps in the schedule, and optimize the assets of the railroad. The Surfliner cars used on the route are painted in a blue, Surfliner cars are equipped with overhead luggage racks, reclining seats with tray tables and footrests, reading lights, restrooms, AmtrakConnect WiFi, 120v power outlets, and a wheelchair ramp
Pacific Surfliner
–
A Pacific Surfliner enters
San Clemente, California.
Pacific Surfliner
–
Pacific Surfliner
Pacific Surfliner
–
Coach/baggage/cab car (AMTK #6905) leading the Pacific Surfliner in
Lake Forest, CA.
Pacific Surfliner
–
Lower-level seating on a Pacific Surfliner "Pacific Business Class" car.
49.
Railyard
–
A rail yard, railway yard or railroad yard is the US term for a complex series of railroad tracks for storing, sorting, or loading/unloading, railroad cars and/or locomotives. Railroad yards have many tracks in parallel for keeping rolling stock stored off the mainline, railroad cars are moved around by specially designed yard switchers, a type of locomotive. Cars in a railroad yard may be sorted by categories, including railroad company, loaded or unloaded, destination, car type. Railroad yards are built where there is a need to store cars while they are not being loaded or unloaded. Large yards may have a tower to control operations, many railway yards are located at strategic points on a main line. Main line yards are often composed of an Up yard and a Down yard, there are different types of yards, and different parts within a yard, depending on how they are built. They are decoupled and let to accelerate into the classification equipment lower down, a flat yard has no hump, and relies on locomotives for all car movements. A large sub-group of such yards are known as Staging yards, the long haul carrier makes the round trip with a minimal turn around time, and the local switch engine transfers empties to the loading yard when the industries output is ready to be shipped. In the staging yard, the locomotive is most likely operated by industry, since overall throughput speed matters, many have small pneumatic, hydraulic or spring driven braking retarders to adjust and slow speed both before and after yard switch points. Along with car tracking and load tracking to destination technologies such as RFID long trains can be broken down and reconfigured in transfer yards or operations in remarkable time. Transfer yard is a yard where consists are dropped off or picked up as a group by through service such as a Unit Train, but managed locally by local switching service locomotives. Unit tracks may be reserved for Unit trains, which carry a block of all of the same origin and destination. Such consists often stop in a yard for other purposes, inspection. Freight yards may have multiple industries adjacent to them where railroad cars are loaded or unloaded and then stored before they move on to their new destination. Major freight yards in the U. S. Major U. K. goods yards include those in Crewe, Reading and Bescot, near Walsall, coach yards are used for sorting, storing and repairing passenger cars. These yards are located in areas near large stations or terminals. An example of a major U. S. coach yard is Sunnyside Yard in New York City and those that are principally used for storage, such as the West Side Yard in New York, are called layup yards or stabling yards. Major U. K. coach stabling yards include those in Crewe and Longsight, Manchester, which are operated by various regional train companies
Railyard
–
Night view of part of
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway yard at
Kansas City, Kansas. March 1943.
Railyard
–
A large
Amtrak and
Metra coach yard in
Chicago, IL. About 25 percent of all rail traffic in the United States travels through the Chicago area.
Railyard
–
Yard for
Amtrak equipment, located next to the
Los Angeles River The two tracks on the left are the mainline.
Railyard
–
Sri Lanka Railways Yard In
Colombo,
Sri Lanka
50.
Red Bluff, California
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Red Bluff is a city in and the county seat of Tehama County, California, United States. The population was 14,076 at the 2010 census, up from 13,147 at the 2000 census, Red Bluff is on the northern edge of the Sacramento Valley, and is the third largest city in the Shasta Cascade region. It is about 30 mi south of Redding,40 mi northwest of Chico, the city is located at 40°10′36″N 122°14′17″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.7 square miles. 7.6 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water, the total area is 1. 48% water. The Nomlaki and Southern Yana people originally inhabited the area along the banks of the Sacramento River where Red Bluff was built, on April 10,1828, Jedediah Smith passed through on the way to Oregon. In 1843 Peter Lassen, John Bidwell, and John Burheim came in pursuit of horse thieves, the first house where Red Bluff now is an adobe structure put up late in 1849 by John Myers, who conducted it for a short time as a hotel. In the following spring Mr. Cooper erected a small adobe there, dibble built another at the Adobe Ferry, one mile north. This adobe has been associated with William B. Ide, whose home was south of Red Bluff, settlement began in 1850 when Sashel Woods and Charles L. Wilson began laying out a town called Leodocia. It was known by name and Covertsburg until 1854, when maps showed the community as Red Bluffs. In 1851 Captain Ellbridge G. Reed built and started a hotel near where the now known as Reeds Creek enters the Sacramento River. It languished later on with the subsidence of activity in the mines, in 1854 Red Bluff had a population of 1,000 people. In 1860 it had twice as many, on the organization of the county in 1856, there was a strong attempt to locate the county seat at Tehama, but in March,1857, Red Bluff was chosen. The city of Red Bluff was incorporated in 1876, Red Bluff has a Mediterranean climate with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. There are an average of 100.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F or higher, the record highest temperature was 121 °F on August 7,1981, and the record lowest temperature was 17 °F on January 9,1937. Annual precipitation averages 23.21 inches with measurable precipitation falling of an average of 71 days, the wettest year was 1983 with 52.98 inches and the driest year was 1976 with 7.20 inches. The most rainfall in one month was 21.47 inches in January 1995, the most snowfall in one month was 15.0 inches in January 1937
Red Bluff, California
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A historic building in 2009.
Red Bluff, California
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Cone & Kimball Plaza Clocktower
Red Bluff, California
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Mountains
51.
Corning, California
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Corning is a city in Tehama County, California that is located about 19 miles south of Red Bluff and about 500 miles north of Los Angeles. The population was 7,663 at the 2010 census, up from 6,741 at the 2000 census, Corning is located at 39°55′34″N 122°10′50″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.55 square miles. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Corning has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that Corning had a population of 7,663. The population density was 2,158.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Corning was 5,510 White,44 African American,201 Native American,82 Asian,11 Pacific Islander,1,496 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,271 persons. The Census reported that 7,638 people lived in households,19 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 224 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 12 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 633 households were made up of individuals and 259 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.90. There were 1,848 families, the family size was 3.44. The median age was 29.2 years, for every 100 females there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males, there were 2,871 housing units at an average density of 808.8 per square mile, of which 1,302 were owner-occupied, and 1,328 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 1%, the vacancy rate was 8. 4%. 3,765 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 3,873 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,741 people,2,422 households, the population density was 2,320.3 people per square mile. There were 2,614 housing units at a density of 899.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 74. 48% White,0. 52% African American,2. 18% Native American,0. 53% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,17. 42% from other races, and 4. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 50. 82% of the population,26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the family size was 3.33
Corning, California
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Solano Street in 2013
52.
Nevada City, California
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Nevada City is the county seat of Nevada County, California, United States, located 60 miles northeast of Sacramento and 28 miles north of Auburn. In 1900,3,250 people lived in Nevada City, in 1910,2,689 lived there, at the 2000 census, the population was 3,001 and it was first settled in 1849, during the California Gold Rush, as Nevada. The Gold Tunnel on the side of Deer Creek was the citys first mine. The first saw mill built in Nevada City was on Deer Creek, just above the town, in August,1850, in 1850-51, it was the most important mining town in the state, Nevada County being the leading gold-mining county in the state. In 1851, The Nevada Journal became the first newspaper published in the town, the town of Nevada was incorporated on April 19,1856. In 1864, the word “City” was added to the name to relieve confusion with the state of Nevada. The former town of Coyoteville, California, later became Nevada Citys northwestern section, the Nevada City Downtown Historic District covers the downtown section roughly bounded by Spring, Bridge, Commercial, York, Washington, Coyote, and Main Streets. Several historical buildings have received National Register of Historic Places or California Historical Landmark status, some of these include, Court house and city hall Art Moderne facades are attributable to Works Progress Administration projects. Doris Foley Library for Historical Research,211 North Pine Street, is a Carnegie library, Miners Foundry,325 Spring Street, was the first manufacturing location of the Pelton wheel. National Hotel,211 Broad Street, is one of the oldest continuously operating hotels west of the Rocky Mountains, Nevada City Firehouse No.2 Nevada Brewery,107 Sacramento Street, was used for brewing and serving lager beer to the mining community. Nevada Theatre,401 Broad Street, is Californias oldest original-use theatre, South Yuba Canal Office,134 Main Street, was used during the period of 1857 to 1880. Nevada City is located at 39°15′41″N 121°01′07″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles,99. 83% of it land and 0. 17% of it water. Nevada, Missouri, is named after Nevada City, most of Nevada City lies on brown sandy loam soils of the Hoda series which developed on granitic rock. The 2010 United States Census reported that Nevada City had a population of 3,068, the population density was 1,399.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Nevada City was 2,837 White,26 African American,28 Native American,46 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,40 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 205 persons. The Census reported that 2,829 people lived in households,56 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 97 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 15 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 488 households were made up of individuals and 168 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.09. There were 744 families, the family size was 2.67
Nevada City, California
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Broad Street, Downtown Nevada City
Nevada City, California
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Commercial Street
Nevada City, California
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Old Fire House on Broad Street
Nevada City, California
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The Chamber of Commerce on Union Alley
53.
Grass Valley, California
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The city of Grass Valley is the largest city in the western region of Nevada County, California, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 12,860, Grass Valley, which was originally known as Boston Ravine and later officially named Centerville, dates from the California Gold Rush, as does nearby Nevada City. When a post office was established in 1851, it was renamed Grass Valley the following year for unknown reasons, Grass Valley is the location of the Empire Mine and North Star Mine, two of the richest mines in California. George Starr, manager of the Empire Mine, and William Bowers Bourn II, many of those who came to settle in Grass Valley were tin miners from Cornwall, England. They were attracted to the California gold fields because the skills needed for deep tin mining were needed for hardrock gold mining. Many of them specialized in pumping the water out of deep mining shafts. This followed the fall in tin prices as large alluvial deposits began to be exploited elsewhere. Grass Valley still holds on to its Cornish heritage, with such as its annual Cornish Christmas. Pasties are a favorite dish with a few restaurants in town specializing in recipes handed down from the original immigrant generation. Grass Valley is also twinned with the Cornish town of Bodmin, there was formerly a Roman Catholic diocese of Grass Valley. Grass Valley is located at 39°13′9″N 121°3′30″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 square miles, all of it land. A variety of igneous and metamorphic rock supports Grass Valley, granitic rock such as quartz diorite underlies the downtown core and extends south along Highway 49. Metavolcanic rock and diabase underlie areas around the granitic zone, neighborhoods around Nevada County Golf Course and Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital are underlain by ultramafic rock which supports infertile soils of the Dubakella series. Straight, dense ponderosa pine inhabitants the more fertile soils which include Musick series on granitic rock, Grass Valley has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and wet, cool, rainy winters. Summer is very dry, but thunderstorms may occur, the winter rains contribute to a heavy fuel-loading of brush and grass, which dry out during the summer, posing a wildfire hazard. Over the course of a year,34.7 days of 90 °F or hotter and 1.2 days of 100 °F or hotter occur, the 2010 United States Census reported that Grass Valley had a population of 12,860. The population density was 2,711.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Grass Valley was 11,493 White,208 Native American,188 Asian,46 African American,9 Pacific Islander,419 from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,341 persons
Grass Valley, California
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The historic Holbrooke Hotel and Restaurant
Grass Valley, California
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Gold in
quartz, from one of the old Grass Valley mines
Grass Valley, California
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The iconic spire of the Del Oro Theatre
Grass Valley, California
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Grass Valley High School girls basketball team, 1918
54.
Carson City, Nevada
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Carson City, officially the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City, is an independent city and the capital of the US state of Nevada, named after the mountain man Kit Carson. As of the 2010 census, the population was 55,274, the majority of the population of the town lives in Eagle Valley, on the eastern edge of the Carson Range, a branch of the Sierra Nevada, about 30 miles south of Reno. The town originated as a stopover for California bound emigrants, but developed into a city with the Comstock Lode, a silver strike in the mountains to the northeast. The city has served as the capital of Nevada since statehood in 1864 and for much of its history was a hub for the Virginia and Truckee Railroad, prior to 1969, Carson City was the county seat of Ormsby County. In 1969, the county was abolished, and its territory was merged with Carson City to form the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City, with the consolidation, the city limits today extend west across the Sierra Nevada to the California state line in the middle of Lake Tahoe. Like other independent cities in the United States, it is treated as a county-equivalent for census purposes, the first European Americans to arrive in what is known as Eagle Valley were John C. Frémont and his party in January 1843. Fremont named the river flowing through the valley Carson River in honor of Kit Carson, prior to the Fremont expedition, the Washoe people inhabited the valley and surrounding areas. Settlers named the area Washoe in reference to the tribe, by 1851 the Eagle Station ranch located along the Carson River served as a trading post and stopover for travelers on the California Trails Carson Branch which ran through Eagle Valley. The valley and trading post received their name from an eagle that was hunted and killed by one of the early settlers and was featured on a wall inside the post. As the area was part of the Utah Territory, it was governed from Salt Lake City, early settlers bristled at the control exerted by Mormon-influenced officials and desired the creation of the Nevada territory. A vigilante group of settlers, headed by Abraham Curry. In 1858, Abraham Curry bought Eagle Station and thereafter renamed the settlement Carson City, as Curry and several other partners had Eagle Valley surveyed for development. Curry had decided for himself that Carson City would someday serve as the capital city, following the discovery of gold and silver in 1859 on the nearby Comstock Lode, Carson Citys population began to rise. Curry built the Warm Springs Hotel a mile to the east of the center of town, as such, Carson City bested Virginia City and American Flat. Curry loaned the Warm Springs Hotel to the territorial Legislature as a meeting hall, the Legislature named Carson City to be the seat of Ormsby County and selected the hotel as the territorial prison with Curry serving as its first warden. Today the property serves as part of the state prison. When Nevada became a state in 1864 during the American Civil War, Carson Citys development was no longer dependent on the mining industry and instead became a thriving commercial center
Carson City, Nevada
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Carson City Mint at night
Carson City, Nevada
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Illustration of Carson City in 1877
Carson City, Nevada
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Secret Harbor Beach, Lake Tahoe
Carson City, Nevada
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Looking south on
US 395, just south of
US 50 in
Douglas County near Carson City
55.
Rancho Cordova, California
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Rancho Cordova is a city in Sacramento County, California, United States which incorporated in 2003. It is part of the Sacramento Metropolitan Area, the population was 64,776 at the 2010 census. Rancho Cordova is the Sacramento areas largest employment sub-center, attracting over 50,000 commuters, in 2010 Rancho Cordova was named as a winner of the All-America City Award. Originally called Mayhews Crossing and Hangtown Crossing during the Gold Rush era, the city itself was named after the Cordova Vineyard, which was located in the center of the Rancho Rio de los Americanos land grant. Original names of the town included Cordova Vineyards and Cordova Village, in the Gold Rush era of mid 19th century California, certain Placer mining activities took place in the Rancho Cordova environs, some traces of which disturbance are extant. The elevation of the level terrain is approximately 118 feet above mean sea level. Partially confined groundwater generally flows to the southwest, for many years, Rancho Cordova was the Community called Mills, located in the eastern part of the Brighton Township. It was called Mills as early as 1893, supposedly because of the old grist mills that were close by along the river and you can locate them by looking for the Grist Mill Dam Recreation Area along the American River Parkway. The southwestern boundary of the grant was 300 feet west of Bradshaw not far north of Florin Road, the boundary then went due east over to Grantline Road, and northeast along the roadway. The 35,500 acre Rancho Rio De Los Americanos was granted to William Leidesdorff in 1844, capt Joseph Folsom purchased the Rancho from the heirs and founded a town in 1855 which he named after himself - Folsom. The old Liedesdorff adobe was constructed in 1846 in the vicinity of Routier Station, as the miners left Sacramento traveling to the foothills in search of gold, way stations grew up along the first dirt trails, and later more formal roads, that took travelers east. Commercial establishments, hotels or stations were developed at one mile intervals along the route, many of the stations ultimately also became the US Post Office for their area, and many of these early settlers served as postmaster or postmistress. Travelers and miners apparently headed out L Street from Sacramento, the alignment of present-day Folsom Blvd. along a plank, or macadam. Brighton, also called Five Mile Station, was the site of three inns, one inn, the Magnolia House, established in 1849, was the first stop on the Pony Express Route. The location is marked by the old Brighton Station building, visible on the south side of Folsom Boulevard where the overpasses for Highway 50. One closer stop, at four miles, was known as Hoboken or Norristown, the old Perkins building, where the Jackson Highway leaves Folsom Boulevard, and Manlove were both locations for way stations. The vicinity of Bradshaw was Ten Mile Station, the Pattersons American Fork House, established in 1852, and the beginning of large farms, vineyards, up the road was Routier Station, established in 1871. Mrs. Mayhew left Mayhew Station to take over as PostMistress at Routier Station when the post office opened in 1887, Mr. Patterson was Postmaster there for a while also
Rancho Cordova, California
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Seal
56.
Martinez, California
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Martinez is a city and the county seat of Contra Costa County, California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 35,824 at the 2010 census, the downtown is notable for its large number of preserved old buildings and antique shops. Martinez is located on the shore of the Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco Bay Area, directly facing the city center of Benicia. In 1824 the Alhambra Valley was included in the Rancho El Pinole Mexican land grant to Ygnacio Martínez, in 1847, Dr. Robert Semple contracted to provide ferry service from Martinez to Benicia, which for many years was the only crossing on the Carquinez Strait. By 1849, Martínez served as a way station for the California Gold Rush, the town was laid out in 1849 by Col. William M. Smith and named for Martinez. It became the county seat in 1850, but could not incorporate at the time because it lacked the 200 registered voters required, Martinez was the home of naturalist John Muir from 1880 until his death in 1914. He was buried about a mile south of the building that is now the John Muir National Historic Site, also nearby is the Vicente Martinez Adobe, built in 1849 by the son of Ygnacio Martinez. The first post office opened in 1851, in 1860, Martinez played a role in the Pony Express, where riders would take the ferry from Benicia. In 1915, Shell Oil Company built an oil refinery in unincorporated Martinez, a second area refinery, together with the Shell facilities, help make Martinez a significant petroleum processing center and port. The oil refineries in and near Martinez can still be seen today from Interstate 680, folk etymology in Martinez claims the invention of the Martini cocktail and that it is named for the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.1 square miles. The Martinez–Benicia Bridge carries Highway 680 across the end of the Carquinez Strait to Solano County. The city can be defined as a densely built downtown valley threaded by Alhambra creek. Suburban areas stretch south of Highway 4 to join the city of Pleasant Hill. Unincorporated areas include the rural Alhambra Valley and the Franklin Canyon area, the Martinez Regional Shoreline bounds the city to the north along the Carquinez Strait. Carquinez Strait Regional Shoreline includes the Franklin Hills west of downtown, stretching west to the community of Port Costa. Briones Regional Park borders the Alhambra Valley to the south, waterbird Regional Preserve and the McNabney Marsh border the city and Highway 680 to the east. Martinezs location at the east end of the Carquinez Strait as it widens to Suisun Bay includes dramatic water views stretching to the Sierra range, from surrounding ridge tops views stretch to nearby Mt. Diablo, Mt. St. Helena, Mt. Tamalpais, etc
Martinez, California
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Aerial view of Martinez
Martinez, California
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John Muir House.
