1.
Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)
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The Capitol Limited is one of two Amtrak trains connecting Washington, D. C. to Chicago, running 764 miles via Pittsburgh and Cleveland. Service began in 1981 and was named after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads Capitol Limited which ended in 1971 upon the formation of Amtrak and it carries the Amtrak train numbers 29 and 30, which were previously assigned to the discontinued National Limited. During fiscal year 2011, the Capitol Limited carried over 225,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $20,312,544 in FY2011, a 9. 3% increase from FY2010. On October 1,1981, Amtrak inaugurated its Capitol Limited upon the discontinuance of the Shenendoah and its numbers,440 and 441, were derived from the Broadway Limiteds 40 and 41 and the new train also used Heritage Fleet equipment. The new train replaced the Broadway Limiteds former Washington section which had diverged at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in late 1984, the Capitol Limited re-equipped with new Amfleet II coaches but also lost its full diner east of Pittsburgh. Beginning with the October 26,1986, timetable, Amtrak split up the Capitol Limited, the former received new numbers,29 and 30, and a later schedule. The Capitol Limited continued to operate over the same route, with the change the Capitol Limited regained a full diner east of Pittsburgh, which it had lost in 1984. The Broadway Limited and its successor, the Three Rivers, were re-routed over the B&Os Chicago-Pittsburgh route, in October 1994, Amtrak, with great fanfare, relaunched the Capitol Limited with a new bilevel Superliner II consist. Eleven people died aboard the MARC train in the accident, Three died of injuries suffered in the impact, the rest were killed by smoke and flames. The MARC engineer and two conductors were among the dead, between 1984 and 1986 and again from 1991 to 1993, the Capitol Limited exchanged a Chicago-Miami coach with the New York-Miami Silver Star at Washington, D. C. During 1997 and part of 1998, Amtrak operated the Capitol Limited in conjunction with the Southwest Chief, the two trains used the same Superliner equipment sets, and passengers traveling on both trains could remain aboard during the layover in Chicago. Originally announced in 1996, Amtrak planned to call this through service the National Chief with its own numbers, although the name, Amtrak dropped the practice with the May 1998 timetable. Trains magazine picked up on this in their January 2011 issue, also cited was the consist switch that would take place, an eight-hour layover on Sundays due to the Pennsylvanians 1, 20p departure, and the lack of Viewliner sleepers to accommodate the service. The Capitol Limiteds original routing west of Pittsburgh included stops in Canton, Ohio, Crestline, Ohio, Lima, Ohio, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Valparaiso, Indiana, Amtrak dropped Gary as a station stop on April 28,1985. On April 27,1986, Amtrak added Warsaw, Indiana, all these cities lost service when Amtrak re-routed the Capitol Limited north through Toledo on November 11,1990. For a year, a bus connection was offered between Fort Wayne and Waterloo, Indiana. Between March 2,1982, and April 7,1991, at the time the Port Authority of Allegheny County operated the PATrain commuter rail between McKeesport and downtown Pittsburgh. The Port Authority ended the service in 1989, citing low ridership, Amtrak followed suit a year later, noting that on average one passenger boarded at McKeesport per trip during the trains final months of service at that station
Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)
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The Capitol Limited emerges from the Graham Tunnel and crosses the Potomac River in Magnolia, West Virginia.
2.
Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
Amtrak
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The Illinois Central Railroad 's Panama Limited long-distance diesel streamliner train
Amtrak
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Geographic map of the Amtrak system
Amtrak
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The Boston and Maine Railroad 's Speed Merchant Talgo train
Amtrak
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The Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad Rebel streamliner train
3.
Auburn (Amtrak station)
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The Auburn station is an Amtrak station in Auburn, California. Located at the corner of Nevada Street and Fulweiler Street, it serves as the terminus of the Capitol Corridor line. The platform is next to a spur track off of Track 2 of Union Pacifics route over Donner Pass. Because of the geography of the city, the Union Pacifics mainline tracks are split, with Track 1 running through the side of the city. The California Zephyr bypasses the city on its route between Roseville and Colfax primarily via Track 1, Auburn became a stop on Amtraks Capitol Corridor in January 1998. Of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Auburn was the 45th-busiest in FY2012, Amtrak – Stations – Auburn, CA Auburn Amtrak Station and Nevada Station
Auburn (Amtrak station)
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Auburn
4.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
Standard gauge
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Track gauge
5.
Union Pacific Railroad
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The Union Pacific Railroad is a freight hauling railroad that operates 8,500 locomotives over 32,100 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and it is also one of the worlds largest transportation companies. Union Pacific Railroad is the operating company of Union Pacific Corporation. Union Pacific Corporations main competitor is the BNSF Railway, the second largest freight railroad. Together, the two railroads have a duopoly on all freight rail lines in the U. S. The original company was incorporated on July 1,1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, the line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah,53 miles west of Ogden on May 10,1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. It built or purchased local lines that gave it access to Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon and it also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. UP was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872 and its independent construction company the Crédit Mobilier had bribed congressmen. The UP itself was not guilty but it did get bad publicity, the financial crisis of 1873 led to financial troubles but not bankruptcy. The company was reorganized as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24,1880, the new company declared bankruptcy during the Panic of 1893. When it emerged in 1897 it reverted to the original name, the corporate headquarters of the Union Pacific Corporation were located in New York City from its initial founding in the 1860s until Drew Lewis became CEO in the mid-1980s. He relocated it to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, later the headquarters was shifted to Dallas, Texas, before relocating to Omaha to join the operating headquarters. From the ICC annual reports, except 1979 is from Moodys, on December 31,1925 UP-OSL-OWRN-LA&SL-StJ&GI operated 9,834 route-miles and 15,265 track-miles. At the end of 1980, Union Pacific operated 9,266 route-miles and 15,647 miles of track, Moodys shows 220,697 million revenue ton-miles in 1993 on the expanded system
Union Pacific Railroad
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The Last Spike, by Thomas Hill, (1881)
Union Pacific Railroad
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Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
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Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad gather on the 100th meridian, which later became Cozad, Nebraska, approximately 250 miles (400 km) west of Omaha, Nebraska Territory, in October 1866. The train in the background awaits the party of Eastern capitalists, newspapermen, and other prominent figures invited by the railroad executives.
Union Pacific Railroad
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Union Pacific Center in Omaha, Nebraska
6.
Caltrain
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Caltrain is a California commuter rail line on the San Francisco Peninsula and in the Santa Clara Valley. The northern terminus of the line is in San Francisco at 4th, extra trains were often run for special events held in AT&T Park in San Francisco, Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, and SAP Center in San Jose. Caltrain operates 92 weekday trains,6 of which are extended to Gilroy, weekday ridership in February 2016 averaged 62,416, up 83% since 2010. Caltrain is governed by the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board which consists of agencies from the three counties served by Caltrain, San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Clara, each member agency has three representatives on a nine-member Board of Directors. The member agencies are the City and County of San Francisco, SamTrans, Caltrain has 29 regular stops, one football-only stop, and two weekend-only stops. As of October 2012 Caltrain runs 92 weekday trains,36 Saturday, the original commuter railroad built in 1863 was the San Francisco and San Jose Rail Road, it was purchased by Southern Pacific in 1870. Southern Pacific double-tracked the line in 1904 and rerouted it via Bayshore, after 1945, ridership declined with the rise in automobile use, in 1977 SP petitioned the state Public Utilities Commission to discontinue the commute operation because of ongoing losses. To preserve the service, in 1980 Caltrans contracted with SP. Caltrans purchased new locomotives and rolling stock, replacing SP equipment in 1985, Caltrans also upgraded stations, added shuttle buses to nearby employers, and dubbed the operation CalTrain. The Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board was formed in 1987 to manage the line, subsequently, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties commissioned Earth Metrics, Inc. to prepare an Environmental Impact Report on right-of-way acquisition and expansion of operations. With state and local funding, the PCJPB bought the right of way between San Francisco and San Jose from SP in 1991. The following year, PCJPB took responsibility for CalTrain operations and selected Amtrak as the contract operator, PCJPB extended the CalTrain service from San Jose to Gilroy, connecting to VTA Light Rail at Tamien Station in San Jose. In July 1995 CalTrain became accessible to passengers in wheelchairs, five months later, CalTrain increased the bicycle limit to 24 per train, making the service attractive to commuters in bicycle-friendly cities such as San Francisco and Palo Alto. In July 1997 the current logo was adopted, and the name became Caltrain. A year later, VTA extended its rail service from north Santa Clara to the Mountain View Caltrain station. In June 2003, a connection for the Bay Area Rapid Transit. In 2006, Caltrain announced that wireless internet access would be available on trains at no additional charge, Caltrain invested more than $1 million in researching and testing WiFi in 2006. Caltrain still hopes to offer the service eventually as part of a comprehensive communication package
Caltrain
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An SP locomotive pulls a Peninsula Commute train past Bayshore in April 1985
Caltrain
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Caltrain
Caltrain
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A Caltrain car manufactured by Nippon Sharyo.
Caltrain
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Baby Bullet service is provided by MPI MP36PH-3C locomotives.
7.
Chicago Union Station
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Chicago Union Station is a major railroad station that opened in 1925 in Chicago, Illinois, replacing an earlier station built in 1881. It is the only remaining intercity rail terminal in Chicago, as well as being the primary terminal for commuter trains. The station stands on the west side of the Chicago River between West Adams Street and West Jackson Boulevard, just outside the Chicago Loop, including approach and storage tracks, it is about nine and a half city blocks in size. Its facilities are underground, buried beneath streets and skyscrapers. Chicago Union Station is the third-busiest rail terminal in the United States, after Grand Central Terminal and it is Amtraks overall fourth-busiest station. It handles approximately 120,000 passengers on a weekday and is one of Chicago’s most iconic structures, reflecting the city’s strong architectural heritage. In addition to standing out architecturally, Union Station has features that reflect its commitment to sustainability, in 2011, its lighting system was replaced with more energy-efficient light bulbs and motion sensors, reducing the station’s carbon footprint by 4 million tons annually. Chicago Union Station was designated as one of America’s “Great Places” in 2012 by the American Planning Association. The “Great Places” program by APA highlights places streets, neighborhoods, and public spaces around America that exhibit “exemplary character, quality, and planning. ”These places are unique in their cultural and historical significance, sense of community, and vision. Other criteria include “architectural features, accessibility, functionality, and community involvement. ”Chicago Union Station is considered a “Great Public Space” by APA and these spaces are safe and inviting, well-maintained, and attractive, both visually and in functionality. In addition, local culture and history are reflected within the space, Union Station is laid out with a double stub-end configuration, with 10 tracks coming into the station from the north and 14 from the south. Because passenger trains do not pass through Union Station, all passengers traveling through Chicago must change trains to reach their final destination. There are 2 through tracks to allow out-of-service equipment moves between the north and south side, including one with a platform to allow extra long trains to board, between the north and south sides of the station is a passenger concourse. Passengers can walk through the concourse to get from any platform to any other without stairs or elevators, odd-numbered platforms are on the north half of the station, and even-numbered platforms on the south half. The north tracks are used by Amtrak for the Hiawatha Service and the Empire Builder, and by Metra for the Milwaukee District West, Milwaukee District North, the south tracks are used for all of the other Amtrak and Metra services. Two station management structures, one on side of the terminal, monitor train-to-track assignments. The concourse also has a level between platform and street level, containing a food court featuring local vendors as well as national chains. Located west of Canal Street, Union Stations headhouse occupies a city block
Chicago Union Station
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Chicago Union Station
Chicago Union Station
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One of the two grand staircases, where famous movie scenes, such as in The Untouchables (1987), were filmed.
Chicago Union Station
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The Great Hall
Chicago Union Station
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The first Union Station
8.
Roseville (Amtrak station)
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Roseville is an Amtrak train station in Roseville, California, United States. It serves the California Zephyr and Capitol Corridor lines and it is located at 201 Pacific Street and is unstaffed. The design of the two-story building pays homage to Southern Pacific Railroad stations from the early 20th century, in FY2012 it was the 30th-busiest of Amtraks 74 California stations, boarding or detraining an average of about 170 passengers daily. Amtrak – Stations – Roseville, CA Roseville Amtrak Station Roseville --Great American Stations
Roseville (Amtrak station)
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Roseville Station from across the tracks, September 26, 2012
9.
Sacramento County, California
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Sacramento County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,418,788 and its county seat is Sacramento, which has been the state capital of California since 1854. Sacramento County is included in the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county covers about 994 square miles in the northern portion of the Central Valley, on into Gold Country. The southernmost portion of Sacramento County has direct access to San Francisco Bay, Sacramento County was one of the original counties of California, which were created in 1850 at the time of statehood. The county was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border, the river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santisimo Sacramento, referring to the Catholic Eucharist. Alexander Hamilton Willard, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, is buried in the old Franklin Cemetery. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 994 square miles. Most of the county is at a close to sea level. The highest point in the county is Carpenter Hill at 828 feet, Carpenter Hill is the lowest high point of any county in California. Major watercourses in the county include the American River, Sacramento River, Cosumnes River, a tributary of the Mokelumne River and Dry Creek, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 306,196 persons. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,223,499 people,453,602 households, the population density was 1,267 people per square mile. There were 474,814 housing units at a density of 492/sq mi. The racial makeup of the county was 64. 0% White,10. 6% Black or African American,1. 09% Native American,13. 5% Asian,0. 6% Pacific Islander,7. 5% from other races, and 5. 8% from two or more races. 19. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,10. 2% were of German,7. 0% English,6. 7% Irish and 5. 1% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 75. 7% spoke only English at home,10. 0% spoke Spanish,1. 5% Hmong,1. 4% Chinese or Mandarin,1. 3% Vietnamese,1. 2% Tagalog and 1. 2% Russian. 26. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.24. In the county, the population was out with 27. 6% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,31. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 95.9 males
Sacramento County, California
Sacramento County, California
Sacramento County, California
Sacramento County, California
10.
American River
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The American River is a 120-mile-long river in California that runs from the Sierra Nevada mountain range to its confluence with the Sacramento River in the Sacramento Valley. Via the Sacramento River, it is part of the San Francisco Bay watershed, today, the river still has high quality water, and it is the main source of drinking water for Sacramento. This river is dammed extensively for irrigation, flood control, the American River watershed supports Mediterranean, temperate, and montane ecosystems, and it is the home of a diverse array of fish and wildlife. They utilized the vast amount of resources of the American River for shelter, clothes, baskets, the Nisenan called the river Kum Mayo, meaning roundhouse river. Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga named the river Rio de las Llagas when he passed through the area in the early 1800s, during the 1820s, Jedediah Smith led an expedition to the American River with the goal of finding a safe route across the Sierra Nevada. In Smiths honor the Spanish settlers and Native Americans named the river Rio de los Americanos, during this time, Alta California was part of New Spain, however in 1822, Mexico gained its independence from Spain and took control of California. In the 1830s fur trappers of the Hudsons Bay Company visited the area to trap beaver and otter, during one of these expeditions, smallpox or malaria were accidentally introduced to the local Native Americans, who had no natural immunity to Old World diseases. Some accounts suggest as much as 70 percent of the population was wiped out. The surviving natives became hostile to European settlers and traders for quite some time, in 1839, German immigrant John Sutter established the New Helvetia settlement on the American River, near the present-day location of central Sacramento. In 1848, following the Mexican-American War, California was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, just weeks later, James Marshall, an employee of Sutter, discovered gold on the South Fork, starting the California Gold Rush. Although miners looking for gold worked all three forks of the American River, the South Fork held the richest deposits, however, as the easily accessible placer gold was played out, large companies used hydraulic mining to access gold buried deeper in the soil. Unfortunately, this large and extensive mining practice washed away entire mountainsides and heavily polluted all the waterways, during the Great Flood of 1862 the American River flooded massively, putting much of Sacramento under water for three months. Newly elected Governor Leland Stanford had to travel to his inauguration by rowboat, shortly after, a significant contributor to the flood damage was the debris washed down by hydraulic mining, which had choked the river channel and reduced its capacity to drain floodwaters. In response, the city of Sacramento undertook a project to raise its streets. Many of original sidewalks and the first floors of buildings remain as subterranean spaces underneath todays streets and this status provides state and national recognition to protect the rivers outstanding scenic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, and recreational values. The American River is fed by its North, Middle, and South forks, which are located in El Dorado County, Placer County, the rivers three forks originate in the Tahoe and Eldorado National Forests. The North and Middle Forks join near Auburn, and continue downstream as the North Fork, the North and South Forks join in Folsom Lake. All three forks are known for their verdant canyons, forested ridges, massive rock formations, trails, backcountry winter adventuring among snowy peaks, fishing, there are various fish species that live within the American River such as Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout
American River
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North Fork of American River
American River
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American River view from the campus of California State University, Sacramento
American River
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The American River near Fair Oaks, California
11.
San Joaquin (train)
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The San Joaquin is a passenger train operated by Amtrak, with funding from the California Department of Transportation as part of the Amtrak California network in Californias Central Valley. Fourteen trains a day run between its terminus at Bakersfield and Stockton, where the route splits to Oakland or Sacramento. At Bakersfield, Thruway Motorcoach service offers connections to the Pacific Surfliner at Los Angeles Union Station, a number of points in Southern California, the High Desert, Central Coast connections are also available at Hanford, California. At Sacramento connections are available along a route ending in Reno, Nevada, or an ending in Redding. The Martinez station offers connections along the Redwood Coast through Napa, California, from Stockton, connecting routes are available to Redding and San Jose, with stops along the way. At Emeryville, Thruway Motorcoach service offers connections to San Francisco, service is also available, through third-party contract, to Yosemite Valley, year-round from Merced and seasonally from Fresno. The San Joaquin is Amtraks fifth-busiest service and the railroads third-busiest in California, during fiscal year 2013, the service carried a record 1.2 million passengers, a 6. 6% increase from FY2012. Total revenue during FY2013 was US$39,401,591, a 1. 9% increase over FY2012, on July 1,2015, management and governance of the San Joaquins passed to the San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority. The San Joaquin runs over lines that once hosted several passenger trains a day, the top trains were the Golden Gate on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, and the San Joaquin Daylight on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Prior to 1960s service cutbacks passenger service continued south of Bakersfield, to Glendale, the San Joaquin Daylight was discontinued with the start-up of Amtrak in May 1971. Other passenger trains ran through the Central Valley included Southern Pacifics Owl and Santa Fes San Francisco Chief. Amtrak routed all Los Angeles-San Francisco service over the Southern Pacifics Coast Line in its initial 1971 route structure, both the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe had served the region. Beginning in 1972 Amtrak revisited the decision at the urging of area congressmen, notably Bernice F. Sisk, service began on March 5,1974 with one round-trip per day between Bakersfield and Oakland and a bus connection from Bakersfield to Los Angeles. Amtrak chose the Santa Fe route over the Southern Pacific, citing the higher speed of the Santa Fe, the decision was not without controversy, with Sisk alleging that the Southern Pacific lobbied the Nixon Administration to influence the decision. In 1979 Amtrak proposed discontinuing the San Joaquin as part of system-wide reductions ordered by the Carter Administration, the state of California stepped in to provide a yearly subsidy to cover the trains operating losses, and it was retained. At the time the state asked Amtrak to add a daily frequency between Oakland and Bakersfield, and to extend the service south over the Tehachapi Pass to Los Angeles. Amtrak added the train in February 1980, but attempts to extend the train over the Tehachapi Loop failed due to Southern Pacifics opposition. Over the past 30 years service has increased from just one trip per day to seven, five round trips to Oakland
San Joaquin (train)
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A San Joaquin at Emeryville station in 2012
San Joaquin (train)
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Ex- Southern Pacific EMD FP7 on the San Joaquin at Oakland in 1975
San Joaquin (train)
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Passengers in the lounge seating area in the café car of a San Joaquin train, 2014
San Joaquin (train)
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San Joaquin train at Fresno Station
12.
Coast Starlight
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The Coast Starlight is a passenger train operated by Amtrak on the West Coast of the United States. It runs from Seattle, Washington, to Los Angeles, California, via the San Francisco Bay Area, the train was the first to offer direct service between the two cities. Its name is a combination of two Southern Pacific Railroad trains, the Coast Daylight and the Starlight, the train has operated continuously since Amtraks formation in 1971. Unique among Amtraks long-distance trains, the features a Hi-Level lounge for sleeping car passengers named the Pacific Parlour Car. Before the formation of Amtrak, no one passenger train ran the length of the West Coast, the closest equivalent was SPs West Coast, which ran via the San Joaquin Valley from Los Angeles to Portland, with through cars to Seattle via the Great Northern Railway. Southern Pacific Railroad had the Coast Daylight between Los Angeles and San Francisco and the Cascade between Oakland and Portland. SP also ran trains between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area – the all-sleeping car Lark on the coast route. Service from Portland north to Seattle was provided by Union Pacific, in 1970, Great Northern and Northern Pacific were merged into Burlington Northern Railroad, which continued to provide service. Trains south from Los Angeles to San Diego were Santa Fes San Diegans, with the start of Amtrak operations on May 1,1971 a single train began running between Seattle and San Diego. The unnamed train ran three days a week, on the four days another unnamed train ran between Oakland and Los Angeles. On November 14 Amtrak officially dubbed this dual operation as Coast Daylight-Starlight, the Los Angeles–San Diego through-running ended with the June 11,1972 timetable change, replaced by a third San Diegan. In June 1973 Amtrak began running the combined Coast Daylight-Starlight daily, positive response led to Amtrak to retain this service, and the Coast Daylight name was dropped on May 19,1974. With the November 10,1996 timetable change, Amtrak added through coaches between Seattle and San Diego attached to the last Amtrak San Diegan train of the evening. They were coupled onto the first morning train back to Los Angeles where they were re-coupled to the Coast Starlight to Seattle and this was discontinued with the October 26,1997 timetable change because of train 11s poor timekeeping. By mid-summer in 2006 delays of 5–11 hours were common, critics dubbed the train the Star-late. During early summer 2008, the Coast Starlight was relaunched with new amenities, in July 2008, the Pacific Parlour cars had been refurbished and were back in service as part of the relaunch. This was much anticipated, due to the success of Amtraks re-launches of the Empire Builder, between FY2008 and FY2009, ridership on the Coast Starlight jumped 15% from 353,657 passengers to 406,398 passengers. Operating conditions on the UP improved as well, by May 2008 on-time performance had jumped to 86%, during Season 9 of Reading Rainbow in 1991, the Coast Starlight was used as several segments in the episode Kate Shelley and the Midnight Express
Coast Starlight
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The southbound Coast Starlight descends Cuesta Grade near San Luis Obispo.
Coast Starlight
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The Coast Starlight at Union Station in Tacoma, Washington in 1974. Amtrak moved to a new, smaller station in 1984.
Coast Starlight
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The Coast Starlight crosses the Willamette River in Lane County, Oregon in 2008.
Coast Starlight
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The interior of a Pacific Parlour car.
13.
Sacramento Station
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Sacramento Valley Station is an Amtrak railway station in the city of Sacramento, California, at 401 I Street on the corner of Fifth Street. It is the 2nd busiest station in California, and 7th busiest Amtrak Station in America, with thousands of riders a day, the California Zephyr and Coast Starlight are long-distance routes with one train per day in each direction. The San Joaquins operates two round trips with Sacramento as the northern terminus. The Capitol Corridor operates 15 round trips on weekdays and 11 on weekends, in FY2015, Sacramento was the second busiest of Amtraks 74 California stations, boarding or detraining an average of about 2,813 passengers daily. It is Amtraks seventh-busiest station nationwide, an exception is given for the Stateline-Sacramento route, which is not paralleled by any other service. Some Thruway buses also stop at the State Capitol bus stop, the stop is for drop-off only, except for southbound passengers connecting to the San Joaquins at Stockton. Sacramento Valley Station is the terminus of the Gold Line, one of three light rail routes operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. The station has a side platform serving the single-track branch line. Only one RT bus route, #30, stops directly at the station, however, most RT bus routes terminate in downtown Sacramento, within several blocks of the station. Additionally, Yolobus, e-tran, Roseville Transit, El Dorado Transit, altamont Commuter Express has plans for a future Modesto-Sacramento line. Sacramento is planned to be the end of the California High-Speed Rail system. However, Phase 3 of the renovation project may include additional bus bays to allow Greyhound to use Sacramento Valley Station as well. The original Sacramento station was the terminal of the Central Pacific Railroad, the present building, designed by the San Francisco architectural firm of Bliss and Faville for the Southern Pacific Railroad, was built in 1926 in the Renaissance Revival style. Decorative features include a red roof and terracotta trim, as well as large arches on the main facade. Inside, the room has a mural by artist John A. MacQuarrie that depicts the celebration of the groundbreaking for the First Transcontinental Railroad on January 8,1863 in Sacramento. The Central Pacific started from Sacramento and built east to Promontory Summit, Utah, the station is now owned by the CIty of Sacramento. With the creation of Amtrak on May 1,1971 the station became Amtrak-only, the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 as Southern Pacific Railroad Companys Sacramento Depot. The Gold Line was extended 0.5 miles to Sacramento Valley Station on December 8,2006, the City of Sacramento, in conjunction with the Sacramento Railyards Project, is in the process of an extensive and multi-stage renovation project
Sacramento Station
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Sacramento Station, 2007
Sacramento Station
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A Downtown bound RT light rail train at Sacramento Station
14.