Martinez, California
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Main Street in Martinez
Martinez, California
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The Contra Costa County courthouse in downtown Martinez
57.
Rohnert Park, California
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Rohnert Park is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States, located approximately 50 miles north of San Francisco. The population at the 2010 United States Census was 40,971 and it is an early planned city and is the sister city of Hashimoto in Japan. Sonoma State University, part of the California State University system, is located nearby, according to the United States Census Bureau, Rohnert Park has a total area of 7.0 square miles,99. 93% of it land and 0. 07% of it water. There is a reservoir called Roberts Lake at the north end of the city. Important creeks include the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Copeland Creek, Hinebaugh Creek, Crane Creek, all creeks within the city limits have been channelized. Spivock Creek, Coleman Creek, Wilfred Channel, and Labath Channel are artificial channels designed to convey runoff, the Rodgers Creek Fault is an active fault influencing earthquake activity in the Rohnert Park area. The city also experiences earthquakes from the San Andreas Fault, the city is organized into sections, designated by the letters A-H, J, L, M, R, and S. In most cases, the names of streets and parks begin with the letter of the section they are in. Thus, Adele Avenue, Alden Avenue, Alicia Park, Alison Avenue, Allen Avenue, Alma Avenue, Alta Avenue, Anson Avenue, Arlen Drive, Ava Avenue, and Avram Avenue are in A Section. Cala Way, Carlita Circle, Castile Court, Caterpillar Park, Cielo Circle, Circle Drive, Cornell Avenue, Camino Coronado, Corsica Court, and Camino Corto are in C Section. Daniel Drive, Darleen Court, Davis Circle, Dawn Drive, Della Court, Dexter Circle, Dinah Court, Dolores Drive, Donna Court, Dorine Avenue, Dorothea Park, and Dubarry Court are in D Section. Eagan Court, Eagle Park, Edna Court, Eleanor Avenue, Elizabeth Avenue, Ellen Court, Elsa Avenue, Emily Avenue, Eunice Street, Eve Court, and Evelyn Avenue are in E Section. Fauna Avenue, Flores Avenue, Fairway Drive, Firethorn Drive, Fuchsia Avenue, genesis Court, Gary Court, Grandview Way, and Graywhaler Lane are in G Section. Ladybug Park, Lilac Way, Liman Way, Lancaster Drive, Lincoln Avenue, magnolia Park, Maurice Avenue, and Middlebrook Way are in M Section. Rosana Way, Ruby Court, Roman Drive, and Roxanne Lane are in R Section, San Antonio Drive, San Francisco Way, San Ramon Place, and Santa Cruz Way are in S Section. Riparian communities within the city are limited by channelization of creekbeds, vegetation alongside the Citys streams primarily consists of grass and sedge species. The Laguna de Santa Rosa contains bands of native riparian vegetation, including willow. Sudden oak death fungus risks are present in the Rohnert Park area, research is ongoing at the nearby Fairfield Osborn Preserve
Rohnert Park, California
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Logo
Rohnert Park, California
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Rohnert Park sign between Commerce Boulevard and U.S. 101
Rohnert Park, California
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Five Creek
Rohnert Park, California
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Rohnert Park Expressway, Rohnert Park, California
58.
San Luis Obispo, California
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San Luis Obispo, or SLO /ˈsloʊ/ for short, is a city in the U. S. state of California, located roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the Central Coast. The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census, the population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010. Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra, San Luis Obispo is one of Californias oldest communities, serras original mission was named for the 13th Century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse. The city, locally referred to as San Luis, SLO, the earliest human inhabitants of the local area were the Chumash people. One of the earliest villages lies south of San Luis Obispo, the Chumash people used marine resources of the inlets and bays along the Central Coast and inhabited a network of villages, including sites at Los Osos and Morro Creek. Mission San Diego was the first Spanish mission founded in Alta California that same year, on September 7–8,1769, an expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá entered the San Luis Obispo area from coastal areas around todays Pismo Beach. One of the expeditions three diarists, padre Juan Crespí, recorded the name given to area by the soldiers as Cañada de Los Osos. The party traveled north along San Luis Obispo Creek, turned west through Los Osos valley, in 1770, Portola established the Presidio of Monterey and Junípero Serra founded the second mission, San Carlos Borromeo, in Monterey. The mission was moved to Carmel the following year, as supplies dwindled in 1772 at the mission and presidio, the people faced starvation. Remembering the Valley of the Bears, Presidio of Monterey commander Pedro Fages led an expedition to bring back food. Over twenty-five mule loads of dried meat and seed were sent north to relieve the missionaries, soldiers. The natives were impressed at the ease by which the Spaniards could take down the huge grizzlies with their weapons, some of the bear meat was traded with the local people in exchange for edible seed. It was after this that Junípero Serra decided that La Cañada de Los Osos would be a place for the fifth mission. The area had abundant supplies of food and water, the climate was very mild. With soldiers, muleteers, and pack animals carrying mission supplies, on September 1,1772, Junípero Serra celebrated the first Mass with a cross erected near San Luis Creek. The very next day, he departed for San Diego leaving Fr, josé Cavaller, with the difficult task of building the mission. José Cavaller, five soldiers and two began building Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, which would later become the town of San Luis Obispo. The first mission structures were built with whatever materials could be found nearby, later, more permanent buildings were constructed with adobe walls, wood timber roof beams and tile roofs
San Luis Obispo, California
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The city of San Luis Obispo looking east from the top of
Bishop Peak in early 2006.
San Luis Obispo, California
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The Dallidet Adobe, built in 1856, is one of SLO's oldest standing buildings
San Luis Obispo, California
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The city in 1876
San Luis Obispo, California
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360° panorama of Cal Poly and San Luis Obispo, California taken from the top of Poly Canyon;
Cerro San Luis and Bishop Peak in the middle with Cal Poly below.
59.
Salinas, California
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Salinas /səˈliːnəs/ is the county seat and largest municipality of Monterey County, California. Salinas is located just outside the portion of the greater Bay Area and 10 miles east-southeast of the mouth of the Salinas River. The population was 155,662 as of 2013, the city is located at the mouth of the Salinas Valley roughly eight miles from the Pacific Ocean and has a climate more influenced by the ocean than the hot-summer interior. The marine climate is ideal for the industry, grape vineyards. Salinas is known for its vibrant and large industry and as the hometown of writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate John Steinbeck. The land currently occupied by the city of Salinas is thought to have settled by Native Americans known as the Esselen prior to 200 AD. Between 200 and 500 AD, they were displaced by the Rumsen group of Ohlone speaking people, before this time, Monterey was the capital of California and had been under military rule after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican-American war. In the 1850s a junction of two main stage coach routes was located 18 miles east of Monterey and along the big bend of what is referred to as the Alisal Slough. Soon thereafter, in 1856, an inn called the Halfway House was opened at that junction in Salinas. The streets of Salinas were laid out in 1867, and the town was incorporated in 1874. The conversion of grazing land to crops and the coming of the road in 1868 to transport goods and people was a major turning point in the history. Dry farming of wheat, barley, and other grains as well as potatoes, irrigation changed farming in Salinas to mainly row crops of root vegetables, grapes and sugar beets. Many major vegetable producers placed their headquarters in Salinas, the camp opened on April 27,1942 and held a total of 3,608 people before closing two months later on July 4. Following World War II major urban and suburban development converted much farmland to city, the city experienced two particularly strong growth spurts in the 1950s and 1960s, and again in the 1990s and early 2000s. The Harden Ranch, Creekbridge and Williams Ranch neighborhoods constituting much of the citys North-East were built almost exclusively between 1990 and 2004, Salinas was also the birthplace of writer and Nobel Prize laureate John Steinbeck. The historic downtown, known as Oldtown Salinas, features much fine Victorian architecture, and is home to the National Steinbeck Center, the Steinbeck House, major development took place in the 1990s, with the construction of Creekbridge, Williams Ranch, and Harden Ranch. When annexed in 1963, Alisal was described as a large Mexican-American enclave, hispanic immigration peaked from the 1980s through the early 2000s. Mostly European-American neighborhoods in North Salinas, an expansion of the city built mostly in the 1950s and 60s
Salinas, California
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Main Street in downtown Salinas, 2006
Salinas, California
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Seal
Salinas, California
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First Mayors House circa 1868
Salinas, California
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Sargent House Historic Victorian Home on Central Avenue
60.
Morgan Hill, California
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Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Morgan Hill is a prominent dining, entertainment, and recreational destination in Silicon Valley, owing to its Michelin star chefs, luxury hospitality, nature parks, and wineries. Morgan Hill is among the most expensive places to live in within the United States, due to its concentration of wealth, prior to the arrival of Spanish colonists, the area of the Santa Clara Valley was inhabited by the Ohlone people for more than 6,000 years. In the area of what is now Morgan Hill, the Matalan tribe lived in a hunter-gatherer society, the location of their camp subsequently became a popular campsite for Spanish soldiers on their way from New Spain to Alta California. With the founding of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, in 1777, following Mexicos independence from Spain, land was redistributed to Mexican citizens across California and the land encompassing modern-day Morgan Hill was granted to Juan Maria Hernandez, in 1835. In 1845, Martin Murphy, Sr. an Irish-born American pioneer, acquired the area and named it Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche. In 1850, Martin Murphy, Sr. s youngest son, Daniel Murphy, married Maria Fisher, heiress of the neighboring 19, 000-acre Rancho Laguna Seca, by 1870, the Murphy family had acquired around 70,000 acres of the Morgan Hill area. In the history of Morgan Hill, the Murphy, Dunne, in 1882, Daniel and Maria Murphys favorite daughter, Diana Murphy, fell in love with Missouri businessman Hiram Morgan Hill. They married in secret, on account of his being a Quaker and her being from a prominent Roman Catholic family, when Daniel Murphy died, Diana and Hiram Morgan Hill inherited the 4,500 acres surrounding the original Murphy estate, near Murphys Peak. In 1884, the Hills built their estate, as the family primarily lived in San Francisco and in Nevada. By 1886, the family chose to live primarily at the Ojo del Agua estate, thus leaving their Ojo del Agua estate untouched for long periods of time. By 1898, a significant community had built around what was known as Morgan Hills Ranch. Rather than ask to stop at Huntington station, passengers would ask to stop at Morgan Hills Ranch, on November 10,1906, the planned community, a result of the divisions of C. H. Phillips, was incorporated as the Town of Morgan Hill. However, the baron was called back to France to serve in the military, in 1913, Hiram Morgan Hill died at his Elko estate in Nevada, thus leaving his properties to his daughter. Morgan Hill is approximately 39 km south of downtown San Jose,21 km north of Gilroy, lying in a roughly 6 km-wide southern extension of the Santa Clara Valley, it is bounded by the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west and the Diablo Range to the east. At the valley floor, Morgan Hill lies at an elevation of about 107 m above MSL, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses an area of 12.9 square miles, all land. Administered by the Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation, Morgan Hill is located within the seismically active San Francisco Bay region. The significant earthquakes in the region are associated with crustal movements along well-defined
Morgan Hill, California
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El Toro in August 2007
Morgan Hill, California
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Students
saluting the flag at the Morgan Hill Elementary School in the 1930s.
Morgan Hill, California
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View of Morgan Hill from the western hills, near El Toro
Morgan Hill, California
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Morgan Hill and El Toro, in the southern Santa Clara Valley.
61.
Caltrans
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The California Department of Transportation is an executive department within the U. S. state of California. Caltrans manages the highway system and is actively involved with public transportation systems throughout the state. It supports Amtrak California and the Capitol Corridor, the department is part of the state cabinet-level California State Transportation Agency. Like the majority of government agencies, Caltrans is headquartered in Sacramento. In 2015, Caltrans released a new statement, Provide a safe, sustainable, integrated and efficient transportation system to enhance California’s economy. The earliest predecessor of Caltrans was the Bureau of Highways, which was created by the California Legislature and this agency consisted of three commissioners who were charged with analyzing the state road system and making recommendations. At the time, there was no highway system, since roads were purely a local responsibility. After the commissioners submitted their report to the governor on November 25,1896, voters approved an $18 million bond issue for the construction of a state highway system in 1910, and the first Highway Commission was convened in 1911. On August 7,1912, the department broke ground on its first construction project, the year 1912 also saw the founding of the Transportation Laboratory and the creation of seven administrative divisions. In 1913, the legislature started requiring vehicle registration and allocated the funds to support regular highway maintenance. In 1921, the legislature turned the Department of Engineering into the Department of Public Works, the history of Caltrans and its predecessor agencies during the 20th century was marked by many firsts. In late 1972, the legislature approved a reorganization in which the Department of Public Works was merged with the Department of Aeronautics to become the modern Department of Transportation, for administrative purposes, Caltrans divides the State of California into 12 districts, supervised by district offices. Most districts cover multiple counties, District 12 is the district with one county. The largest districts by population are District 4 and District 7, like most state agencies, Caltrans maintains its headquarters in Sacramento, which is covered by District 3. Official California Department of Transportation website Named Highways, Freeways, Structures, and Other Appurtenances in California
Caltrans
–
District 7 Headquarters, Los Angeles, birds-eye view (designed by
Thom Mayne (2004))
Caltrans
–
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
Caltrans
–
Caltrans District 8 Headquarters, San Bernardino, midheight (2005)
Caltrans
–
Caltrans headquarters in Sacramento
62.
San Pablo Bay
–
San Pablo Bay is a tidal estuary that forms the northern extension of San Francisco Bay in the East Bay and North Bay regions of the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California. San Pablo Bay was named after Rancho San Pablo, a Spanish land grant given to colonial Alta California settlers in 1815, the bay is approximately 10 mi across and has an area of approximately 90 sq mi. The bay is heavily silted from the contributions of the two rivers, which drain most of the Central Valley of California. All tributaries except for Sonoma Creek are commercially navigable and maintained by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two peninsulas separate San Pablo Bay from San Francisco Bay. The eastern is in the City of Richmond and the western in the City of San Rafael, the bay is shared between Contra Costa county on the southern and eastern shore, and Solano, Sonoma and Marin counties on the northern and western shores. The county boundaries meet near the center of the bay, communities on the shores of San Pablo Bay include, Richmond, San Pablo, Pinole, Hercules, Rodeo in Contra Costa County, Vallejo in Solano County, along with Novato and San Rafael in Marin County. Because the Bay is close to major and local airports. Because of its size but shallow waters, San Pablo Bay frequently has difficult boating conditions. There are many undeveloped shore lands with salt marshes and mudflats, the Bay is a primary wintering stop for the canvasback duck population on the Pacific Flyway, as well as a migratory staging ground for numerous species of waterfowl. Much of the shore of the bay is protected as part of the San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Endangered species that are found in the bay include the California brown pelican, California clapper rail and this is a popular destination for recreation fishing, with Saltwater species including, striped bass, surfperch, sturgeon, starry flounder, leopard shark, topsmelt, and anchovy. In the 1880s there was a village, where some 500 Chinese people lived. The location is now part of China Camp State Park, San Pablo Bay is the setting of alternative rock band Primuss four-part song series Fishermans Chronicles, and is also referenced in The Toys Go Winding Down and Harold of the Rocks. It is also mentioned in The Minus 5 song John Barleycorn Must Live, provides a brief history of the marshes of San Pablo Bay
San Pablo Bay
–
San Pablo Bay, shown with San Francisco Bay
San Pablo Bay
–
San Pablo Bay and the Carquinez Strait
San Pablo Bay
–
Outline
63.
Horizon Fleet
–
The Horizon is a single-level model of rail car used by Amtrak, primarily on short-haul corridor routes in the Midwestern United States. Bombardier Transportation built 104 of the cars in 1988–1990 based on the Comet II commuter coach design, the Horizon was adapted from the Comet, a single-level commuter coach originally designed and built by Pullman-Standard in 1970–1973 for the Erie Lackawanna Railroad. Bombardier delivered two basic types, a coach and a cafe, the coaches could seat between 76–82 in standard configuration,14 were built as accessible coaches and sat 72. The entire coach fleet was rebuilt to be accessible, with maximum seating now 68–72. The Horizon has a speed of 125 mph. Horizon cars ride on GSI-G70 outboard bearing trucks, also found on the Superliner II, bombardier Transportation manufactured 104 Horizon-type cars for Amtrak,86 coaches and 18 food service cars, in Cafe/Club and Dinette configurations. The first Horizon cars entered service in April,1989, in 1994 Amtrak considered ordering a further 23 cars to replace the gas-turbine Turboliner trainsets on the Empire Corridor but continuing budget woes prevented this. Amtraks Horizon passenger cars primarily are used on trains based out of Amtraks Chicago division including the Illinois Service, Michigan Services, Hiawatha, Hoosier State, several Horizon cars are assigned to Amtraks Los Angeles division for use on the Pacific Surfliner route. The California Department of Transportation has also paid to lease and refurbish 3 Dinettes for use as café cars on the San Joaquin route and these cars are assigned to Amtraks Oakland division. Shoreliner - Similar cars operated by Metro-North Railroad, capital Investment Plan for Amtrak Equipment Deployed in State Corridor Service FY2016 – FY2020. Bing, Alan J. Berry, Shaun R. Henderson, design Data on Suspension Systems of Selected Rail Passenger Cars. Amtrak by the numbers, a passenger car and motive power roster. Kansas City, MO, White River Productions, media related to Horizon passenger cars at Wikimedia Commons Amtrak Photo Archives- Horizon Fleet Cars
Horizon Fleet
–
Amtrak Horizon car #54571 on a
Lincoln Service in
Springfield, Illinois in 2009.
Horizon Fleet
–
The interior of a coach on the
Carl Sandburg in 2013.
64.
GE P42DC
–
General Electric Genesis is a series of passenger locomotives produced by GE Transportation Systems, a subsidiary of General Electric. Between 1992 and 2001,321 units were built for Amtrak, Metro-North, the Genesis series of locomotives was designed by General Electric in response to a specification published by Amtrak and ultimately selected over a competing design presented by GM EMD. The Genesis series are unique among current North American diesel-electric locomotives because of their low height and this height restriction allowed the locomotive to travel easily through low-profile tunnels in the Northeast Corridor. However, this makes it costly and time-consuming to maintain. Amtrak is installing bolt-on nose cones on its units for replacement in the event of a grade crossing collision with a vehicle. As an example of the improvements over the locomotives, the Genesis is 22% more fuel-efficient than the F40PH while producing 25% more horsepower. In addition, all Genesis locomotives have four-stroke engines instead of the two-stroke engines previously used in EMD counterparts, the Genesis unit is a fully computerized locomotive which automatically controls all on-board functions, thus producing high reliability while keeping the maintenance requirements low. In the latter case, traction power is unavailable, the trucks of Genesis locomotives were made by Krupp Verkehrstechnik, which has since been absorbed by Siemens Mobility, the trucks on the newest Genesis locomotives carry the Siemens name. There are three models of Genesis units in operation today, P40DC, P42DC, and P32AC-DM, the P40DC or Dash 8-40BP is the first model in the Genesis series, built in 1993. The locomotive operates in a configuration that uses DC to power the traction motors. Power output to the motors is 3,550 hp when running in HEP mode with a 0 kW HEP load. Traction horsepower in HEP mode decreases to a minimum of 2,525 horsepower when providing the maximum 800 kW HEP load to the train. The P40DC is geared for a speed of 103 miles per hour. The P40DC was succeeded in 1996 by the P42DC, when a unit is in operation from this stand it is limited to 10 mph and a dead mans switch protects against movement without an operator being present. Two unique features to the original P40DC are the two strobes above the cab and an emergency flasher between the strobes, when they were overhauled, those features were removed, likely due to complaints from engine crews. Both the P40DC and P42DC allowed Amtrak to operate heavy long-distance trains with fewer locomotives compared to the older EMD F40PH locomotives, two P40DCs could do the same work as three F40PHs. Additional deliveries of the P42DC ended up replacing the P40DCs, three units had been wrecked and scrapped. Eight were leased and later sold to the Connecticut DOT for Shore Line East in 2005, the remaining 29 units were placed out-of-service for many years
GE P42DC
–
Metro-North GE Genesis P32AC-DM #202 in new paint scheme
GE P42DC
–
Amtrak P42DCs #1 and #56 pulling the eastbound
California Zephyr at
Grand Junction, Colorado, April 2012.