Yolo County, California
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Yolo County, officially the County of Yolo, is a county located in the northern portion of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,849, Yolo County is included in the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is located in the Sacramento Valley, much of Yolo County remains a relatively rural agricultural region. In the original act of 1850 the name was spelled Yola, Yolo is a Native American name variously believed to be a corruption of a tribal name Yo-loy meaning a place abounding in rushes or of the name of the chief, Yodo, or of the village of Yodoi. Yolo County was one of the counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. The county is governed by a board of five district supervisors as well as the governments of its four incorporated cities, Davis, West Sacramento, Winters, and Woodland. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,024 square miles. Transportation in Yolo County is based on a system of numbered county roads, the numbering system works in the following way, North–south roads have numbers from 41 to 117 and increase from west to east. East–west roads have numbers from 1 to 38A, and then from 151 to 161, each integer road number is generally one mile apart, with letters designating occasional roads less than one mile apart. County roads entering urban areas generally are named once they cross the city boundary, some examples include County Road 101 in Woodland being renamed Pioneer Ave and County Road 102 in Davis being named Pole Line Road. Yolobus runs buses throughout Yolo County and into Sacramento, and Sacramento International Airport, the University of California, Davis and the city of Davis jointly run Unitrans, a combination local city bus and campus shuttle. Fairfield-Suisun Transit Line 30 also stops in Davis on its runs between Fairfield and Sacramento, amtrak has a station in Davis. It is 79 nautical miles northeast of San Francisco, and is centered in the California Central Valley, the following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. Yolo is a strongly Democratic county in Presidential and congressional elections, the last Republican Presidential candidate to win a majority in the county was Dwight Eisenhower in 1952, which is the longest drought for Republicans in any California county. However, some Republican Governors have carried Yolo county since then, in the United States House of Representatives, Yolo County is split between Californias 3rd and 6th congressional districts, represented by John Garamendi and Doris Matsui, respectively. In the California State Senate, the county is split between the 3rd and 6th Senate districts, represented by Bill Dodd and Richard Pan, respectively. In the California State Assembly, the county is split between the 4th and 7th Assembly districts, represented by Cecilia Aguiar-Curry and Kevin McCarty, respectively. In November 2008, Yolo was one of just three counties in Californias interior in which voters rejected Proposition 8 to ban gay marriage, Yolo voters rejected Proposition 8 by 58.4 percent to 41.6 percent
Yolo County, California
Yolo County, California
Yolo County, California
Yolo County, California
15.
Sacramento River
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The Sacramento River is the principal river of Northern California in the United States, and is the largest river in California. Rising in the Klamath Mountains, the river flows south for 400 miles before reaching the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, the Sacramento and its wide natural floodplain were once abundant in fish and other aquatic creatures, notably one of the southernmost large runs of chinook salmon in North America. For about 12,000 years, humans have depended on the vast natural resources of the watershed, the river has provided a route for trade and travel since ancient times. Hundreds of tribes sharing regional customs and traditions inhabited the Sacramento Valley, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga named the river Rio de los Sacramentos in 1808, later shortened and anglicized into Sacramento. In the 19th century gold was discovered on a tributary of the Sacramento River, starting the California Gold Rush, overland trails such as the California Trail and Siskiyou Trail guided hundreds of thousands of people to the gold fields. By the late part of the mining had ceased to be a major part of the economy. Many populous communities were established along the Sacramento River, including the capital of Sacramento. Intensive agriculture and mining contributed to pollution in the Sacramento River, since the 1950s the watershed has been intensely developed for water supply and the generation of hydroelectric power. Today, large dams impound the river and almost all of its major tributaries, the Sacramento is used heavily for irrigation and serves much of Central and Southern California through the canals of giant state and federal water projects. The Sacramento River originates in the mountains and plateaus of far northern California as three major waterways that flow into Shasta Lake, the Upper Sacramento River, McCloud River and Pit River. The Upper Sacramento begins near Mount Shasta, at the confluence of North, Middle and it flows east into a small reservoir, Lake Siskiyou, before turning south. The river flows through a canyon for about 60 miles, past Dunsmuir and Castella, the Pit River, by far the largest of the three, begins in Modoc County in the northeastern corner of California. Draining a vast and remote volcanic highlands area, it flows southwest for nearly 300 miles before emptying into Shasta Lake near Montgomery Creek, Goose Lake, straddling the Oregon–California border, occasionally overflows into the Pit River during wet years, although this has not happened since 1881. The Goose Lake watershed is the part of the Sacramento River basin extending into another state. Unlike most California rivers, the Pit and the McCloud Rivers are predominantly spring-fed, ensuring a large, at the lower end of Shasta Lake is Shasta Dam, which impounds the Sacramento River for flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation. Before the construction of Shasta Dam the McCloud River emptied into the Pit River, the Pit River Bridge, which carries Interstate 5 and the Union Pacific Railroad over the reservoir, is structurally the highest double-decked bridge in the United States. The Upper Sacramento River canyon also provides the route for I-5, below Shasta Dam the Sacramento River enters the foothills region of the northern Sacramento Valley. It flows through Keswick Dam, where it receives about 1,200,000 acre feet of water per year diverted from the Trinity River and it then swings east through Redding, the largest city of the Shasta Cascade region, and turns southeast, entering Tehama County
Sacramento River
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Sacramento River from the old pumping station in Sacramento, California
Sacramento River
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Map of the Sacramento River watershed
Sacramento River
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The Castle Crags, a series of granite peaks rising above the upper Sacramento River canyon just to the right. Mount Shasta, the highest mountain in the Sacramento drainage, is seen in the distance.
Sacramento River
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The Carquinez Strait, which connects the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay to San Pablo and San Francisco Bays, and then the Pacific. The channel formed from water flooding over the Coast Ranges from a gigantic lake that formed in the Central Valley a few hundred thousand years ago, when the rising mountains blocked the Sacramento's route to the Pacific Ocean.
16.
Solano County, California
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Solano County is a county located in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 413,344, Solano County comprises the Vallejo-Fairfield, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area. Solano County is the county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region. A portion of the South Campus at the University of California, Solano County was one of the original counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. Chief Solano at one time led the tribes between the Petaluma River and the Sacramento River, the chief was also called Sem-Yeto, which signifies brave or fierce hand. The Chief was given the Spanish name Francisco Solano during baptism at the Catholic Mission, Solano is a common surname in the north of Spain, especially in Navarra, Zaragoza and La Rioja. Travis Air Force Base is located just east of Fairfield, Solano County is the easternmost county of the North Bay. As such, it is reported by news agencies as being in the East Bay. Additionally, a portion of the county extends into the Sacramento Valley, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 906 square miles, of which 822 square miles is land and 84 square miles is water. Service also connects with BART stations in Contra Costa County, transit links are provided to Napa, Yolo and Sacramento counties as well. Greyhound and Amtrak provide long-distance intercity service, general aviation airports in Solano County which are open to the public are the Nut Tree Airport and Rio Vista Municipal Airport. The following table includes the number of reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. The 2010 United States Census reported that Solano County had a population of 413,344. The racial makeup of Solano County was 210,751 White,60,750 African American,3,212 Native American,60,473 Asian,3,564 Pacific Islander,43,236 from other races, and 31,358 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99,356 persons, at 52,641 Filipinos in the County making up 12% of the population, Solano County has the largest percentage Filipino population of any County in all of the United States. As of the census of 2000, there were 394,542 people,130,403 households, the population density was 476 people per square mile. There were 134,513 housing units at a density of 162 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 56. 4% White,14. 9% Black or African American,0. 8% Native American,12. 8% Asian,0. 8% Pacific Islander,8. 0% from other races, and 6. 4% from two or more races
Solano County, California
Solano County, California
Solano County, California
Solano County, California
17.
Suisun/Fairfield (Amtrak station)
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Suisun-Fairfield station is an Amtrak station in Suisun City, California. It serves both Suisun City and nearby Fairfield and it is served by the Amtrak Capitol Corridor commuter rail line between Auburn and San Jose through Oakland. Connecting bus service is provided by Fairfield and Suisun Transit, the station is under the State Route 12 overpass. The current station opened in March 1914 and is the depot to serve these two towns. The one story frame depot is one of two dozen “colonnade style” stations erected by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The design takes its name from the Tuscan columns used in the porch that stretches out along the platform. Beneath its wide roof, passengers are protected from inclement weather, the colonnade style mixed elements of Colonial Revival and Arts and Crafts architecture. Of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Suisun-Fairfield was the 22nd-busiest in FY2012, the Station is located in Solano County. Media related to Suisun City Station at Wikimedia Commons Amtrak – Stations – Suisun, CA Capitol Corridor - Suisun/Fairfield Station Page Suisun-Fairfield --Great American Stations
Suisun/Fairfield (Amtrak station)
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Entrance plaza, November 3, 2012
18.
Contra Costa County, California
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Contra Costa County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,049,025, the name is Spanish for opposite coast, referring to its position on the other side of the bay from San Francisco. Contra Costa County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it occupies the northern portion of the East Bay region and is primarily suburban. In the northern part of the county, significant coal and sand deposits were formed in even earlier geologic eras, other areas of the county have ridges exposing ancient but intact seashells, embedded in sandstone layers alternating with limestone. Layers of volcanic ash ejected from geologically recent but now extinct volcanoes, compacted and now tilted by compressive forces, may be seen at the site of some road excavations. This county is an agglomeration of several distinct geologic terranes, as is most of the greater San Francisco Bay Area, younger deposits at middle altitudes include pillow lavas, the product of undersea volcanic eruptions. There is an extensive but little recorded human history pre-European settlement in this area, the earliest definitively established occupation by modern man appears to have occurred six to ten thousand years ago. However, there may have been human presence far earlier, at least as far as non–settling populations are concerned, extensive trading from tribe to tribe transferred exotic materials such as obsidian throughout the region from far distant Californian tribes. Unlike the nomadic Native American of the Great Plains it appears that these tribes did not incorporate warfare into their culture but were generally cooperative. Within these cultures the concept of individual or collective land ownership was nonexistent, early European settlers in the region, however, did not record much about the culture of the natives. Most of what is known comes from preserved contemporaneous and excavated artifacts. Although there were no missions established within this county, Spanish influence here was direct and extensive, in 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission lands extended throughout the Bay Area, including portions of Contra Costa County, between 1836 and 1846, during the era when California was a province of independent Mexico, the following 15 land grants were made in Contra Costa County. Rough surveying was based on a map, or diseño, measured by streams, shorelines, and/or horseman who marked it with rope, lands outside rancho grants were designated el sobrante, as in surplus or excess, and considered common lands. The law required the construction of a house within a year, fences were not required and were forbidden where they might interfere with roads or trails. Locally a large family required roughly 2000 head of cattle and two leagues of land to live comfortably. Foreign entrepreneurs came to the area to provide goods that Mexico couldn’t, Rancho Canada de los Vaqueros was granted to Francisco Alviso, Antonio Higuera, and Manuel Miranda. Two ranchos, both called Rancho San Ramon, were granted by the Mexican government in the San Ramon Valley, in 1833, Bartolome Pacheco and Mariano Castro shared the two square league Rancho San Ramon
Contra Costa County, California
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The west face of Mount Diablo, the most notable natural landmark in Contra Costa County
Contra Costa County, California
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Seal
Contra Costa County, California
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Mount Diablo from the Shell Ridge Open Space
Contra Costa County, California
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View of the Shell Martinez oil refinery
19.
Hercules Station & Terminal
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Hercules Amtrak Station and Ferry Terminal is a planned intermodal infill railway station and ferry terminal in Hercules, California in Western Contra Costa County. It is to be the first direct rail-to-ferry transit hub in the San Francisco Bay Area, construction is currently scheduled to begin in 2016, with a planned completion date for the first phase of the project in 2018. The buses would provide service from the surrounding communities of Pinole, Rodeo, El Sobrante, Crockett, Tara Hills. The station will also host a future Amtrak station, the Capitol Corridor and some San Joaquin trains will stop at Hercules. The ferry will take approximately 42 minutes to San Francisco, ridership is projected at 1,022 passengers per day by the year 2025. The route will run between this terminal and the San Francisco Ferry Building where passengers may walk, bike or take Muni to nearby job centers in the citys downtown Financial District. A bike and pedestrian friendly community will be built up around the hub to connect it to existing housing in the nearby Refugio and it will feature 220 live/work dwellings in addition to 490,000 sq. ft. of office, retail, and public space. The money for this project is being coordinated by partnerships and cooperation between the Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority, the City of Hercules, and WETA. Funds will be collected from sources including the Federal Ferryboat Discretionary Fund, Contra Costa County Measure J Sales Tax, Transit Impact Fees. In the early 2000s the region has experienced unprecedented expansion of transit systems
Hercules Station & Terminal
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Hercules Station site, October 28, 2012
20.
Richmond Station (California)
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Richmond Station is an at-grade Bay Area Rapid Transit and Amtrak station located in Richmond, California. Each system is served by an island platform, the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, and California Zephyr stop here and connect to BART. The station was rebuilt and rededicated on October 18,2007, the Metro Walk - Richmond Transit Village is adjacent, north of the station is a BART rail yard. This station has identified as an important hub in the transportation network for metropolitan. Around that same time the Southern Pacific Railroad opened a station just south of the current station at MacDonald Avenue, BART service at this station began along dedicated tracks that paralleled the SP line on January 29,1973. Amtrak service to the station started, using the SP lines tracks, a station house for the Amtrak service was constructed in 1984. A transit village and rebuild of the approach to the station was started in 2007. A transit store opened at the station in August 2008, joining other major stations in the system, the Coast Starlight no longer stops at Richmond as of January 14,2013. The station is served by two bus agencies, AC Transit provides a variety of local and regional service. Routes 70,71, 72M,74, and 76 provide local intra-city service and also feeder service into the BART, routes 376 and 800 both provide late night service. It is the route in the All Nighter regional Bay Area network. There is also a free Kaiser Shuttle service to the nearby Richmond Medical Center, of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Richmond was the 16th-busiest in FY2012, boarding or alighting an average of about 773 passengers daily. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Richmond Station Overview Capitol Corridor Richmond Station Page Amtrak Station Information Page Richmond --Great American Stations
Richmond Station (California)
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The remodeled station entry under construction in December 2006.
Richmond Station (California)
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The Amtrak platform at dusk.
21.
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Bay Area Rapid Transit is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in Alameda, Contra Costa, BART operates 5 routes on 104 miles of track connecting 45 stations, plus a 3. 2-mile automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport which adds an additional station. A spur line in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies, with an average of 433,000 weekday passengers and 128.5 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2016, BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The systems acronym is pronounced Bart, like the name, BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, formed in 1957. As of 2017, it is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs, some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit Systems current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel, a new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s. Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959, passenger service began on September 11,1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART, before the system began revenue service, serious problems in the design and operation of the Automatic Train Control system were observed. Three engineers working for BART, Max Blankenzee, Robert Bruder, BART management was dismissive of their concerns, so the three took the issue to the board of directors. All but two of the directors voted in February 1972 to support management and reject the safety concerns, management retaliated against the engineers, firing them in March 1972. The IEEE later filed the first amicus brief in its history to support the engineers. The California Society of Professional Engineers reported to the California State Senate in June 1972 that there were serious safety risks with the ATC. Legislative analyst A. Alan Post, opened an investigation immediately, an ATC failure caused the train to run off the end of the elevated track and crash to the ground, injuring four people on-board, and drawing national and international attention. The “Fremont Flyer” led to a redesign of the train controls. The California State Public Utilities Commission imposed stringent oversight over train operations, the legislative analyst issued the first of three “Post Reports” in November 1972. The report was “sharply critical” of BART, finding that the ATC system was unreliable, the ATC program was mismanaged, and “no solution was in sight. ”The report accused BART of paying excessive fees for engineering services. BART’s general manager called the indictment of safety in the Post Report “not only disappointing, telephone calls were placed manually between stations, instead
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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A Pittsburg / Bay Point bound train at Walnut Creek in July 2008.
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Location of the third rail changes at the station. On the left side of the track in the distance is the emergency walkway — the third rail is across the track from this walkway.
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Ticket vending machines at the Powell Street Station
22.
Alameda County, California
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Alameda County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271, Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region. The county was formed on March 25,1853, from a portion of Contra Costa County. The Spanish word alameda means a place where trees grow. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early explorers of a road lined with trees, the county seat at the time it was formed was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856 it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault, the county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872-1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873, much of what is now considered an intensively urban region, with major cities, was developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, the fair runs for three weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 82 square miles is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west, the crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary, and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay, and is Oaklands most populous region, Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge A2014 analysis found Alameda County to be the 4th most racially diverse county in the United States, the 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons,16. 4% Mexican,0. 8% Puerto Rican,0. 2% Cuban,5. 1% Other Hispanic. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31. In the county, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857. Males had an income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females
Alameda County, California
Alameda County, California
Alameda County, California
Alameda County, California
23.
16th Street Station
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The Oakland 16th Street Station was one of three train stations in Oakland, California, United States at the start of the 20th century. The Beaux-Arts building was designed by architect Jarvis Hunt, a preeminent train station architect, for decades the 16th Street Station was the main Oakland station for Southern Pacific through trains. The elevated platforms were used for the East Bay Electric Lines, which went around the East Bay and after 1939 over the Bay Bridge until 1941 and it was a companion for Oakland Pier, two miles away, which was demolished in 1960. After the pier was demolished people switched to buses at this station which took passengers across the Bay Bridge to the SPs Third, Amtrak used this station as its main Oakland stop for nearly two decades. It also had buses across the bridge but ran them to the Transbay Terminal instead, the station was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but continued serving trains at an adjacent building. It closed in 1994, having been replaced by the stations in nearby Emeryville, the last Amtrak train serviced the station on August 5,1994, after which passengers accessed downtown Oakland via the Emeryville Station, until Jack London Station opened in May 1995. The former station is located at 16th and Wood Streets in the West Oakland neighborhood of Oakland and it is next to and visible from the Interstate 880 connector ramps of the MacArthur Maze. The station buildings are intact, including the interlocking tower. The station was purchased in 2005 by BUILD, an affiliate of BRIDGE Housing, the tracks of the Southern Pacific main line moved westward in the 1990s and now run on the other side of I-880, leaving the station isolated. The original 16th Street depot was a wood structure, built when the tracks were on the shoreline of San Francisco Bay. Later the shoreline was filled and now nearly a mile west. Passenger trains now reach Oakland via the Jack London Square station, the Coliseum station, the station was used as mission location in Watch Dogs 2. The station was used in such as Funny Lady, RENT. Mumford & Sons also filmed their video for Babel here. Media related to 16th Street Station, Oakland, California at Wikimedia Commons 16th Street Station Official Site Bay Area Rail Fan Katherine Westerhout, episode on 16th Street Station, April 1,2009, including interior views of station. Oakland’s historic 16th Street station celebrates centennial, new role in community
16th Street Station
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Oakland 16th Street Station, main entrance, December 2007
16th Street Station
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Old Oakland SP depot seen from I-880. SP suburban trains platforms in front; 16th St. tower visible at left.
24.
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge from Marin Headlands
San Francisco, California
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco, California
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1853 United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco, California
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
25.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
Ferry
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The Staten Island Ferry in the United States shuttles commuters between Manhattan and Staten Island in New York City, the world's busiest ferry route.
Ferry
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A typical car ferry in Istanbul, Turkey
Ferry
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Passenger area of a Norwegian ferry
Ferry
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MV Victoria (formerly RMS Victoria) at Bukoba Port in Lake Victoria.
26.
Union City Intermodal Transit Station
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Union City station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station located in downtown Union City near the Decoto district. Service at this station began on September 11,1972, the station sits near Decoto Road east of Alvarado-Niles Road, directly behind James Logan High Schools campus. Temporary parking spaces were constructed in 2006, and opened in the Summer of 2007, the station is currently undergoing construction through 2016 to create a second entrance on the other side of the station. Local bus service is provided by Union City Transit and AC Transit, currently, no connection to other regional trains exists at Union City BART station. In February 2008, Union Citys Economic Development Department and BART proposed that this become a regional rail intermodal station. For now, the Dumbarton Express bus service provides service to the Peninsula. Funding for this went to Bart to San Jose project which would be opened in 2017. In May 2011, developers, Union City and BART officials unveiled the first residential housing project inside the city/transit agency-specified redevelopment district, the BART station building facade has been completely renovated and overhauled facelift which lends it an airy feeling similar to SFO station. Across the street sits the newly constructed East Plaza, which features a fountain containing three bronze sculptures created by French sculptor Louis Derebe, in February 2014, construction on Phase 2 began, around 300 apartments were constructed near the eastern entrance of the station. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Union City Station
Union City Intermodal Transit Station
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Platform as seen in Spring 2000.
Union City Intermodal Transit Station
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West entrance of the BART station
27.
Alameda Creek
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Alameda Creek, originally Arroyo de la Alameda, is a large perennial stream in the San Francisco Bay Area. The creek runs for 45 miles from a lake northeast of Packard Ridge to the shore of San Francisco Bay by way of Niles Canyon. Five Spanish expeditions led by de Portolà, Ortega, Fages, de Anza, el Camino Viejo between Pleasanton and Mission Pass crossed it near Sunol. Mission San José, in Fremont, was dedicated in 1797, the Mission thrived for 49 years until the Mexican Governments Secularization Order liquidated mission lands in 1834. Alameda Creek was the boundary of the lands and the 17, 000-acre Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda granted to Jose de Jesus Vallejo. The mill and the importance of the canyon as a passage through the hills led to growth of Niles in the 1850s, a favorable climate, excellent soils, and a fast-growing population helped agriculture to boom. Early roads led to landings where small ships would load grain, completion of the Central Pacific Railroad through Niles Canyon in 1869 was essential to completion of First Transcontinental Railroad that terminated in Alameda, California that same year. The Western Pacific was also routed through Niles Canyon, connecting Sacramento, California and San Jose, the creek bed had once been used as a gravel quarry. After the pumping was declared to be an illegal waste the Alameda County Water District acquired the quarry in 1975, in May 2015, vandals damaged an inflatable dam across the creek in Fremont, releasing 50 million gallons of drinking water into San Francisco Bay. Alameda Creek is the largest watershed within the southern San Francisco Bay draining 700 square miles, two-thirds of the watershed is in Alameda County including the reach through the Sunol Valley, the rest is in Santa Clara County. The tributaries of Alameda creek include Arroyo de la Laguna, Arroyo Valle, San Antonio Creek and Calaveras Creek, the watershed includes three man-made reservoirs, Lake Del Valle, San Antonio Reservoir and Calaveras Reservoir. Alameda Creek now runs through the man-made Alameda Creek flood channel near the Bay, ward Creek is tributary to old Alameda Creek. Alameda Creek historically supported steelhead, coho salmon and chinook salmon, by the early 1970s the Army Corps of Engineers channeled and rip-rapped the lower 12 miles of the creek. The last steelhead and coho salmon runs were seen in the creek in 1964. In 2009, the Alameda County Water District removed a rubber dam that blocked trout passage in the lower creek, at the same time, PG&E is working to modify a cement barrier farther upstream in Sunol to help steelhead swim farther into the watershed, water officials said. When those projects are completed, steelhead will be able to migrate upstream to spawning habitats in the Sunol Valley for the first time in a half-century, many of these fishes still occupy the creek, although the number of introduced exotic fishes continues to increase. Exotic fish species such as the largemouth and Smallmouth basses respectively, were introduced to Alameda Creek by Livingston Stone in 1874, there is historical evidence of beaver in the Alameda Creek watershed. In 1828 fur trapper Michel La Framboise travelled to the missions of San José, San Francisco Solano, La Framboise stated that the Bay of San Francisco abounds in beaver, and that he made his best hunt in the vicinity of the missions
Alameda Creek
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Alameda Creek at Niles, Fremont
Alameda Creek
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Alameda Creek in Niles Canyon
Alameda Creek
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Outline
28.