GE P42DC
–
New Jersey Transit P40DC #4800 in
Dunellen, NJ
GE P42DC
–
Amtrak P42DC #97 with the westbound
California Zephyr at
Sparks, Nevada, September 1998.
65.
Superliner (railcar)
–
The Superliner is a type of bilevel intercity railroad passenger car used by Amtrak. Pullman-Standard built the first cars, known as Superliner I, in 1975–1981, Bombardier Transportation built a second batch, the design descends from the Budd Hi-Level, employed by the Santa Fe on its El Capitan. Car types include coaches, dining cars, lounges, and sleeping cars, the first Superliners entered service in February 1979. Amtrak employs the Superliners on all its Western and some Eastern long-distance routes, Superliner coaches can also be found on short-distance corridor services. Derivative designs such as the California Car and Surfliner are used in California, Amtrak assumed control of almost all private sector intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1,1971, with a mandate to reverse decades of decline. Amtrak retained approximately 184 of the 440 trains which had run the day before, to operate these trains, Amtrak inherited a fleet of 300 locomotives and 1190 passenger cars, most of which dated from the 1940s–1950s. No new sleeping cars had been built for service in the United States since 1955, Amtrak employed a mix of inherited cars on its long-distance trains in the Western United States. Most these were conventional single-level, but Amtrak had also inherited 73 Hi-Levels from the Santa Fe, the Budd Company built these between 1954–1964, the bilevel design was well-suited to the long distances in the west. When Amtrak issued a request for proposal in 1973 for a new passenger car it was assumed that the design would be bilevel. Thirteen companies responded to the RFP, Amtrak selected the proposal by Louis T. Klauder & Associates, the design was finished by mid-1974 and Amtrak invited four companies to bid on its construction, Boeing, Budd, Pullman-Standard, and Rohr, with Pullman-Standard winning the contract. The Superliners resembled the Hi-Levels but differed in several ways, the most obvious difference was the height, at 16 feet 2 inches the Superliners are 8 inches taller. The Superliners also used 480 volt head end power, which Amtrak had just adopted as its standard, the Hi-Levels, which used steam heating and diesel generators, would be converted to match this standard. The Superliner I cars ride on Waggon Union MD-76 trucks, the trucks required more frequent overhauls than comparable domestic designs and were were notorious for their rough riding characteristics. The Superliner IIs ride on GSI-G70 outboard bearing trucks, also found on the Horizon, the Superliner has a maximum speed of 100 mph. The Superliner I cars stored waste in onboard retention tanks, and this was an improvement on the Hi-Levels, which dumped directly to the tracks. Growing public concern about such dumping led to the adoption of a system in the Superliner IIs. They were the first long-distance cars with such a system, additionally, the Superliner I cars were retrofitted with a full-retention system in the early 1990s. The New York Times described the Superliner I interior color scheme as soft hues of beige, rust, brown, for the Superliner IIs Amtrak introduced a new scheme incorporating gray, aquamarine, and salmon
Superliner (railcar)
–
Superliner I Auto Train Lounge
Superliner (railcar)
–
Interior of Superliner I Lounge Car
Superliner (railcar)
–
Top: German-designed truck from Superliner I car. Bottom: General Steel Castings truck from Superliner II car.
Superliner (railcar)
–
Coach Class car.
66.
Surfliner
–
The Pacific Surfliner is a 350-mile passenger train service operated by Amtrak, with funding from the California Department of Transportation as part of the Amtrak California network. The Pacific Surfliner serves the communities on the coast of Southern California between San Diego and San Luis Obispo, the service carried over 2.7 million passengers during fiscal year 2013, a 2. 5% increase from FY2012. Total revenue during FY2013 was $62,576,548, an increase of 6. 8% over FY2012, the Pacific Surfliner was Amtraks third-busiest service, and the busiest outside the Northeast Corridor. The Los Angeles-San Diego portion of the Pacific Surfliner route was served by the Santa Fe Railways San Diegan passenger trains until Amtrak took over operations. Initially there were three trips, but in 1976 the schedule was expanded. In 1988 the service was extended to Santa Barbara, followed in 1995 with one trip a day going all the way to San Luis Obispo, as the name San Diegan no longer reflected the extent of the route, it was renamed the Pacific Surfliner in 2000. The route is named after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railways Surf Line, the 350-mile San Luis Obispo-San Diego trip takes approximately 8½ hours with an average speed of 41.2 miles per hour, maximum track speed is 79 to 90 miles per hour. The Pacific Surfliner operates 14 daily trains between LA and San Diego, on the northernmost part, there are five trains per day in each direction. Thruway Motorcoach connections are available between Santa Barbara, California and Paso Robles during hours when that part of the Coast Line track is in use by freight trains. The 500 series trains go from LA to San Diego and the 700 series trains go onto the nothernmost part of the route. For trains 761,566,567, and 790, they operate slightly different schedules on weekends and they are recognized by having a 1 in front of their number. As of the April 3,2017 schedule, Amtrak also created slightly different schedules for trains 768,572,583, because the San Diego, San Luis Obispo, and Goleta stations are not equipped to turn equipment, trains are operated in push-pull mode. The locomotive is at the rear of the train, pushing the train from Goleta/San Luis Obispo or San Diego to Los Angeles, at Los Angeles, the train reverses at the station, and the locomotive pulls the train to San Diego or Goleta/San Luis Obispo, respectively. A project is currently being prepared for run-through tracks at Union Station in Los Angeles, as of 2007, the route recovers 63% of its operating expenses through ticket sales. Local agencies along with the host railroads formed the Los Angeles–San Diego-San Luis Obispo Rail Corridor Agency in 1989, the Pacific Surfliner is operated by Amtrak under the Amtrak California brand with funding provided by the California Department of Transportation. Serious discussions were held in 2009 regarding the local agencies administering the service rather than Caltrans,1225, passed in 2014, allowed LOSSAN to amend the joint powers agreement and become the sponsor of state-supported intercity passenger rail service in the corridor. In mid-2015, LOSSAN assumed oversight for the Surfliner and they are also working with Caltrans to assess rail operations from Los Angeles to San Diego to develop better connections, close gaps in the schedule, and optimize the assets of the railroad. The Surfliner cars used on the route are painted in a blue, Surfliner cars are equipped with overhead luggage racks, reclining seats with tray tables and footrests, reading lights, restrooms, AmtrakConnect WiFi, 120v power outlets, and a wheelchair ramp
Surfliner
–
A Pacific Surfliner enters
San Clemente, California.
Surfliner
–
Pacific Surfliner
Surfliner
–
Coach/baggage/cab car (AMTK #6905) leading the Pacific Surfliner in
Lake Forest, CA.
Surfliner
–
Lower-level seating on a Pacific Surfliner "Pacific Business Class" car.
67.
EMD F40PH
–
The EMD F40PH is a four-axle 3, 000–3,200 hp B-B diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in several variants from 1975 to 1992. Intended for use on Amtraks short-haul passenger routes, it became the backbone of Amtraks diesel fleet after the failure of the EMD SDP40F, the F40PH also found widespread use on commuter railroads in the United States and with Via Rail Canada. Additional F40PH variants were remanufactured from older locomotives by Morrison-Knudsen and MotivePower Industries between 1988–1998, in addition, Amtrak has kept a number of de-engined F40PHs in use as Non-Powered Control Units. Amtrak inherited an aging and mechanically-incompatible fleet of locomotives from various private railroads on its startup in 1971. The most modern locomotives remained in hands to operate the various commuter services which, by law. To replace these Amtrak ordered 150 EMD SDP40F locomotives, which entering service in 1973. These were supplemented by 25 GE P30CHs which entered service in 1975, the SDP40F was a troubled design, problems with weight distribution led to a series of derailments in the mid-1970s. Meanwhile, the truck design of the P30CH curtailed further orders of that unit when Amtrak found itself needing more short-. The design of the F40PH was based on the EMD GP40-2 freight locomotive and shared that locomotives turbocharged EMD 645E3 V16 cylinder, two-stroke, the prime mover developed 3,000 hp at 893 RPM. The main generator converts mechanical energy from the prime mover into electricity distributed through a high voltage cabinet to the traction motors, each of the four traction motors is geared to a pair of driving wheels, the gear ratio determines the maximum speed of the locomotive. A standard F40PH has a ratio of 57,20. Some Amtrak F40PHs were delivered with a 56,21 gearing for 110 mph, the first thirty locomotives were built with a 1, 500-US-gallon fuel tank, all subsequent units were built with a 1, 800-US-gallon tank. Beginning with the EMD F40PH-2, introduced in 1985, the prime mover developed 3,200 horsepower, many of the original F40PHs were updated to match that output. The locomotives were 56 feet 2 inches long, a standard F40PH weighs 260,000 lb. For passenger service the F40PH has another electrical alternator, the head-end generator, the HEP unit generates three-phase AC power at 480 V for lighting, heating and air-conditioning the train. Power to the motors was controlled by varying the field excitation of the main generator. On some later versions of the F40PH, a small diesel engine at the rear of the locomotive powers the HEP alternator. In these engines, the speed varies in the usual way, they can be identified by the diesel exhaust at the rear of the locomotive
EMD F40PH
–
Amtrak F40PHR #315 on eastbound
California Zephyr at Tunnel #17 near
Newcastle, California in 1995
EMD F40PH
–
Metra EMD F40PHM-2 locomotive #206 near Stuart Field in Chicago
EMD F40PH
–
Amtrak NPCU 90219 leading the
Blue Water into
Kalamazoo, Michigan.
EMD F40PH
–
Metro-North F40PH-2CAT 4192 enters
Wayne-Route 23 station in
Wayne, New Jersey.
68.
MPI MP36PH-3C
–
MPXpress is a series of diesel-electric passenger train locomotives designed for commuter rail service. To date, MPI has offered five variants, MP36PH-3S, MP36PH-3C, MP40PH-3C, MP32PH-Q. The line also meets APTA crashworthiness standards, numerous public transit agencies in Canada and the United States have ordered MPXpress locomotives for their commuter rail services. GO Transit is currently the largest client for MPI MPXpress locomotives with 67 in their fleet, the MP36PH-3S uses a 16-cylinder EMD 645F3B diesel engine as its prime mover, capable of generating 3,600 hp. Head-end power is generated by a static inverter that receives its power through connections to the prime mover, compared to a locomotive with a separate HEP generator, the prime mover must constantly maintain a higher RPM in order to supply power to the passenger cars. The setup is simpler but leads to noise levels and higher fuel consumption. When providing the maximum 500 kW HEP load, maximum power is reduced to 2,930 hp since HEP generation diverts some power from the prime mover. The MP36PH-3S was the first variety of MPXpress locomotive to be built and the customer was Metra. Metra ordered 27 of these locomotives in 2001, which were built, fourteen were to replace the railroads aged F40C fleet, while the rest were for fleet expansion. Metra is currently the operator of the MP36PH-3S variant of the MPXpress. When the locomotives were first delivered, the computer systems proved problematic. At one point in 2004, because Metra had so many MPXpress locomotives out of service, after fixes were implemented, the locomotives became the workhorses of Metras fleet. Starting in 2015, Metra is converting its MP36PH-3S locomotives to the MP36PH-3C specification by removing the static inverter and this is being done in an effort to reduce noise pollution and boost fuel efficiency. There are plans to convert at least ten, if not all MP36PH-3S locomotives, Metras MP36PH-3C locomotives all have extended radiators to supply the extra cooling for the Caterpillar generators. The MP36PH-3C has the same EMD 645F3B prime mover as the MP36PH-3S model, but with a separate head-end power generator, a Caterpillar C-27 diesel engine. In this arrangement, when providing HEP, the full 3,600 hp from the mover is available for traction. Having two engines is more complex, but results in lowered noise emissions and lower fuel consumption, the launch customer for the MP36PH-3C was Caltrain, a commuter railroad in the San Francisco Bay Area. Caltrain ordered 6 of these locomotives in 2003, which were built and this locomotive has gone on to become the most popular MPXpress variant, with 100 delivered to nine different customers
MPI MP36PH-3C
–
Rail Runner MP36PH-3C in New Mexico
MPI MP36PH-3C
–
A MP36PH-3S in Metra livery. Thus far, Metra is the only railroad to order this model.
MPI MP36PH-3C
–
A MP36PH-3C in
Caltrain livery.
MPI MP36PH-3C
–
A MP40PH-3C in old GO Transit livery.
69.
Thanksgiving (United States)
–
Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a public holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It originated as a harvest festival, Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, after a proclamation by George Washington. Together with Christmas and the New Year, Thanksgiving is a part of the holiday season. The event that Americans commonly call the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621 and this feast lasted three days, and—as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow—it was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims. The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating thanksgivings—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought. Setting aside time to give thanks for blessings, along with holding feasts to celebrate a harvest, are both practices that long predate the European settlement of North America. The first documented thanksgiving services in territory belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607, with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, in 1619,38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The groups London Company charter specifically required that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned, in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God. Americans also trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance, and later as a civil tradition. Squanto, a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn, squanto had learned the English language during his enslavement in England. The Wampanoag leader Massasoit had given food to the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient, the Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1621. Seventeenth-century accounts do not identify this as a thanksgiving observance, rather it followed the harvest and it included 50 persons who were on the Mayflower and 90 Native Americans. The feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World, along with young daughters, two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth. The Pilgrims, most of whom were Separatists, are not to be confused with Puritans, both groups were strict Calvinists, but differed in their views regarding the Church of England. Puritans wished to remain in the Anglican Church and reform it, for as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want, and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, and besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports
Thanksgiving (United States)
–
Saying grace before carving a turkey at Thanksgiving dinner in
Neffsville, Pennsylvania, 1942
Thanksgiving (United States)
–
The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of
Native Americans from the Great Plains.
Thanksgiving (United States)
–
The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth, oil on canvas by
Jennie Augusta Brownscombe (1914)
Thanksgiving (United States)
–
George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation, 1789 (top) and 1795
70.
Empire Builder
–
The Empire Builder is a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak that runs between Chicago and the Pacific Northwest. The route has two segments west of Spokane that serve two termini, Seattle and Portland, the end-to-end travel time of the route is 45–46 hours for an average speed of about 50 mph, though the train travels as fast as 79 mph over the majority of the route. It is Amtraks busiest long-distance route, on June 11,1929, the Great Northern Railway inaugurated the Empire Builder in honor of the companys founder, James J. Hill. Known as The Empire Builder, Hill had reorganized several failing railroads into a railroad that reached the Pacific Northwest in the late 19th century. Following World War II, Great Northern placed new streamlined and diesel-powered trains in service that cut the scheduled 2,211 miles between Chicago and Seattle from 58.5 hours to 45 hours. The schedule allowed riders views of the Cascade Mountains and Glacier National Park, re-equipped with domes in 1955, the Empire Builder offered passengers sweeping views of the route through three dome coaches and one full-length Great Dome car for first class passengers. In 1970, the Great Northern merged with other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, one year later, Amtrak assumed operation of the train and shifted the Chicago to St. Paul leg to the Milwaukee Road route through Milwaukee along the route to St Paul. The route between Chicago and Spokane has remained consistent, but the split into Seattle and Portland sections disappeared between 1971 and 1981, when there was no Portland section. The Spokane-Portland section of the train was operated by the Spokane, Portland, before 1971, the Chicago to St. Paul leg was operated via the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroads mainline along the Mississippi River through Wisconsin. The service also used to operate west from the Twin Cities before turning north in Willmar, Minnesota, in 2005, Amtrak upgraded service to include a wine and cheese tasting in the dining car for sleeping-car passengers and free newspapers in the morning. Amtraks inspector general eliminated some of services in 2013 as part of a cost-saving measure. During summer months, on portions of the route, Trails and Rails volunteers in the lounge car comment on points of visual, the Empire Builder is the most popular long-distance train in the Amtrak system. About 65% of the cost of operating the train is covered by fare revenue, the train passes through Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. It makes service stops in Spokane, Washington, Havre, Montana, Minot, North Dakota and its other major stops include Vancouver, Washington, Whitefish, Montana, Fargo, North Dakota, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It uses BNSF Railways northern route from Seattle to Minneapolis, Minnesota Commercial from Minneapolis to St. Paul, Canadian Pacific from St. Paul to Glenview, the eastbound cars merge into one train at Spokane. The train continues into the mountains in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, Amtrak organizes the schedule so the train will pass through the Rocky Mountains during daylight, but this is more likely on the eastbound train during summer. Passengers can see sweeping views as the train skirts the edge of the park. The land changes from prairie to forest as it travels through Minnesota and it winds through rural southern Wisconsin, turns south at Milwaukee, and ends at Chicago Union Station
Empire Builder
–
The Empire Builder crosses the Two Medicine Trestle at
East Glacier Park, Montana in 2011.
Empire Builder
–
GN Empire Builder on the
Stone Arch Bridge, Minneapolis, c. 1929.
Empire Builder
–
The train at Winona Junction, Wisconsin in 1958.
Empire Builder
–
The Portland section of the Empire Builder at
Union Station in Portland, Oregon.
71.
Southwest Chief
–
The Southwest Chief is a higher speed passenger train operated by Amtrak on a 2265-mile route through the Midwestern and Southwestern United States. It runs between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California, passing through Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, during fiscal year 2015, the Southwest Chief carried 367,267 passengers, up 4.3 percent from FY2014. The route grossed $44,904,314 in revenue during FY2015, the Southwest Chief is the successor to the Super Chief, which, along with the Chief and El Capitan, were notable Chicago-Los Angeles trains operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The Super Chief name was retained after Amtrak took over passenger service in 1971. Then in March 1974, the Santa Fe forced Amtrak to drop the name because of a decline in quality after the Amtrak takeover. The train was renamed the Southwest Limited, after subsequent improvements, the Santa Fe allowed Amtrak to change its name to the Southwest Chief on October 28,1984. Amtrak operated the Southwest Chief in conjunction with the Capitol Limited, the two trains used the same Superliner equipment sets, and passengers traveling on both trains could remain aboard during the layover in Chicago. Originally announced in 1996, Amtrak planned to call this through service the National Chief with its own numbers, although the name, Amtrak dropped the practice with the May 1998 timetable. On October 2,1979, the Southwest Limited derailed at Lawrence, of the 30 crew and 147 passengers on board, two people were killed and 69 were injured. The cause was excessive speed on a curve, underlying causes were that the engineer was unfamiliar with the route, and that signage indicating the speed restriction had been removed during track repairs. While the lead locomotive stayed on the track, the three trailing locomotives, nine cars, and seven baggage and mail cars derailed. Of the 325 passengers and crew aboard,154 people were injured, on October 16,1999, the westbound Southwest Chief suffered a minor derailment near Ludlow, California, following the Hector Mine earthquake. All the cars stayed upright, and four passengers were injured, on March 14,2016, the Southwest Chief derailed 3 miles from Cimarron, Kansas. Of 14 crew and 128 passengers, twenty were injured, investigators determined the train derailed after the tracks were knocked out of alignment by a runaway truck from a nearby farm operation. The vehicle had rolled down a hill and struck the tracks after the owners had failed to secure the parking brake, a fourth Superliner coach may be added during peak travel periods. Given Amtraks projected 41-hour travel time, the speed is in excess of 55 mph. Starting in May 2013, Volunteer Rangers with Trails & Rails will also be providing a narrative between Chicago and La Plata, Missouri. From June through August, the Southwest Chief is used by Boy Scouts traveling to, during those months, Raton station is staffed by Amtrak employees and handles checked baggage
Southwest Chief
–
Southwest Chief heading west toward
Trinidad, Colorado;
Sangre de Cristo Range in the distance
Southwest Chief
–
Boy scouts unload their equipment at Raton in 2011.
Southwest Chief
–
Southwest Limited dome car, 1974. Photo by
Charles O'Rear.
Southwest Chief
–
Amtrak Eng. 69 on the Southwest Chief at Barstow, Calif. in 1999
72.
Auto Train
–
Auto Train is an 855-mile-long scheduled train service for passengers and their automobiles operated by Amtrak between Lorton, Virginia, and Sanford, Florida. Although there are similar services around the world, the Auto Train is the one of its kind in the United States. The Auto Train is the only north–south Amtrak train in the east to use Superliner cars, passengers ride either in coach seats or private sleeping car rooms while their vehicles are carried in enclosed automobile-carrying freight cars, called autoracks. The train has a capacity of 320 vehicles. The train also includes lounge cars and dining cars, the Auto Train service allows its passengers to avoid driving Interstate 95 in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, while bringing their own vehicle with them. The service operates as train 53 southbound and 52 northbound, the train is non-stop between its terminals at Lorton, Virginia, and Sanford, Florida, Amtraks Auto Train is the successor to an earlier similarly named service operated by the privately owned Auto-Train Corporation in the 1970s. During fiscal year 2011, the Auto Train carried over 250,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of US$68,618,768 in FY2011, an increase of 12. 5% over FY2010. The Auto Train had the highest revenue of any train in the Amtrak system. The original Auto-Train operated on Seaboard Coast Line Railroad and Richmond and it was operated by Auto-Train Corporation, a privately owned railroad founded by Eugene K. Garfield. Garfield had worked at the U. S. Department of Transportation, the Department had funded a study of the practicality of an automobile-train service. Garfield resigned and used the study as the blueprint for his enterprise. C. and Sanford, Florida, near Orlando, passengers rode either in wide coach seats or private first-class sleeping compartments while their vehicles were carried in enclosed autoracks. The train included dining cars and meals were served, the equipment of the Auto-Train Corporation was painted in red, white, and purple colors. Auto-Trains first auto carriers were acquired used, and started life in the 1950s as an innovation of the Canadian National Railroad, the CN bi-level autorack cars had end-doors. They were huge by the standards of the time, each 75-footer could carry 8 vehicles, Auto-Train Corporations new service began operations on December 6,1971. The Auto-Train was immediately popular with the public and at first enjoyed financial success as well. In FY1974 the company turned a profit of $1.6 million on revenues of $20 million, in May 1974 service began over a second route between Florida and Louisville, Kentucky, and the company was mulling additional service between Chicago and Denver. The Louisville extension proved to be the companys undoing, the decaying Louisville and Nashville Railroad track between Louisville and Florida hindered operations, and a pair of derailments stretched the companys finances to the breaking point. Amtrak acquired the terminals in Lorton and Sanford and some of the Auto-Train equipment, on October 30,1983, it introduced its new version of the service on a triweekly basis
Auto Train
–
Two Amtrak
GE P30CH locomotives on the front of the Auto Train at
Sanford, Florida in 1987
Auto Train
Auto Train
–
The Auto-Train at Lorton, Virginia in 1973.
Auto Train
–
Platform at Lorton Station. Superliners are lined up at the left, with autoracks visible to the right.
73.
City of New Orleans (train)
–
The City of New Orleans is an Amtrak passenger train which operates on an overnight schedule between Chicago, Illinois, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The train is a successor to the Illinois Central Railroads Panama Limited, the present name was revived in 1981. When the first City of New Orleans was begun by the Illinois Central Railroad in 1947, it was the longest daylight run in the United States and it was sung about in the bittersweet 1971 song. Additional corridor service is provided between Chicago and Carbondale, Illinois, by the Illini and Saluki, the Illinois Central Railroad introduced the original City of New Orleans on April 27,1947 as a daytime companion to the overnight Panama Limited. EMD E7 diesel locomotives pulled new lightweight Pullman Company coaches, the 921-mile route, which the City of New Orleans covered in 15 hours 55 minutes, was the longest daytime schedule in the United States. The City of New Orleans exchanged St. Louis—New Orleans through cars at Carbondale, Illinois and Louisville—New Orleans cars at Fulton, Kentucky. The average speed of the new train was nearly 60 mph, by October 25,1959, the timetable had lengthened to 16 hours 30 minutes. The train remained popular throughout the 1960s and gained ex-Missouri Pacific Railroad dome coaches in 1967, inauspiciously, the City of New Orleans was involved in Amtraks first fatal derailment on June 10, near Salem, Illinois. Because this train made no connections with trains at either New Orleans or Chicago, Amtrak moved the train to an overnight schedule on November 14,1971. A Kansas City section began operation on April 29,1984, known as the River Cities, it separated at Centralia, Illinois. This section ended on November 4,1994, the northbound City of New Orleans began stopping at Gilman, Illinois, on October 26,1986. Gilman had last seen service in 1971, the Illini stopped there as well, service to Cairo, Illinois, south of Carbondale, ended on October 25,1987. Amtrak operated the City of New Orleans reliably through the 1980s and into the 1990s, in 1992, nevertheless, on-board service had declined, Trains magazine editor J. David Ingles called the train Amtraks least-glamorous long-distance train. On March 3,1994, new Superliner cars replaced the single-level cars, real dining service returned, by the early 1990s an Amfleet dinette had doubled with the lounge car. On September 10,1995, the train was rerouted between Memphis and Jackson due to the Illinois Central Railroads desire to abandon the route in favor of the newer and flatter Yazoo District. Service ended at Batesville, Mississippi, Grenada, Mississippi, Winona, Mississippi, Durant, Mississippi and Canton, on March 15,1999, the City of New Orleans collided with a flatbed semi-trailer near Bourbonnais. Of the 217 people aboard the train, eleven people were killed in the Bourbonnais train accident, the fourth car, where the fatalities occurred, was engulfed in flames following the collision at the crossing. Because of damage to the states of Mississippi and Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina, Amtrak was forced in late August 2005 to cancel service south of Memphis, Tennessee
City of New Orleans (train)
–
City of New Orleans
City of New Orleans (train)
–
The City of New Orleans in New Orleans
City of New Orleans (train)
–
IC #4017, an
EMD E7, leads the City of New Orleans at
Kankakee, Illinois in August 1964.
74.
Silver Service
–
Silver service is a method of foodservice that usually includes serving food at the table. It is a technique of transferring food from a dish to the guests plate from the left. It is performed by a waiter by using service forks and spoons from the diners left, in France, it is known as service à langlaise. Silver service food is served from the left, and drinks, meals are served to the diner from platters, not plated in the kitchen. The guest to the right is served first, usually a female guest. Plates are cleared from the right, glasses from the right, glasses are stacked in a diagonal to the right and away, with wine in order and then water glass in front. This technique requires much practice and dexterity, a modification of silver service is known as butler service. In butler service, the diner helps himself from a serving plate held by the waiter, traditionally, this type of service was used on Sunday evenings, when the waiting staff had the evening off and the butler helped out at dinner. In France, this kind of service is known as service à la francaise, table setting Service à la russe Service à la française
Silver Service
75.
Silver Star (Amtrak train)
–
The Silver Star shares much of its track with the Silver Meteor, which runs further east through North Carolina and South Carolina. During fiscal year 2011, the Silver Star carried nearly 425,000 passengers, during FY2011, the train had a total revenue of $32,963,894, a 10. 6% increase from FY2010. The Star was originally a service of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, running from New York to Miami and it was inaugurated December 12,1947, to replace the Advance Silver Meteor. In the January 2011 issue of Trains magazine, this route was listed as one of five routes to be looked at by Amtrak in FY2011 as the five routes were examined in FY2010. Like Amtraks other long-distance routes that operate to and from New York, Amtrak is restricted to its single-level Amfleet, in addition, while electric locomotives are used between Washington and New York, trains switch to diesel locomotives traveling south of Washington. In the movie Carlitos Way, Al Pacinos character is killed just before boarding the Silver Star, Amtrak - Silver Service / Palmetto
Silver Star (Amtrak train)
–
Southbound Silver Star at
Trenton Transit Center in
Trenton, New Jersey.
76.
Hoosier State (train)
–
The Hoosier State is an Amtrak passenger train that provides service on a 196-mile route between Chicago and Indianapolis. With the creation of Amtrak, riders were served by the South Wind, the National Limiteds discontinuance in 1979 severed Indianapolis from the national rail network, and isolated Amtraks Beech Grove Shops in the Indianapolis suburb of Beech Grove. The passenger carrier had been using the National Limited to ferry railroad cars to and from its shops, the Hoosier State entered service on October 1,1980. On April 27,1986, the Cardinal was rerouted to use the tracks as the Hoosier State between Chicago and Indianapolis, and began running on days the Cardinal did not operate. The Hoosier State was restored to operation on a separate schedule from the Cardinal on October 25,1987. But funding cuts led to its discontinuance on September 8,1995 while the Cardinal continued tri-weekly operation between Chicago, Indianapolis and the East Coast, Amtrak restored the Hoosier State on July 19,1998, as a tri-, later quad-weekly train. From December 17,1999, to July 4,2003, the Hoosier State was extended south from Indianapolis to Louisville, Kentucky, after the discontinuance of the Kentucky Cardinal, the Hoosier State returned to operating four days a week in tandem with the Cardinal. At a length of 196 mi, the Hoosier State was affected by this provision of PRIIA, operating costs above ticket revenue continue to be covered by the Indiana Department of Transportation and communities along the route. Planning was underway for the company to take over the service as early as October 1,2014, however, Corridor Capitol did not meet that deadline and Indiana Department of Transportation discontinued negotiations with the company in November 2014. Amtrak continued to operate the service under short-term contract extensions while the state considers alternative vendors. On March 6,2015, INDOT announced that the Hoosier State would discontinue service on April 1,2015. After Indiana appealed to the FRA, the operation was extended to April 30. The contract had four option years. 8% in July 2016 over the previous July, NS Chicago Line, CP518 to 21st Street. The standard Hoosier State consist is two coaches and a Horizon or Amfleet cafe car, in addition to standard food service, the cafe car allows for Business Class seating and complimentary WiFi. Motive power is commonly a General Electric Genesis P42DC locomotive, after Amtrak resumed operations in March 2017, the Great Dome car Ocean View was added. Hoosier State reflects a new approach, official site Hoosier State on Amtrak. com
Hoosier State (train)
–
The Hoosier State northbound in Indiana in 2011.
77.
Missouri River Runner
–
Four trains operate daily on this route,311 and 313 westbound, and 314 and 316 eastbound. The Missouri River Runner route was operated as part of the Missouri Service train network, which included the Ann Rutledge, Kansas City Mule. The new route name was announced in January 2009 as part of the Name The Train contest held by the Missouri Department of Transportation, the winning name was submitted by Keith Kohler of Glendale, Missouri. Service between St. Louis and Kansas City is financed primarily through funds made available by the Missouri Department of Transportation. In November 2009, Amtrak and Union Pacific completed an $8.1 million 9,000 feet siding near California, Missouri, the siding, funded by the state of Missouri and the Federal Railway Administration, was credited with helping improve Amtraks on-time performance. Due to these improvements, on time performance has increased less than 70% to 95%. During fiscal year 2015, the service carried a total of 178,915 passengers, the trains had a total revenue of $5,108,200 during FY2015, a decrease of 4. 4% from FY 2014s total of $5,341,229
Missouri River Runner
–
A Missouri River Runner at Kansas City in 2010.
78.
Illinois Service
–
The Illinois Service is funded primarily by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Two lines were planned to be added in late 2015, but were put on hold after Bruce Rauner became governor. Two proposed new lines, The Black Hawk to Rockford via Elgin, the service would operate on Metra and Union Pacific lines west from Chicago. The Quad Cities to Moline via Geneseo will run as a branch of the Illinois Zephyr/Carl Sandburg line, meeting the existing line west of Wyanet, hiawatha Service Illinois Service on Amtraks website Amtrak Illinois on IDOTs website
Illinois Service
–
Amtrak routes in Illinois. Solid red indicates current Illinois Service -branded routes while dashed red indicates planned future services. Other Amtrak services within the state are indicated in solid blue.
79.
Carl Sandburg (train)
–
The Carl Sandburg is a 258-mile passenger train route operated by Amtrak that runs between Chicago and Quincy, Illinois. This train began operation on October 30,2006 and is an addition to the existing Illinois Service rail network created in 1971 and partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Between Chicago and Galesburg, this train uses the same triple track as three other Amtrak routes, the California Zephyr, the Southwest Chief and the Illinois Zephyr. The Galesburg to Quincy route is served by the Carl Sandburg, during fiscal year 2015, both the Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg carried a combined 208,961 passengers, a 2. 8% decrease over fiscal year 2014. The two trains had a revenue of $5,287,029 in fiscal year 2015. The Carl Sandburg is an outgrowth of the Illinois Zephyr, which, along with the rest of the Illinois Service trains, there was also strong support from the communities through which the Illinois Zephyr runs. The Chicago to Quincy route is part of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative, the addition of the Carl Sandburg was the first step in this Midwest Regional Rail Initiative service upgrade. With its addition, the service schedule from western Illinois to Chicago has now been restored to CB&Qs 1968 levels. The trains name honors Carl Sandburg, whose birthplace in Galesburg, the scheduled travel time from Chicago to Quincy via the Carl Sandburg is approximately 4 hours,15 minutes. While a study for the expansion was not conducted, the project could be funded with a mix of federal and state money
Carl Sandburg (train)
–
The Carl Sandburg on the BNSF
Chicago Subdivision.
80.
Illini and Saluki
–
The Illini and Saluki are a pair of passenger trains operated by Amtrak between Chicago and Carbondale, Illinois. They are part of Amtraks Illinois Service and are funded by the state of Illinois. Additional service over the route is provided by the long-distance City of New Orleans, the Illini has operated since 1973, a previous version operated in 1971–1972 between Chicago and Champaign. The Illinois Central Railroads main line between Chicago and New Orleans ran through Champaign-Urbana and Carbondale, along the east side of Illinois, Amtrak retained two trains on this route, the City of New Orleans and the Shawnee. Amtrak brought back the Illini name on November 14,1971, as a Chicago-Champaign train, Amtrak discontinued the Campus and Illini on March 5,1972. Both trains used Central Station, which Amtrak was abandoning, Amtrak judged that the additional 35–40 minutes necessary to serve Union Station made the schedule impractical, the 1972 Illini made its last trip on March 3. Amtrak revived the Illini on December 19,1973, again as a Chicago-Champaign service, the restoration was part of $1.5 million expansion program which included the Black Hawk, the State House, and supplemental funding for the Rock Islands two remaining Rockets. The state desired to extend the Illini to Decatur, but doing so involved a switch from the Illinois Central to the Norfolk & Western at Tolono, the connection between the lines was in poor condition, and no one would take responsibility for repairing it. Amtrak finally extended the Illini to Decatur on July 2,1981, Decatur had last seen service in 1971 from the Norfolk & Westerns City of Decatur and the Wabashs Wabash Cannon Ball. Neither train had been retained by Amtrak, the new Amtrak service used the old Wabash station, which as of 2010 still stands and has become an antique store. Poor ridership prompted Illinois to withdraw its support for the Decatur stop, on January 12,1986, Amtrak extended the Illini to Carbondale to replace the Shawnee, which had been canceled because of budget cuts. Service began at Gilman on October 26,1986 and Du Quoin on August 25,1989, the Illini service was nearly canceled in 1996, but local communities along the route pledged funds to keep it running. A second train, the Saluki, was added on October 30,2006, in response to ridership on the Illini. University students make up a significant portion of the Illinis passengers, the Champaign station may be a source of the trains name, UIUCs sports teams are called the Fighting Illini. The Saluki is named for the Saluki dog breed, which is the mascot of Southern Illinois University in the southern terminus of Carbondale. The Illini and Saluki operates over the Canadian National Railway, successor to the Illinois Central, the route is 309 miles long. In 2010 a typical Illini or Saluki consists of,1 GE Genesis P40DC or P42DC locomotives 1 Cafe/Business Class car 4 Coach cars Sanders, Craig
Illini and Saluki
–
The Illini crosses the
Kankakee River in
Kankakee, Illinois in 2011
Illini and Saluki
–
The Wabash station in Decatur, once served by the Illini.
81.
Lincoln Service
–
The Lincoln Service is a 284-mile higher-speed rail service operated by Amtrak that runs between Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri. The train is a part of the Illinois Service and is funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The train uses the tracks as Amtraks Texas Eagle. The Lincoln Service is a re-branding of the former State House route, the train route was originally run by the Alton Railroad, which merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad in 1947. By the time the GM&O merged with the Illinois Central Railroad in 1972, during fiscal year 2013, the Lincoln Service trains carried nearly 655,465 passengers, an increase of 9. 7% from FY2012. The service had a revenue of $16,382,439. From April 2007 the Ann Rutledge operated only between Kansas City and St. Louis where it connected to the Lincoln Service trains, Amtrak discontinued the name altogether in 2009. In July 2010, the state of Illinois and the Union Pacific Railroad reached an agreement under which track speeds between Dwight and Alton, Illinois were to be raised to as high as 110 miles per hour. This speed will cut the time between Chicago and St. Louis by 90 minutes, bringing the trip to under four hours. The first track upgrade construction was planned to be between Alton and Lincoln, Illinois and was projected to cost $98 million, the construction on this stretch began on 17 September 2010 in Alton and was completed in 2011. Most of the came from $1.1 billion in stimulus money for Illinois high-speed rail from the American Recovery. The remainder of this grant, as well as $400 million in funding from the state of Illinois, was used to complete a rail corridor for the remaining portions of the St. Louis–Chicago track. Senator Dick Durbin suggested the Dwight–Alton upgrades would create some 900 jobs, on 22 March 2011, an announcement was made in Chicago that an additional $685 million would be used to upgrade trackage and grade crossings between Dwight and Lincoln. Construction on the improvement project began on 5 April 2011, the entire section between Alton and Joliet is expected to have 110-mile-per-hour operation by 2017. The slowest portion of the corridor is the segment between Chicago and Joliet, but improving this would require an additional $1.5 billion investment
Lincoln Service
–
A Lincoln Service departs Chicago in May 2009. Directly behind is the
Sears Tower (now Willis).
82.