Altamont Corridor Express
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The Altamont Corridor Express is a commuter rail service in California, connecting Stockton and San Jose. ACE is named for the Altamont Pass, through which it runs, service is managed by the San Joaquin Regional Rail Commission, and operations are contracted to Herzog Transit Services, using AAR assigned reporting mark HTSX. The 86-mile route includes ten stops, with travel time about 2 hours and 10 minutes end-to-end, the tracks are owned by Union Pacific Railroad. ACE uses Bombardier BiLevel Coaches and MPI F40PH-3C locomotives, service began on October 19,1998, with two weekday round trips. A third round trip was added in May 2001, followed by a round trip in October 2012. As of 2016, average ridership is 4,900. Under the ACEforward program, a number of improvements to the service are being considered and these include a rerouted line through Tracy, an extension to Modesto and Merced, and connections to BART at Union City and Tri-Valley. In November 1990, San Joaquin County voters passed Measure K, the highest-priority project was the establishment of passenger rail service to San Jose. In 1995, San Joaquin County and seven cities along the formed the San Joaquin Regional Rail Commission to oversee the creation of the service. In May 1997, the Altamont Commuter Express Joint Powers Authority was formed by the SJRRC, Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and that agreement formalized financial support, administrative processes, and governance for the rail service. The operation is funded by a variety of state and federal sources, cost sharing for capital projects, excluding stations, during the initial 36 months of service was determined by the JPA on a case-by-case basis and approved by each of the member agencies. The initial purchase of rolling stock, construction of stations, and other start-up costs, Station improvements are the responsibility of the county in which the station is located. ACE pays the owner of the right of way, Union Pacific Railroad, about $1.5 million per year, service began on October 19,1998, which two daily round trips running to San Jose in the morning and Stockton in the evening. The original service used two trainsets, each with 4 bilevel coach cars, for a seated capacity of 1120 passengers in each direction daily. In September 1999, the service reached 1000 daily riders per direction, the trip was added after ACE funded $3 million in track improvements to reduce conflicts with Union Pacific freight trains and Amtrak Capitol Corridor trains. By early 2001, ACE regularly carried more than 700 daily standees, although the third train added 560 seats in each direction, it brought an immediate increase in 380 daily riders. ACE then planned to add a fourth round trip later in the year, however, by late 2001, the deepening dot-com recession was severely hurting ridership, and expansion plans were put on hold. On June 30,2003, the ACE JPA was dissolved in favor of a Cooperative Services Agreement between the three member agencies, on January 6,2003, ACE introduced the Stockton Solution Shuttle, allowing Stockton passengers to use the ACE trip which terminated at Lathrop/Manteca
Altamont Corridor Express
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Altamont Corridor Express at Pleasanton Station
Altamont Corridor Express
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ACE Train 4, the 3:35 eastbound at San Jose with F40PH-3C 3106
Altamont Corridor Express
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ACE crossing the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
Altamont Corridor Express
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ACE leaving Pleasanton station
29.
Warm Springs (BART station)
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Warm Springs / South Fremont is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station in Fremont, California. Service began on March 25,2017, during peak hours, weekdays before 6,00 p. m. this station has four trains per hour on the San Francisco and Daly City line. In comparison, the neighboring Fremont station has eight trains per hour running on the Daly City, during off-peak hours, both stations are served by the Richmond line with three trains per hour. The reason for only having one of the lines serve this station at any time is a shortage of available train cars. Originally targeted for 2014, the start of service was delayed repeatedly, service terminates at this station pending completion of the Milpitas and Berryessa stations. The station has a platform, overhead concourse, connections to AC Transit,2,082 parking spaces on 34 acres at ground level, bicycle lockers. AC Transit buses, not VTA buses, serve this station, planning for the Warm Springs extension began as early as 1994, and BART estimated it would cost $550 million with 7,800 daily riders by 2010. A1994 study by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission forecast 3,200 daily riders in 2010, as of 2010, construction was underway with an estimated cost of $890 million, but the final cost was reduced to $790 million. The cost of the subway segment under the lake in Fremont was reduced by 45% from the estimate of $249 million to $136 million. Service began on on March 25,2017, the extension broke ground in 2009. Construction of the began in 2011, and was expected to take three and a half years. However, the opening was pushed back from the original 2014, to fall 2015, to early 2016, to spring 2016, to summer 2016, to fall 2016, to late fall 2016, to winter 2017, and to spring 2017. The schedule for opening was withdrawn, because it was hard to predict, the yet-to-open station was fully staffed six months in advance of the opening, due to a union contract. The station was expected to open as an October surprise, an event for the November 8 vote on a BART bond measure. In 2011 the city of Fremont approved $90,000 to lobby against construction of a Union Pacific rail yard adjacent to the station, a pedestrian and bicycle bridge to the west side of the station is planned for completion in 2018
Warm Springs (BART station)
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Station under construction, photographed from its southwest corner, January 30, 2014
30.
Santa Clara County, California
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Santa Clara County, California, officially the County of Santa Clara, is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,781,642, the county seat is San Jose, the tenth-most populous city in the United States. Santa Clara County is part of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, located at the southern end of the San Francisco Bay, the highly urbanized Santa Clara Valley within Santa Clara County is also known as Silicon Valley. Santa Clara is the most populous county in the San Francisco Bay Area region, Santa Clara County is named after Mission Santa Clara, which was established in 1777, and is also named for Saint Clare of Assisi. Santa Clara County was one of the counties of California. The original inhabitants included the Ohlone, residing on Coyote Creek, part of the countys territory was given to Alameda County in 1853. In 1882, Santa Clara County tried to levy taxes upon property of the Southern Pacific Railroad within county boundaries. The result was the U. S. Supreme Court case of Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad,118 U. S.394, in which the Court extended Due Process rights to artificial legal entities. In the early 20th Century, the area was promoted as the Valley of the Hearts Delight due to its natural beauty, the first major technology company to be based in the area was Hewlett-Packard, founded in a garage in Palo Alto in 1939. IBM selected San Jose as its West Coast headquarters in 1943, varian Associates, Fairchild Semiconductor, and other early innovators were located in the county by the late 1940s and 1950s. The U. S. Navy had a presence in the area. The term Silicon Valley was coined in 1971, the trend accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s, and agriculture has since then been nearly eliminated from the northern part of the county. And Hewlett-Packard, and internet companies eBay, Facebook, Google, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,304 square miles, of which 1,290 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water. The San Andreas Fault runs along the Santa Cruz Mountains in the south, as of 2012, an estimated 400 tule elk roam 1,875 square kilometres in northeastern Santa Clara County and southeastern Alameda County. The vast majority of these Superfund sites were caused by associated with the high tech sector located in Silicon Valley. As of 2013, Santa Clara County has the highest median income of any county in California at $84,741. The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Clara County had a population of 1,781,642. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 479,210 persons,22. 5% Mexican,0. 4% Puerto Rican,0. 1% Cuban,3. 8% Other Hispanic
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
31.
Winchester Transit Center
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Winchester Transit Center is a light rail station and park-and-ride lot operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Campbell, California. Winchester is the terminus of the Mountain View–Winchester light rail line. Winchester station was built as part of the Vasona Light Rail extension project and this project extended VTA light rail service from the intersection of Woz Way and West San Carlos St in San Jose in a southwesterly direction, terminating at this station. The station began service on October 1,2005, after a delay of months after a dispute with the Federal Railroad Administration. The construction of station and the rest of the Vasona Light Rail extension was part of the 1996 Measure B Transportation Improvement Program. Santa Clara County voters approved the Measure B project in 1996 along with a one percent sales tax increase. The construction of the Winchester station ended the 74 years that Campbell was without Lightrail service, the San Jose Railroads and the Peninsular Railway Company of San Jose petitioned to stop street car trolley service after the death of Henry C. Blackwood in 1931 and the costs that the railroad would endure with the new highway being built. John D.85 to Palo Alto Media related to Winchester Transit Center at Wikimedia Commons Park & Ride Lots - Winchester Light Rail Station at VTA
Winchester Transit Center
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Station with train waiting to depart, September 20, 2012
32.
Santa Teresa (VTA)
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Santa Teresa is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. This station is the terminus of VTAs Alum Rock-Santa Teresa line. It was built in the late 1980s as part of the original Guadalupé Line, VTA planned to close this station from September to November 2008 to allow level boarding at all doors. However, the station remained open during construction through a temporary platform, Santa Teresa station is located just south of State Route 85, near Santa Teresa Boulevard in the Santa Teresa neighborhood in southern San Jose, California. It is a local transit center, and as such is the terminus of several bus routes. It is served by a shuttle to IBMs campus in South San Jose, VTA Bus Route 72 no longer serves this station as of January 14,2008, due to updates in VTA bus service. VTA Bus Route 67 and Limited-Stop Bus Route 305, which served this station, were discontinued completely as a result of these updates. Media related to Santa Teresa at Wikimedia Commons Santa Teresa park & ride lot info at VTA
Santa Teresa (VTA)
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Santa Teresa Station, September 22, 2012
33.
Pajaro, California
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Pajaro is a census-designated place in Monterey County, California, United States. Pajaro is located on the bank of the Pajaro River 5 miles northeast of its mouth. The population was 3,070 at the 2010 census, down from 3,384 at the 2000 census, the school district is in Santa Cruz County. The town, the name of which is derived from pájaro, is in the Pajaro Valley on the Pajaro River, Pajaro is located at 36°54′15″N 121°44′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.9 square miles. The Pajaro post office operated from 1872 to 1873 and from 1882 to 1888 and this town was heavily flooded in 1995 and 1998. The oldest building in the community of Pajaro is the Porter-Vallejo Mansion, constructed in the 1840s and remodeled multiple times, it was acquired in 1991 by then-Monterey County Supervisor Marc Del Piero and converted into a public library/senior citizen center. Additionally, it houses a day-care facility for the children of migrant farm workers. On Monday, May 11,1903, President Theodore Roosevelt stopped in Pajaro for a whistle stop address on his way to Santa Cruz. He arrived in his special train via the Southern Pacific at 8, 50am and left at 9, the 2010 United States Census reported that Pajaro had a population of 3,070. The population density was 3,312.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pajaro was 1,451 White,15 African American,78 Native American,53 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,1,281 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,889 persons. The Census reported that 2,979 people lived in households,91 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 41 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 46 households were made up of individuals and 19 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 4.80. There were 552 families, the family size was 4.82. The median age was 25.6 years, for every 100 females there were 124.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 134.3 males, there were 655 housing units at an average density of 706.7 per square mile, of which 141 were owner-occupied, and 480 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 4%, the vacancy rate was 3. 2%
Pajaro, California
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Pajaro, viewed from the bridge across the Pajaro River
34.
Passenger train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
Passenger train
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A BNSF intermodal freight train passes through Wisconsin, United States
Passenger train
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Steam locomotive -hauled passenger train
Passenger train
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British Rail Class 390 Electric multiple unit train
Passenger train
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A Transperth B-series train
35.
San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
San Jose, California
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Images, from top down, left to right: Downtown San Jose, Hotel De Anza, East San Jose suburbs, Lick Observatory, Plaza de César Chávez
San Jose, California
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South First Street in the 1940s
San Jose, California
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Overhead panorama of downtown San Jose.
San Jose, California
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Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley. See an up-to-the-minute view of San Jose from the Mount Hamilton web camera
36.
Auburn, California
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Auburn is the county seat of Placer County, California. Its population was 13,330 during the 2010 census, Auburn is known for its California Gold Rush history, and is registered as a California Historical Landmark. Auburn is part of Greater Sacramento and is home to the Auburn State Recreation Area, the park is the site of more sporting endurance events than any other place in the world, giving Auburn the undisputed and internationally acclaimed title of Endurance Capital of the World. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Auburn area. The indigenous Nisenan, an offshoot of the Maidu, were the first to establish a permanent settlement in the Auburn area, in the spring of 1848, a group of French gold miners arrived and camped in what would later be known as the Auburn Ravine. This group was on its way to the fields in Coloma, California, and it included Francois Gendron, Philibert Courteau. The young Chana discovered gold on May 16,1848, after finding the gold deposits in the soil, the trio decided to stay for more prospecting and mining. Placer mining in the Auburn area was good, with the camp first becoming known as the North Fork Dry Diggings. This name was changed to the Woods Dry Diggings, after John S. Wood settled down, built a cabin, the area soon developed into a mining camp, and it was officially named Auburn in August 1849. By 1850, the population had grown to about 1,500 people. Gold mining operations moved up the ravine to the site of present-day Auburn, in 1865, the Central Pacific Railroad, the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad, reached Auburn, as it was being built east from Sacramento toward Ogden, Utah. The restored Old Town has houses and retail buildings from the middle of the 19th century, the oldest fire station and the Post Office date from the Gold Rush years. Casual gold-mining accessories, as well as American Indian and Chinese artifacts, Auburn was the home and birthplace of noted science fiction and fantasy poet and writer Clark Ashton Smith. A memorial to him is located near Old Town, Auburn is home to Placer High School, which is one of the oldest high schools in California. Local dentist Kenneth H. Foxs colossal sculptures are located throughout the town, the statues chronicle Auburns history, such as a middle-aged Claud Chana gold panning in the nearby American River, and a Chinese coolie worker building the Transcontinental Railroad. Auburn is located at 38°53′55″N 121°04′28″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.2 square miles, of which 0.03 square miles, or 0. 38%, is water. Auburn is situated in the Northern California foothills of the Sierra Nevada range, approximately 800 vertical feet above the confluence of the North Fork and it is located between Sacramento and Reno, Nevada along Interstate 80. Mountainous wilderness canyons and the slope of the Sierra Nevada lie adjacent eastward
Auburn, California
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Old Town Auburn in July 2015
Auburn, California
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The Placer County Courthouse was constructed between 1894 and 1898.
Auburn, California
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The Queen Anne style Old Town Firehouse is a landmark. It originally adjoined a row of commercial buildings (now demolished). It was home to the Auburn Volunteer Fire Department.
Auburn, California
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Rolling hills of Auburn, taken near Indian Hill Road.
37.
Vallejo, California
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Vallejo is a waterfront port city in Solano County, California, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 115,942 at the 2010 census and it is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and the largest in Solano County. Vallejo sits on the shore of San Pablo Bay,30 miles north of San Francisco. Vallejo is home to the Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park, the now-defunct Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the colleges and universities in Vallejo are California Maritime Academy, the Vallejo Center campus of Solano Community College, and Touro University California. Ferry service runs from a terminal on Mare Island Strait to San Francisco, Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California, once in 1852 and again in 1853, both periods being brief. The State Capitol building burned to the ground in the 1880s, as there were no bridges at that time, the Mare Island Fire Department had to be ferried across the Napa River, arriving to find only the foundation remaining. This was the first recorded mutual aid response in the state of California, some of the first Europeans drawn to the Vallejo area were attracted by the sulfur springs, in the year 1902 the area was named Blue Rock Springs. It was also known as White Sulfur Springs and that was the name of the leading to it from town. Vallejo is best known for the Zodiac Killer and being the hometown of Bay Area rappers E-40, according to United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.5 square miles. Land area is 30.7 square miles, and 18.9 square miles is water, the Napa River flows until it changes into the Mare Island Strait in Vallejo which then flows into the San Pablo Bay. Vallejo is located on the edge of Solano County, California in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. Vallejo is accessible by Interstate 80 between San Francisco and Sacramento, and is the location for the half of the Carquinez Bridge. It is also accessible by Interstate 780 from neighboring Benicia to the east, Route 29 begins in the city near the Carquinez Bridge and travels north through the heart of the city and beyond into Napa County, entering neighboring American Canyon and eventually Napa. Several faults have been mapped in the vicinity of Vallejo, the San Andreas Fault and Hayward Faults are the most active faults, although the San Andreas is at some distance. Locally, the Sulphur Springs Valley Thrust Fault and Southampton Fault are found, no quaternary seismic activity along these minor faults has been observed with the possible exception of a slight offset revealed by trenching. The Sulphur Mountain and Green Valley faults have been associated with the Concord Fault to the south, the Concord Fault is considered active. Historically there have been local cinnabar mines in the Vallejo area, the Hastings Mine and St. Johns Mine contribute ongoing water contamination for mercury, furthermore, mine shaft development has depleted much of this areas spring water. Both Rindler Creek and Blue Rock Springs Creek have been affected, the city of Vallejo is located 24 miles northeast of San Francisco,20 miles north of Oakland,56 miles north of San Jose and 52 miles south of Sacramento
Vallejo, California
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former Vallejo City Hall and County Building
Vallejo, California
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Mariano Vallejo, ca. 1880-85, founder and city namesake
Vallejo, California
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Bodies of water
38.
Benicia, California
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Benicia is a waterside city in Solano County, California, United States. It served as the capital for nearly thirteen months from 1853 to 1854. The population was 26,997 at the 2010 census, the city is located in the San Francisco Bay Area along the north bank of the Carquinez Strait. Benicia is just east of Vallejo and across the strait from Martinez, elizabeth Patterson has served as Mayor of Benicia since 2007. The town is divided into four areas, the East Side, the West Side, Southampton, most of the towns older homes are on the east and west sides. Southampton contains primarily single-family housing developments and condominiums, most of which were built between 1970 and 2000. The East Side includes the Benicia Arsenal, a former United States Army armory, the Arsenal is home to several historic landmark buildings such as The Clock Tower, the Camel Barn, and the Jefferson Street Mansion. The industrial park lies to the northeast of the areas of the city. The Benicia State Recreation Area is on the far west edge of the city, the main retail area in Benicia is First Street, which attracts out-of-town antique and boutique shoppers and those seeking small-town, historic charm. In 1987 Benicia was selected to participate in the California Main Street Program, connections to Benicia include Interstate 680 from Martinez to the south and Cordelia Junction to the north, and Interstate 780, Columbus Parkway, and other local roads from Vallejo to the west. Amtrak also runs past the city north towards Sacramento, but the nearest train station lies in Martinez across the Carquinez Strait, Railroad tracks carrying Amtrak and Union Pacific Railroad lines cross the strait alongside the Benicia–Martinez Bridge. The City of Benicia was founded on May 19,1847, by Dr. Robert Semple, Thomas O. Larkin and it was named for the Generals wife, Francisca Benicia Carillo de Vallejo. The General intended that the city be named Francisca after his wife, vallejos second given name was used instead. In his memoirs, William Tecumseh Sherman contended that Benicia was the best natural site for a city in the region. Benicia was the site selected to serve as the California state capital. Soon after the legislature was moved to the courthouse in Sacramento, the restored capitol is part of the Benicia Capitol State Historic Park, and is the only building remaining of the states early capitols, which were in San Jose and Vallejo. Benicia was also the county seat of Solano County until 1858, the original campus of Mills College was founded in Benicia in 1852 as the Young Ladies Seminary, and was the first womens college west of the Rockies. Before moving to Oakland in 1871, it was located on West I Street, on June 5,1889, the legendary prize fight between James J. Corbett and Joe Choynski was held on a barge off the coast of Benicia
Benicia, California
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California's third capitol at Benicia. The Senate chambers on first floor, and the Assembly chambers above.
Benicia, California
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Location in Solano County and the state of California
Benicia, California
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Railroad connections to Benicia in 1885
Benicia, California
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1902 SPRR rail ferry depot in Benicia
39.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
Oakland, California
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Oakland skyline, with the old eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in background
Oakland, California
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1857 Map of Oakland
Oakland, California
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One day's output of 1917 Chevrolet automobiles at their major West Coast plant, now the location of Eastmont Town Center
Oakland, California
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In 1924, the Tribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark.
40.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
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Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and the Willis Tower.
Chicago
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Traditional Potawatomi costume on display at the Field Museum
Chicago
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A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
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An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871
41.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
42.
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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Southern Pacific routes on the Pacific Coast, 1885
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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Southern Pacific Transportation Company
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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A Southern Pacific train at Los Angeles' Arcade Depot, 1891
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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SP tunnel into San Francisco, ca.1900
43.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
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Clockwise from top left: Smithsonian Institution Building, Rock Creek Park, National Mall (including the Lincoln Memorial in the foreground), Howard Theatre and the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the retrocession
Washington, D.C.
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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
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Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool during the 1963 March on Washington
44.
Dixon, California
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Dixon is a city in northern Solano County, California, United States, located 23 miles from the state capital, Sacramento. The population was 18,351 at the 2010 census, other nearby cities include Vacaville, Winters and Davis. The first semi-permanent European settlement to develop in the Dixon area emerged during the California Gold Rush of the mid-19th century. During this time, the community of Silveyville was founded as a point between the Pacific coast and the rich gold fields of Sacramento—along a route commonly traveled by miners. In 1868, Central Pacific railroad came through the area and missed Silveyville by a few miles, as a result, local leaders decided to physically relocate Silveyville closer to the tracks in order to enjoy the benefits of commerce and travel. One of the first buildings that still stands in Dixon from the 1871 move is the Dixon Methodist Church located at 209 N. Jefferson Street. However, when the first rail shipment of merchandise arrived from San Francisco in 1872, it was addressed to Dixon—a name that has been used since. Up to now, the landscape of the town can be seen to have developed mostly in between the railroad tracks and Interstate-80. The current city council consists of Steven C, Bird, Scot Pederson, Theodore Hickman, and Devon Minnema. Pedersons and Hickmans terms will be up for reelection in 2018, mayor Thom Bogue, as well as Bird and Minnema, were elected in 2016 and they will be up for reelection in 2020. Dixon is also the home of the Gymboree Corporations only Distribution Center, servicing all stores, Dixon is located at 38°26′57″N 121°49′37″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.1 square miles. The 2010 United States Census reported that Dixon had a population of 18,351, the population density was 2,587.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Dixon was 13,023 White,562 African American,184 Native American,671 Asian,58 Pacific Islander,2,838 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7,426 persons. The Census reported that 100% of the lived in households. There were 327 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 26 same-sex married couples or partnerships,867 households were made up of individuals and 301 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13, there were 4,679 families, the average family size was 3.47. The median age was 33.3 years, for every 100 females there were 97.8 males
Dixon, California
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Aerial view of Dixon
Dixon, California
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Bodies of water
45.
Union City (BART station)
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Union City station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station located in downtown Union City near the Decoto district. Service at this station began on September 11,1972, the station sits near Decoto Road east of Alvarado-Niles Road, directly behind James Logan High Schools campus. Temporary parking spaces were constructed in 2006, and opened in the Summer of 2007, the station is currently undergoing construction through 2016 to create a second entrance on the other side of the station. Local bus service is provided by Union City Transit and AC Transit, currently, no connection to other regional trains exists at Union City BART station. In February 2008, Union Citys Economic Development Department and BART proposed that this become a regional rail intermodal station. For now, the Dumbarton Express bus service provides service to the Peninsula. Funding for this went to Bart to San Jose project which would be opened in 2017. In May 2011, developers, Union City and BART officials unveiled the first residential housing project inside the city/transit agency-specified redevelopment district, the BART station building facade has been completely renovated and overhauled facelift which lends it an airy feeling similar to SFO station. Across the street sits the newly constructed East Plaza, which features a fountain containing three bronze sculptures created by French sculptor Louis Derebe, in February 2014, construction on Phase 2 began, around 300 apartments were constructed near the eastern entrance of the station. List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations BART - Union City Station
Union City (BART station)
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Platform as seen in Spring 2000.
Union City (BART station)
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West entrance of the BART station
46.
Fremont, California
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Fremont is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It was incorporated on January 23,1956, from the merger of five communities, Centerville, Niles, Irvington, Mission San Jose. The city is named after American explorer John Charles Frémont, located in the southeast section of the San Francisco Bay Area in the East Bay region primarily, Fremont has a population of around 230,000. It is the fourth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and it is the closest East Bay city to Silicon Valley, and is thus sometimes associated with it. The area consisting of Fremont, Newark, and Union City, is now known as the Tri-City Area, Fremont is home to the largest population of Afghan Americans in the United States. The recorded history of the Fremont area began on June 6,1795, the Mission was established at the site of the Ohlone village of Oroysom. On their second day in the area, the Mission party killed a bear in Niles Canyon. The first English-speaking visitor to Fremont was the renowned trapper and explorer Jedediah Smith in 1827, the Mission prospered, eventually reaching a population of 1,887 inhabitants in 1831. The influence of the missionaries declined after 1834, when the Mexican government enacted secularization, José de Jesus Vallejo, brother of Mariano Vallejo, was the grantee of the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda Mexican land grant. His family was influential in the Fremont area in the colonial era. In 1846 they were visited by the towns namesake John C, Frémont, who mapped a trail through Mission Pass to provide access for American settlers into the southeastern San Francisco Bay Area. The Fremont area grew rapidly at the time of the California Gold Rush, a town called Mission San Jose grew up around the old mission, with its own post office from 1850. Agriculture dominated the economy with grapes, nursery plants and olives as leading crops, in 1868 the 6. 8-magnitude Hayward earthquake on the Hayward Fault collapsed buildings throughout the Fremont area, ruining Mission San José and its outbuildings. Until the 1906 San Francisco earthquake caused its destruction, the Fremont areas Palmdale Winery was the largest in California, the ruins of the Palmdale Winery are still visible near the Five Corners in Irvington. From 1912 to 1915 the Niles section of the Fremont area was the earliest home of Californias motion picture industry, Charlie Chaplin filmed several movies in the Fremont area, most notably The Tramp. Fremont was incorporated under the leadership of Wally Pond in 1956, when the Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association was incorporated, in March 1953, there were no more than 75 houses in the subdivision. It was probably the first such organization in the Fremont area, in its scope, the five-member board of directors was set up to oversee a full range of services, from police and fire protection to street maintenance. Fremont became more industrialized between 1953 and 1962, a boom in high-tech employment in the 1980s to the late 1990s, especially in the Warm Springs District, caused rapid development in the city and linked the city with the Silicon Valley
Fremont, California
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A view of Mission Peak from Fremont Central Park
Fremont, California
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Niles Art Walk 2005.
Fremont, California
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The main facade of the restored 1809 Mission San José chapel
Fremont, California
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Lake Elizabeth of Fremont Central Park
47.
Union City, California
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Incorporated on January 13,1959, combining the communities of Alvarado, New Haven, and Decoto, the city has over 72,000 residents today and very diverse population. Alvarado is a California Historical Landmark, the city celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 2009. The Cities of Fremont, Newark, and Union City make up the Tri-City Area to the south. The larger City of Hayward surrounds the city to the north, the Tri-City Area hosts many local events, along with programs for the youth. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19 square miles. The Niles Cone aquifer, managed by the Alameda County Water District, the 2010 United States Census reported that Union City had a population of 69,516. The population density was 3,570.6 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Union City was 16,640 White,4,402 Black,329 Native American,35,363 Asian,892 Pacific Islander,7,253 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 15,895 persons. The Census reported that 68,998 people lived in households,422 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 856 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 128 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,740 households were made up of individuals and 1,002 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.38. There were 16,677 families, the family size was 3.69. The median age was 36.2 years, for every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. There were 21,258 housing units at a density of 1,091.9 per square mile, of which 13,580 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 5%, the vacancy rate was 5. 3%. 46,272 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 22,726 people lived in housing units. As of 2014 the median price of a house in Union City is over $500,000. As of 2000 the population was 66,869 and 15,696 families residing in Union City, the population density was 3,473.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 18,877 housing units at a density of 980.4 per square mile
Union City, California
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Union City Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station
Union City, California
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Seal
Union City, California
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The center, two-story building, is the original courthouse
Union City, California
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Bodies of water
48.
Jack London Square
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Jack London Square is a popular entertainment and business destination on the waterfront of Oakland, California, United States. A farmers market is hosted among the shops on Sunday mornings. The former presidential yacht USS Potomac is moored at an adjacent slip, Jack London Square is located at the south end of Broadway, across the Oakland Estuary from Alameda. Current California Governor Jerry Brown made his home here before moving north to the Uptown neighborhood. KTVU, the Bay Areas Fox affiliate, has had studios at the Square since it began broadcasting on March 3,1958, swarm Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in the neighborhood. A mainline railroad runs through the middle of the street, with the speed limit set at 15 mph. The tracks running through Jack London Square are used by BNSF Railway, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, San Joaquin, the trains share the road with automobiles, AC Transit buses, and pedestrians. The square is a popular spot for railfans. Jack London Square’s most recent changes are adding more businesses, restaurants, under lead developer Ellis Partners, Jack London Squares new architecture and public spaces are adding to the daytime and nighttime population and use. Recent new components include the 55 Harrison building, a 178,000 square-foot mid-rise by RMW Architects in association with Steve Worthington, Jack London District, Oakland, California Chinatown, Oakland, California Old Oakland Official website The Jack London District Association The Jack London News
Jack London Square
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Jack London docks at dawn, summertime
Jack London Square
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An excursion train pulled by a classic BC Rail steam locomotive visits JLS in 1977
Jack London Square
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Reconstruction of Jack London's Klondike Hut in Jack London Square
49.
Gilroy (Caltrain station)
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Gilroy is a Caltrain station located in Gilroy, California. It is the southernmost terminus on the Caltrain line, and is served during commute hours on weekdays. It is located in Fare Zone 6, Gilroy is a former Southern Pacific Railroad depot that was adopted by the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board. Amtraks Coast Starlight passes through Gilroy between Salinas and San Jose Diridon, but does not stop, once every year, Caltrain operated a special limited-stop train from San Francisco to Gilroy that operated during the weekend of the Gilroy Garlic Festival in Christmas Hill Park. Shuttle buses would take passengers from the Caltrain station to the festival, when weekend service resumed in 2004, Caltrain opted to end the annual Garlic Train. The Golden Gate Railroad Museum chartered weekend trains to Gilroy during the festival for a few years, Caltrain announced that the Garlic Train would resume service for the 2013 Garlic Festival. The Gilroy Rail Station is one of two sites that California High Speed Rail is considering for its Gilroy stop, with the site on lands immediately east of Gilroy Premium Outlets. Media related to Gilroy Station at Wikimedia Commons Station information Station information Park & Ride Lots - Gilroy Caltrain Station at VTA
Gilroy (Caltrain station)
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The station building at Gilroy.
50.
Truckee, California
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Truckee is an incorporated town in Nevada County, California, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 16,180, the town’s original name was Coburn Station, commemorating a saloon keeper. It was renamed Truckee after a Paiute chief, whose assumed Paiute name was Tru-ki-zo and he was the father of Chief Winnemucca and grandfather of Sarah Winnemucca. The first Europeans who came to cross the Sierra Nevada encountered his tribe, the friendly Chief rode toward them yelling, “Tro-kay. ”, which is Paiute for “Everything is all right”. The unaware travelers assumed he was yelling his name, Chief Truckee later served as a guide for John C. Truckee is located along Interstate 80 at 39°20′32″N 120°12′13″W, Truckee has a dry-summer continental climate. Winters are extremely snowy and cold if not severe, while summers are cool-to-warm and dry, the National Weather Service reports that Truckee’s warmest month is July with an average maximum temperature of 82.7 °F and an average minimum temperature of 42.4 °F. January is the coldest month with an maximum temperature of 40.9 °F. The record maximum temperature of 104 °F was on July 6,2007, the record minimum temperature of −28 °F was on February 27,1962. Normal annual precipitation in Truckee is 30.85 inches, measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 87.0 days annually. The most precipitation in one month was 23.65 inches in December 1955, the most snow in one month was 196.0 inches in February 1938, and the most in a season 444.30 inches between July 1951 and June 1952. The maximum 24-hour snowfall was 34.0 inches on February 17,1990, the 2010 United States Census reported that Truckee had a population of 16,180. The population density was 480.8 people per square mile, the Census reported that 16,137 people lived in households,43 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 were institutionalized. There were 502 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 43 same-sex married couples or partnerships,1,382 households were made up of individuals and 275 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54, there were 4,168 families, the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 38.0 years, for every 100 females there were 108.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.3 males, there were 12,803 housing units at an average density of 380.4 per square mile, of which 4,326 were owner-occupied, and 2,017 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 3%, the vacancy rate was 7. 8%
Truckee, California
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Donner Pass Road
Truckee, California
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First snow of winter, Trout Creek, December 2007
Truckee, California
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The Truckee River just east of Truckee.
Truckee, California
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A house in Truckee.
51.
Reno, Nevada
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Reno is a city in the U. S. state of Nevada. It is in Northern Nevada, approximately 22 miles from Lake Tahoe, known as The Biggest Little City in the World, Reno is famous for its casinos and as the birthplace of Caesars Entertainment Corporation. It is the county seat of Washoe County, in the part of the state. The city sits in a desert at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Reno area. As early as the mid 1850s a few settled in the Truckee Meadows. Gold was discovered in the vicinity of Virginia City in 1850, and a modest mining community developed, to provide the necessary connection between Virginia City and the California Trail, Charles W. Fuller built a log toll bridge across the Truckee River in 1859. A small community that would service travelers soon grew up near the bridge, after two years, Fuller sold the bridge to Myron C. Lake, who continued to develop the community with the addition of a grist mill, kiln, in 1864, Washoe County was consolidated with Roop County, and Lakes Crossing became the largest town in the county. Lake had earned himself the founder of Reno. Lake deeded land to the CPRR in exchange for its promise to build a depot at Lakes Crossing, once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9,1868. CPRR construction superintendent Charles Crocker named the community after Major General Jesse Lee Reno, in 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located in Washoe City. However, political power in Nevada remained with the communities, first Virginia City and later Tonopah. The extension of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to Reno in 1872 provided a boost to the new citys economy. Despite this, Nevada is still the third-largest gold producer in the world, after South Africa and Australia, the Reno Arch was erected on Virginia Street in 1926 to promote the upcoming Transcontinental Highways Exposition of 1927. The arch included the words Nevadas Transcontinental Highways Exposition and the dates of the exposition. After the exposition, the Reno City Council decided to keep the arch as a permanent downtown gateway, no acceptable slogan was received until a $100 prize was offered, and G. A. Burns of Sacramento was declared the winner on March 14,1929, with Reno, The Biggest Little City in the World
Reno, Nevada
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Reno aerial September 12, 2014
Reno, Nevada
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The Overland Limited at Reno in 1913
Reno, Nevada
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Downtown Reno
Reno, Nevada
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Dog Valley, west of Reno, an area of active faulting
52.
Northeast Regional
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The Northeast Regional is a higher-speed rail service operated by Amtrak in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States. In the past it has known as the NortheastDirect, Acela Regional. It is the busiest Amtrak route, carrying 8.04 million passengers in fiscal year 2013, the Northeast Regional service earned over $568.7 million in gross ticket revenue in FY2013, a 6. 2% increase over the $536 million earned during FY2012. There is daily all-reserved service about every hour during the day, trains generally run between Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D. C. with more between New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington. Extensions and branches extend to Springfield, Massachusetts, and Richmond, Newport News, Norfolk and Lynchburg, travel times between Washington and New York are typically slightly faster than the equivalent travel time by car. Trains usually have 7 to 10 cars with one or two locomotives pulling, although they may be as long as 14 cars during peak travel periods, the passenger cars are the rebuilt Amfleet I series passenger cars built by the Budd Company in the mid to late 1970s. Since May 2008, Northeast Regional trains have the cafe in the middle of the train, the Coach Class car adjacent to business class is designated the quiet car, where passengers are asked to refrain from loud talking and mobile phone conversations. If a second Café Car is present, it is used for passenger seating. The overnight Northeast Regional trains numbered 65,66, and 67 have a different configuration from the other Northeast Regional trains and these trains offer a limited number of business-class seats at the front of the Café Car, instead of having a dedicated Business Class car. The overnight trains have no car, but do have a baggage car used for baggage service. Between Boston and Washington, the service has overhead electric wires and this segment reaches speeds of 125 mph with ACS-64 electric locomotives built from 2012-2015. The ACS-64 locomotives replaced the AEM-7 locomotives in June of 2016, Northeast Regional trains in Virginia and along the route between Springfield and New Haven use GE P42DC diesel locomotives and have lower top speeds. Because the Virginian segments use freight railroad tracks, these trains are likely to suffer delays due to congested tracks. Electrification ended at New Haven, Connecticut, requiring an engine change, on October 28,1995 Amtrak introduced the NortheastDirect brand for all trains on the Northeast Corridor except for the express Metroliner and hourly Clocker services. The November 10,1996, timetable restored the old names in addition to the NortheastDirect brand, the names were dropped with the May 16,1999, schedule. In 2000 Amtrak completed electrifying the route from New Haven to Boston in preparation for the introduction of the Acela Express, the first two all-electric round-trips to and from Boston were branded Acela Regional and equipped with refurbished Amfleet cars painted in the Acela-like Capstone livery. All-electric service began on January 31,2000, the NortheastDirect branding continued to be used for trains which changed from electric to diesel traction in New Haven. Due to customer confusion with the Acela Express, the name was changed again on March 17,2003, the train derailed along a curve and was determined to have been traveling at a speed of about 100 mph, exceeding the limit of 50 mph on that curve
Northeast Regional
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An ACS-64 locomotive leads a Northeast Regional through Maryland in 2014
Northeast Regional
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The NortheastDirect branding was used for most Northeast Regional services 1995-2002.
Northeast Regional
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An Acela HHP-8 at South Station, Boston, in 2002.
Northeast Regional
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A Virginian Northeast Regional crosses the James River near Lynchburg in 2011.
53.
Acela Express
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The route contains segments of high-speed rail, and Acela Express trains are the fastest trainsets in the Americas, they attain 150 mph on 28 miles of the route. Acela trains use tilting technology, which helps control lateral centrifugal forces, over this route, Acela and the Northeast Regional line captured a 75% share of air/train commuters between New York and Washington in 2011, up from 37% in 2000. Due to this competition, one airline canceled service between Washington and New York, on other portions Acela is limited by both traffic and infrastructure. On the 231-mile section from Bostons South Station to New Yorks Penn Station, along this section, Acela has still captured 54% share of the combined train and air market. The entire 457-mile route from Boston to Washington takes 7 hours, Acela carried more than 3.4 million passengers in fiscal year 2015, second only to the slower and cheaper Northeast Regional, which had over 8 million passengers in FY2015. Its 2015 revenue of $585 million was 25% of Amtraks total, the present Acela Express equipment will be replaced by new Avelia Liberty trainsets beginning in 2021, with all current trains to retire by the end of 2022. The new trainsets, manufactured by Alstom, will have 30% higher seating capacity than the current trains, the new fleet will have 28 trains versus the current 20, allowing for hourly New York-Boston service all day and half-hourly New York-Washington service at peak hours. During the 1980s the US Federal Railroad Administration explored the possibilities of high-speed rail in the United States, on December 18,1991, five potential high speed rail corridors were authorized including the Northeast Corridor. Amtrak asked railway equipment manufacturers to submit proposals, an X2000 train was leased from Sweden for test runs from October 1992 to January 1993. It was operated from Washington DC to New York City from February to May, Siemens showed the ICE1 train from Germany, organizing the ICE Train North America Tour which started to operate on the Northeast Corridor on July 3,1993. This testing allowed Amtrak to define a set of specifications that went into a tender in October 1994. On March 9,1999, Amtrak unveiled its plan for a high-speed train, twenty new trains were to run on the Northeast Corridor. Several changes were made to the corridor to make it suitable for the Acela, in October 1994, Amtrak requested bids from train manufacturers for a trainset that could reach 150 miles per hour. A joint project of Bombardier and GEC Alsthom was selected in March 1996, an inaugural VIP run of the Acela came on November 17,2000 followed by the first revenue run on December 11, a few months after the intended date. By 2005, Amtraks share of the market between New York and Boston had reached 40%, from 18% pre-Acela. With the increasing popularity of the faster, modern Acela Express, to meet the demand, more Acela services were added in September 2005. By August 2008 crowding had become noticeable, by 2011, the Acela fleet had reached half of its designed service life. Amtrak proposed several replacement options, including one as part of its A Vision for High-Speed Rail in the Northeast Corridor, in 2011, Amtrak announced that forty new Acela coaches would be ordered in 2012 to increase capacity on existing trainsets
Acela Express
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Amtrak Acela Express train, led by power car #2009, at Old Saybrook, Connecticut
Acela Express
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Northbound Acela on the Northeast Corridor south of Philadelphia
Acela Express
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An Acela Regional train at South Station, Boston in 2002
Acela Express
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Business Class interior
54.
Pacific Surfliner
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The Pacific Surfliner is a 350-mile passenger train service operated by Amtrak, with funding from the California Department of Transportation as part of the Amtrak California network. The Pacific Surfliner serves the communities on the coast of Southern California between San Diego and San Luis Obispo, the service carried over 2.7 million passengers during fiscal year 2013, a 2. 5% increase from FY2012. Total revenue during FY2013 was $62,576,548, an increase of 6. 8% over FY2012, the Pacific Surfliner was Amtraks third-busiest service, and the busiest outside the Northeast Corridor. The Los Angeles-San Diego portion of the Pacific Surfliner route was served by the Santa Fe Railways San Diegan passenger trains until Amtrak took over operations. Initially there were three trips, but in 1976 the schedule was expanded. In 1988 the service was extended to Santa Barbara, followed in 1995 with one trip a day going all the way to San Luis Obispo, as the name San Diegan no longer reflected the extent of the route, it was renamed the Pacific Surfliner in 2000. The route is named after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railways Surf Line, the 350-mile San Luis Obispo-San Diego trip takes approximately 8½ hours with an average speed of 41.2 miles per hour, maximum track speed is 79 to 90 miles per hour. The Pacific Surfliner operates 14 daily trains between LA and San Diego, on the northernmost part, there are five trains per day in each direction. Thruway Motorcoach connections are available between Santa Barbara, California and Paso Robles during hours when that part of the Coast Line track is in use by freight trains. The 500 series trains go from LA to San Diego and the 700 series trains go onto the nothernmost part of the route. For trains 761,566,567, and 790, they operate slightly different schedules on weekends and they are recognized by having a 1 in front of their number. As of the April 3,2017 schedule, Amtrak also created slightly different schedules for trains 768,572,583, because the San Diego, San Luis Obispo, and Goleta stations are not equipped to turn equipment, trains are operated in push-pull mode. The locomotive is at the rear of the train, pushing the train from Goleta/San Luis Obispo or San Diego to Los Angeles, at Los Angeles, the train reverses at the station, and the locomotive pulls the train to San Diego or Goleta/San Luis Obispo, respectively. A project is currently being prepared for run-through tracks at Union Station in Los Angeles, as of 2007, the route recovers 63% of its operating expenses through ticket sales. Local agencies along with the host railroads formed the Los Angeles–San Diego-San Luis Obispo Rail Corridor Agency in 1989, the Pacific Surfliner is operated by Amtrak under the Amtrak California brand with funding provided by the California Department of Transportation. Serious discussions were held in 2009 regarding the local agencies administering the service rather than Caltrans,1225, passed in 2014, allowed LOSSAN to amend the joint powers agreement and become the sponsor of state-supported intercity passenger rail service in the corridor. In mid-2015, LOSSAN assumed oversight for the Surfliner and they are also working with Caltrans to assess rail operations from Los Angeles to San Diego to develop better connections, close gaps in the schedule, and optimize the assets of the railroad. The Surfliner cars used on the route are painted in a blue, Surfliner cars are equipped with overhead luggage racks, reclining seats with tray tables and footrests, reading lights, restrooms, AmtrakConnect WiFi, 120v power outlets, and a wheelchair ramp
Pacific Surfliner
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A Pacific Surfliner enters San Clemente, California.
Pacific Surfliner
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Pacific Surfliner
Pacific Surfliner
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Coach/baggage/cab car (AMTK #6905) leading the Pacific Surfliner in Lake Forest, CA.
Pacific Surfliner
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Lower-level seating on a Pacific Surfliner "Pacific Business Class" car.
55.
Amtrak California
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It also includes an extensive network of Thruway Motorcoach bus connections, operated by private companies under contract. The three lines shared the use of state-owned Amtrak California branded Thruway buses and trainsets, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation assumed operation of almost all intercity passenger rail in the United States in 1971. Service in California, as in most of the United States, was basic, in 1976 California began providing financial assistance to Amtrak. At the same time, Caltrans Division of Rail was formed to oversee state-financed rail operations, in 1990, California passed Propositions 108 and 116, providing $3 billion for transportation projects, with a large portion going to rail service. As a result, new locomotives and passenger cars were purchased by the state, a more distinct image for Amtrak California, such as painting locomotives and passenger cars in California Color of blue and yellow, was established with the arrival of new rolling stock. In 1998, while still funded by the state, the management of the Capitol Corridor was transferred to the Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority, as a result, the Amtrak California brand become less prominent in the websites and marketing materials. Amtrak California operates a fleet of EMD F59PHI and GE P32-8WH locomotives that are used on San Joaquin and these locomotives are owned by Caltrans and carry the CDTX reporting marks. The Pacific Surfliner trains also use a fleet of 15 EMD F59PHI locomotives that are painted to match the livery of the Surfliner passenger cars. Locomotives from Amtraks national fleet such as P42DC are often used as substitutes when the Amtrak California dedicated fleet of locomotives undergoes maintenance, twenty-two additional locomotives built by Siemens will join Amtrak Californias locomotive fleet starting from 2017. These locomotives, named Charger, were parts of a multi-state order funded by a combination of federal, illinois Department of Transportation, acting as the leading agency, awarded the order to Siemens on December 18,2013. Caltrans ordered the first six with the order in 2013. Two additional locomotives were ordered in 2016, Amtrak Californias routes typically use bi-level, high-capacity passenger cars, dubbed the Surfliner and California Car. All of the California Cars are owned by the California Department of Transportation, most of the Surfliner cars are owned by Amtrak with some owned by Caltrans. The design of the cars is based on Amtraks Superliner bi-level passenger cars, additionally, Surfliner and California Car coaches are equipped with higher-density seating and bicycle racks to permit transport of unboxed bicycles. Consists on the San Joaquin, Capitol Corridor, and Pacific Surfliner routes usually include between four and six cars, with one locomotive and a cab car on the rear end. Four of the cars have been painted to match the California car livery, each car also has the current Amtrak logo on the middle left side of each car. Superliner I/II coaches from Amtraks national fleet are used on some due to shortages of inter-city Surfliner & California cars. Increasing ridership on the San Joaquin led Amtrak California to purchase 14 Comet IB rail cars from New Jersey Transit in 2008 for $75,000 per car
Amtrak California
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Amtrak California train at San Jose Diridon Station
Amtrak California
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Amtrak California
Amtrak California
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Top view of GE P32-8WH (left) and EMD F59PHI (right) locomotives at Emeryville station.
Amtrak California
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Bicycle rack on a California Car
56.
Red Bluff, California
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Red Bluff is a city in and the county seat of Tehama County, California, United States. The population was 14,076 at the 2010 census, up from 13,147 at the 2000 census, Red Bluff is on the northern edge of the Sacramento Valley, and is the third largest city in the Shasta Cascade region. It is about 30 mi south of Redding,40 mi northwest of Chico, the city is located at 40°10′36″N 122°14′17″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.7 square miles. 7.6 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water, the total area is 1. 48% water. The Nomlaki and Southern Yana people originally inhabited the area along the banks of the Sacramento River where Red Bluff was built, on April 10,1828, Jedediah Smith passed through on the way to Oregon. In 1843 Peter Lassen, John Bidwell, and John Burheim came in pursuit of horse thieves, the first house where Red Bluff now is an adobe structure put up late in 1849 by John Myers, who conducted it for a short time as a hotel. In the following spring Mr. Cooper erected a small adobe there, dibble built another at the Adobe Ferry, one mile north. This adobe has been associated with William B. Ide, whose home was south of Red Bluff, settlement began in 1850 when Sashel Woods and Charles L. Wilson began laying out a town called Leodocia. It was known by name and Covertsburg until 1854, when maps showed the community as Red Bluffs. In 1851 Captain Ellbridge G. Reed built and started a hotel near where the now known as Reeds Creek enters the Sacramento River. It languished later on with the subsidence of activity in the mines, in 1854 Red Bluff had a population of 1,000 people. In 1860 it had twice as many, on the organization of the county in 1856, there was a strong attempt to locate the county seat at Tehama, but in March,1857, Red Bluff was chosen. The city of Red Bluff was incorporated in 1876, Red Bluff has a Mediterranean climate with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. There are an average of 100.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F or higher, the record highest temperature was 121 °F on August 7,1981, and the record lowest temperature was 17 °F on January 9,1937. Annual precipitation averages 23.21 inches with measurable precipitation falling of an average of 71 days, the wettest year was 1983 with 52.98 inches and the driest year was 1976 with 7.20 inches. The most rainfall in one month was 21.47 inches in January 1995, the most snowfall in one month was 15.0 inches in January 1937
Red Bluff, California
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A historic building in 2009.
Red Bluff, California
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Cone & Kimball Plaza Clocktower
Red Bluff, California
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Mountains
57.
Oroville, California
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Oroville is the county seat of Butte County, California, United States. The population was 15,506 at the 2010 census, up from 13,004 in the 2000 census, Oroville is considered the gateway to Lake Oroville and Feather River recreational areas. The city of Oroville has recently annexed two locations in South Oroville, areas A and B, which have a population of 2,725 people. The U. S. Census Bureau estimated the population of the city to be 17,996 as of January 1,2016, the Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California is headquartered here. Oroville is located off of State Route 70, and is in proximity to State Route 99. Chico, California is located about 25 minutes north of the city, Oroville is situated at the base of the foothills on the banks of the Feather River where it flows out of the Sierra Nevada onto the flat floor of the Sacramento Valley. It was established as the head of navigation on the Feather River to supply miners during the California Gold Rush. The town was originally called Ophir City, but the name was changed to Oroville when the first post office opened in 1854, the City Of Oroville was incorporated on January 3,1906. Gold was found at Bidwell Bar, one of the first gold mining sites in California, Oroville would serve as an important stop for the famous California Zephyr during its 20-year run. In 1983, this became a part of the Union Pacific Railroad as their Feather River Canyon Subdivision, a major highway, State Route 70, roughly parallels the railroad line winding through the canyon. The Chinese Temple is another monument to Orovilles storied past, Chinese laborers from the pioneer era established the Temple as a place of worship for followers of Chinese Popular Religion and the three major Chinese religions, Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The Chinese Temple and Garden, as it is now called, has a collection of artifacts. The olive-canning industry was founded in Oroville by Freda Ehmann, the mother of ripe olives and she built a large cannery in Oroville, and by 1900 was the president of the worlds largest canned olive factory. Ehmann was a believer in womens suffrage and a friend of Susan B, anthony Ishi, Orovilles most famous resident, was the last of the Yahi Indians and is considered the last Stone Age Indian to come out of the wilderness and into western civilization. When he appeared out of the hills in East Oroville in 1911, the Visitors Center at Lake Oroville has a thorough exhibit and documentary film on Ishi and his life in society. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Oroville area. On August 7,1881, beloved elderly pioneer Jack Crum was stomped to death by local bully Tom Noacks in Chico, California. The young Noacks was feared by the locals of Butte County, not only because of his size and strength, but because he was mentally unbalanced and enjoyed punching oxen in the head
Oroville, California
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Historic Downtown Oroville
Oroville, California
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Oroville Chinese Temple
Oroville, California
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Ishi Mural
Oroville, California
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Table Mountain Near Oroville
58.