Michigan Services
–
Michigan Services are three Amtrak passenger rail routes connecting Chicago, Illinois with the Michigan cities of Grand Rapids, Port Huron, and Detroit, and stations en route. The group is a component of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative, up until fiscal year 2014, the State of Michigan only subsidized the operations of the Pere Marquette and Blue Water at a cost of $8 million in fiscal year 2014. Starting fiscal year 2014, the took on the costs of operations for the Wolverine pushing the state subsidy to $25 million. The Detroit-Chicago corridor has been designated by the Federal Railroad Administration as a rail corridor. A 97-mile stretch along the route of Blue Water and Wolverine from Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Amtrak began speed increases along this stretch in January 2002 to 95 mph between Niles and Kalamazoo. Increases to 110 mph were approved in February 2011 between Porter and Kalamazoo, further expansion of speeds to 110 mph to Dearborn, Michigan are underway. The Michigan Department of Transportation has petitioned Amtrak to add a train between Chicago and Kalamazoo, departing Chicago in late evening and returning from Kalamazoo in the morning. Amtrak operated an extra frequency during the Labor Day weekend in 2010, the trains, 356–357, left Kalamazoo at 5,50 am and returned from Chicago at 10,00 pm. In 2013 Amtrak ran special trains, numbers 356 &359 out of Chicago to Ann Arbor. These trains arrived in Ann Arbor at 3pm and departed west an hour later at 4pm, there are proposals to establish passenger service between Detroit and Grand Rapids via Lansing. For OHare, walk to the Clinton CTA station and ride the Blue line, for Midway, walk to the Quincy/Wells CTA station and ride the Orange line. For Detroit Metro Airport, exit at the Dearborn station, take SMART bus 200 west, for Lansing Capital Region International Airport, take Capital Area Transportation Authority bus 20 north to Grand River Avenue, bus 1 west to Grand Boulevard in Downtown Lansing, then bus 14 north. For Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport in Kalamazoo, take Metro Transit bus 12, Amtrak, Metro Transit, Greyhound and Indian Trails are all based at the citys downtown Transportation Center. For Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, take Rapid bus 6 to Woodland Mall at the main terminal about half a mile from the train station and transfer to bus 17. Services provided, Upon taking over national passenger service on May 1,1971, Amtrak discontinued almost all of these. Detroit lost its connections to St Louis, Cincinnati, Buffalo. On its first new timetable, issued on November 14,1971, Amtrak bestowed names on these trains, the Wolverine, on April 10,1975, Amtrak introduced French-built Turboliner equipment to the Michigan route. Amtrak added a third round-trip to the corridor on April 27, a pool of three Turboliner trainsets served the route, and the three round-trip pairs were numbered 350—355, which are still in use today
Michigan Services
–
The Wolverine passes through
Ypsilanti on the old Michigan Central main line, now owned by the Michigan DOT.
Michigan Services
–
Map of Amtrak routes in Michigan.
Michigan Services
–
The Pere Marquette passing a farm south of
Holland on the old Pere Marquette Railway, now CSX.
Michigan Services
–
A
Turboliner at
Porter, Indiana in 1977.
83.
Wolverine (train)
–
The Wolverine is a higher-speed passenger train service operated by Amtrak as part of its Michigan Services. The 304-mile line provides three daily round-trips along the Pontiac–Detroit–Chicago route and it carries a heritage train name descended from the New York Central. During fiscal year 2015, the Wolverine carried 465,627 passengers, the service had a total ticket revenue of US$18.96 million in FY2015, an 0. 3% increase from FY 2014s $18.90 million total revenue. Before Amtraks takeover of most private-sector passenger service in 1971 the Wolverine was one of three trains operated over the Michigan Central route between Chicago and Detroit. Under Penn Central operation it continued through South-Western Ontario to Buffalo, Amtrak retained two trains and truncated the operation to Detroit but otherwise changed little. In April 1975, Amtrak introduced French-built Turboliner equipment to the Michigan route, a pool of three Turboliner trainsets served the route, and the three round-trip pairs were numbered 350—355, train numbers which are still in use today. Amtrak dropped the train names and rebranded all three Turboliner, in common with similar services to St. Louis, Missouri and Milwaukee. The new equipment led to gains in ridership, topping 340,000 in 1975 and 370,000 in 1976. The Turboliners became a victim of their own success, although fast, they were unable to reach their design speed of 125 miles per hour because of the poor quality of the Penn Central track in Michigan. The five-car fixed consists had a capacity of 292 passengers. Starting in March 1976 Amtrak began replacing some of the Turboliners with conventional equipment, individual names returned to the corridor, with the heretofore unnamed third train becoming the Twilight Limited. The last Turboliners left the corridor in 1981, Amtrak extended the Wolverine and Twilight Limited to Pontiac on May 5,1994. With this change service began at a new station in Detroits New Center, although the Michigan Central Station in Corktown, Detroit had closed on January 6,1988, trains continued to stop at a temporary platform just east of the old station. Besides Pontiac, new stations were opened at Royal Oak and Troy, the Lake Cities also began serving Pontiac after the end of Toledo service in 1995. Amtrak dropped individual names again in 2004 and named all three trains Wolverine, due to the increased ridership on these trains, Amtrak tested an additional Chicago-Kalamazoo Wolverine frequency September 2 to September 7,2010. This was done to all that would be involved in operations should Amtrak decide to initiate such service in the future. The federal government considers high-speed rail service to be rail service which at any time reaches the speed of 110 miles per hour or higher, in 2016, work to allow Higher-speed operation on 41 miles of track between Battle Creek and Jackson, including. Amtrak owns the 97-mile stretch of the Wolverines route from Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan, starting in January 2002 Amtrak began track improvements to increase the allowed speed along this section of track
Wolverine (train)
–
Amtrak No. 351 westbound from Pontiac to Chicago passes Hammond-Whiting station
Wolverine (train)
–
A
Turboliner at
Porter, Indiana in 1977.
Wolverine (train)
–
The Turboliner's replacement: an
EMD F40PH with
Amfleet coaches at Ann Arbor in 1976.
84.
Ethan Allen Express
–
The Ethan Allen Express is a 241-mile passenger train service operated by Amtrak between New York City and Rutland, Vermont, via Albany, New York. The scheduled total trip time is 5.5 hours, operations are subsidized by the state of Vermont, and the train is popular among vacationers travelling to the ski resort area of Killington, Vermont. The Ethan Allen Express is named for the American Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen, between Penn Station and Rensselaer, it operates along the Empire Corridor. In April 1995, the Montrealer was shifted to daytime operation and cut back to St. Albans as the Vermonter, providing service to eastern. The western part of the state then advocated for rail service to Rutland as well, $4.7 million in federal funds was secured to upgrade the former Delaware and Hudson Railway line between Whitehall and Rutland for passenger speeds. Service was initiated in December 2,1996 and this was the first passenger service between Fort Edward and Whitehall since 1953, and the first between Whitehall and Rutland since 1936. A stop at Fair Haven was added in November 1997, until May 2002, the train included a baggage car for skis and unboxed bicycles as well as checked baggage. In October 2008, the Vermont Agency of Transportation proposed eliminating the Ethan Allen Express, the proposal was rejected by the appropriate legislative committee. VTrans again proposed ending service in January 2009, two hundred people rallied at Rutland station against the proposed cut. Rail advocates, led by the Vermont Rail Action Network and local political leaders organized to fight the cut, on January 2,2010, the Ethan Allen Express began stopping at Castleton station. Service to Fair Haven ended on January 9, Amtrak evaluated the line as the worst in the nation. The project was funded by both the railroad and the state of New York at a cost of $3.25 million, plans have existed to extend the Ethan Allen to Burlington from at least 2000. Advocates, led by Chambers of Commerce and the Vermont Rail Action Network renewed the push for an extension to Burlington and they believed that service to Burlington would secure the long-term sustainability of the service by generating much more ridership than Rutland is capable of. The Vermont Agency of Transportation applied for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 funds to rebuild the tracks to passenger standards which would enable the extension. While the initial application was not approved, the state entered a second US$70 million application for similar grants. In 2013, the extension received additional funding via a $9 million TIGER V grant, the money will pay for the replacement of jointed rail with continuously welded rail. These improvements will result in increased speeds of up to 40 miles per hour for freight and 60 miles per hour for passenger trains between Rutland and Burlington, service to Burlington is to begin in 2018 or 2019 – the first passenger service between the cities since 1953. Amtrak - Ethan Allen Express Vermont Rail Action Network
Ethan Allen Express
–
Rutland-bound train #291 entering Croton Harmon Station, August 12, 2008
85.
Keystone Service
–
Most trains continue along the Northeast Corridor to Pennsylvania Station in New York. It is Amtraks fifth-busiest route, and the railroads third-busiest in the NEC, in fiscal year 2013, the service carried 1.47 million passengers, an increase of 3. 2% over FY2012. Total revenue in FY2013 was $29,366,992, an increase of 7. 5% over FY2012, when the Metroliner high-speed program had begun two years earlier, the state had attempted to capitalize on the opportunity to purchase upgraded rolling stock for the 600-series trains. On August 30,1966, Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania announced plans to purchase 11 Metroliners for 80 mph service to replace the Silverliners then used, the cars were ordered through Philadelphia commuter agency SEPTA, as the state was not permitted to contract directly with the PRR. The PRR soon withdrew after complaints from competing Red Arrow Lines and Capitol Trailways, in June 1968, an agreement was reached where the state Transportation Assistance Authority would pay $2 million and Penn Central would pay $2.5 million for the 11 Metroliners for Harrisburg service. On July 14, a 4-car train was tested on the line, on February 25,1970, the cars intended for Harrisburg service completed their performance testing. Penn Central refused to accept the cars, citing technical issues with the cars. They had worse acceleration than the Silverliners already in service, tended to overheat when making numerous closely spaced stops, additionally, the corridor lacked high-level platforms to effectively use the cars, and 15 substations would require expensive modifications. The 11 cars were unused for some time before Penn Central ultimately decided to lease the cars for use on the core New York - Washington service and they were moved back to the Budd plant for modifications in April. In July 1970, the state authorized $100,000 to upgrade existing Silverliners for the Harrisburg service instead, when Amtrak was created to take over intercity passenger rail service in 1971, there was substantial debate about whether some trains constituted intercity services or commuter services. On March 31,1971, Penn Central filed with ICC to discontinue the 600-series trains at the conclusion of their contract with SEPTA on June 30, the state filed suit against Penn Central on April 7 to stop the discontinuance. On April 23, Penn Central filed in District Court to discontinue the regional services, five days later, the state and the UTU filed an opposing suit, calling the trains a commuter service. On April 30, Judge John P. Fullam ordered Penn Central to continue operating the trains, when Amtrak took over intercity service on May 1,1971, the 600-series trains continued to be operated by Penn Central, though they were listed in Amtrak schedules. The city of Philadelphia and the state both preferred to have Penn Central rather than Amtrak operate the service, as Amtrak was exempt from state control. On June 21, the ICC ruled that the service was not intercity rail, as sought by the state, on August 3, Fullam ordered Penn Central to continue operating the regional services. On October 29,1972, after negotiations with Penn Central, Amtrak took over operation of the 600-series trains as Silverliner Service. Amtrak assumed formal responsibility for the Silverliner Service and Clockers around April 1974, Penn Central continued to operate Paoli-Philadelphia commuter service. Amtrak took over ticketing for the Silverliner Service and Clockers from Penn Central on July 1,1975, on October 26,1975, SEPTA funded an increase from 9 to 11 daily round trips
Keystone Service
–
A westbound Keystone Service train at Ardmore, PA
86.
Via Rail
–
Via Rail Canada is an independent Crown corporation, subsidized by the Minister of Transport, mandated to offer intercity passenger rail services in Canada. Via Rail operates 475 trains per week in eight Canadian provinces over a network of 12,500 kilometres of track, 98% of which is owned and maintained by other companies, mostly by CN. Via Rail carried approximately 3.8 million passengers in 2015, yearly passenger levels on Canadas passenger trains peaked at 60 million during World War II. Following the war the growth of air travel and the automobile caused significant loss of mode share for Canadas passenger train operators. By the 1960s it was obvious to both Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway that passenger trains were no longer economically viable, CN, being a Crown corporation at that time, was encouraged by the federal government and political interests to invest in passenger trains. These increases proved temporary, by 1977 total passenger numbers had dropped beneath five million, the decline of passenger rail became a federal election issue in 1974 when the government of Pierre Trudeau promised to implement a nationwide carrier similar to Amtrak in the United States. Starting in 1976, CN began branding its passenger services with the bilingual name Via or Via CN, the Via logo began to appear on CN passenger locomotives and cars, while still carrying CN logos as well. That September, Via published a timetable with information on both CN and CP trains, marking the first time that Canadians could find all major passenger trains in one publication. On January 12,1977, CN spun off its services as a separate Crown corporation. At its inception, Via acquired all CN passenger cars and locomotives, following several months of negotiation, on October 29,1978, Via took over operation of CP passenger train services, and took possession of cars and locomotives. At this time, Via did not own any trackage and had to pay fees to CN and CP. Over 150 scheduled trains per week were in operation, including services, regional trains. If Via were enabled by legislation, the company could be permitted to seek funding on the money markets as other Crown corporations such as CN have done in the past. Greater numbers of passengers would not be Vias saviour, in 1981, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeaus government endorsed Minister of Transport Jean-Luc Pépins plan which cut Vias budget, leading to a 40% reduction in the companys operations. Gone were frequently sold-out trains such as the Super Continental and the popular Atlantic, the LRC locomotives and cars used advanced technology such as active tilt to increase speed, but proved troublesome and took several years to work out problems. Prime Minister Mulroneys government gave Via funding to some of its cars, and purchase new locomotives. It was during this time on February 8,1986, that Vias eastbound Super Continental collided with a CN freight train near Hinton, Alberta, the resulting derailment killed 23 people. Minister of Transport Benoît Bouchard oversaw the reduction in service on January 15,1990, the Canadian was also moved from its home rails on CP to the northerly CN route
Via Rail
–
A Via train at the station in
London, Ontario.
Via Rail
Via Rail
–
The Canadian National Railway's
Super Continental departs Toronto in 1970.
Via Rail
–
A Via
LRC disembarking at
Ottawa Train Station
87.
Northeast Corridor
–
The Northeast Corridor is an electrified railway line in the Northeast megalopolis of the United States. Owned primarily by Amtrak, it runs from Boston through New York City, Philadelphia, the NEC closely parallels Interstate 95 for most of its length, and is the busiest passenger rail line in the United States by ridership and service frequency as of 2013. Branches to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Springfield, Massachusetts, though not considered part of the Northeast Corridor, the corridor is used by many Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela Express, intercity trains, and several long-distance trains. Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter service, operated by the MBTA, Shore Line East, Metro-North Railroad, New Jersey Transit, SEPTA. Several companies run freight trains over sections of the NEC, much of the line is built for speeds higher than the 79 mph allowed on many U. S. tracks. Acela covers the 225 miles between New York and Washington, D. C. in under 3 hours, and the 229 miles between New York and Boston in under 3.5 hours. Under Amtraks $151 billion Northeast Corridor plan, which hopes to roughly halve travel times by 2040, the Northeast Corridor was built by several railroads between the 1830s and 1917. The route was later consolidated under two railroads, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad between Boston and New York, and the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, boston-Providence, Boston and Providence Railroad opened 1835, partially realigned in 1847 and in 1899. Became part of the Old Colony Railroad in 1888, providence-Stonington, New York, Providence and Boston Railroad opened 1837, partially realigned 1848. Stonington-New Haven, New Haven, New London and Stonington Railroad opened 1852-1889, New Haven-New Rochelle, New York and New Haven Railroad opened 1849. New Rochelle-Port Morris, Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad opened 1873, Port Morris-Sunnyside Yard, New York Connecting Railroad, opened 1917. Sunnyside Yard-Manhattan Transfer, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad opened 1910, Manhattan Transfer-Trenton, United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company opened 1834-1839,1841, partially realigned 1863 and 1870. Trenton-Frankford Junction, Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad opened 1834, partially realigned 1911, frankford Junction-Zoo Tower, Connecting Railway opened 1867. Zoo Tower-Grays Ferry Bridge, Junction Railroad opened 1863-1866, grays Ferry-Bayview, Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad opened 1837-1838,1866,1906. Bayview Yard-Baltimore Union Station, Union Railroad opened 1873, Baltimore Union Station-Landover, Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened 1872. Electricity was in use on branch lines of the NYNH&H for interurban streetcars via third rail or trolley wire. The NH announced in 1905 that it would electrify its main line from New York to Stamford, electric locomotives began serving Grand Central on February 13,1907, and all NYC passenger service into Grand Central was electrified on July 1. NH electrification began on July 24 to New Rochelle, August 5 to Port Chester and October 6,1907 the rest of the way to Stamford, steam trains last operated into Grand Central on June 30,1908, after which all NH passenger trains into Manhattan were electrified
Northeast Corridor
–
Amtrak Acela Express near
Old Saybrook, Connecticut
Northeast Corridor
–
"K" Tower, north of Washington Union Station, is the only remaining
interlocking tower on the Northeast Corridor south of Philadelphia
Northeast Corridor
–
The Congressional, a Pennsylvania Railroad train, after it leaves the
Hudson River Tunnels on its way to Washington, DC., 1968
Northeast Corridor
–
Amtrak
Acela Express crosses the
Susquehanna River in Maryland on a
bridge built by the PRR in 1906.
88.
Abraham Lincoln (train)
–
The Abraham Lincoln was a named passenger train operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1935 into the 1960s. The Abe Lincoln ran between Chicago and St. Louis on the B&Os subsidiary Alton Railroad, the train later passed to the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and then finally to Amtrak, which retained the name until 1978. Service between Chicago and St. Louis is now known by the umbrella term Lincoln Service and this train was the first streamlined passenger service to travel the 284 miles between Chicago and St. Louis, with Joliet, Bloomington-Normal, Springfield and Alton in between. Passengers can get a glimpse of the Mississippi River between Alton and St. Louis, the original streamlined Abe Lincoln was one of two non-articulated, streamlined trains built with government assisted funding in 1935. 50, was powered by an 1800-hp box-cab diesel made by EMC, after delivery, No.50 was retrofitted with a quasi-streamlined, sloped front end. The Abraham Lincoln continued to operate following the Alton Railroads merger with the GM&O in 1947, following its takeover of most passenger rail service in the United States on May 1,1971, Amtrak retained the Abraham Lincoln as a daily Chicago-St. Louis service, operating in tandem with the GM&Os old Limited, in November of that year Amtrak extended both the Abraham Lincoln and the Limited through Chicago to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In October 1973 replaced the stock with the new Turboliner. In February 1976 Amtrak returned conventional rolling stock to the route, Amtrak added the State House to the Chicago-St. Louis corridor in 1977, in 1978 it dropped the Abraham Lincoln name altogether, today service between Chicago and St. Louis is handled by the Lincoln Service. American Car and Foundry constructed two lightweight trainsets for the B&O, one for the Abraham Lincoln and one for the Royal Blue, each trainset consisted of eight cars, a baggage/mail car, three coaches, a lunch counter/diner, two parlor cars, and a parlor-observation car. The B&O rebuilt both baggage/mail cars in 1936, the Abraham Lincolns became a car with seating for 24. On July 26,1937, the Abraham Lincoln received the Royal Blues equipment and this consist included a 60-seat chair car that the B&O had built in its own shops in 1936. Both of the consists had the first 64-seat chair car rebuilt into a buffet-lounge, the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio ordered additional chair and parlor cars from ACF in 1947 but otherwise made few changes to the trains equipment. The new cars seated 68 and 31, respectively, Ann Rutledge Lincoln Service Royal Blue Photograph of the Abraham Lincoln in 1972
Abraham Lincoln (train)
–
Postcard depiction of the streamlined train.
Abraham Lincoln (train)
–
Gulf Mobile and Ohio's Abraham Lincoln ca.1970
89.
Ann Rutledge (train)
–
The Ann Rutledge was a passenger train service operated by Amtrak running between St. Louis, Missouri, and Kansas City, Missouri as part of the Missouri Services brand. In 2009 Amtrak consolidated the Ann Rutledge, Kansas City Mule, the Alton Railroad inaugurated the Ann Rutledge in 1937 as a companion to the Abraham Lincoln over the St. Louis–Chicago route. The Alton named the train after Ann Rutledge, a woman from New Salem, Illinois, the Ann Rutledge used the Lincolns original lightweight equipment set, while the Lincoln received a matching set originally used by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroads Royal Blue. The Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad continued the Ann Rutledge upon its merger with the Alton in 1947, the GM&O ended the Ann Rutledge on April 27,1958. Amtrak revived the name Ann Rutledge on February 15,1976 for an Amfleet-equipped train on the St. Louis-Chicago, the revival proved short-lived, on October 31 Amtrak extended the Laredo-St. Louis Inter-American through to Chicago, replacing the Ann Rutledge, in a reversal of the situation with the Alton in the 1930s, Amtrak used the Ann Rutledges Amfleet coaches to re-equip a revived Abraham Lincoln. Amtrak revived the name again on October 30,1977, replacing the Abraham Lincoln, until April 2007, it operated as trains 303/304 over the full 567-mile route between Chicago and Kansas City via St. Louis, serving as part of both the Illinois Service and Missouri Service. After April 2007, it operated as trains 313/314 between only St. Louis and Kansas City, connecting to Lincoln Service trains at St. Louis. In 2009, Amtrak consolidated the Ann Rutledge, Kansas City Mule, Amtrak - Illinois Service Amtrak - Missouri Routes
Ann Rutledge (train)
–
The Ann Rutledge in Springfield, Illinois. A
GE Genesis leads the train, with an
Amfleet coach and two
Horizon Fleet coaches visible.
90.
Arrowhead (train)
–
The Arrowhead was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Minneapolis, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin in the United States. After two years of operation, service was extended from Superior to Duluth, Minnesota, the Arrowhead began on April 16,1975 as a daily all-coach train between Minneapolis and Superior, Wisconsin with no intervening stops along the 144-mile route. A bus covered the final 4 miles to Duluth, both the state of Minnesota and the Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission provided financial support for the train. Initially the Arrowhead carried an on-board cafe, in November Amtrak added Sandstone, Minnesota and Cambridge, Minnesota as intermediate stops, and augmented the trains consist with a lounge car and a baggage car. A schedule change to the North Coast Hiawatha broke the connection to the Arrowhead from Chicago beginning in October 1976. A major change came in February 1977, Amtrak extended the Arrowhead to Duluth, the entire schedule flipped, the Arrowhead departed Minneapolis in the morning and returned from Duluth in the evening. Gone was any connection to Chicago. The Arrowhead also gained one of the new Amfleet Amcafes and Amfleet coaches, another schedule change in January 1978 restored a same-day connection to Chicago with the combined Empire Builder/North Coast Hiawatha. Amtrak also increased Friday service, a morning and evening train from Minneapolis with a mid-day, on April 30,1978, Amtrak replaced the Arrowhead and the Twin Cities Hiawatha with the North Star, a Chicago-Minneapolis-Duluth sleeper. The Arrowhead was one of the last trains to use Minneapolis Great Northern Depot, Northern Lights Express, proposed passenger rail service between Duluth and Minneapolis
Arrowhead (train)
–
The old
depot in Duluth, which the Arrowhead served 1977-1978.
91.
Beacon Hill (train)
–
The Beacon Hill was a daily 157-mile commuter rail service operated by Amtrak between Boston, Massachusetts, and New Haven, Connecticut, from 1978 to 1981. The Beacon Hill was one of the last long-haul commuter services operated by Amtrak, service consisted of a single rush-hour round trip, with service eastbound to Boston in the morning and westbound to New Haven in the evening. After the New Haven Railroad folded into Penn Central in 1969, the Clamdigger operated as a daily local from New London to New Haven until 1972, then later from Providence to New Haven beginning in 1976. On April 30,1978, the Clamdigger was replaced with the Beacon Hill and this left the Beacon Hill as the only commuter service between New Haven and Providence, except for a daily Westerly-Providence train subsidized by Rhode Island. The Beacon Hill supplemented Amtraks existing intercity trains on the Corridor, running time was slightly over 3 hours, with service on weekdays plus Sundays. On November 3,1979, the Southwest Corridor was closed for reconstruction, all MBTA Commuter Rail and Amtrak service was routed via the Midland Branch instead. The Midland does not pass through Back Bay station, a train from South Station to Back Bay was available. In December 1979, the Westerly-Providence trip was canceled, leaving the Beacon Hill as the commuter service in southern Rhode Island. On February 20,1981, MBTA Providence/Stoughton Line service was back to Attleboro, Pawtucket/Central Falls was abandoned and Providence became an Amtrak-only stop. When service began in 1978, the Beacon Hill departed South Station in Boston at 5, however, beginning February 2,1980, the departure time was moved to 4, 20pm and the train became weekdays-only. This prevented workers on a 9-to-5 schedule - a major segment of the commuter market - from using the train, beginning in late 1980, the Beacon Hill frequently ran with one of Amtraks two LRC test trainsets. Regional service continues and has been supplemented by Acela Express service, in 1990, the Connecticut Department of Transportation began Shore Line East service between Old Saybrook and New Haven, with 4 daily trains. The service was extended to New London in 1996 and now includes 15 daily trains in each direction, MBTA service to Providence resumed on February 1,1988, restoring commuter rail service to Rhode Island. The Pawtucket/Central Falls station remained closed and was replaced in 1990 by South Attleboro station just across the Massachusetts border, after years of planning by RIDOT, the Providence/Stoughton Line was extended south to T. F. Green Airport on December 6,2010, and to the former Beacon Hill station at Wickford Junction on April 23,2012. ConnDOT and RIDOT have long-term plans to extend Shore Line East and MBTA service to meet at Westerly station, RIDOT also plans to add an infill station at East Greenwich near the former station site
Beacon Hill (train)
–
A Bombardier
LRC in use with the Beacon Hill in 1980
Beacon Hill (train)
–
This MBTA station at Wickford Junction was opened in 2012 across the tracks from the former Beacon Hill station
92.
Broadway Limited
–
The Broadway Limited was a passenger train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York City and Chicago. It operated from 1912 to 1995 and it was the Pennsylvanias premier train, competing directly with the New York Central Railroads 20th Century Limited. The Broadway Limited continued operating after the Penn Central Transportation merger, Penn Central conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971, Amtrak discontinued it in 1995. The trains name referred not to Broadway in Manhattan, but rather to the way of the Pennsylvanias four-track right of way along a large portion of the route. The Pennsylvania Special was one of nine trains the Pennsylvania operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14,1912 the Pennsylvania renamed it the Broadway Limited, the name, though spelled as Broadway, honored the Pennsylvanias four-track broad way main line. In the heavyweight era the Broadway Limited was an extra-fare, all sleeper train with an observation car at the end, such as Continental Hall. The scheduled running time was 20 hours until it was reduced to 18 hours in 1932, further reductions took place between 1932 and 1935, with the final heavyweight running time at 16 hours,30 minutes. On June 15,1938, the Broadway Limited received lightweight streamlined cars to replace its heavyweight steel cars, raymond Loewy styled the new cars and the PRR GG1 electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for the Pennsylvania, notably the S1 and T1 Duplex drive engines. The Broadway Limited was one of four pre-World War II Pennsylvania trains to receive such equipment, the others being the General, Spirit of St. Louis, other Pennsylvania trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by Pullman-Standard between March and May of that year, but the diners, RPO and baggage cars were rebuilt from cars by the railroads Altoona shops. The Broadway Limited was the only Pennsylvania train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II, the trains running time was further reduced to 16 hours. In 1949 the PRR again re-equipped the Broadway Limited with new streamlined equipment, the all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named Mountain View and they had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers. Also introduced was a dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as Harbor Rest, described by a PRR brochure as cheerful. Richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets, latest periodicals are in the libraries. The train departed New York at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Standard Time, the Broadway Limited was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The 20th Century Limited began carrying coaches in 1957, the Pennsylvania merged the Broadway Limited with the General on December 13,1967
Broadway Limited
–
Equipment and services on the Broadway Limited in the 1920s.
Broadway Limited
–
The Broadway Limited in the 1930s.
Broadway Limited
–
The Broadway Limited at
Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1974.
Broadway Limited
–
The Mountain View sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car at
Chicago 's
Union Station in 1963
93.
Champion (train)
–
The Champion was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Florida East Coast Railway between New York City and Miami or St. Petersburg, Florida. It operated from 1939 until 1979, continuing under the Seaboard Coast Line and it was a direct competitor to the Seaboard Air Line Railways Silver Meteor, the first New York-Florida streamliner. The Champion started as a service of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1939, competing with the Silver Star. Initially just a New York-Miami service, the ACL added a St. Petersburg train in 1941 once enough streamlined equipment was available. The two trains were called the Tamiami Champion, which ran from New York to St. Petersburg and the Tampa Bay area, and the Tamiami Champion, in 1943 the names became East Coast Champion and West Coast Champion. Southbound trains originated in New Yorks Pennsylvania Station, and traveled south over the Pennsylvania Railroad-owned Northeast Corridor through Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, there, a radio-equipped lounge car was added to the train. Leaving Washington, trains used the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad to Richmond, Virginia, from Richmond, trains followed the Atlantic coast through Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida. Here the trains split, with the West Coast trains moving south then west through DeLand, Petersburg area, while East Coast trains turned south south-east to run along Floridas east coast to Miami via the Florida East Coast Railway. African Americans ate behind a curtain at two designated tables next to the kitchen of the car, but were barred from the observation-tavern-lounge on the rear of the train. Dining car stewards still refused to seat blacks and whites at the table for many years afterwards. Petersburg section via Gainesville and Ocala, the East Coast Champion ran up and down the Florida East Coast Railway stopping at popular east coast resorts. The Gulf coast branch lines carried West Coast Champion thru-cars to three different branches, one to Bradenton and Sarasota, a second to St. Petersburg, from the outset, the Champion was an all-coach streamliner pulled by a diesel electric locomotive. Pullman sleeping cars were added a few years later, one Champion A-unit resides at the North Carolina Transportation Museum. After the merger of the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line into the Seaboard Coast Line, Petersburg service, numbered #91 southbound and #92 northbound. When Amtrak assumed control of most of the rail service in the United States in 1971. Petersburg service operating over the line it had for the past thirty-two years. On several occasions throughout the 1970s Amtrak would combine the Champion with its old rival the Silver Meteor and these combinations occurred again in 1975,1976, and 1977, but with two changes, the split occurred at Jacksonville, and the Meteor again became the Silver Meteor. In 1979, budget cuts forced Amtrak to eliminate the Champion, which was consolidated with its old rival the Silver Meteor, the Budd Company delivered three identical equipment sets for the Champion, the ACL owned two and the FEC the third
Champion (train)
–
A postcard depiction of the Champion.
Champion (train)
–
ACL #254, a tavern-lounge-observation car built for the Champion in 1940-41. Now at the
Gold Coast Railroad Museum.
94.
Clamdigger (train)
–
The Clamdigger was a daily passenger train which ran along the Northeast Corridor during the 1970s. In 1978, it was canceled and replaced with the Beacon Hill, the New Haven & New London Railroad was charted in 1848, began construction in 1850, and opened for service in July 1852. After several ownership changes, it was acquired by the New York, New Haven, in 1898, the New Haven introduced a commuter train between New London and New Haven which made most local stops along the Shore Line. The service acquired the Clamdigger name during the Great Depression from riders who collected clams in the clam beds near Stony Creek station, Penn Central took over operations of the New Haven Railroad effective January 1,1969. New York-New Haven service was kept, as was Boston-Providence service. The remaining service was a single Boston-New London round trip, the Clamdigger, through connections at New Haven, was the only train from New London allowing commuting to New York for regular work hours. Amtrak took over most Penn Central operations, including the Clamdigger, under Amtrak, the train made intermediate stops between New London and New Haven at Niantic, Old Saybrook, Clinton, Madison, Guilford, Leetes Island, Stony Creek, Pine Orchard, and Branford. On October 14,1971, Amtrak announced their intent to discontinue the Clamdigger, the Rail Passenger Service Act forbade Amtrak from discontinuing any train which formed part of its basic system until mid-1973. Amtrak took the view that the Clamdigger was a commuter train, Connecticut disagreed, arguing that all trains on the Shore Line were part of the basic system because they fell within the New York–Boston endpoints. A. Earl Wood, Connecticuts Commissioner of Transportation, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut to prevent Amtrak from terminating service. Judge Mosher Joseph Blumenfeld ruled in favor of Amtrak the following January, Service ended on January 28,1972. At the same time, Penn Central was allowed to discontinue their lone Boston-New London commuter trip and it was replaced by a Rhode Island-funded Westerly-Providence train which was run until December 1979. After the Clamdigger was discontinued, the Connecticut Department of Transportation studied rail corridors in the state, in 1975, plans were made for a twice-daily Clamdigger making the same stops as the former service. The restored service was expected to draw 600 daily riders, on September 9,1976, Amtrak began a Providence-New Haven local service with the Clamdigger name. It operated on an approximately 2-hour schedule as #151 southbound Monday through Saturday, the train made intermediate station stops only at Kingston, Westerly, Mystic, New London, and Old Saybrook, limiting its usefulness for commuters. The service was ended on October 30,1977, as part of a range of Amtrak service cuts and adjustments. The Clamdigger was reinstated on January 8,1978, with commuter-based flag stops added at Groton, Clinton, Madison, Stony Creek and it was replaced by the Boston-New Haven Beacon Hill effective April 30,1978. The Beacon Hill was not a replacement for the Clamdigger, though - it ran towards Boston in the morning, serving the Providence and Boston commuting markets rather than New Haven
Clamdigger (train)
–
Clamdigger service as run in 1971
95.
Desert Wind
–
The Desert Wind was a long distance passenger train route operated by Amtrak from 1979 until 1997. It initially operated from Los Angeles, California to Ogden, Utah via Salt Lake City and Las Vegas, Nevada. It later was truncated to Salt Lake City when Amtraks San Francisco Zephyr was rerouted from the Overland Route to the Denver and Rio Grande Western, at that time, cars from the Desert Wind and Pioneer were added to the eastbound California Zephyr at Salt Lake City. The California Zephyr runs between Emeryville, California and Chicago, Illinois through Salt Lake City, at the end of the 1960s the Union Pacific Railroad had combined its Chicago–West Coast streamliners into a single massive train dubbed by critics the City of Everywhere. This train included the Challenger, City of Denver, City of Kansas City, City of Los Angeles, City of Portland, the City of Los Angeles separated from this behemoth at Ogden, Utah to serve Los Angeles via Las Vegas, Nevada. Of these Amtrak retained portions of the City of Kansas City and City of San Francisco for its Chicago–San Francisco service, regular service to Las Vegas ended on May 1,1971. Matters came to a head in 1979, as Amtrak faced significant political pressure to cut costs, senator Howard Cannon pushed Amtrak hard to create a train which served Las Vegas, and Amtrak considered replacing the Southwest Limited, its existing Chicago–Los Angeles train, with such a service. In the end the Southwest Limited remained and Amtrak introduced the Desert Wind, the original Desert Wind was a day train with Amfleet equipment. The northbound train left Los Angeles mid-day and arrived in Ogden the following morning to connect with the eastbound San Francisco Zephyr. The southbound departed Ogden in the middle of the night after the arrival of the westbound San Francisco Zephyr from Chicago, the 811-mile journey took eighteen hours. Beginning in 1980 the Desert Wind exchanged a Chicago-Los Angeles through coach with the San Francisco Zephyr, the Desert Winds eastern terminus moved to Salt Lake City after the re-named and re-routed California Zephyr began using the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad main line in 1983. Later the Desert Wind and the Pioneer would operate together with the California Zephyr from Chicago to Salt Lake City, the Desert Wind was discontinued on May 12,1997, a victim of Amtraks reoccurring budget cuts. Train service was replaced with a Los Angeles–Las Vegas Thruway Motorcoach service, at that time, rail service between Los Angeles and Las Vegas took 7 hours,15 minutes. There are several private, competing plans to restore service to Las Vegas, including the high-speed XpressWest. However lack of funding and congestion through the Cajon Pass remained significant obstacles, the route has some merit for Amtrak, as the July 2010 issue of Trains listed the route as one to be restored in conjunction with upgrading the equipment on the California Zephyr. The Desert Wind is mentioned in the song Bone Against Steel on the album of the name by the rock band.38 Special. Michael Palin rides the Desert Wind in his Michael Palin, Around the World in 80 Days, the Desert Wind is the train that Raymond boards at the end of the film Rain Man. Desert Wind is described in Bob Segers song Long Twin Silver Line from the album Against the Wind, redondo Junction, California Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad Trainweb, Amtrak Desert Wind - Train #35 &36
Desert Wind
–
Desert Wind in
Las Vegas
Desert Wind
–
UP #932, an
EMD E8, leads the City of Los Angeles into Union Station in Los Angeles in March 1971, just prior to discontinuance.
96.
Gulf Breeze (train)
–
The Gulf Breeze was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Birmingham and Mobile, Alabama. It ran from 1989 until 1995, north of Birmingham the Crescent provided through service to New York City. Amtrak introduced the Gulf Breeze on October 27,1989 as a section of the Crescent, costs of operation were split between Amtrak and the state, with the latter contributing about $1.3 million per year. Annual ridership in FY1994, the last full year of operation, was 7,737, in December 1994 Amtrak announced that the Gulf Breeze would be discontinued as part of a broad cost-cutting measure which saw other services eliminated or reduced. The last Gulf Breeze ran on 1 April 1995, and was replaced by bus service and this was eventually realized as the Gulf Coast Limited, a joint effort between Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana which operated 1996–1997. At the time Mobile was served also by the Sunset Limited, the remainder no longer have passenger rail service. Gulf Coast Limited Southern High-Speed Rail Commission
Gulf Breeze (train)
–
The
Greenville, Alabama L&N depot.
97.
Inter-American (train)
–
The Inter-American was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago, Illinois to Laredo, Texas. Its route changed over time and was replaced by the Eagle. Upon its inauguration in January 27,1973, the Inter-American connected Laredo with Fort Worth, at Fort Worth, travelers could connect with the Texas Chief, but doing so required an overnight layover. At Laredo, it was possible to cross the border to Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, the train operated three times a week. In March 1974, the train was extended to St. Louis, from St. Louis passengers could connect to Chicago, and the extension finally added service to Dallas itself. In October 1976 Amtrak extended the Inter-American all the way north to Chicago and this train operated daily between Chicago and St. Louis and tri-weekly between St. Louis and Laredo. On October 31,1978, a St. Louis-Chicago Inter-American became the last train to serve Union Station in St. Louis, in October 1979 budget cuts forced Amtrak to combine the Inter-American with the Lone Star. The new train, still called the Inter-American, operated daily between Chicago and Laredo, with a section to Houston, Texas which split at Temple, Texas. On October 1,1981 Amtrak, forced to service cuts, truncated the Inter-American to San Antonio, Texas. The new service was named the Eagle, and is a forerunner of the current Texas Eagle, Texas Eagle Photos of the Inter-American 1981 timetable
Inter-American (train)
–
The Laredo and Houston sections assembling in Temple in the early 1980s.