Grass Valley, California
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The city of Grass Valley is the largest city in the western region of Nevada County, California, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 12,860, Grass Valley, which was originally known as Boston Ravine and later officially named Centerville, dates from the California Gold Rush, as does nearby Nevada City. When a post office was established in 1851, it was renamed Grass Valley the following year for unknown reasons, Grass Valley is the location of the Empire Mine and North Star Mine, two of the richest mines in California. George Starr, manager of the Empire Mine, and William Bowers Bourn II, many of those who came to settle in Grass Valley were tin miners from Cornwall, England. They were attracted to the California gold fields because the skills needed for deep tin mining were needed for hardrock gold mining. Many of them specialized in pumping the water out of deep mining shafts. This followed the fall in tin prices as large alluvial deposits began to be exploited elsewhere. Grass Valley still holds on to its Cornish heritage, with such as its annual Cornish Christmas. Pasties are a favorite dish with a few restaurants in town specializing in recipes handed down from the original immigrant generation. Grass Valley is also twinned with the Cornish town of Bodmin, there was formerly a Roman Catholic diocese of Grass Valley. Grass Valley is located at 39°13′9″N 121°3′30″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 square miles, all of it land. A variety of igneous and metamorphic rock supports Grass Valley, granitic rock such as quartz diorite underlies the downtown core and extends south along Highway 49. Metavolcanic rock and diabase underlie areas around the granitic zone, neighborhoods around Nevada County Golf Course and Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital are underlain by ultramafic rock which supports infertile soils of the Dubakella series. Straight, dense ponderosa pine inhabitants the more fertile soils which include Musick series on granitic rock, Grass Valley has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and wet, cool, rainy winters. Summer is very dry, but thunderstorms may occur, the winter rains contribute to a heavy fuel-loading of brush and grass, which dry out during the summer, posing a wildfire hazard. Over the course of a year,34.7 days of 90 °F or hotter and 1.2 days of 100 °F or hotter occur, the 2010 United States Census reported that Grass Valley had a population of 12,860. The population density was 2,711.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Grass Valley was 11,493 White,208 Native American,188 Asian,46 African American,9 Pacific Islander,419 from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,341 persons
Grass Valley, California
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The historic Holbrooke Hotel and Restaurant
Grass Valley, California
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Gold in quartz, from one of the old Grass Valley mines
Grass Valley, California
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The iconic spire of the Del Oro Theatre
Grass Valley, California
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Grass Valley High School girls basketball team, 1918
59.
Placerville, California
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Placerville is the county seat of El Dorado County, California. The population was 10,389 at the 2010 census, up from 9,610 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Placerville is located on U. S. Route 50 where it crosses State Route 49 and is the location of several traffic signals along the highway, which is otherwise a freeway. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.8 square miles. It is about 1,867 feet above sea level downtown, the 2010 United States Census reported that Placerville had a population of 10,389. The population density was 1,787.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Placerville was 8,716 White,80 African American,162 Native American,98 Asian,13 Pacific Islander,867 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,863 persons. The Census reported that 9,788 people lived in households,131 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 327 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 31 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,306 households were made up of individuals and 599 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37. There were 2,461 families, the family size was 2.97. The median age was 40.4 years, for every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males, there were 4,541 housing units at an average density of 781.2 per square mile, of which 2,160 were owner-occupied, and 1,969 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 5%, the vacancy rate was 7. 8%. 5,023 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,765 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,610 people,4,001 households, the population density was 1,656.2 people per square mile. There were 4,242 housing units at a density of 731.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 6% White,0. 2% Black or African American,1. 3% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,5. 8% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. 12. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
Placerville, California
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El Dorado County Courthouse
Placerville, California
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Fountain-Tallman Soda Works (now the Fountain & Tallman Museum)
Placerville, California
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John Pearson Soda Works
Placerville, California
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Combellack-Blair House
60.
Martinez, California
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Martinez is a city and the county seat of Contra Costa County, California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 35,824 at the 2010 census, the downtown is notable for its large number of preserved old buildings and antique shops. Martinez is located on the shore of the Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco Bay Area, directly facing the city center of Benicia. In 1824 the Alhambra Valley was included in the Rancho El Pinole Mexican land grant to Ygnacio Martínez, in 1847, Dr. Robert Semple contracted to provide ferry service from Martinez to Benicia, which for many years was the only crossing on the Carquinez Strait. By 1849, Martínez served as a way station for the California Gold Rush, the town was laid out in 1849 by Col. William M. Smith and named for Martinez. It became the county seat in 1850, but could not incorporate at the time because it lacked the 200 registered voters required, Martinez was the home of naturalist John Muir from 1880 until his death in 1914. He was buried about a mile south of the building that is now the John Muir National Historic Site, also nearby is the Vicente Martinez Adobe, built in 1849 by the son of Ygnacio Martinez. The first post office opened in 1851, in 1860, Martinez played a role in the Pony Express, where riders would take the ferry from Benicia. In 1915, Shell Oil Company built an oil refinery in unincorporated Martinez, a second area refinery, together with the Shell facilities, help make Martinez a significant petroleum processing center and port. The oil refineries in and near Martinez can still be seen today from Interstate 680, folk etymology in Martinez claims the invention of the Martini cocktail and that it is named for the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.1 square miles. The Martinez–Benicia Bridge carries Highway 680 across the end of the Carquinez Strait to Solano County. The city can be defined as a densely built downtown valley threaded by Alhambra creek. Suburban areas stretch south of Highway 4 to join the city of Pleasant Hill. Unincorporated areas include the rural Alhambra Valley and the Franklin Canyon area, the Martinez Regional Shoreline bounds the city to the north along the Carquinez Strait. Carquinez Strait Regional Shoreline includes the Franklin Hills west of downtown, stretching west to the community of Port Costa. Briones Regional Park borders the Alhambra Valley to the south, waterbird Regional Preserve and the McNabney Marsh border the city and Highway 680 to the east. Martinezs location at the east end of the Carquinez Strait as it widens to Suisun Bay includes dramatic water views stretching to the Sierra range, from surrounding ridge tops views stretch to nearby Mt. Diablo, Mt. St. Helena, Mt. Tamalpais, etc
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Aerial view of Martinez
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John Muir House.
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Main Street in Martinez
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The Contra Costa County courthouse in downtown Martinez
61.
Eureka, California
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Eureka is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California. The city is located on U. S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay,270 miles north of San Francisco and 100 miles south of the Oregon border. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,191, Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland, and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states. It is the center for government, health care, trade. Greater Eureka, one of Californias major commercial fishing ports, is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, a stretch of about 500 miles. The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka. As entrepôt for hundreds of mills that once existed in the area. Eureka is home to Californias oldest zoo, the Sequoia Park Zoo, Eurekas Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji, now known as Eureka, for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots and their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management, an extensive collection of intricate basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka. As of 2013, Eureka High School has the largest Yurok language program in California, the timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13,1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring companies. Eureka received its name from a Greek word meaning I have found it and this exuberant statement of successful gold rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U. S. location to use the seal as the state for its seal. In the United States, Eureka, California is the largest of about a dozen towns, the first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay in 1806 reported that the violence of the indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the primary city. The 1860 Wiyot Massacre took place on Indian Island in the spring of 1860, committed by a group of locals, thought to be primarily Eureka businessmen
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Aerial view: Eureka on Humboldt Bay
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A Humboldt Bay (Woodley Island) view of Indian Island (both within the city limits) and the memorial to fisherman
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Mill yard across the bay from Eureka
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The Carson Mansion (1886) in Eureka's Old Town
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Arcata, California
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Arcata, originally Union Town or Union, is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County, California, United States. At the 2010 census, Arcatas population was 17,231, Arcata, located 280 miles north of San Francisco, is home to Humboldt State University. Arcata has been progressive in its political makeup, and was the first city in the United States to elect a majority of its city council members from the Green Party. As a result of the majority, Arcata capped the number of chain restaurants allowed in the city. Arcata was also the first municipality to ban the growth of any type of Genetically Modified Organism within city limits, with exceptions for research and educational purposes. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.0 square miles. Arcata contains major public and shopping areas within the city and they include, the Downtown/Plaza Area, Northtown, and Valley West. Arcata also has the Arcata Marsh, a located on the Citys bay shore. Arcatas climate is dominated by marine influences associated with Humboldt Bay, on average, Arcata experiences 40 to 50 inches of rain per year, though there is a short but pronounced dry season from June to September. Northerly winds keep the very cool and create a coastal upwelling of deep. This upwelling in turn results in conditions throughout the summer, with high temperatures commonly in the 50s. Yet just a few miles inland the temperatures may be up to 25 degrees warmer in the summer, winter high temperatures average in the low 40s to mid-50s, with lows in the mid-30s to lower 40s. Temperatures infrequently dip below 30 °F in the winter, and nearly as infrequently climb above 72 °F in the summer, changing populations have happened in timber and mining towns in the American West as a result of boom and bust economic cycles. Some towns decrease in population following a bust, while some, like Arcata, in the case of Arcata, the peak and the bust were close due to Arcata’s relatively late entry into the timber industry, and its domination by mechanization. The population of the city of Arcata was 3,729 during its peak 1950, for the County of Humboldt, the age distribution for urban residents, which would include Arcata, had 23. 7% of the population under the age of 15. Those that would be considered young workers made up 14% of the population, “Normal” aged workers made up 23. 9% of the population. Older working age made up 19. 4% of the population, pre-retirement aged made up 9. 7% of the population. Those of retirement age made up 9. 1% of the population, for Arcata specifically, those age 65 and older were 8. 3% of the population in 1950, and the median age was 29.4 years
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Arcata Plaza on Farmers' Market Day
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The Pythian Castle building in Arcata is on the National Register of Historic Places
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The Jacoby Building, commonly known as Jacoby's Storehouse, on the Plaza in Arcata, is one of Humboldt County's oldest commercial buildings (the first floor dates from 1857), and is also on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Protest against the George W. Bush administration
63.
Napa, California
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The city of Napa is the largest city and county seat of Napa County, California. It is the city of the Napa County Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the second-largest city in Californias Wine Country, after Santa Rosa, Napa was incorporated as a city in 1872. At the time of the first recorded exploration into Napa Valley in 1823, padre José Altimira, founder of Mission San Francisco Solano in Sonoma, led the expedition. Spanish priests converted some natives, the rest were attacked and dispersed by Spanish soldiers, American farmers began arriving in the 1830s. Before California was granted statehood in 1849, the Napa Valley was in the Territory of Californias District of Sonoma, in 1850 when counties were first organized, Napa became one of the original counties of California. At the time, its boundaries also included Lake County to the north, by this time, the indigenous people were either working as field laborers or living in small bands in the hills surrounding the valley. In 1851, the first courthouse was erected, by 1870, the Native American population consisted of only a few laborers and servants working for the white settlers. The City of Napa was founded by Nathan Coombs in 1847 and it was not the plan of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. He had paid to survey for a township down river at Soscol Landing where riverboats could turn around, the Napa town site was surveyed by James M. Hudspeth on property Coombs had received from Nicolas Higuera, original holder of the Rancho Entre Napa Mexican land grant. The first business establishment in the town was a built by Harrison Pierce. Napas first general store was opened a year later in 1848 by Joseph P. Thompson, the first record of a ship navigating the river was the Susana in 1842. John Sutters schooner the Sacramento landed in 1844 to pick up a load of lime, by 1850 the Dolphin became the first passenger steamship to navigate the Napa River in order to open another path of commerce. In the mid-1850s, Napas Main Street rivaled that of larger cities. John Patchett opened the first commercial winery in the county in 1859, the vineyard and wine cellar were located in an area that is now within the city limits of Napa. The Lyceum movement established a facility and reading room and a society was started. The Napa Reporter founded by Alexander J. Cox in 1856 published its first weekly edition on July 4 of that year, the Napa Valley Register founded by J. I. Horrell and L. Hoxie Strong made its debut on August 10,1863 with weekly publications until becoming a newspaper in 1872
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A view of the city at the Napa River waterfront
Napa, California
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The Napa County Administration Building
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Beavers have recolonized the Napa River
64.
Santa Cruz, California
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Santa Cruz is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California. As of 2013 the U. S. Census Bureau estimated Santa Cruzs population at 62,864, Santa Cruz is known for its moderate climate, the natural beauty of its coastline, redwood forests, alternative community lifestyles, and socially liberal leanings. The present-day site of Santa Cruz was the location of Spanish settlement beginning in 1791, including Mission Santa Cruz, following the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, California became the 31st state in 1850. The City of Santa Cruz was incorporated in 1866 and chartered in April 1876, important early industries included lumber, gunpowder, lime and agriculture. Late in the 19th century, Santa Cruz established itself as a resort community. Prior to the arrival of Spanish soldiers, missionaries and colonists in the late 18th century, the diverse and numerous tribes of this region were also earlier referred to by the Spanish as Coastanoan. The term Ohlone has been used in place of Costanoan since the 1970s by some descendant groups and by most ethnographers, historians, and writers of popular literature. Awaswa was one of the eight Coastanoan languages and made up a tribe of Native Americas living in Western Santa Cruz County, the Awaswas tribe was made up of no more than one thousand people and their language is now extinct. The only remnants of their language are three local place names, Aptos, Soquel and Zayante, and the name of a native shellfish - abalone. The majority of Ohlone or Coastanoan tribes had no written language, within fifty years of the Spaniards arrival, the Ohlone or Coastanoan culture and way of life had virtually disappeared in the Bay area. The party forded the river and camped nearby on October 17,1769, franciscan missionary Juan Crespi, traveling with the expedition, noted in his diary that, This river was named San Lorenzo. Next morning, the set out again, and Crespi noted that. Santa Cruz was the mission to be founded in California. The creek, however, later lost the name, and is today as Laurel Creek because it parallels Laurel Street. It is the feeder of Neary Lagoon. One of only three towns established in California during the Spanish colonial period, the Villa was located across the San Lorenzo River. Its original main street is now North Branciforte Avenue, Villa de Branciforte later lost its civic status, and in 1905 the area was annexed into the City of Santa Cruz. In the 1820s, newly independent Mexico assumed control of the area, following the secularization of the Mission in 1834, the community that had grown up around the Mission was renamed Pueblo de Figueroa
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The "Town Clock" tower at the head of Pacific Avenue
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Seal
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A surfer near Santa Cruz
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Sign outside restaurant.
65.
Gilroy, California
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Gilroy /ˈɡɪl. rɔɪ/ is a city located in Northern Californias Santa Clara County. The citys population was 48,821 at the 2010 United States Census, Gilroy also produces mushrooms in considerable quantity. Boutique wine production is a part of Gilroys western portion. Spanish explorers led by Juan Bautista de Anza first passed through the Santa Clara Valley area in 1776, in 1809, Ygnacio Ortega was granted the 13, 066-acre Spanish land concession Rancho San Ysidro. The village of San Ysidro grew nearby, at the foot of Pacheco Pass which linked the El Camino Real, Californias main exports at this time were hides and tallow, of which thousands of barrels were produced and shipped to the rest of New Spain. Trade and diplomatic intercourse with foreigners was forbidden by the royal government but was quietly carried on by Californians desperate for luxury goods. During the War of 1812, the armed merchantman Isaac Todd was sent by the North West Company to seize Fort Astoria, in January 1814, having fallen behind its escort, the Isaac Todd arrived at Monterey, California, Spanish colonial government center for Alta California. During the visit, ordinary seaman John Gilroy either jumped ship or was left ashore to recover from scurvy, John Gilroy spent the next few years moving around among the missions, pueblos and ranchos, plying his trade as a cooper. At first, by his own account in an 1856 letter to Thomas O. Larkin, eventually, he found his way to Rancho San Ysidro, converted to Roman Catholicism and became the first naturalized English-speaking settler in Alta California. In 1821, the same year Mexico won its independence from Spain, Gilroy married a daughter of his employer, upon Ygnacios death in 1833, the rancho was divided among his three children - including Gilroys wife Maria Clara. In 1867, under U. S. property law, the Rancho San Ysidro was patented to John Gilroy. The settlement now known as Old Gilroy grew up around Gilroys rancho complex and, after the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, when gold was discovered in 1848 in the Sierra Nevada foothills, the trickle of immigrants from the eastern states and abroad became a flood. On March 12,1870 it was incorporated by the state legislature as the town of Gilroy. By then the center had been relocated west of the El Camino Real. Cattle ranching and timber from the nearby Santa Cruz Mountains were important to the economy for some time but, as in the rest of the valley, farming remains significant, but in the 1970s the city began evolving into a bedroom community for Silicon Valley to the north. There are a number of extant historical buildings dating from the mid-19th century, built in 1857, the Christian Church at 160 Fifth Street is the oldest wood framed church in Santa Clara County in continuous use. Blacksmith George Eustices house at 213 Fifth Street was constructed in 1869, samuel Moore was a long time Gilroy postmaster, whose home was built in the 1870s at 7151 Church Street. Nearby in the foothills of the Diablo Range to the northeast is the resort site Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs
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Old City Hall in April 2014
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Bodies of water
66.
Morgan Hill, California
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Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Morgan Hill is a prominent dining, entertainment, and recreational destination in Silicon Valley, owing to its Michelin star chefs, luxury hospitality, nature parks, and wineries. Morgan Hill is among the most expensive places to live in within the United States, due to its concentration of wealth, prior to the arrival of Spanish colonists, the area of the Santa Clara Valley was inhabited by the Ohlone people for more than 6,000 years. In the area of what is now Morgan Hill, the Matalan tribe lived in a hunter-gatherer society, the location of their camp subsequently became a popular campsite for Spanish soldiers on their way from New Spain to Alta California. With the founding of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, in 1777, following Mexicos independence from Spain, land was redistributed to Mexican citizens across California and the land encompassing modern-day Morgan Hill was granted to Juan Maria Hernandez, in 1835. In 1845, Martin Murphy, Sr. an Irish-born American pioneer, acquired the area and named it Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche. In 1850, Martin Murphy, Sr. s youngest son, Daniel Murphy, married Maria Fisher, heiress of the neighboring 19, 000-acre Rancho Laguna Seca, by 1870, the Murphy family had acquired around 70,000 acres of the Morgan Hill area. In the history of Morgan Hill, the Murphy, Dunne, in 1882, Daniel and Maria Murphys favorite daughter, Diana Murphy, fell in love with Missouri businessman Hiram Morgan Hill. They married in secret, on account of his being a Quaker and her being from a prominent Roman Catholic family, when Daniel Murphy died, Diana and Hiram Morgan Hill inherited the 4,500 acres surrounding the original Murphy estate, near Murphys Peak. In 1884, the Hills built their estate, as the family primarily lived in San Francisco and in Nevada. By 1886, the family chose to live primarily at the Ojo del Agua estate, thus leaving their Ojo del Agua estate untouched for long periods of time. By 1898, a significant community had built around what was known as Morgan Hills Ranch. Rather than ask to stop at Huntington station, passengers would ask to stop at Morgan Hills Ranch, on November 10,1906, the planned community, a result of the divisions of C. H. Phillips, was incorporated as the Town of Morgan Hill. However, the baron was called back to France to serve in the military, in 1913, Hiram Morgan Hill died at his Elko estate in Nevada, thus leaving his properties to his daughter. Morgan Hill is approximately 39 km south of downtown San Jose,21 km north of Gilroy, lying in a roughly 6 km-wide southern extension of the Santa Clara Valley, it is bounded by the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west and the Diablo Range to the east. At the valley floor, Morgan Hill lies at an elevation of about 107 m above MSL, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses an area of 12.9 square miles, all land. Administered by the Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation, Morgan Hill is located within the seismically active San Francisco Bay region. The significant earthquakes in the region are associated with crustal movements along well-defined
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El Toro in August 2007
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Students saluting the flag at the Morgan Hill Elementary School in the 1930s.
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View of Morgan Hill from the western hills, near El Toro
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Morgan Hill and El Toro, in the southern Santa Clara Valley.
67.
Caltrans
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The California Department of Transportation is an executive department within the U. S. state of California. Caltrans manages the highway system and is actively involved with public transportation systems throughout the state. It supports Amtrak California and the Capitol Corridor, the department is part of the state cabinet-level California State Transportation Agency. Like the majority of government agencies, Caltrans is headquartered in Sacramento. In 2015, Caltrans released a new statement, Provide a safe, sustainable, integrated and efficient transportation system to enhance California’s economy. The earliest predecessor of Caltrans was the Bureau of Highways, which was created by the California Legislature and this agency consisted of three commissioners who were charged with analyzing the state road system and making recommendations. At the time, there was no highway system, since roads were purely a local responsibility. After the commissioners submitted their report to the governor on November 25,1896, voters approved an $18 million bond issue for the construction of a state highway system in 1910, and the first Highway Commission was convened in 1911. On August 7,1912, the department broke ground on its first construction project, the year 1912 also saw the founding of the Transportation Laboratory and the creation of seven administrative divisions. In 1913, the legislature started requiring vehicle registration and allocated the funds to support regular highway maintenance. In 1921, the legislature turned the Department of Engineering into the Department of Public Works, the history of Caltrans and its predecessor agencies during the 20th century was marked by many firsts. In late 1972, the legislature approved a reorganization in which the Department of Public Works was merged with the Department of Aeronautics to become the modern Department of Transportation, for administrative purposes, Caltrans divides the State of California into 12 districts, supervised by district offices. Most districts cover multiple counties, District 12 is the district with one county. The largest districts by population are District 4 and District 7, like most state agencies, Caltrans maintains its headquarters in Sacramento, which is covered by District 3. Official California Department of Transportation website Named Highways, Freeways, Structures, and Other Appurtenances in California
Caltrans
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District 7 Headquarters, Los Angeles, birds-eye view (designed by Thom Mayne (2004))
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California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
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Caltrans District 8 Headquarters, San Bernardino, midheight (2005)
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Caltrans headquarters in Sacramento
68.
Placer County
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Placer County, officially the County of Placer, is a county located in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 348,432, Placer County is included in the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in both the Sacramento Valley and Sierra Nevada regions, in what is known as the Gold Country and it stretches from the suburbs of Sacramento to Lake Tahoe and the Nevada border. The discovery of gold in 1848 brought tens of thousands of miners from around the world, in addition to many more thousands intending to provide goods and services to the miners. Only three years after the discovery of gold, the county was formed from portions of Sutter. Placer County took its name from the Spanish word for sand or gravel deposits containing gold, miners washed away the gravel, leaving the heavier gold, in a process known as placer mining. Gold mining was a major industry through the 1880s, but gradually the new residents turned to farming the fertile soil, harvesting timber. Auburn was settled when Claude Chana discovered gold in Auburn Ravine in May 1848 and later became a shipping, the cornerstone of Placers beautiful and historic courthouse, which is clearly visible from Interstate 80 through Auburn, was laid on July 4,1894. The building itself was renovated during the late 1980s and continues to serve the public today with courtrooms, a sheriffs office. Loomis and Newcastle began as mining towns, but soon became centers of a booming fruit-growing industry, penryn was founded by a Welsh miner, Griffith Griffith, who turned from mining to establish a large granite quarry. Rocklin began as a town and became home to a number of granite quarries. Lincoln and Sheridan continue to support ranching and farming, Lincoln also is the home of one of the countys oldest businesses, the Gladding, McBean terra cotta clay manufacturing plant established in 1875. The 1960 Winter Olympics were hosted in Squaw Valley, which is located in Placer County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,502 square miles. Watercourses in Placer County include the American River and Bunch Creek, Lake Tahoe has 40. 96% of its surface area in Placer County, more than in any of the four other counties in which it lies. El Dorado National Forest in part Tahoe National Forest in part The 2010 United States Census reported that Placer County had a population of 348,432. The racial makeup of Placer County was 290,977 White,4,751 African American,3,011 Native American,20,435 Asian,778 Pacific Islander,13,375 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44,710 persons. As of the census of 2000, there were 248,399 people,93,382 households, the population density was 177 people per square mile
Placer County
Placer County
Placer County
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Gold specimen from the Eagle's Nest Mine, a famous source of specimen gold in Placer County
69.
GE Dash 8-32BWH
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The GE Dash 8-32BWH, also known as the P32-8WH, B32-8WH, or P32 DASH-8, is a passenger train locomotive used by Amtrak. It is based on GEs Dash 8 series of train locomotives. The Dash 8-32BWH operates in a configuration that uses DC to power the traction motors. When providing head end power to the train, the engine is speed locked to 900 rpm, power output to the traction motors is 2,700 hp when running in HEP mode with a 0 kW HEP load. Traction horsepower decreases to a minimum of 1,685 hp when providing the maximum 800 kW HEP load to the train. The Dash 8-32BWH has a 74,29 gear ratio, resulting in an operating speed of 100 mph in passenger operation. Twenty of these locomotives were delivered to Amtrak in 1991, numbered 500 through 519 and they were nicknamed Pepsi Cans by many railfans, due to being delivered in a wide-striped red, white, and blue livery. The locomotives then received a Phase IV paint before they were all repainted one more time into Phase V livery, the Dash 8-32BWH has since been relegated to yard switching and transfer service, displaced by the newer and more powerful GE Genesis. However, the Dash 8s occasionally substitute for the Genesis units if necessary, the Los Angeles-based units see frequent use on the Coast Starlight and Pacific Surfliner. All Dash 8-32BWH locomotives are now undergoing an overhaul at the Amtrak Beech Groove shops, part of the overhaul includes reprinting the locomotives into Phase V. Two of the locomotives,501 and 502, were sold to the California Department of Transportation, the locomotives were renumbered 2051 and 2052, and received the Amtrak California paint scheme. They are used on the San Joaquin and Capital Corridor trains, Capital Investment Plan for Amtrak Equipment Deployed in State Corridor Service FY2016 – FY2020. Media related to GE B32-8WH locomotives at Wikimedia Commons General Electric Four-Axle Dash-8s
GE Dash 8-32BWH
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Amtrak No. 505 leading the Sunset Limited through Cade, Louisiana
70.
California Car (railcar)
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The cars were built in the mid-1990s for the Caltrans Division of Rail by Morrison-Knudsen. Amtraks Superliner was used as the baseline for the California Car. All cars were overhauled by Alstom at its Mare Island facility between 2009 and 2012, in 1990, California residents passed Propositions 108,111 and 116. Combined, the three measures authorized the sale of nearly $3 billion in bonds for the creation of rail services across the state including commuter rail and intercity rail. With this new source of money, the California Department of Transportation set out to specify a standardized railcar for the state that would be suitable for operations across the state. The result of effort were designs for both intercity and commuter rail cars based on the Superliner. While the commuter rail version was never built, the intercity version has very successful. Several changes were made to the Superliner design to make it suitable for corridor services with frequent stops. The first generation of these Bi-Level intercity cars, were dubbed the California Cars, when delivered these cars were plagued with problems and Caltrans actually refused the first attempted delivery due to cracks in the frame. That forced Morrison-Knudsen to ship the cars back to the plant for repair. Attempted repairs failed to fix the doors and failures continued for years with doors between train cars later failing to operate properly as well. Around 2000 the California Cars were removed from the frequent, congested and heavily used San Diegan route and reassigned to the less demanding Capitol Corridor, around the same time the upper-level floor of the California Cars began to sag which required costly repair. All 66 California Cars were overhauled by Alstom, the builder of the second generation Surfliner California Cars, reliability has significantly improved on these cars in recent years, which still see heavy use on the Capitol Corridor and San Joaquin routes. After the success of cars, Amtrak and Caltrans ordered 62 second generation Surfliner cars from Alstom in 1998 and 1999. Caltrans, along with a coalition of midwest states, ordered 130 third generation cars from Nippon Sharyo in 2012, the first cars were originally expected to be delivered by late 2015, with most cars delivered by 2017 and the remainder in 2018. However, a failed a compression test in 2015, resulting in a significant delay for redesign work. As of April 2016, the production is not expected to resume until 2018,66 California Cars were built in four different types. 32 coach cars were built for Amtrak California and all are named after rivers, the coach cars have 76 seats on the upper level,13 seats on the lower level and one wheelchair position on the lower level
California Car (railcar)
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"California Car" coach/cab car leading the San Joaquin in Fresno, CA
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Bicycle rack on a California Car
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Passengers in the lounge seating area of the café car on a San Joaquin train, 2014
71.
EMD F40PH
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The EMD F40PH is a four-axle 3, 000–3,200 hp B-B diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in several variants from 1975 to 1992. Intended for use on Amtraks short-haul passenger routes, it became the backbone of Amtraks diesel fleet after the failure of the EMD SDP40F, the F40PH also found widespread use on commuter railroads in the United States and with Via Rail Canada. Additional F40PH variants were remanufactured from older locomotives by Morrison-Knudsen and MotivePower Industries between 1988–1998, in addition, Amtrak has kept a number of de-engined F40PHs in use as Non-Powered Control Units. Amtrak inherited an aging and mechanically-incompatible fleet of locomotives from various private railroads on its startup in 1971. The most modern locomotives remained in hands to operate the various commuter services which, by law. To replace these Amtrak ordered 150 EMD SDP40F locomotives, which entering service in 1973. These were supplemented by 25 GE P30CHs which entered service in 1975, the SDP40F was a troubled design, problems with weight distribution led to a series of derailments in the mid-1970s. Meanwhile, the truck design of the P30CH curtailed further orders of that unit when Amtrak found itself needing more short-. The design of the F40PH was based on the EMD GP40-2 freight locomotive and shared that locomotives turbocharged EMD 645E3 V16 cylinder, two-stroke, the prime mover developed 3,000 hp at 893 RPM. The main generator converts mechanical energy from the prime mover into electricity distributed through a high voltage cabinet to the traction motors, each of the four traction motors is geared to a pair of driving wheels, the gear ratio determines the maximum speed of the locomotive. A standard F40PH has a ratio of 57,20. Some Amtrak F40PHs were delivered with a 56,21 gearing for 110 mph, the first thirty locomotives were built with a 1, 500-US-gallon fuel tank, all subsequent units were built with a 1, 800-US-gallon tank. Beginning with the EMD F40PH-2, introduced in 1985, the prime mover developed 3,200 horsepower, many of the original F40PHs were updated to match that output. The locomotives were 56 feet 2 inches long, a standard F40PH weighs 260,000 lb. For passenger service the F40PH has another electrical alternator, the head-end generator, the HEP unit generates three-phase AC power at 480 V for lighting, heating and air-conditioning the train. Power to the motors was controlled by varying the field excitation of the main generator. On some later versions of the F40PH, a small diesel engine at the rear of the locomotive powers the HEP alternator. In these engines, the speed varies in the usual way, they can be identified by the diesel exhaust at the rear of the locomotive
EMD F40PH
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Amtrak F40PHR #315 on eastbound California Zephyr at Tunnel #17 near Newcastle, California in 1995
EMD F40PH
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Metra EMD F40PHM-2 locomotive #206 near Stuart Field in Chicago
EMD F40PH
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Amtrak NPCU 90219 leading the Blue Water into Kalamazoo, Michigan.
EMD F40PH
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Metro-North F40PH-2CAT 4192 enters Wayne-Route 23 station in Wayne, New Jersey.
72.
Thanksgiving (United States)
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Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a public holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It originated as a harvest festival, Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, after a proclamation by George Washington. Together with Christmas and the New Year, Thanksgiving is a part of the holiday season. The event that Americans commonly call the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621 and this feast lasted three days, and—as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow—it was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims. The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating thanksgivings—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought. Setting aside time to give thanks for blessings, along with holding feasts to celebrate a harvest, are both practices that long predate the European settlement of North America. The first documented thanksgiving services in territory belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607, with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, in 1619,38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The groups London Company charter specifically required that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned, in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God. Americans also trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance, and later as a civil tradition. Squanto, a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn, squanto had learned the English language during his enslavement in England. The Wampanoag leader Massasoit had given food to the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient, the Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1621. Seventeenth-century accounts do not identify this as a thanksgiving observance, rather it followed the harvest and it included 50 persons who were on the Mayflower and 90 Native Americans. The feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World, along with young daughters, two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth. The Pilgrims, most of whom were Separatists, are not to be confused with Puritans, both groups were strict Calvinists, but differed in their views regarding the Church of England. Puritans wished to remain in the Anglican Church and reform it, for as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want, and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, and besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports
Thanksgiving (United States)
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Saying grace before carving a turkey at Thanksgiving dinner in Neffsville, Pennsylvania, 1942
Thanksgiving (United States)
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The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of Native Americans from the Great Plains.
Thanksgiving (United States)
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The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth, oil on canvas by Jennie Augusta Brownscombe (1914)
Thanksgiving (United States)
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George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation, 1789 (top) and 1795
73.
Fresno Bee
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The Fresno Bee is a daily newspaper serving Fresno, California, and surrounding counties in that U. S. states San Joaquin Valley. It is owned by The McClatchy Company and ranks fourth in circulation among the companys newspapers, the Fresno Bee was founded in 1922 by the McClatchy brothers Charles Kenny and Valentine Stuart, sons of The Sacramento Bees second editor James McClatchy. C. K. s only son Carlos McClatchy became The Fresno Bees first editor, the two Central Valley newspapers, closely linked by family ownership and editorial philosophy, formed the core of what later grew into The McClatchy Company. In 1926, the McClatchys purchased an older Fresno newspaper, The Republican, the Fresno Republican had been founded in 1876, by Dr. Chester A. Rowell and a group of investors that included inventor and entrepreneur Frank Dusy. In 1932, The Bee took over the lists of The Fresno Republican. The paper launched its website in 1996, in November 2005, the Bee was following the example of The New York Times and other newspapers hoping to combine the creative strengths of the worlds of digital and print journalism. California portal Journalism portal FresnoBee. com official website FresnoBee. com official mobile website Fresno Bee Latest to Merge Online, Print Units, a November 2005 article from Editor & Publisher
Fresno Bee
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The July 27, 2005 front page of The Fresno Bee
74.
Sunset Limited
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The Sunset Limited is a passenger train that for most of its history has run between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Los Angeles, California, over the nations second transcontinental route. Both passenger totals and revenues have shown an improvement in recent years. During fiscal year 2014, the Sunset Limited carried 105,000 passengers, but held back by running only three days a week, the Sunset Limited carried the fewest passengers of any Amtrak train. For FY2014, it had a revenue of $12,598,000. West of New Orleans, the route was owned by the Southern Pacific Railroad and is now owned by the BNSF Railway, the name Sunset Limited traces its origins to the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway, which was known as the Sunset Route as early as 1874. On the portion of the route east of New Orleans, service was suspended after Hurricane Katrina, currently, the segment of the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad between DeLand and Orlando is owned by Central Florida Rail Corridor as of 2014. The train uses the following segments, identified here by the names of their original owners. The rail line in the path of Hurricane Katrina east of New Orleans was washed out, the operating railroad CSX restored the line itself between New Orleans and Jacksonville. However, at the time in 2006 Amtrak said it was deemed too expensive to rebuild to modern passenger rail standards, Amtrak identifies the route as suspended. In 2016 Amtrak has proposed to return the Sunset Limited back into Florida in the near future, at San Antonio, the Sunset Limited train and Texas Eagle thru-cars are combined for the journey westward and split eastward. A highlight of the trip is the crossing of the Huey P, long Bridge just west of New Orleans. The bridge is one of the longest railroad bridges in the United States, at 4.5 miles, before the start of Amtrak on May 1,1971, the Sunset Limited was operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The Sunset Limited is the oldest named train in the United States, operating since November 1894, the Sunset Route is the southernmost of the three gateways to the West Coast, envisioned through the Transcontinental Railroad Act. The other two were Chicago IL, and St. Louis, MO, the Sunset Limited was Southern Pacifics premier train. Initially the Sunset Limited was a train, with sleeping cars and no coaches. From its beginning in 1894 until streamlining in 1950, all the cars had 6-wheel trucks and dark olive green paint with black roofs. In summer 1926 it was scheduled at 71 hr 40 min New Orleans to San Francisco, in 1936 the train resumed running to San Francisco and was one of SPs first trains to receive air-conditioning. In January 1942 it was cut back to Los Angeles, the Sunset Limited was never again all-Pullman, the train was dieselized in late 1949 and became a streamliner in August 1950
Sunset Limited
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The Sunset Limited rounds Pensacola Bay in December 2004, less than a year before service east of New Orleans was suspended.
Sunset Limited
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The train when it ran between New Orleans and San Francisco
Sunset Limited
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Early depiction of the train at Yuma, Arizona.
Sunset Limited
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The train crossing Ciénega Creek near Vail, Arizona, in 1921.
75.
Texas Eagle
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The Texas Eagle is a 1, 306-mile passenger train route operated by Amtrak in the central and western United States. Trains run daily between Chicago, Illinois, and San Antonio, Texas, and continue to Los Angeles, California,2,728 miles total, prior to 1988, the train was known as the Eagle. During fiscal year 2011, the Texas Eagle carried nearly 300,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $24,475,309 during FY2011, an increase of 7. 7% from FY2010. Amtraks Texas Eagle is the successor of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and Texas and Pacific Railway train of the same name. The route of Amtraks Texas Eagle is longer, but much of route is historically a part of the original Texas Eagle route. St. Louis to Texarkana and Taylor, Texas, to San Antonio is over former Missouri Pacific Railroad trackage, while the Texarkana to Fort Worth segment traverses the former Texas, the new Eagle dropped the Houston section and cut back from Laredo to San Antonio. The new train carried Superliner equipment, replacing the Amfleet coaches on the Inter-American, in addition, the new train ran on a thrice-weekly schedule with a through car on the Sunset Limited to Los Angeles, although the latter was not announced until the April 1982 timetable. On November 15,1988, Amtrak revived a Houston section and it was the first time passenger traffic had served that route since 1958. Amtrak had intended to operate the Lone Star over this route back in the 1970s, with the change, Amtrak revived the name Texas Eagle for the thrice-weekly Chicago-San Antonio/Houston train, while the off-day Chicago-St. On April 4,2013 Amtrak opened a new station in Hope, Arkansas, arcadia Valley was added on November 17,2016 serving Iron County, Missouri. The move would restore a connection to the Coast Starlight in both directions, and move boarding in Maricopa and Tucson, Arizona, to civilized times and we are putting a stake in the ground, Triweekly needs to disappear, Rosenwald said. Such service would originate from Los Angeles and split at San Antonio, Louis Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center, scheduled for 7,21 pm. After St. Louis, the train skirts the Ozark Mountains, stopping in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, before crossing the state line into Arkansas. In Arkansas, the stops in Walnut Ridge, the state capital of Little Rock, and the stations at Malvern, Arkadelphia, Hope. The northbound Texas Eagle, leaving San Antonio, departs at 7 am, because of this, the Texas Eagle has been detoured over the Union Pacifics Villa Grove and Pana Subdivisions. The normally assigned consist on the Texas Eagle includes,1 P421 dorm-sleeper 1 sleeping car 1 diner 1 sightseer lounge 1 coach-baggage 2 coaches 1 coach added at St. Goen, la Mirada, California, Four Ways West Publications. Route of the Eagles, Missouri Pacific in the Streamlined Era, allies of the Earth, Railroads and the Soul of Preservation. Kirksville, Missouri, Truman State University Press
Texas Eagle
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Amtrak's westbound Texas Eagle at the restored Texas and Pacific station in Marshall, Texas, in October 2005.
76.
Auto Train
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Auto Train is an 855-mile-long scheduled train service for passengers and their automobiles operated by Amtrak between Lorton, Virginia, and Sanford, Florida. Although there are similar services around the world, the Auto Train is the one of its kind in the United States. The Auto Train is the only north–south Amtrak train in the east to use Superliner cars, passengers ride either in coach seats or private sleeping car rooms while their vehicles are carried in enclosed automobile-carrying freight cars, called autoracks. The train has a capacity of 320 vehicles. The train also includes lounge cars and dining cars, the Auto Train service allows its passengers to avoid driving Interstate 95 in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, while bringing their own vehicle with them. The service operates as train 53 southbound and 52 northbound, the train is non-stop between its terminals at Lorton, Virginia, and Sanford, Florida, Amtraks Auto Train is the successor to an earlier similarly named service operated by the privately owned Auto-Train Corporation in the 1970s. During fiscal year 2011, the Auto Train carried over 250,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of US$68,618,768 in FY2011, an increase of 12. 5% over FY2010. The Auto Train had the highest revenue of any train in the Amtrak system. The original Auto-Train operated on Seaboard Coast Line Railroad and Richmond and it was operated by Auto-Train Corporation, a privately owned railroad founded by Eugene K. Garfield. Garfield had worked at the U. S. Department of Transportation, the Department had funded a study of the practicality of an automobile-train service. Garfield resigned and used the study as the blueprint for his enterprise. C. and Sanford, Florida, near Orlando, passengers rode either in wide coach seats or private first-class sleeping compartments while their vehicles were carried in enclosed autoracks. The train included dining cars and meals were served, the equipment of the Auto-Train Corporation was painted in red, white, and purple colors. Auto-Trains first auto carriers were acquired used, and started life in the 1950s as an innovation of the Canadian National Railroad, the CN bi-level autorack cars had end-doors. They were huge by the standards of the time, each 75-footer could carry 8 vehicles, Auto-Train Corporations new service began operations on December 6,1971. The Auto-Train was immediately popular with the public and at first enjoyed financial success as well. In FY1974 the company turned a profit of $1.6 million on revenues of $20 million, in May 1974 service began over a second route between Florida and Louisville, Kentucky, and the company was mulling additional service between Chicago and Denver. The Louisville extension proved to be the companys undoing, the decaying Louisville and Nashville Railroad track between Louisville and Florida hindered operations, and a pair of derailments stretched the companys finances to the breaking point. Amtrak acquired the terminals in Lorton and Sanford and some of the Auto-Train equipment, on October 30,1983, it introduced its new version of the service on a triweekly basis
Auto Train
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Two Amtrak GE P30CH locomotives on the front of the Auto Train at Sanford, Florida in 1987
Auto Train
Auto Train
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The Auto-Train at Lorton, Virginia in 1973.
Auto Train
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Platform at Lorton Station. Superliners are lined up at the left, with autoracks visible to the right.
77.
City of New Orleans (train)
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The City of New Orleans is an Amtrak passenger train which operates on an overnight schedule between Chicago, Illinois, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The train is a successor to the Illinois Central Railroads Panama Limited, the present name was revived in 1981. When the first City of New Orleans was begun by the Illinois Central Railroad in 1947, it was the longest daylight run in the United States and it was sung about in the bittersweet 1971 song. Additional corridor service is provided between Chicago and Carbondale, Illinois, by the Illini and Saluki, the Illinois Central Railroad introduced the original City of New Orleans on April 27,1947 as a daytime companion to the overnight Panama Limited. EMD E7 diesel locomotives pulled new lightweight Pullman Company coaches, the 921-mile route, which the City of New Orleans covered in 15 hours 55 minutes, was the longest daytime schedule in the United States. The City of New Orleans exchanged St. Louis—New Orleans through cars at Carbondale, Illinois and Louisville—New Orleans cars at Fulton, Kentucky. The average speed of the new train was nearly 60 mph, by October 25,1959, the timetable had lengthened to 16 hours 30 minutes. The train remained popular throughout the 1960s and gained ex-Missouri Pacific Railroad dome coaches in 1967, inauspiciously, the City of New Orleans was involved in Amtraks first fatal derailment on June 10, near Salem, Illinois. Because this train made no connections with trains at either New Orleans or Chicago, Amtrak moved the train to an overnight schedule on November 14,1971. A Kansas City section began operation on April 29,1984, known as the River Cities, it separated at Centralia, Illinois. This section ended on November 4,1994, the northbound City of New Orleans began stopping at Gilman, Illinois, on October 26,1986. Gilman had last seen service in 1971, the Illini stopped there as well, service to Cairo, Illinois, south of Carbondale, ended on October 25,1987. Amtrak operated the City of New Orleans reliably through the 1980s and into the 1990s, in 1992, nevertheless, on-board service had declined, Trains magazine editor J. David Ingles called the train Amtraks least-glamorous long-distance train. On March 3,1994, new Superliner cars replaced the single-level cars, real dining service returned, by the early 1990s an Amfleet dinette had doubled with the lounge car. On September 10,1995, the train was rerouted between Memphis and Jackson due to the Illinois Central Railroads desire to abandon the route in favor of the newer and flatter Yazoo District. Service ended at Batesville, Mississippi, Grenada, Mississippi, Winona, Mississippi, Durant, Mississippi and Canton, on March 15,1999, the City of New Orleans collided with a flatbed semi-trailer near Bourbonnais. Of the 217 people aboard the train, eleven people were killed in the Bourbonnais train accident, the fourth car, where the fatalities occurred, was engulfed in flames following the collision at the crossing. Because of damage to the states of Mississippi and Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina, Amtrak was forced in late August 2005 to cancel service south of Memphis, Tennessee
City of New Orleans (train)
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City of New Orleans
City of New Orleans (train)
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The City of New Orleans in New Orleans
City of New Orleans (train)
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IC #4017, an EMD E7, leads the City of New Orleans at Kankakee, Illinois in August 1964.
78.
Amtrak Cascades
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The Amtrak Cascades is a passenger train route in the Pacific Northwest, operated by Amtrak in partnership with the U. S. states of Washington and Oregon and the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is named after the Cascade mountain range that the route parallels, the corridor runs 156 miles from Vancouver, British Columbia south to Seattle, Washington, continuing 310 miles south via Portland, Oregon to Eugene, Oregon. For trains that do not travel directly to Vancouver, BC or Eugene, additionally, Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach services offer connections to other destinations in British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon and Washington not on the rail corridor. As of fiscal year 2016, Cascades is Amtraks eighth-busiest route with an annual ridership of 792,481. In fiscal year 2015, Farebox recovery ratio for the train was 58. 6%, the Cascades passenger train route was originally operated as a joint partnership by the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, and Union Pacific. Amtrak took over intercity rail operations from the private railroads on May 1,1971. Initial service consisted of three Seattle-Portland round trips, with no service to Vancouver, BC, the trains were initially unnamed, in November 1971, one became the Coast Starlight, while the other two became the Mount Rainier and Puget Sound. 1972 brought the return of Vancouver service with the inauguration of the Seattle-Vancouver Pacific International, Amtrak introduced the Seattle–Salt Lake City, Utah Pioneer in 1977. The Pioneer took over one round-trip between Seattle and Portland, arriving in Seattle in the evening and Portland just before noon. Amtrak eliminated the Puget Sound altogether, and shifted the Mount Rainiers northbound trip to replace it, the corridor grew in August 1980 with the State of Oregon financially subsidizing two daily round trips, the Willamette Valley, between Portland and Eugene. The Pacific International was discontinued in September 1981, followed by the Willamette Valley at the end of the year and this left three trains on the Portland-Seattle corridor, the Coast Starlight, the Pioneer and the Mount Rainier. This situation remained unchanged for the next 13 years, in 1994, Amtrak instituted a six-month trial run of modern Talgo equipment over the Portland-Seattle corridor. Amtrak named this service Northwest Talgo, and announced that it would institute a second, regular service began on April 1,1994. Looking toward the future, Amtrak did an exhibition trip from Vancouver through to Eugene, Amtrak introduced the replacement Mount Adams on October 30. At the same time, the state of Oregon and Amtrak agreed to extend the Mount Rainier to Eugene through June 1995, Vancouver service returned on May 26,1995, when the Mount Baker International began running between Vancouver and Seattle. The state of Washington leased Talgo equipment similar to the demonstrator from 1994, Amtrak renamed the Mount Rainier the Cascadia in October 1995, the new name reflected the joint Oregon-Washington operations of the train. A third Seattle-Portland corridor train began in 1998, replacing the discontinued long-distance Pioneer, by spring 1998, all three Seattle–Portland/Eugene trains were using leased Talgo equipment, while the Vancouver train used conventional equipment. Amtrak announced the new Amtrak Cascades brand in the Fall 1998 timetable, Amtrak extended a second train to Eugene in late 2000
Amtrak Cascades
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The Cascades at Carkeek Park in 2006.
Amtrak Cascades
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Departure board at Seattle's King Street Station in 1981, listing the Mount Rainier, the Pacific International, and other since-discontinued trains
Amtrak Cascades
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The Mount Rainier in 1974. Note the dome car and coaches still bearing pre- Burlington Northern liveries.
Amtrak Cascades
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The baggage car from the Mount Adams set separate from the rest of the cars. Note the shared-wheel arrangement.
79.
Hiawatha Service
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The line is partially supported by funds from the state governments of Wisconsin and Illinois. The service carried over 800,000 passengers in fiscal year 2011, revenue during FY2011 totaled $14,953,873, a 6. 1% increase over FY2010. It is Amtraks ninth-busiest route, and the railroads busiest line in the Midwest, ridership has been steadily increasing, with 8 of the last 9 years showing ridership increases as of 2013. Ridership per mile is also high, exceeded only by the Northeast Regional. A one-way trip between Milwaukee and Chicago takes about 90 minutes, in the 1930s the same trip took 75 minutes on the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroads Hiawatha. In 2014, free WiFi service was added to the Hiawatha line, the Hiawatha Service is the shortest route on the Amtrak system. Historically, the Hiawathas were operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, the first Hiawatha trains ran in 1935. By 1946, there were four routes carrying the Hiawatha name, Chicago–Minneapolis, Chicago–Omaha, Chicago–Wausau–Minocqua. A 90-minute non-stop service between Chicago and Milwaukee was first introduced in the mid-1930s, and this fell to 75 minutes for several years. Ultimately, the speed fell to 79 mph in 1968 because of signaling changes. Under Amtrak, which assumed control of most intercity rail service in the United States on May 1,1971. The first was a Chicago–Milwaukee–Minneapolis service, known simply as the Hiawatha and this would be renamed the Twin Cities Hiawatha, then extended to Seattle and renamed the North Coast Hiawatha. The second was a Chicago–Milwaukee corridor known as the Hiawatha Service, although Amtrak had retained Chicago–Milwaukee service during the transition, it did not name these trains until October 29,1972. At this time both Hiawatha and Hiawatha Service could be found on the same timetable, on June 15,1976, Amtrak introduced Turboliners to the route and the name Hiawatha Service left the timetable, not to return until 1989. The Chicago–Milwaukee trains were simply as Turboliners until October 26,1980. This practice ended on October 29,1989, when the name Hiawatha Service returned as a term for all Chicago–Milwaukee service. A resurfacing project on Interstate 94 led to a trial of service west of Milwaukee to Watertown. Intermediate stops included Wauwatosa, Elm Grove, Pewaukee, and Oconomowoc, Amtrak extended four of the six daily Hiawathas over the route
Hiawatha Service
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A Hiawatha Service train departs Sturtevant.
Hiawatha Service
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An Afternoon Hiawatha depicted on a postcard between 1956-1963.
Hiawatha Service
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Hiawatha logo from the Milwaukee Road days.
80.