98.
James Whitcomb Riley (train)
–
The James Whitcomb Riley was a passenger train operated by the New York Central between Chicago, Illinois, and Cincinnati, Ohio, via Indianapolis, Indiana. Under Amtrak it merged with the C&Os George Washington to become a Chicago-Washington train, and would later be renamed the Cardinal, which remains in operation. The James Whitcomb Riley was introduced by the New York Central on April 28,1941, as a daytime and it was named after the Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley, known for his celebration of Americana. The Riley was a companion to the Mercury streamliners which operated on the Chicago-Detroit, the ICC refused, and the Riley survived until the formation of Amtrak. Amtrak, upon its 1971 commencement of operations, kept the Riley intact, through Washington-Chicago and Newport News-Chicago coaches began July 12, and a through sleeping car began September 8. With the November 14,1971, schedule, the Riley and George Washington routes were merged, with the George Washington name being applied eastbound and the James Whitcomb Riley westbound. At the same time the route was extended from Washington to Boston, Massachusetts, on March 6,1972, the train was rerouted from Chicagos Central Station into Union Station. On April 30, the service was truncated back to Washington from Boston, a broadcast by CBSs 60 Minutes in 1973 revealed that the Riley was limited to 10 miles per hour in Indiana because of the poor quality of Penn Central track. In 1974 the Riley was re-routed off Penn Central trackage altogether along with the Floridian, on May 19,1974, the George Washington was renamed the James Whitcomb Riley, giving it the same name in both directions. Beginning in 1975 the Mountaineer, which originated in Norfolk, Virginia, the Newport News section was discontinued on June 14,1976, and the Colonial began running over its former route east of Richmond. In 1977 the Mountaineer was replaced by the Hilltopper, which terminated at Catlettsburg, the James Whitcomb Riley was renamed the Cardinal on October 30,1977, as the cardinal was the state bird of all six states through which it ran. It was discontinued September 30,1981 and brought back by Congressional mandate on January 8,1982
James Whitcomb Riley (train)
–
The James Whitcomb Riley at Charlottesville in 1974.
99.
Alton Limited
–
The Alton Limited was the Chicago & Alton Railways flagship service between Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri. It was introduced in 1899, and reequipped in 1905, the name and service was ultimately discontinued in late 1971. Starting in 1903, its power was a series of 4-6-2 steam locomotives. By 1905, it provided regular, daily service with six new cars strikingly decorated in three shades of maroon, with gold stenciling, which led to the nickname, The Red Train. The six-car consist included a RPO car, a car, a coach, a diner. The cars were richly appointed, and the Alton Limited was advertised as The Only Way, the last ten Brooks/ALCO class P-5 Pacific engines were delivered to the C&A in 1913. Two six-car train sets were re-equipped in 1924 at a cost of a million dollars, the Chicago observation parlor car included a Japanese tea room and a library, and was 90 long. With its blended red color scheme, it was then billed, the Pacific-pulled heavyweight consists were still in operation as late as 1947, though C&A was acquired that year by the Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad. The GM&O replaced the Pacific engines with engines, and replaced the heavyweight consist with lightweight, streamlined cars from American Car. GM&O adopted a variation of the Alton Limiteds maroon and red livery for its own streamliners, the GM&O dropped Alton from the trains name in 1958 and it was known as the Limited thereafter. When Amtrak assumed railroad passenger operations in May 1971, it retained the service. However, by November of that year Amtrak extended the Limited north to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, eventually, the service was truncated back to Chicago and became the Lincoln Service. O-scale models of the Alton Limiteds Pacifics or passenger cars have been produced at different times by Lionel, MTH, media related to Alton Limited at Wikimedia Commons
Alton Limited
–
Promotional blotter for the re-equipped Alton Limited in 1924
Alton Limited
–
Photo of the Japanese tea room on the train.
100.
Lone Star (Amtrak train)
–
The Lone Star was an Amtrak passenger train serving Chicago, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, Fort Worth, Houston and intermediate points. The train was renamed from the Texas Chief, which the Atchison, Topeka, Amtrak discontinued the Lone Star in 1979. The Santa Fe introduced the Texas Chief between Chicago, Illinois and Galveston, Texas on April 3,1948, the service survived, with adjustments, until the coming of Amtrak in 1971. Amtrak renamed the train the Lone Star on May 19,1974, after the Santa Fe determined that Amtraks trains no longer met its service standards and demanded that Amtrak stop using the Chief name. Due to cuts by Congress, the Reorganization Act of 1979, pressed by the US Department of Transportation under the Carter administration, at the time of its discontinuance, the train was ranked as Amtraks 7th most popular long-distance train. Chicago-Houston service continued in the form of a section of the Chicago-Laredo Inter-American that split from the train in Temple and this left Oklahoma without passenger rail service until 1999. Oklahoma continues to lack rail service north into Kansas, from 1955 until 1968 a section would cut off at Gainesville, Texas to serve Denton, Texas and Dallas. Initially Amtrak ran the Texas Chief as a Chicago-Kansas City-Fort Worth-Houston service, Amtrak considered a Dallas routing, while a Dallas routing remained a priority, Amtrak was unable to add that service until July 1,1975, after the train had become the Lone Star. Between October 1976 and February 15,1977, the Lone Star was combined with the Southwest Limited between Chicago and Kansas City, temporarily eliminating the Dallas through cars, Amtraks Southwest Chief serves the portion of the original route from Chicago to Newton, Kansas. In April 2016, Amtrak restored service, via bus shuttle, since 1999, Amtraks Oklahoma City to Fort Worth Heartland Flyer serves that part of the route. Amtraks Texas Eagle currently connects Chicago with Dallas, but using a different route, of the original Texas Chief/Lone Star route, only sections from Newton, Kansas, to Oklahoma City, and Temple, Texas to Houston and Galveston remain without passenger train service as of 2012. One baggage car, one sleeping car, and the single-level coach operated through to Dallas, history of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press
Lone Star (Amtrak train)
–
A southbound Lone Star between Guthrie and Norman, Oklahoma, in 1974.
Lone Star (Amtrak train)
–
Chef and cooks in the galley of the Lone Star, 1974. Photo by
Charles O'Rear.
101.
Michigan Executive
–
The Michigan Executive was a commuter train operated by Amtrak between Detroit, Michigan, and Jackson, Michigan. By the mid-1970s Penn Central asked to discontinue the service, citing dwindling ridership, Amtrak and the state of Michigan agreed to step in, and the Michigan Executive made its first run on January 20,1975, running between Detroit and Jackson. In the summer of 1975 the westbound Friday Michigan Executive operated all the way to Chicago, under Amtrak, ridership increased 50% and peaked at 96,573 in 1979. Chartered buses carried passengers from the Detroit station to downtown Detroit, returning commuters took the Chicago-Detroit Twilight Limited which was modified adding stops to accommodate former westbound Executive passengers. By 1983, annual ridership had fallen to 26,000, Amtrak completely discontinued the remainder of the Michigan Executive on January 13,1984, after Michigan withdrew its support citing low ridership. State transportation officials estimated that the discontinuance would save $200, 000/year, and daily ridership had dwindled below 60
Michigan Executive
–
Penn Central Railroad Passenger Timetable (Form 6) showing the
Valpo Local service on one side, and the predecessor to the Michigan Executive commuter service on the other.
102.
Montrealer (train)
–
The Montrealer was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Washington, D. C. and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After operating from the 1970s to 1995, with a stoppage in the 1980s. The Adirondack currently provides service between New York and Montreal, using a route through New York State until the Canada–United States border, the Montrealer was originally a service of the Boston and Maine Railroad, running between Montreal and Washington, D. C. The Ambassador ran the route during daylight hours but terminated in New York City. Both services used the Boston and Maines Connecticut River Railroad south of Vernon, as of December 29,2014, the Connecticut River line is re-opened for the Vermonter. It is said that during the days of prohibition the train was called the rum runner or the bootlegger because American passengers carried many well-hidden bottles on nearly every southbound run. Amtrak began operation of the Montrealer on September 30,1972, the southbound run from 1972-1974 was called the Washingtonian, and the northbound was called the Montrealer. The Washingtonian was also Train 185, which came from New York and later along with most other trains on the Northeast Corridor. Amtraks Montrealer acquired a reputation as a party train due to the numbers of skiers who would take the train. Amtrak equipped the train with its own dedicated lounge car outfitted with a piano, on the morning of July 7,1984, the northbound Montrealer was derailed by a washed-out culvert between Williston and Essex, Vermont. Heavy rains over the night had broken beaver dams upstream. Five of the thirteen cars fell into the stream, with one sleeper car buried under several other cars. Three passengers, one Amtrak attendant, and one Central Vermont Railway crew member were killed,29 others were seriously injured. The Montrealer was suspended north of Springfield from April 6,1987 until July 19,1989, during the suspension, Amtrak offered bus service between Burlington, Vermont and Springfield, Massachusetts with connectioning Amtrak service in Springfield. This situation precipitated the only instance of Amtrak seizing another railroad by eminent domain, the matter went all the way to the Supreme Court in National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp. which upheld Amtraks action. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont and Representative Silvio Conte of Massachusetts, only the section between Windsor and Brattleboro, Vermont, was transferred, however, leaving the line between East Northfield and Springfield, Massachusetts, as an obstacle. The crew change was shifted from Springfield to Palmer at the same time, in 1992 a stop was added at Willimantic, Connecticut, but service there was discontinued in 1995 upon inception of the Vermonter. Efforts have been underway for years to extend the Vermonter to Montreal
Montrealer (train)
–
The platform at
Willimantic, Connecticut, used from 1992 to 1995
103.
National Limited (Amtrak train)
–
The National Limited was a passenger train that ran between New York City and Kansas City, Missouri. Amtrak operated the train between 1971 and 1979, in 1970, the Department of Transportation, in its designation of endpoints for the Amtrak system, designated a train to run between New York City, Washington, D. C. and St. Louis. This was later amended to run all the way to Kansas City, the route was being served, prior to Amtrak, by the Pennsylvania Railroads Spirit of St. Louis. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad also ran a train connecting New York and it was their train, known as the National Limited, that had the name that Amtrak would eventually use. With Amtraks birth in May 1971, they ran the Spirit of St. Louis and it soon lost the Spirit moniker, being replaced with the National Limited. The route had issues almost from the start, although it should have been a financial success, going through a myriad of population centers, it frequently ran late, owing to the deteriorated Penn Central trackage in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. For most of its existence the National Limited operated a Washington section, until October 29,1978, this section split at Harrisburg and reached Washington via the Port Road Branch. From that date until discontinuance the National Limited split at Philadelphia, in 1979, the Carter administration, in its plan to cut Amtraks budget, applied criteria on a cost/farebox ratio to every Amtrak train. Any train not making money would be dropped from the system. Unfortunately, the problem of Penn Centrals track in the Midwest had led to a decline in ridership on the National Limited. Although there were protests by local politicians, the National Limited made its last run October 1,1979
National Limited (Amtrak train)
–
The National Limited at
Effingham, Illinois in 1979.
104.
North Star (train)
–
The North Star was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Duluth, Minnesota and Saint Paul, Minnesota. It originally operated from Chicago, Illinois via St. Paul to Superior, Wisconsin and Duluth, the service relied in part on funding from the state of Minnesota. Where the Arrowheads route was 148 miles long, the North Star was a 573-mile sleeper originating in Chicago at 10,30 PM in the initial schedule and it took 8 hours 45 minutes to reach Saint Paul, where there was a 35-minute layover. It then took another 3,45 to reach Duluth for a schedule of just over 13 hours from Chicago. The Empire Builder became a train again in 1979 when the North Coast Hiawatha was eliminated. There were perennial budget battles involving the North Star, in October 1981 cost-cutting measures forced the service to be converted to a Twin Cities–Duluth local, which left the daily Empire Builder as the only Chicago–Twin Cities connection. No effort was made to link the schedules of the two trains, at this time, the schedule was 3 hours 35 minutes from Saint Paul to Duluth. It briefly stopped service in September 1982 when Amtrak requested $27,000 in funding to keep it operating as a weekend, Duluth businessman Jeno Paulucci offered a $25,000 donation, with the rest intended to be covered from some other source. Senator David Durenberger also requested that Amtrak run a financial audit, by the end of service in 1985, the North Star no longer served Superior and made intermediate stops only in Cambridge and Sandstone. State funding ran out in March 1985, and the train made its run on April 7 of that year. North Shore Scenic Railroad Northern Lights Express, a restoration of passenger rail service between the Twin Cities and Duluth 1984 timetable
North Star (train)
–
The North Star at the Superior Depot
North Star (train)
–
The North Star at the
Duluth Depot
105.
Orange County Line
–
The Orange County Line is a commuter rail line run by Metrolink from Los Angeles through Orange County to Oceanside in San Diego County, connecting with the Coaster commuter rail service to San Diego. The Orange County Line began in 1990 as the Orange County Commuter, the Orange County Commuter made a single weekday round-trip, departing San Juan Capistrano in the morning and returning in the evening. Amtrak conveyed the route to Metrolink on March 28,1994, becoming the Orange County Line, service is provided seven days a week, with 19 trains on weekdays, and six on weekends. The Amtrak Pacific Surfliner supplements Orange County Line service by providing limited service along the corridor and more service during mid-days, nights. While the Orange County Line shares trackage with Amtraks Pacific Surfliner trains, the Orange County Line runs on the BNSF Railways Southern Transcon track between Los Angeles and Fullerton, under a shared-right-of-way agreement. Several stations, most notably the ones in downtown Fullerton and Santa Ana, are renovated Spanish Colonial Revival depots originally built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. In October 2005, the Orange County Transportation Authority announced that it would increase service on the Orange County Line, running trains twenty hours daily, the first part of the additional service was implemented in June 2006 with Saturday service, and July 2006 with Sunday service. To address some of issues, OCTA operates a series of Stationlink shuttle routes that connect Metrolink stations in Orange County to nearby destinations. The route of the Orange County Line will be used for the planned California High-Speed Rail line from Los Angeles Union Station to Irvine and it will stop in Anaheim and possibly either Norwalk or Fullerton. When completed, the right-of-way will consist of the tracks with two additional tracks for HSR trains. Transportation in San Diego County Orange County Line schedule
Orange County Line
–
Metrolink train 860 at
Irvine
106.
Pacific International
–
The Pacific International was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia. It was Amtraks first international service, operating from 1972 until 1981. After its discontinuance Vancouver service did not return until the inauguration of the Mount Baker International in 1995, as of 2014, the Amtrak Cascades links the two cities. Amtrak did not retain any cross-border services when it assumed control of most intercity trains in the United States on May 1,1971. As part of its 1972 appropriation for Amtrak the United States Congress directed that $2 million be used for the establishment of service to Vancouver, Montreal, and Nuevo Laredo. The Burlington Northern Railroads International had served the Seattle–Vancouver route up until the creation of Amtrak, the first Pacific International, Amtraks first international train, ran on July 17,1972. The train was scheduled to connect with the Los Angeles–Seattle Coast Starlight in both directions, between October 1979 and April 1980 the southbound Pacific International began departing from Vancouver in the middle of the day and terminated in Portland, Oregon. The Pacific International struggled to attract riders throughout its history, in 1975 the United States Department of Transportation said it was the worst performer in the system, with a deficit of 47 cents per passenger mile. Critics of the noted the influence of Senator Warren Magnuson in establishing the service. When in early 1979 Secretary of Transportation Brock Adams proposed eliminating 43% of Amtraks route network, in the end Congress agreed to fewer, though still significant, cuts, and the Pacific International survived for another two years. Amtrak discontinued the Pacific International on September 30,1981, as part of another restructuring
Pacific International
–
The departure board at
King Street Station (Seattle) in 1981, listing the Pacific International
107.
Panama Limited
–
The Panama Limited was a passenger train operated from 1911 to 1971 by the Illinois Central Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Panama Limited took its name from the Panama Canal, which in 1911 was then under construction, for most of its career, the train was all-Pullman, carrying sleeping cars only. The Panama Limited was one of many trains discontinued when Amtrak began operations in 1971, though Amtrak revived the service later that year, today, overnight service between Chicago and New Orleans is provided by Amtraks City of New Orleans, another former Illinois Central train. In the early 1900s the Illinois Centrals premier train on the Chicago-New Orleans route was the Chicago, on February 4,1911, the Illinois Central renamed this train the Panama Limited, in honor of the anticipated opening of the Panama Canal. The train included a St. Louis, Missouri, section that connected at Carbondale, the train was first-class only north of Memphis, Tennessee. It carried through sleepers for Hot Springs, Arkansas, and San Antonio and it made the journey in 25 hours. In 1912, the train was replaced with an all-steel, all electric consist, the Illinois Central relaunched the train on November 15,1916, with new equipment and a new schedule,23 hours from Chicago to New Orleans. The new train carried sleeping cars only for its entire route and its old equipment and schedule became a new train, the Louisiane. The Great Depression led the Illinois Central to discontinue the luxurious Panama Limited between May 28,1932, and December 2,1934, when it returned it had new air-conditioned equipment and an improved 20-hour schedule between Chicago and New Orleans. The Panama Limited was streamlined in 1942, during World War II, the Illinois Central had ordered two lightweight sets of equipment prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, after an appeal the War Production Board allowed their delivery. The first diesel/electric-powered streamlined run of the Panama Limited was on May 3,1942 on an 18-hour schedule, on hand for the first run was Janie Jones, the widow of famed engineer Casey Jones. The Panama Limited carried a new orange and brown paint scheme which became standard on Illinois Central passenger trains. For the duration of the War the Illinois Central dropped the extra fare, in June 1946 the schedule dropped to 17 hours, later the schedule was reduced to 16 hours,30 minutes again with the extra fare. The Panama Limited maintained a level of service until the Amtrak era. It was noted for its dining car service, with a first rate culinary staff and creole fare in the Vieux Carre-themed dining cars, a well-known multi-course meal on the Panama Limited was the Kings Dinner, on the menu for about $10. In 1952 the Illinois Central acquired several 2-unit 175-foot dining cars from the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad which it used on the Panama, with the Pennsylvanias Broadway Limited it was one of the last two all-Pullman trains in the United States. On October 29,1967, the Illinois Central added coaches to the Panama Limited, the Illinois Central dropped this separate designation on December 13,1968. The Illinois Central petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to end the train altogether on November 23,1970, the final day of operation of the Panama Limited by the Illinois Central Railroad was April 30,1971
Panama Limited
–
Postcard depiction of the train, circa 1917.
Panama Limited
–
Interior of the club car on the Panama Limited, circia 1917.
Panama Limited
–
The streamlined Panama Limited, circa 1940s or 1950s.
108.