Hoosier State (train)
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The Hoosier State is an Amtrak passenger train that provides service on a 196-mile route between Chicago and Indianapolis. With the creation of Amtrak, riders were served by the South Wind, the National Limiteds discontinuance in 1979 severed Indianapolis from the national rail network, and isolated Amtraks Beech Grove Shops in the Indianapolis suburb of Beech Grove. The passenger carrier had been using the National Limited to ferry railroad cars to and from its shops, the Hoosier State entered service on October 1,1980. On April 27,1986, the Cardinal was rerouted to use the tracks as the Hoosier State between Chicago and Indianapolis, and began running on days the Cardinal did not operate. The Hoosier State was restored to operation on a separate schedule from the Cardinal on October 25,1987. But funding cuts led to its discontinuance on September 8,1995 while the Cardinal continued tri-weekly operation between Chicago, Indianapolis and the East Coast, Amtrak restored the Hoosier State on July 19,1998, as a tri-, later quad-weekly train. From December 17,1999, to July 4,2003, the Hoosier State was extended south from Indianapolis to Louisville, Kentucky, after the discontinuance of the Kentucky Cardinal, the Hoosier State returned to operating four days a week in tandem with the Cardinal. At a length of 196 mi, the Hoosier State was affected by this provision of PRIIA, operating costs above ticket revenue continue to be covered by the Indiana Department of Transportation and communities along the route. Planning was underway for the company to take over the service as early as October 1,2014, however, Corridor Capitol did not meet that deadline and Indiana Department of Transportation discontinued negotiations with the company in November 2014. Amtrak continued to operate the service under short-term contract extensions while the state considers alternative vendors. On March 6,2015, INDOT announced that the Hoosier State would discontinue service on April 1,2015. After Indiana appealed to the FRA, the operation was extended to April 30. The contract had four option years. 8% in July 2016 over the previous July, NS Chicago Line, CP518 to 21st Street. The standard Hoosier State consist is two coaches and a Horizon or Amfleet cafe car, in addition to standard food service, the cafe car allows for Business Class seating and complimentary WiFi. Motive power is commonly a General Electric Genesis P42DC locomotive, after Amtrak resumed operations in March 2017, the Great Dome car Ocean View was added. Hoosier State reflects a new approach, official site Hoosier State on Amtrak. com
Hoosier State (train)
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The Hoosier State northbound in Indiana in 2011.
81.
Illinois Service
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The Illinois Service is funded primarily by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Two lines were planned to be added in late 2015, but were put on hold after Bruce Rauner became governor. Two proposed new lines, The Black Hawk to Rockford via Elgin, the service would operate on Metra and Union Pacific lines west from Chicago. The Quad Cities to Moline via Geneseo will run as a branch of the Illinois Zephyr/Carl Sandburg line, meeting the existing line west of Wyanet, hiawatha Service Illinois Service on Amtraks website Amtrak Illinois on IDOTs website
Illinois Service
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Amtrak routes in Illinois. Solid red indicates current Illinois Service -branded routes while dashed red indicates planned future services. Other Amtrak services within the state are indicated in solid blue.
82.
Carl Sandburg (train)
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The Carl Sandburg is a 258-mile passenger train route operated by Amtrak that runs between Chicago and Quincy, Illinois. This train began operation on October 30,2006 and is an addition to the existing Illinois Service rail network created in 1971 and partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Between Chicago and Galesburg, this train uses the same triple track as three other Amtrak routes, the California Zephyr, the Southwest Chief and the Illinois Zephyr. The Galesburg to Quincy route is served by the Carl Sandburg, during fiscal year 2015, both the Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg carried a combined 208,961 passengers, a 2. 8% decrease over fiscal year 2014. The two trains had a revenue of $5,287,029 in fiscal year 2015. The Carl Sandburg is an outgrowth of the Illinois Zephyr, which, along with the rest of the Illinois Service trains, there was also strong support from the communities through which the Illinois Zephyr runs. The Chicago to Quincy route is part of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative, the addition of the Carl Sandburg was the first step in this Midwest Regional Rail Initiative service upgrade. With its addition, the service schedule from western Illinois to Chicago has now been restored to CB&Qs 1968 levels. The trains name honors Carl Sandburg, whose birthplace in Galesburg, the scheduled travel time from Chicago to Quincy via the Carl Sandburg is approximately 4 hours,15 minutes. While a study for the expansion was not conducted, the project could be funded with a mix of federal and state money
Carl Sandburg (train)
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The Carl Sandburg on the BNSF Chicago Subdivision.
83.
Illini and Saluki
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The Illini and Saluki are a pair of passenger trains operated by Amtrak between Chicago and Carbondale, Illinois. They are part of Amtraks Illinois Service and are funded by the state of Illinois. Additional service over the route is provided by the long-distance City of New Orleans, the Illini has operated since 1973, a previous version operated in 1971–1972 between Chicago and Champaign. The Illinois Central Railroads main line between Chicago and New Orleans ran through Champaign-Urbana and Carbondale, along the east side of Illinois, Amtrak retained two trains on this route, the City of New Orleans and the Shawnee. Amtrak brought back the Illini name on November 14,1971, as a Chicago-Champaign train, Amtrak discontinued the Campus and Illini on March 5,1972. Both trains used Central Station, which Amtrak was abandoning, Amtrak judged that the additional 35–40 minutes necessary to serve Union Station made the schedule impractical, the 1972 Illini made its last trip on March 3. Amtrak revived the Illini on December 19,1973, again as a Chicago-Champaign service, the restoration was part of $1.5 million expansion program which included the Black Hawk, the State House, and supplemental funding for the Rock Islands two remaining Rockets. The state desired to extend the Illini to Decatur, but doing so involved a switch from the Illinois Central to the Norfolk & Western at Tolono, the connection between the lines was in poor condition, and no one would take responsibility for repairing it. Amtrak finally extended the Illini to Decatur on July 2,1981, Decatur had last seen service in 1971 from the Norfolk & Westerns City of Decatur and the Wabashs Wabash Cannon Ball. Neither train had been retained by Amtrak, the new Amtrak service used the old Wabash station, which as of 2010 still stands and has become an antique store. Poor ridership prompted Illinois to withdraw its support for the Decatur stop, on January 12,1986, Amtrak extended the Illini to Carbondale to replace the Shawnee, which had been canceled because of budget cuts. Service began at Gilman on October 26,1986 and Du Quoin on August 25,1989, the Illini service was nearly canceled in 1996, but local communities along the route pledged funds to keep it running. A second train, the Saluki, was added on October 30,2006, in response to ridership on the Illini. University students make up a significant portion of the Illinis passengers, the Champaign station may be a source of the trains name, UIUCs sports teams are called the Fighting Illini. The Saluki is named for the Saluki dog breed, which is the mascot of Southern Illinois University in the southern terminus of Carbondale. The Illini and Saluki operates over the Canadian National Railway, successor to the Illinois Central, the route is 309 miles long. In 2010 a typical Illini or Saluki consists of,1 GE Genesis P40DC or P42DC locomotives 1 Cafe/Business Class car 4 Coach cars Sanders, Craig
Illini and Saluki
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The Illini crosses the Kankakee River in Kankakee, Illinois in 2011
Illini and Saluki
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The Wabash station in Decatur, once served by the Illini.
84.
Illinois Zephyr
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The Illinois Zephyr, running since 1971, is a 258-mile passenger train operated by Amtrak, that runs between Chicago and Quincy, Illinois. The train is a part of the Illinois Service rail network and is funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Between Chicago and Galesburg, Illinois, this train uses the same double track as three other Amtrak routes, the California Zephyr, the Southwest Chief, and the Carl Sandburg. The Galesburg to Quincy route is served by the Illinois Zephyr. The Illinois Zephyr is the longest continuously operated state-sponsored train, during fiscal year 2015, both the Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg carried a combined 208,961 passengers, a 2. 8% decrease over fiscal year 2014. The two trains had a revenue of $5,287,029 in fiscal year 2015. Service began on November 14,1971, between Chicago and West Quincy, Missouri, passenger service was cut back to Quincy, Illinois on May 1,1994, after a major flood in 1993. The Illinois Zephyr and the Carl Sandburg trainsets continue to cross the Mississippi River to layover between runs, the state of Illinois intervened in 1971 at the request of Quincy College, Western Illinois University, and residents of western Illinois. This became part of the Illinois Service initiative in 1971 and is funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The Illinois Zephyr was never extended to either St. Louis or Kansas City from Quincy, Louis with continuing services to Chicago via Springfield. The name Zephyr is preserved in the current name of the line, today the Illinois Zephyr enjoys strong support from the communities it passes through, and is one of the most successful Amtrak routes. The communities promote the line as the fastest means of getting to downtown Chicago. As such, the route is part of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative, the addition of the Carl Sandburg train on October 30,2006, was the first step in this Midwest Regional Rail Initiative service upgrade. The scheduled travel time from Chicago to Quincy, via the Illinois Zephyr, has been 4 hours,15 minutes, while a study for the expansion was not conducted, the project could be funded with a mix of federal and state money. The Illinois Zephyr, formerly, ran as trains 347 and 348 until October 30,2006, on that date, the train numbers were changed, partially in anticipation of other expanded services, train 347 became train 383, and train 348 became train 380. Additionally, the Carl Sandburg service was added, running two new trains on the route, train 381, a morning westbound, and train 382. Amtraks original Illinois Zephyr included a stop in Aurora, which would be discontinued on April 28,1985, Service to Plano began on April 30,1972. Service to Quincy proper began on April 24,1983
Illinois Zephyr
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The Illinois Zephyr, westbound on the BNSF Chicago subdivision.
85.
Blue Water (train)
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The Blue Water is a higher-speed passenger train service operated by Amtrak as part of its Michigan Services. The 319-mile line connects Port Huron, Michigan, and Chicago, Illinois, via East Lansing, the Lansing area, home of the Michigan state capitol and Michigan State University, was left out of Amtraks original system. New stations were built in Port Huron and East Lansing, service began September 15,1974, between Chicago and Port Huron, with the intention of eventually restoring the Port Huron–Toronto leg. Amtrak renamed the train the Blue Water Limited on October 26,1975, the new Turboliners were capable of, but never reached,125 mph and ran with fixed five-car consists with an overall capacity of 292 passengers. The Turboliners were withdrawn on October 25,1981, replaced by conventional locomotives pulling Amfleet coaches, the long-discussed extension to Toronto finally occurred on October 31,1982. The extended service received the name International Limited, the name of an old Canadian National/Grand Trunk Chicago–Detroit–Montreal train, Amtrak and Via Rail, the independent Canadian Crown corporation rail company, jointly operated the International Limited until April 25,2004, when cross-border service was discontinued. Massive border delays post-September 11 led to falling ridership, Amtrak and Michigan agreed to truncate service at Port Huron, on the Canadian side service ends at Sarnia as part of the VIA Rails Corridor route. With a more favorable intrastate schedule and fewer delays, the Blue Waters ridership showed immediate improvements, carrying 94,378 passengers in fiscal year 2004. Blue Water ridership in FY2011 totaled 187,065, an increase of 18.0 percent from FY 2010s total of 157,709, and the highest total ever recorded by the train. During FY2011, the train had a revenue of $5.8 million. A 97-mile stretch along the route of Blue Water from Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Amtrak began speed increases along this stretch in January 2002. Ultimately, speed increased to 110 mph, the Blue Water Line was featured in a song by that name written by Dora Graf and Martin Seligson and popularized by The Brothers Four
Blue Water (train)
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An Amtrak Blue Water train pulling into the East Lansing station.
86.
Wolverine (train)
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The Wolverine is a higher-speed passenger train service operated by Amtrak as part of its Michigan Services. The 304-mile line provides three daily round-trips along the Pontiac–Detroit–Chicago route and it carries a heritage train name descended from the New York Central. During fiscal year 2015, the Wolverine carried 465,627 passengers, the service had a total ticket revenue of US$18.96 million in FY2015, an 0. 3% increase from FY 2014s $18.90 million total revenue. Before Amtraks takeover of most private-sector passenger service in 1971 the Wolverine was one of three trains operated over the Michigan Central route between Chicago and Detroit. Under Penn Central operation it continued through South-Western Ontario to Buffalo, Amtrak retained two trains and truncated the operation to Detroit but otherwise changed little. In April 1975, Amtrak introduced French-built Turboliner equipment to the Michigan route, a pool of three Turboliner trainsets served the route, and the three round-trip pairs were numbered 350—355, train numbers which are still in use today. Amtrak dropped the train names and rebranded all three Turboliner, in common with similar services to St. Louis, Missouri and Milwaukee. The new equipment led to gains in ridership, topping 340,000 in 1975 and 370,000 in 1976. The Turboliners became a victim of their own success, although fast, they were unable to reach their design speed of 125 miles per hour because of the poor quality of the Penn Central track in Michigan. The five-car fixed consists had a capacity of 292 passengers. Starting in March 1976 Amtrak began replacing some of the Turboliners with conventional equipment, individual names returned to the corridor, with the heretofore unnamed third train becoming the Twilight Limited. The last Turboliners left the corridor in 1981, Amtrak extended the Wolverine and Twilight Limited to Pontiac on May 5,1994. With this change service began at a new station in Detroits New Center, although the Michigan Central Station in Corktown, Detroit had closed on January 6,1988, trains continued to stop at a temporary platform just east of the old station. Besides Pontiac, new stations were opened at Royal Oak and Troy, the Lake Cities also began serving Pontiac after the end of Toledo service in 1995. Amtrak dropped individual names again in 2004 and named all three trains Wolverine, due to the increased ridership on these trains, Amtrak tested an additional Chicago-Kalamazoo Wolverine frequency September 2 to September 7,2010. This was done to all that would be involved in operations should Amtrak decide to initiate such service in the future. The federal government considers high-speed rail service to be rail service which at any time reaches the speed of 110 miles per hour or higher, in 2016, work to allow Higher-speed operation on 41 miles of track between Battle Creek and Jackson, including. Amtrak owns the 97-mile stretch of the Wolverines route from Porter, Indiana to Kalamazoo, Michigan, starting in January 2002 Amtrak began track improvements to increase the allowed speed along this section of track
Wolverine (train)
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Amtrak No. 351 westbound from Pontiac to Chicago passes Hammond-Whiting station
Wolverine (train)
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A Turboliner at Porter, Indiana in 1977.
Wolverine (train)
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The Turboliner's replacement: an EMD F40PH with Amfleet coaches at Ann Arbor in 1976.
87.
Adirondack (train)
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The Adirondack is a passenger train operated daily along the Empire Corridor by Amtrak between New York City and Montreal. The trip takes approximately 11 hours to cover a distance of 381 miles, traveling through the scenic Hudson Valley. The Adirondack operates as train 68 towards New York, and as 69 from New York to Montreal, the Adirondack service is financed by the New York State Department of Transportation. The Adirondack service suffers from numerous delays along the route because almost none of the trackage is owned by Amtrak, the on-time performance of the route averaged 64. 8% for the year ending June 2016. According to Amtrak,28. 8% of the delay was due to track- and signal-related problems. During fiscal year 2015, the Adirondack carried over 132,345 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $7,453,664 during FY2015. At the inception of Amtrak in 1971 the Delaware & Hudson operated two trains between Albany, New York and Montreal, the Montreal Limited and the Laurentian, both trains were discontinued, and for three years the D&H line saw no service. The Adirondack began running on August 5,1974, from Grand Central Terminal in New York to Albany, from the outset the train operated with financial support from the state of New York. Until the Empire Connection was built in 1991, the train served Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station in New York City, there is a short distance of track between Albany and Schenectady that allows for 110 MPH operations. The Adirondack debuted in 1974 with D&H equipment, much of it ex-Laurentian and these were supplemented by a pair of Skyline dome cars leased from the Canadian Pacific Railway. Four D&H ALCO PA diesel locomotives hauled the train, on March 1,1977, new Turboliner gas turbine trainsets took over from the D&H cars. Conventional Amtrak equipment would eventually displace the Turboliners, the Adirondack operates year-round with General Electric P42DC and P32AC-DM units and Amfleet passenger cars. A typical consist will include,1 P42DC/P32AC-DM locomotive, the P32AC-DM operates between New York and Albany, the P42DC handles the remainder. 1 Amfleet I cafe car 2-4 Amfleet I coach cars 2 Amfleet II coach cars 1 Full-length Dome car, the Adirondack, unlike other Empire Service trains and the Maple Leaf, does not offer business class seating. There is a proposal for a Montreal—New York City high-speed train, the song Anna-Lisa by Prozzak plays an announcement of the trains Montreal-bound stops in the background. Laurentian Montrealer Maple Leaf Amtrak – Adirondack
Adirondack (train)
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Adirondack train #69 at Saratoga Springs station.
Adirondack (train)
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D&H ALCO PAs in 1975.
Adirondack (train)
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Exchange of cars at the Albany-Rensselaer train station.
88.
Empire Service (train)
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The Empire Service is a higher-speed train service operated by Amtrak within the state of New York in the United States. The brand name originated with the New York Central Railroad in 1967, trains on the line provide frequent daily service along the 460-mile Empire Corridor between New York City and Niagara Falls, New York via Albany, the state capital. Ridership on the first section of the Empire Services line increased from FY2013 by 5. 2%, ticket revenue on the New York-Albany section was US$47,472,663, while revenue on the Albany-Toronto route was $24,712,104. Hourly weekday service is available on the Hudson portion of the line between New York Penn Station and Albany-Rensselaer, the Adirondack to Montreal and Ethan Allen Express to Rutland, Vermont also supplement service on the southern portion of the line between New York and Albany. The portion of the south of Poughkeepsie is the Metro-North Railroads Hudson Line. The route was formerly the Water Level Route of the New York Central Railroad to Buffalo and then the former Buffalo, in December 1967, just months before its merger with the Pennsylvania Railroad to become the Penn Central Transportation Company, the Central reorganized all its passenger trains. In their place the Central introduced the Empire Service brand for New York–Buffalo trains, marketing emphasized convenient service within New York, with a reduced emphasis on long-distance trains which continued west of Buffalo. This program continued after the Penn Central merger, Amtrak began on May 1,1971, with seven daily trains on the New York—Albany—Buffalo corridor, four operated New York—Albany and three ran through to Buffalo. All service west of Buffalo was discontinued, all the trains retained their ex-Penn Central numbers and were otherwise nameless. Westward service resumed briefly after May with the introduction of the Chicago—New York Lake Shore, despite doubts about Amtraks potential success, the company was key in reestablishing some discontinued services along the Empire Corridor. Service beyond Buffalo to Niagara Falls, which had abandoned by the New York Central in 1961, was reestablished with such trains as the Niagara Rainbow. In addition Amtrak restored service to downtown Schenectady in 1978, a service which Penn Central had discontinued in 1968, for all Empire Service trains that continued beyond Albany. Service was restored permanently on the New York Central Water Level Route to Chicago with the reintroduction of the old New York Central train, on April 7,1991, all Amtrak Empire Service trains started using the new Empire Connection into Penn Station, New York. The move also saved Amtrak the expense of operating two stations in New York, in October 2011, CSX and Amtrak reached an agreement for Amtrak to lease the Hudson Subdivision between Poughkeepsie and Schenectady, with Amtrak assuming maintenance and capital responsibilities. CSX will retain freight rights over the line, which only five freights a day. Amtrak will use funds to double track the line between Rensselaer and Schenectady, and add an additional station track at the Albany-Rensselaer station. Amtrak sees the lease as key to improving Empire Service speeds, Amtrak officially assumed control on December 1,2012, with trains in the section now dispatched by the Amtrak Control and Command Center in New York City. An on the fly power change from diesel to third rail takes place once the train enters the tunnel near Penn Station, there is a short amount of track between Albany and Schenectady that allows for 110 MPH operations
Empire Service (train)
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GE Genesis P32AC-DM #701 pulls an Empire Service through the Hudson Highlands along the Hudson River.
Empire Service (train)
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Amtrak once operated Turboliners on the Empire Corridor. Here the Mohawk crosses the Seneca River in 1984.
89.
Via Rail
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Via Rail Canada is an independent Crown corporation, subsidized by the Minister of Transport, mandated to offer intercity passenger rail services in Canada. Via Rail operates 475 trains per week in eight Canadian provinces over a network of 12,500 kilometres of track, 98% of which is owned and maintained by other companies, mostly by CN. Via Rail carried approximately 3.8 million passengers in 2015, yearly passenger levels on Canadas passenger trains peaked at 60 million during World War II. Following the war the growth of air travel and the automobile caused significant loss of mode share for Canadas passenger train operators. By the 1960s it was obvious to both Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway that passenger trains were no longer economically viable, CN, being a Crown corporation at that time, was encouraged by the federal government and political interests to invest in passenger trains. These increases proved temporary, by 1977 total passenger numbers had dropped beneath five million, the decline of passenger rail became a federal election issue in 1974 when the government of Pierre Trudeau promised to implement a nationwide carrier similar to Amtrak in the United States. Starting in 1976, CN began branding its passenger services with the bilingual name Via or Via CN, the Via logo began to appear on CN passenger locomotives and cars, while still carrying CN logos as well. That September, Via published a timetable with information on both CN and CP trains, marking the first time that Canadians could find all major passenger trains in one publication. On January 12,1977, CN spun off its services as a separate Crown corporation. At its inception, Via acquired all CN passenger cars and locomotives, following several months of negotiation, on October 29,1978, Via took over operation of CP passenger train services, and took possession of cars and locomotives. At this time, Via did not own any trackage and had to pay fees to CN and CP. Over 150 scheduled trains per week were in operation, including services, regional trains. If Via were enabled by legislation, the company could be permitted to seek funding on the money markets as other Crown corporations such as CN have done in the past. Greater numbers of passengers would not be Vias saviour, in 1981, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeaus government endorsed Minister of Transport Jean-Luc Pépins plan which cut Vias budget, leading to a 40% reduction in the companys operations. Gone were frequently sold-out trains such as the Super Continental and the popular Atlantic, the LRC locomotives and cars used advanced technology such as active tilt to increase speed, but proved troublesome and took several years to work out problems. Prime Minister Mulroneys government gave Via funding to some of its cars, and purchase new locomotives. It was during this time on February 8,1986, that Vias eastbound Super Continental collided with a CN freight train near Hinton, Alberta, the resulting derailment killed 23 people. Minister of Transport Benoît Bouchard oversaw the reduction in service on January 15,1990, the Canadian was also moved from its home rails on CP to the northerly CN route
Via Rail
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A Via train at the station in London, Ontario.
Via Rail
Via Rail
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The Canadian National Railway's Super Continental departs Toronto in 1970.
Via Rail
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A Via LRC disembarking at Ottawa Train Station
90.
Pennsylvanian (train)
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The Pennsylvanian is a 444-mile daytime Amtrak train running between New York and Pittsburgh via Philadelphia. The trains travel across the Appalachian Mountains, through Pennsylvanias capital Harrisburg, the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, suburban and central Philadelphia, trains run once daily in each direction and utilize Amfleet equipment. The entire train ride takes about 9 hours total, with 1.5 hours between New York and Philadelphia,2 hours between Philadelphia and Harrisburg, and 5.5 hours between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. The Pennsylvanian is a once a day replacement of the Keystone service between New York and Harrisburg, offering Business Class seating as an upgrade to the seating on Keystone trains. Prior to Amtrak, the route was known as the Duquesne, named after Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh, the Pennsylvanian began on April 27,1980, as a state-supported daylight train between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, with connecting service to New York. The train was extended to New York in 1983, between November 1998 and January 2003, Amtrak shifted the endpoints west to Chicago and Philadelphia, providing daylight service to Cleveland, Ohio. In 2003 the Pennsylvanian reverted to the Pittsburgh—New York schedule, the Pennsylvanian is the replacement of the former Keystone service between New York and Pittsburgh. Prior to Amtrak, the route was known as the Duquesne, named after Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh, the Duquesne had a long history, finally becoming a daily New York—Pittsburgh train on October 25,1959, numbered 16 eastbound and 25 westbound. With the start of Amtrak operations on May 1,1971, the Keystone was discontinued on April 30,1972. The immediate impetus for the Pennsylvanian was the discontinuance of the National Limited, at the time the Pennsylvanian was inaugurated, the Broadway Limited was departing Pittsburgh at an inconvenient early morning hour. The new train ran with Amfleet equipment, including a cafe car, Pennsylvania agreed to pay 20% of the trains costs for the first year, or $580,000, with the state and Amtrak eventually splitting the costs 50/50 by the third year. Between 1981 and 1983, Pennsylvanian equipment was turned every night to operate a second state-supported train, the Fort Pitt, Amtrak withdrew this train in early 1983 after the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation declined to continue subsidizing the increased operation. At the time the Fort Pitt carried 30 passengers per day, on October 30,1983, the Pennsylvanian was extended to New York City, eliminating the transfer at Philadelphia. After significant ridership gains in 1984, PennDOT proposed that a train be added to the route. PennDOT and Amtrak would have split the costs evenly, Amtrak officials were favorable, but budget problems stalled the plan. In the late 1980s passenger-rail groups urged Amtrak to extend the Pennsylvanian to Cleveland, proposals included new stations in Sewickley and Beaver Falls. Pressure increased in 1989 when Amtrak announced the re-routing of the Broadway Limited, as part of this change, the Capitol Limited began serving the Cleveland—Pittsburgh route, albeit in the middle of the night. Amtrak and PennDOT considered two routes for an extended Pennsylvanian, one via Alliance, Ohio and one via Youngstown, Ohio with a new stop in New Castle, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvanian (train)
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Pennsylvanian passing Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvanian (train)
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Genesis powered Amtrak "Pennsylvanian" passing Rosemont, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvanian (train)
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GE P32BWH (Dash 8-32BWH) powered Amtrak "Pennsylvanian" passing Haverford, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvanian (train)
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Amtrak EMD AEM-7 #905 with a westbound Pennsylvanian at Newark in 2012. This engine will be swapped out for a diesel locomotive in Philadelphia.