West Virginian (Amtrak train)
–
The West Virginian, later known as the Potomac Turbo and Potomac Special, was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Washington, D. C. and Parkersburg, West Virginia. This patronage earned the train the derisive sobriquets Harleys Hornet and the Staggers Special, on its startup on May 1,1971, Amtrak did not retain any of the three B&O intercity trains then operating west of Cumberland, Maryland. Commuter services between Washington, D. C. and Martinsburg, West Virginia continued unaffected, the situation displeased Staggers, through whose district the B&O route ran. Responding to pressure from Staggers, Amtrak introduced the West Virginian on September 8,1971 and it was Amtraks first train on the B&O. The train operated with ex-Chesapeake and Ohio Railway equipment, a 52-seat coach, on February 7,1972, Amtrak transferred one of its two UAC TurboTrain trainsets, then on the Turboservice between New York City and Boston, Massachusetts, to the Parkersburg run. Amtrak characterized this as an experiment to see how well the TurboTrain could run on a mountainous route, Amtrak dubbed the re-equipped train the Potomac Turbo. Critics questioned the wisdom of running the train in a region where mountains, Amtrak withdrew the equipment on May 13 to replace the other TurboTrain on the New York–Boston run. That train had, in turn, been sent to Washington for the Transpo 72 exposition, with the withdrawal of the TurboTrain conventional equipment returned to the Washington–Parkersburg run. Amtrak named this train the Potomac Special, Amtrak discontinued this train on May 5,1973. In its place Amtrak introduced the Blue Ridge, which terminated at Martinsburg, a later train, the Shenandoah, operated through Parkersburg to Cincinnati, Ohio. This train was introduced in 1976 and withdrawn in 1981, the Blue Ridge was transferred to MARC and continues presently as the Brunswick Line. Amtraks Capitol Limited, a Chicago-Washington service begun in 1981, operates over the Washington-Cumberland, Maryland portion of the line, when the Railroad Leaves Town, American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, Eastern United States. Kirksville, MO, Truman State University Press,1972 timetable Cover of 1972 Route Guide for the Potomac Turbo
West Virginian (Amtrak train)
–
The
UAC TurboTrain, seen here at
Transpo '72, spent three months on the West Virginian route under the Potomac Turbo name.
109.
San Diegan (train)
–
The San Diegan was one of the named passenger trains of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, and a “workhorse” of the railroad. Its 126-mile route ran from Los Angeles, California south to San Diego and it was assigned train Nos. 70–79. The Los Angeles-San Diego corridor was to the Santa Fe as the New York City–Philadelphia corridor was to the Pennsylvania Railroad, daily traffic could reach a density of ten trains during the summer months. The first San Diegan ran on March 27,1938 as one set of equipment making two trips a day. A second trainset delivered in 1941 made possible four streamlined trains each way, a set of heavyweight equipment made a fifth trip in each direction. Amtrak continued to operate the San Diegan when it took over operation of the passenger service on May 1,1971. Today, the route of the San Diegan is served by Amtraks Pacific Surfliner, construction of the Surf Line between Los Angeles and San Diego began on October 12,1880, with the organization of the California Southern Railroad Company. On January 2,1882, the California Southern commenced passenger, the Santa Fe assumed control of the California Southern and on August 12,1888, completed the line between Los Angeles and San Diego. Initially known as the Short Line, the replaced the Santa Fes existing circuitous route via Temecula Canyon. In the 1930s the Surf Line hosted four round-trips per day, in the late 1930s streamlined trains were in transition. While fixed consists such as the Union Pacific Railroads M-10000 were out, on March 27,1938, the Santa Fe inaugurated the San Diegan, operating on a schedule of 2 1⁄2 hours. The single equipment set could make two round-trips per day, a second San Diegan consist entered service on June 8,1941, doubling the schedule to four daily round trips. The San Diegan was supplemented by two conventional heavyweight trains, No one is killed in the accident, and it is many days before all of the wreckage can be pulled out of the sea. June 8,1941, A second lightweight train consisting of six coaches, a car, a tavern lunch-counter car. Service is increased to four round trips with streamliners and one round trip using conventional equipment. October 27,1941, A fifth, steam-powered train is added to the schedule, due in part to the need to transport personnel to. This semi-streamlined train carries a full buffet car, a diner, the number of daily trains servicing the route increases to 16, on average. 1942, The average number of trains per day increases to 42, consist size expands to 13 cars, and each logs 512 daily miles
San Diegan (train)
–
The southbound San Diegan passes through
Capistrano Beach, California in April 1973.
San Diegan (train)
–
San Diegan
San Diegan (train)
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Santa Fe San Diegan at the San Diego depot, 1945 postcard
San Diegan (train)
–
An
EMD F40PH leads a San Diegan into
Union Station in
Los Angeles in 1978.
110.
San Francisco Zephyr
–
The San Francisco Zephyr was the name adopted in June 1972 for the Amtrak passenger train between Chicago, Illinois, and the San Francisco Bay Area in California. For passengers wanting to use the Rio Grandes service and continue on Amtrak, in July 1980, the San Francisco Zephyr was outfitted with Amtraks new bi-level Superliner passenger cars, one of the last western trains to receive them. In 1983 the D&RGW chose to join Amtrak, citing increasing losses in passenger operations, Amtrak re-routed the San Francisco Zephyr over the D&RGWs line between Denver and Salt Lake City, Utah, which was its original preference in 1971. The change was scheduled for April 25, but a mudslide at Thistle, Utah, closed the D&RGWs main line, with the change of route Amtrak renamed the train California Zephyr. Media related to San Francisco Zephyr at Wikimedia Commons
San Francisco Zephyr
–
An
EMD FP7 and two
EMD SDP40Fs pull the eastward San Francisco Zephyr through the Sierra in 1975
111.
Silver Palm (train)
–
The Silver Palm is the name of two former passenger trains operated by Amtrak serving the U. S. state of Florida. The original Silver Palm was a train, operating between Miami and Tampa. Service began in 1982 and ended in 1985, the second was an extension of the existing Palmetto service in the late 1990s. Amtrak introduced the first Silver Palm as a round trip service between Miami and Tampa, Florida, on November 21,1982. The train was subsidized by the Florida Department of Transportation as a 403 service, the train operated over the tracks of the Seaboard System Railroad between Miami and Tampa via Auburndale. The northbound train departed Miami in the morning and returned from Tampa in the afternoon, travel time was approximately five hours in each direction. A bus connection was provided between Winter Haven and Orlando, the Silver Palm was the first intrastate train to use the then-new Amfleet II coaches. The initial consist was two coaches and a cafe car, after a two-year trial the Florida Department of Transportation recommended ending subsidies for the Silver Palm. State law required that state-sponsored services maintain a ratio of 60% to continue funding. FDOT announced on October 20,1984 that the Silver Palms ratio was 45. 3%, the Florida Coalition of Rail Passengers sued the state, arguing that the Department of Transportation had calculated the operating ratio incorrectly, and won at the district court level. This decision was overturned on appeal by the Florida First District Court of Appeal on March 28,1985, the Silver Palm was discontinued on April 30,1985. The second Silver Palm was a passenger train between New York, New York, and Miami, Florida. This was a revival of the Palmetto, which Amtrak had discontinued on April 1,1995, service began on November 10,1996. Amtrak restored the Palmetto name on May 1,2002, after the train lost sleeping and dining car service
Silver Palm (train)
–
The Silver Palm on its inaugural run in 1982. An
EMD F40PHR leads an
Amfleet consist.
112.
South Wind (train)
–
The South Wind began operations in December 1940, providing streamliner service between Chicago, Illinois and Miami, Florida. This was one of three seven-car streamlined trains operating every day along different routes between Chicago and Miami. The other two trains were the City of Miami and the Dixie Flagler, the South Wind remained in service through the creation of Amtrak in 1971 but was soon replaced by the Floridian. The South Wind departed Chicago Union Station and ran through Logansport and it then proceeded down the Louisville & Nashville main line through Bowling Green, Nashville, and Birmingham to Montgomery. From Montgomery, it ran down the Atlantic Coast Line through Dothan, Thomasville, Valdosta, the final trip to Miami was over the Florida East Coast. After a number of changes throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s. Following the discontinuance of the Southland in 1957, Florida West Coast service was added, the train, beginning service in December 1940, used a seven-car trainset built by the Budd Company. The South Wind, like most trains operated in the South, was racially segregated. As required by law in Southern states the train passed through, blacks were not allowed in the observation lounge on the rear and were restricted to two tables behind a curtain in the dining car. Additionally, when service was initiated, there were actually three every-third-day trains on each route, the Dixie Flagler was accompanied by the Dixieland and Dixiana, the South Wind by the Florida Arrow and Jacksonian, and the City of Miami by the Sunchaser and the Floridan. This coordination enabled passengers to have the convenience of service all along their respective routes between Chicago and Miami. The additional two trains per route were discontinued during World War II, originally the coordinated schedules of the three streamliners left Chicago in the morning, arriving Miami early the next afternoon. The trains were turned and left Miami in the late afternoon arriving back in Chicago just before bedtime the next day. After World War II, the Dixieland, Sunchaser and Florida Arrow were reinstated, upon their discontinuation, the City of Miami and South Wind trains began running two days out of three. However, the tight Miami turnaround hampered operations, and after adding trainsets, the Dixie Flyer remained every third day. In 1954, it was re-equipped and renamed the new Dixieland, in December 1957 both the Dixie Flagler and the Southland were discontinued. The Southland had run daily from various cities through Atlanta and Albany directly to the west coast cities of Tampa and St. Petersburg. At that time, west coast cars were added to the City of Miami and these cars were attached to the West Coast Champion sections going from Jacksonville to Tampa-Sarasota and to St. Petersburg via Trilby, which is now largely dismantled
South Wind (train)
–
Postcard ad for the train, circa 1940s.
113.
Spirit of St. Louis (train)
–
The Spirit of St. Louis was a named passenger train on the Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors Penn Central and Amtrak between New York and St. Louis, Missouri. The Pennsylvania introduced the Spirit of St. Louis on June 15,1927, replacing the New Yorker and St. Louisian, the name honored the airplane Spirit of St. Louis, flown the month before by Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris. The Spirit of St. Louis remained in service through the inception of Amtrak and it was replaced by the National Limited. When the Railroad Leaves Town, American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, kirksville, MO, Truman State University Press. Media related to Spirit of St. Louis at Wikimedia Commons
Spirit of St. Louis (train)
–
The Spirit of St. Louis departs
Union Station in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1970.
114.
Super Chief
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The Super Chief was one of the named passenger trains and the flagship of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. It claimed to be The Train of the Stars because of the celebrities it carried between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California, the Super Chief was the first Diesel-powered, all-Pullman sleeping car train in America, and it eclipsed the Chief as Santa Fes standard bearer. The extra-fare Super Chief left Dearborn Station in Chicago for its first trip on May 12,1936, with one set of equipment, the train initially operated once a week from both Chicago and Los Angeles. After more cars had been delivered the Super Chief ran twice weekly beginning in 1938, adding to the trains mystique were its gourmet meals and Hollywood clientele. Competitors to the Super Chief were the City of Los Angeles on the Chicago and North Western Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad, the train maintained its high level of service until the end of Santa Fe passenger operations on May 1,1971. In 1974 the Santa Fe withdrew permission to use the due to a perceived decline in service. Following the delivery of new Superliner equipment, the Santa Fe allowed Amtrak to call it the Southwest Chief in 1984, Santa Fes marketing advantage for the Super Chief lay in the geography of the route as well as its ownership. The Santa Fe began as a line along the old Santa Fe and Spanish Trails, from the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas rivers to the Pecos River. This initial route was extended to Los Angeles. The convenience of traveling Santa Fe All The Way was superior to anything that the competing jointly operated railroads could provide on their routes to the west coast, a single traffic and operating department ruled all the divisions and districts of the Santa Fe route from Chicago to Los Angeles. Dining cars, the supply chains, the on-board service crews and their management. During the war the rules were relaxed to carry passengers to and from Albuquerque and La Junta, not until the postwar era could passengers travel to intermediate stations on the Super Chief. The Santa Fe intended the Super Chief as the latest in a line of luxury Chicago–Los Angeles trains wedded to the latest in railroad technology. In the 1930s these included air conditioning, lightweight all-metal construction, in August 1935 the General Motors Electro-Motive Corporation delivered two blunt-nosed diesel-electric units Nos.1 and 1A, intended to pull the Super Chief. Aside from an ALCO HH600 switcher at Dearborn Station in Chicago, they were the Santa Fes first diesels and these locomotives made their first test run with eight heavyweight passenger cars and a dynamometer car on September 9. The first Super Chief operated on May 12,1936, with the diesels pulling air-conditioned heavyweight Pullman cars, eleanor Powell, Hollywoods legendary dancer, christens it The Train of the Stars. May 10,1937, The last of four runs of the Super Chief-2, with an improved 3,600 hp, two-unit, streamlined diesel locomotive set built by EMC. All heavyweight cars used on the Super Chief are replaced with stainless steel cars
Super Chief
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Super Chief being serviced at
Albuquerque, New Mexico in March 1943. A headlight "blackout shield" was a wartime
Civil Defense requirement on trains running to the Pacific Coast.
Super Chief
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A map depicting the "Grand Canyon Route" of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway c. 1901.
Super Chief
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The EMC Nos. 1 and 1A depicted on August 31, 1935.
Super Chief
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Santa Fe #19L, leading the Super Chief, after smashing through a concrete barrier at
Los Angeles Union Station in January 1948
115.
Texas Chief
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The Texas Chief was a passenger train operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway between Chicago, Illinois, and Galveston, Texas. It was the first Santa Fe Chief outside the Chicago–Los Angeles routes, the Santa Fe conveyed the Texas Chief to Amtrak in 1971, which renamed it the Lone Star in 1974. The train was taken off in 1979, the Santa Fe introduced the Texas Chief on April 3,1948. The train competed with the Texas Eagle and the Texas Special, the journey from Chicago to Galveston required 26 hours 15 minutes, ten hours faster the previous service on the route. Service to Dallas, Texas, began in 1955, patronage was strong, historian Keith L. Bryant Jr. credited the Texas Chief with causing the withdrawal of the Texas Special. The Texas Chief was the first major train outside the Chicago–Los Angeles route to carry the Chief moniker popularized by the Chief, the general decline in passenger traffic in the 1960s led to cutbacks on the Texas Chief. Service south of Houston, Texas, ended in April 1967, the Dallas section ended on August 4,1968. Amtrak retained the Texas Chief between Chicago and Houston, in 1973 Amtrak proposed re-routing the Texas Chief to serve Dallas. This new route would use the Southern Pacific between Dallas and Houston, opposition from the SP killed the plan. In 1974 the Santa Fe withdrew permission to use the due to a perceived decline in service. The Texas Chief debuted with new equipment, including coaches, Pullman sleeping cars, a car. In 1966 the Santa Fe assigned its 10 new GE U28CG diesel locomotives to the Texas Chief, after 1968 excess Hi-Level coaches from the El Capitan and San Francisco Chief could be found on the Texas Chief, along with Big Dome full-length dome lounges from the discontinued Chief. The Texas Chief featured a variety of equipment during its short Amtrak tenure. In addition to ex-Santa Fe equipment such as Hi-Level coaches and Big Domes, history of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, the Complete Book of North American Railroading. Farrington, S. Kip, Jr. Railroads of the Hour
Texas Chief
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A southbound Lone Star between Guthrie and Norman, Oklahoma, in 1974.
Texas Chief
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Chef and cooks in the galley of the Lone Star, 1974. Photo by
Charles O'Rear.
116.
Three Rivers (train)
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The Three Rivers was a daily Amtrak train running between New York City and Chicago, Illinois. It operated via Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Akron, the Three Rivers replaced the Broadway Limited in 1995. The route was cancelled, with the last train running on March 7,2005, Service east of Pittsburgh continues to be provided by the Pennsylvanian. Stations previously served between Pittsburgh and Hammond–Whiting are bereft of passenger trains, though the Capitol Limited provides service between Pittsburgh and Chicago via Cleveland, Ohio, Amtrak began the Three Rivers on September 10,1995, as a replacement for the discontinued Broadway Limited. Originally the train ran between New York and Pittsburgh, extending a New York—Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Keystone Service, in Pittsburgh, the train exchanged mail cars with the Chicago—Washington, D. C. Capitol Limited. Passengers continuing to Chicago changed trains, through service began on February 1,1996, two Three Rivers Amfleet coaches were coupled to the Superliner consist of the Capitol Limited. Through passengers reached the Capitol Limited portion of the train via the transition dorm, Amtrak ended the switching operation on November 10,1996 in favor of extending the Three Rivers to Chicago as an independent train. Amtrak restored the Broadway Limiteds numbers, but because of equipment shortages could not restore sleeper service nor a full dining car. Operating at the height of Amtraks experiment with mail and express business, at the outset, the Three Rivers stopped at Pittsburgh, Greensburg, Johnstown, Altoona, Huntingdon, Lewistown, Harrisburg, Lancaster, Paoli, Philadelphia, Trenton, Newark and New York. With the extension to Chicago in 1996, service began to Hammond-Whiting, Service to the intermediate Ohio stations began after those cities funded station improvements, Youngstown, Fostoria and Akron. Amtrak added Latrobe as a stop on May 17,1998. Highlights along the run included Horseshoe Curve near Altoona, Pennsylvania Dutch Country, the entire trip took about 20 hours. The Three Rivers used Amfleet coaches and either Amfleet or Horizon dinettes, Amtrak never assigned a full dining car owing to equipment shortages and an unfavorable schedule. Starting on April 1,1999 Amtrak began assigning a Heritage Fleet sleeper to the Three Rivers, no Viewliners were available, Amtrak refurbished four stored Heritage sleepers for $250,000. These were the last standard 10-6 sleepers in Amtrak operation and required a Federal Railroad Administration waiver to operate because of their direct-dump toilets, when this waiver expired in October 2001 Amtrak retired the Heritage sleepers and replaced them with Viewliners, which were now available
Three Rivers (train)
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The Three Rivers at
Lewistown in 2002.
117.
Twilight Limited
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The Twilight Limited was a named passenger train in the United States which initially operated between Chicago, Illinois, and Detroit, Michigan. The New York Central Railroad introduced the train in 1926, and it continued until the formation of Amtrak in 1971, Amtrak renamed the train St. Clair, feeling that the name Twilight Limited had undesirable connotations and imagery for a company trying to save passenger rail service. Amtrak revived the name in 1976 for a new frequency on the Chicago–Detroit corridor. The New York Central Railroad introduced the Twilight Limited on April 25,1926, the new train was first-class only, with parlor cars and a dining car. It was the fastest of the 13 New York Central trains from Chicago to Detroit, leaving Central Station at 3,00 PM, after the Second World War the Twilight Limited gained coaches, but kept some parlor cars and its dining car. Service on the Chicago-Detroit route continued to drop, from seven trains each way in 1951 to five in 1960, the last parlor car came off in the mid-1960s. As part of a restructuring the New York Central dropped all train names on December 3,1967. Penn Central truncated the westbound ex-Twilight Limited at Ann Arbor, Michigan on October 5,1968, Amtrak kept the eastbound ex-Twilight Limited, but renamed it the St. Clair. By mid-1976 Amtrak had three round-trips on the Chicago-Detroit corridor, these were all named Turboliner after the French-designed gas turbine RTG trainsets which operated on the route, demand outstripped the trainsets fixed capacity of 292, so Amtrak began assigning new conventional Amfleet equipment as it became available. On October 31,1976, the pair of trains became the Twilight Limited. This service pattern remained mostly uninterrupted until 1994, although budget problems led to the westbound Twilight Limited running tri-weekly between 1986 and 1990, on May 5,1994 Amtrak extended the Twilight Limited and Wolverine to Pontiac, Michigan. In 2000, as part of its Network Growth Strategy Amtrak proposed extending the Twilight Limited to New York City, New York via Ontario, Canada and Buffalo, New York, the last Michigan-Ontario-New York had ended in 1979 when Amtrak discontinued the Niagara Rainbow. Nothing came of this proposal, although for a time the Twilight Limited terminated at Detroit and handled additional mail, on April 26,2004 Amtrak dropped individual names on the Chicago-Detroit corridor and the Twilight Limited became one of three Wolverines
Twilight Limited
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Chicagoan