91.
Carolinian (train)
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The Carolinian is a daily passenger train that runs between Charlotte, North Carolina and New York City. The train began operation in 1990 and is funded and operated by Amtrak. A previous iteration operated between 1984-1985, onboard services include coach, business class, and a cafe car. The train operates over the Northeast Corridor between New York and Washington, D. C, intermediate stops in North Carolina include Rocky Mount, Wilson, Selma, Raleigh, Cary, Durham, Burlington, Greensboro, High Point, Salisbury, and Kannapolis. During fiscal year 2013, the Carolinian carried over 317,550 passengers, a 3. 6% increase over FY2012, the line had a total revenue of $19,841,847 during FY2013, an increase of 6. 4% over FY2012. This route is notable because it allows walk-up checked bicycle transportation at its station stops in North Carolina, Amtrak first introduced the Carolinian on October 28,1984, in partnership with the state of North Carolina. From Raleigh, The Carolinian ran north on the old Seaboard Railroad to Collier Yard south of Petersburg, Va, the Carolinian and the Silver Star stopped at the former Seaboard station in Raleigh. Both trains stopped at Henderson, NC as well, the train began running the same route as the modern Carolinian from Charlotte to Richmond, Virginia, where it combined with the Palmetto for the journey to New York. North Carolina supported the Carolinian with a $436,000 yearly subsidy and it was the first direct Raleigh—Charlotte service in 30 years and the first North Carolina-specific service in 20 years. An early alternative name for the service was the Piedmont Palmetto, Amtrak discontinued the Carolinian on September 3,1985, after North Carolina declined to renew its support for another year. Although ridership was higher than projected, revenues were not, most passengers traveled within North Carolina, supporters of the Carolinian blamed Amtrak and the state for not marketing the train properly. Amtrak and North Carolina re-launched the Carolinian on May 12,1990, although this time the Carolinian joined the Palmetto in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, south of Richmond. In April 1991 Amtrak stopped combining the Carolinian with the Palmetto, in 1995, the Carolinian was joined with a sister train, the Piedmont, which runs on the same route of this train between Raleigh and Charlotte. Until 2004, the Carolinian also had a stop at BWI Marshall Airport Rail Station, in 2017, NCDOT began considering an extension of the Carolinian to New Haven, Connecticut. The extension would reduce or eliminate the need for NCDOT to fund the train, on March 9,2015, a north bound Carolinian collided with a tractor-trailer that was stuck on the tracks in Halifax County, North Carolina, with 55 people injured. The Carolinian typically operates with a Viewliner baggage car, an Amfleet business class car, an Amfleet cafe, motive power is provided by a GE P42DC diesel locomotive south of Washington, D. C. Service between Washington and New York is handled by an electric locomotive, maximum seating in such a configuration is 346, split between business class and reserved coach. Amtrak - Piedmont and Carolinian NCDOT Rail Division
Carolinian (train)
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Northbound Carolinian pulling in to High Point.
Carolinian (train)
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The Carolinian departing Raleigh Amtrak station
92.
Palmetto (train)
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The Palmetto is a shorter version of the Silver Meteor, which continues south to Miami, Florida. Between 1996 and 2002 this service was called the Silver Palm, although currently a day train, in the past the Palmetto provided overnight sleeper service to Florida. During fiscal year 2011, the Palmetto carried nearly 200,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $16,438,480 during FY2011, a 7% increase over FY2010. Amtrak introduced the Palmetto on June 15,1976, the train drew its name from the Sabal palmetto, the state tree of South Carolina. The name Palmetto Limited had also used by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad for a New York—St. Petersburg train which first ran in December 1909, the Palmetto was the first train in the Southern United States to receive the then-new Amfleet equipment, and the 828-mile run was the longest at the time for the new coaches. At the time of introduction Amtrak planned to run the Palmetto daily for the summer only, in August Amtrak extended the Palmetto indefinitely, citing better-than-expected ridership. In October 1976 the Florida Department of Transportation urged Amtrak to extend the Palmetto south to Miami, between October 1984 and September 1985 the Palmetto ran combined with the Carolinian between New York and Richmond, Virginia. At Richmond the Carolinian continued separately to Raleigh and Charlotte, North Carolina, the Carolinian was discontinued after the state of North Carolina withdrew its support for the train. The Carolinian has since restored and runs from Charlotte to New York Penn Station. In December 1988 Amtrak extended the Palmetto south to Jacksonville, Florida, the train continued to be coach-only, without full dining service. Beginning on May 12,1990, the Palmetto again combined with a revived Carolinian, although this time the split occurred in Rocky Mount, the two trains began running independently in April 1991. In October 1994 the Palmetto became an overnight train with sleeper and dining car service, running through to Tampa. This replaced the Silver Meteors Tampa section and this extension was short-lived, budget cuts under the Clinton administration led to the Palmettos discontinuance on February 1,1995. Amtrak revived a third train from New York to Miami on November 10,1996, although named the Silver Palm, it used the same route as the former Palmetto and carried the same numbers. At Tampa, it reversed and ran south to Miami, Amtrak restored the Palmetto name on May 1,2002, after it removed the sleepers and dining car from the train, although it continued serving Florida. On November 1,2004, Amtrak truncated the Palmetto to Savannah, Georgia, operating a daytime schedule to and from New York. In the January 2011 issue of Trains magazine, this route was listed as one of five routes to be looked at by Amtrak in FY2011 as the five routes were examined in FY2010
Palmetto (train)
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A Palmetto pulls into Wilson, North Carolina.
Palmetto (train)
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The Palmetto at Florence, South Carolina, in 1977. A GE P30CH is in the lead.
93.
Piedmont (train)
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The Piedmont or Piedmont Service is a twice-daily passenger train operated by Amtrak and the North Carolina Department of Transportation between Raleigh and Charlotte, North Carolina. North Carolina owns the stock used on the Piedmont, unlike the Carolinian which uses Amtrak rolling stock. North Carolina developed the Piedmont as a follow-on to the successful Carolinian, officials sought to add a second daily round-trip between Charlotte and Raleigh. In the fall of 1990, the board of transportation approved the acquisition of five used passenger cars, the board planned to have the second train enter service by early 1992. Norfolk Southern, which leased the track, insisted that the state construct a wye in Charlotte for turning the two trains around, at the time, the Carolinian had continued 10 miles south to Pineville and turned around there. In 1993, the cost of the wye plus land purchase was estimated at $200,000, by late 1994, the Piedmont finally began operating on May 26,1995. The money would be used to add double track and passing sidings, as well as reducing curves. Improvements, and the new Raleigh station, are scheduled to be completed by 2017, on May 13,2010, a westbound Piedmont collided with a lowboy tractor-trailer that was stuck on the tracks in Mebane, North Carolina, with 13 people injured. Two are EMD F59PHIs, numbered 1755 and 1797, five are EMD F59PHs, numbered 1810,1859,1869,1893, and 1984 also a new cab control unit 102. NCDOTs current F59PHs were originally used by GO Transit of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and rebuilt by American Motive Power, NCDOT formerly operated 2 GP40PH-2s rebuilt by AMF. 1768, originally B&O GP404008, was sold to the Virginia Railway Express,1792, originally L&N GP403006, was wrecked in the Mebane accident. Everything except the EMD645 engine, bell and horn were scrapped, locomotives from Amtraks national fleet, such as the GE P42DC, may also be used. State-owned passenger cars on the Piedmont are refurbished coach cars originally built by Pullman-Standard, there are four lounge/baggage cars and one coach/baggage car originally built by the St. Louis Car Company in the 1950s and used by the United States Army. All rolling stock has been painted in special North Carolina livery, the color scheme, of blue and silver with red accents, was based on the North Carolina flag. During fiscal year 2015, the Piedmont carried a total of 161,487 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $3,304,601 during FY2015, a drop of 2. 9% below FY 2014s revenue of $3,402,929. Amtrak - Piedmont and Carolinian NCDOT Rail Division
Piedmont (train)
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A state-owned EMD F59PH leads the Piedmont into High Point on an autumn day in 2012.
Piedmont (train)
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Close-up view of two state-owned coaches on the Piedmont.
94.
Abraham Lincoln (train)
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The Abraham Lincoln was a named passenger train operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1935 into the 1960s. The Abe Lincoln ran between Chicago and St. Louis on the B&Os subsidiary Alton Railroad, the train later passed to the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and then finally to Amtrak, which retained the name until 1978. Service between Chicago and St. Louis is now known by the umbrella term Lincoln Service and this train was the first streamlined passenger service to travel the 284 miles between Chicago and St. Louis, with Joliet, Bloomington-Normal, Springfield and Alton in between. Passengers can get a glimpse of the Mississippi River between Alton and St. Louis, the original streamlined Abe Lincoln was one of two non-articulated, streamlined trains built with government assisted funding in 1935. 50, was powered by an 1800-hp box-cab diesel made by EMC, after delivery, No.50 was retrofitted with a quasi-streamlined, sloped front end. The Abraham Lincoln continued to operate following the Alton Railroads merger with the GM&O in 1947, following its takeover of most passenger rail service in the United States on May 1,1971, Amtrak retained the Abraham Lincoln as a daily Chicago-St. Louis service, operating in tandem with the GM&Os old Limited, in November of that year Amtrak extended both the Abraham Lincoln and the Limited through Chicago to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In October 1973 replaced the stock with the new Turboliner. In February 1976 Amtrak returned conventional rolling stock to the route, Amtrak added the State House to the Chicago-St. Louis corridor in 1977, in 1978 it dropped the Abraham Lincoln name altogether, today service between Chicago and St. Louis is handled by the Lincoln Service. American Car and Foundry constructed two lightweight trainsets for the B&O, one for the Abraham Lincoln and one for the Royal Blue, each trainset consisted of eight cars, a baggage/mail car, three coaches, a lunch counter/diner, two parlor cars, and a parlor-observation car. The B&O rebuilt both baggage/mail cars in 1936, the Abraham Lincolns became a car with seating for 24. On July 26,1937, the Abraham Lincoln received the Royal Blues equipment and this consist included a 60-seat chair car that the B&O had built in its own shops in 1936. Both of the consists had the first 64-seat chair car rebuilt into a buffet-lounge, the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio ordered additional chair and parlor cars from ACF in 1947 but otherwise made few changes to the trains equipment. The new cars seated 68 and 31, respectively, Ann Rutledge Lincoln Service Royal Blue Photograph of the Abraham Lincoln in 1972
Abraham Lincoln (train)
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Postcard depiction of the streamlined train.
Abraham Lincoln (train)
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Gulf Mobile and Ohio's Abraham Lincoln ca.1970
95.
Ann Rutledge (train)
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The Ann Rutledge was a passenger train service operated by Amtrak running between St. Louis, Missouri, and Kansas City, Missouri as part of the Missouri Services brand. In 2009 Amtrak consolidated the Ann Rutledge, Kansas City Mule, the Alton Railroad inaugurated the Ann Rutledge in 1937 as a companion to the Abraham Lincoln over the St. Louis–Chicago route. The Alton named the train after Ann Rutledge, a woman from New Salem, Illinois, the Ann Rutledge used the Lincolns original lightweight equipment set, while the Lincoln received a matching set originally used by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroads Royal Blue. The Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad continued the Ann Rutledge upon its merger with the Alton in 1947, the GM&O ended the Ann Rutledge on April 27,1958. Amtrak revived the name Ann Rutledge on February 15,1976 for an Amfleet-equipped train on the St. Louis-Chicago, the revival proved short-lived, on October 31 Amtrak extended the Laredo-St. Louis Inter-American through to Chicago, replacing the Ann Rutledge, in a reversal of the situation with the Alton in the 1930s, Amtrak used the Ann Rutledges Amfleet coaches to re-equip a revived Abraham Lincoln. Amtrak revived the name again on October 30,1977, replacing the Abraham Lincoln, until April 2007, it operated as trains 303/304 over the full 567-mile route between Chicago and Kansas City via St. Louis, serving as part of both the Illinois Service and Missouri Service. After April 2007, it operated as trains 313/314 between only St. Louis and Kansas City, connecting to Lincoln Service trains at St. Louis. In 2009, Amtrak consolidated the Ann Rutledge, Kansas City Mule, Amtrak - Illinois Service Amtrak - Missouri Routes
Ann Rutledge (train)
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The Ann Rutledge in Springfield, Illinois. A GE Genesis leads the train, with an Amfleet coach and two Horizon Fleet coaches visible.
96.
Arrowhead (train)
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The Arrowhead was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Minneapolis, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin in the United States. After two years of operation, service was extended from Superior to Duluth, Minnesota, the Arrowhead began on April 16,1975 as a daily all-coach train between Minneapolis and Superior, Wisconsin with no intervening stops along the 144-mile route. A bus covered the final 4 miles to Duluth, both the state of Minnesota and the Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission provided financial support for the train. Initially the Arrowhead carried an on-board cafe, in November Amtrak added Sandstone, Minnesota and Cambridge, Minnesota as intermediate stops, and augmented the trains consist with a lounge car and a baggage car. A schedule change to the North Coast Hiawatha broke the connection to the Arrowhead from Chicago beginning in October 1976. A major change came in February 1977, Amtrak extended the Arrowhead to Duluth, the entire schedule flipped, the Arrowhead departed Minneapolis in the morning and returned from Duluth in the evening. Gone was any connection to Chicago. The Arrowhead also gained one of the new Amfleet Amcafes and Amfleet coaches, another schedule change in January 1978 restored a same-day connection to Chicago with the combined Empire Builder/North Coast Hiawatha. Amtrak also increased Friday service, a morning and evening train from Minneapolis with a mid-day, on April 30,1978, Amtrak replaced the Arrowhead and the Twin Cities Hiawatha with the North Star, a Chicago-Minneapolis-Duluth sleeper. The Arrowhead was one of the last trains to use Minneapolis Great Northern Depot, Northern Lights Express, proposed passenger rail service between Duluth and Minneapolis
Arrowhead (train)
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The old depot in Duluth, which the Arrowhead served 1977-1978.
97.
Beacon Hill (train)
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The Beacon Hill was a daily 157-mile commuter rail service operated by Amtrak between Boston, Massachusetts, and New Haven, Connecticut, from 1978 to 1981. The Beacon Hill was one of the last long-haul commuter services operated by Amtrak, service consisted of a single rush-hour round trip, with service eastbound to Boston in the morning and westbound to New Haven in the evening. After the New Haven Railroad folded into Penn Central in 1969, the Clamdigger operated as a daily local from New London to New Haven until 1972, then later from Providence to New Haven beginning in 1976. On April 30,1978, the Clamdigger was replaced with the Beacon Hill and this left the Beacon Hill as the only commuter service between New Haven and Providence, except for a daily Westerly-Providence train subsidized by Rhode Island. The Beacon Hill supplemented Amtraks existing intercity trains on the Corridor, running time was slightly over 3 hours, with service on weekdays plus Sundays. On November 3,1979, the Southwest Corridor was closed for reconstruction, all MBTA Commuter Rail and Amtrak service was routed via the Midland Branch instead. The Midland does not pass through Back Bay station, a train from South Station to Back Bay was available. In December 1979, the Westerly-Providence trip was canceled, leaving the Beacon Hill as the commuter service in southern Rhode Island. On February 20,1981, MBTA Providence/Stoughton Line service was back to Attleboro, Pawtucket/Central Falls was abandoned and Providence became an Amtrak-only stop. When service began in 1978, the Beacon Hill departed South Station in Boston at 5, however, beginning February 2,1980, the departure time was moved to 4, 20pm and the train became weekdays-only. This prevented workers on a 9-to-5 schedule - a major segment of the commuter market - from using the train, beginning in late 1980, the Beacon Hill frequently ran with one of Amtraks two LRC test trainsets. Regional service continues and has been supplemented by Acela Express service, in 1990, the Connecticut Department of Transportation began Shore Line East service between Old Saybrook and New Haven, with 4 daily trains. The service was extended to New London in 1996 and now includes 15 daily trains in each direction, MBTA service to Providence resumed on February 1,1988, restoring commuter rail service to Rhode Island. The Pawtucket/Central Falls station remained closed and was replaced in 1990 by South Attleboro station just across the Massachusetts border, after years of planning by RIDOT, the Providence/Stoughton Line was extended south to T. F. Green Airport on December 6,2010, and to the former Beacon Hill station at Wickford Junction on April 23,2012. ConnDOT and RIDOT have long-term plans to extend Shore Line East and MBTA service to meet at Westerly station, RIDOT also plans to add an infill station at East Greenwich near the former station site
Beacon Hill (train)
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A Bombardier LRC in use with the Beacon Hill in 1980
Beacon Hill (train)
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This MBTA station at Wickford Junction was opened in 2012 across the tracks from the former Beacon Hill station
98.
Broadway Limited
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The Broadway Limited was a passenger train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York City and Chicago. It operated from 1912 to 1995 and it was the Pennsylvanias premier train, competing directly with the New York Central Railroads 20th Century Limited. The Broadway Limited continued operating after the Penn Central Transportation merger, Penn Central conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971, Amtrak discontinued it in 1995. The trains name referred not to Broadway in Manhattan, but rather to the way of the Pennsylvanias four-track right of way along a large portion of the route. The Pennsylvania Special was one of nine trains the Pennsylvania operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14,1912 the Pennsylvania renamed it the Broadway Limited, the name, though spelled as Broadway, honored the Pennsylvanias four-track broad way main line. In the heavyweight era the Broadway Limited was an extra-fare, all sleeper train with an observation car at the end, such as Continental Hall. The scheduled running time was 20 hours until it was reduced to 18 hours in 1932, further reductions took place between 1932 and 1935, with the final heavyweight running time at 16 hours,30 minutes. On June 15,1938, the Broadway Limited received lightweight streamlined cars to replace its heavyweight steel cars, raymond Loewy styled the new cars and the PRR GG1 electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for the Pennsylvania, notably the S1 and T1 Duplex drive engines. The Broadway Limited was one of four pre-World War II Pennsylvania trains to receive such equipment, the others being the General, Spirit of St. Louis, other Pennsylvania trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by Pullman-Standard between March and May of that year, but the diners, RPO and baggage cars were rebuilt from cars by the railroads Altoona shops. The Broadway Limited was the only Pennsylvania train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II, the trains running time was further reduced to 16 hours. In 1949 the PRR again re-equipped the Broadway Limited with new streamlined equipment, the all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named Mountain View and they had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers. Also introduced was a dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as Harbor Rest, described by a PRR brochure as cheerful. Richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets, latest periodicals are in the libraries. The train departed New York at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Standard Time, the Broadway Limited was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The 20th Century Limited began carrying coaches in 1957, the Pennsylvania merged the Broadway Limited with the General on December 13,1967
Broadway Limited
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Equipment and services on the Broadway Limited in the 1920s.
Broadway Limited
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The Broadway Limited in the 1930s.
Broadway Limited
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The Broadway Limited at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1974.
Broadway Limited
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The Mountain View sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car at Chicago 's Union Station in 1963
99.
Calumet (train)
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The Calumet, also commonly called the Valpo Local, was a 43. 6-mile passenger train route operated by Amtrak between Chicago and Valparaiso, Indiana. Despite Amtraks mandate to provide intercity service, the Calumet was a commuter train. Transferred from Conrail in 1979, the route was shared with Amtraks Broadway Limited until 1990. From April 1,1871, until January 1,1920, after that it returned to direct operation by the Pennsylvania Railroad until February 1,1968, when the PRR was merged into Penn Central Transportation. The bankrupt Penn Central merged into Conrail on April 1,1976, the route was also served by the daily Broadway Limited to New York City, and on October 1,1981, the daily Capitol Limited to Washington, DC, began using it. At first the Valpo Local was served by two trains, the Calumet and the Indiana Connection, the Indiana Connection was discontinued first. Amtrak announced that it would discontinue the Calumet on December 31, representative Peter J. Visclosky introduced H. R.5660 to require Amtrak to continue operations until July 1,1991 to allow time for the State of Indiana to consider subsidizing the route. Indiana decided not to pay the required $1.5 million a year, the ChicaGo Dash express bus to Chicago, which operates during weekday rush hours, has for its Valparaiso terminal a parking lot adjacent to Franklin House and former rail station. On August 1,2004, the Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad started freight operations over the old route of the Calumet and beyond. A $350,000 study is being conducted in 2017 to assess the return of service to Valparaiso, with the new service running as far as Fort Wayne. The Calumet and Indiana Connection were assigned numbers between 321 and 324, with odd numbers running westbound and even numbers eastbound, trains made the following station stops, Illinois Chicago Englewood State Line Indiana Whiting Standard Mahoning Indiana Harbor Buffington Gary Broadway Hobart Wheeler Valparaiso 1990 timetable
Calumet (train)
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Penn Central Railroad Passenger Timetable (Form 6) showing the Valparaiso local service on one side, the Detroit-Ann Arbor commuter service on the other.
100.
Champion (train)
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The Champion was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Florida East Coast Railway between New York City and Miami or St. Petersburg, Florida. It operated from 1939 until 1979, continuing under the Seaboard Coast Line and it was a direct competitor to the Seaboard Air Line Railways Silver Meteor, the first New York-Florida streamliner. The Champion started as a service of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1939, competing with the Silver Star. Initially just a New York-Miami service, the ACL added a St. Petersburg train in 1941 once enough streamlined equipment was available. The two trains were called the Tamiami Champion, which ran from New York to St. Petersburg and the Tampa Bay area, and the Tamiami Champion, in 1943 the names became East Coast Champion and West Coast Champion. Southbound trains originated in New Yorks Pennsylvania Station, and traveled south over the Pennsylvania Railroad-owned Northeast Corridor through Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, there, a radio-equipped lounge car was added to the train. Leaving Washington, trains used the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad to Richmond, Virginia, from Richmond, trains followed the Atlantic coast through Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida. Here the trains split, with the West Coast trains moving south then west through DeLand, Petersburg area, while East Coast trains turned south south-east to run along Floridas east coast to Miami via the Florida East Coast Railway. African Americans ate behind a curtain at two designated tables next to the kitchen of the car, but were barred from the observation-tavern-lounge on the rear of the train. Dining car stewards still refused to seat blacks and whites at the table for many years afterwards. Petersburg section via Gainesville and Ocala, the East Coast Champion ran up and down the Florida East Coast Railway stopping at popular east coast resorts. The Gulf coast branch lines carried West Coast Champion thru-cars to three different branches, one to Bradenton and Sarasota, a second to St. Petersburg, from the outset, the Champion was an all-coach streamliner pulled by a diesel electric locomotive. Pullman sleeping cars were added a few years later, one Champion A-unit resides at the North Carolina Transportation Museum. After the merger of the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line into the Seaboard Coast Line, Petersburg service, numbered #91 southbound and #92 northbound. When Amtrak assumed control of most of the rail service in the United States in 1971. Petersburg service operating over the line it had for the past thirty-two years. On several occasions throughout the 1970s Amtrak would combine the Champion with its old rival the Silver Meteor and these combinations occurred again in 1975,1976, and 1977, but with two changes, the split occurred at Jacksonville, and the Meteor again became the Silver Meteor. In 1979, budget cuts forced Amtrak to eliminate the Champion, which was consolidated with its old rival the Silver Meteor, the Budd Company delivered three identical equipment sets for the Champion, the ACL owned two and the FEC the third
Champion (train)
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A postcard depiction of the Champion.
Champion (train)
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ACL #254, a tavern-lounge-observation car built for the Champion in 1940-41. Now at the Gold Coast Railroad Museum.
101.
Clamdigger (train)
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The Clamdigger was a daily passenger train which ran along the Northeast Corridor during the 1970s. In 1978, it was canceled and replaced with the Beacon Hill, the New Haven & New London Railroad was charted in 1848, began construction in 1850, and opened for service in July 1852. After several ownership changes, it was acquired by the New York, New Haven, in 1898, the New Haven introduced a commuter train between New London and New Haven which made most local stops along the Shore Line. The service acquired the Clamdigger name during the Great Depression from riders who collected clams in the clam beds near Stony Creek station, Penn Central took over operations of the New Haven Railroad effective January 1,1969. New York-New Haven service was kept, as was Boston-Providence service. The remaining service was a single Boston-New London round trip, the Clamdigger, through connections at New Haven, was the only train from New London allowing commuting to New York for regular work hours. Amtrak took over most Penn Central operations, including the Clamdigger, under Amtrak, the train made intermediate stops between New London and New Haven at Niantic, Old Saybrook, Clinton, Madison, Guilford, Leetes Island, Stony Creek, Pine Orchard, and Branford. On October 14,1971, Amtrak announced their intent to discontinue the Clamdigger, the Rail Passenger Service Act forbade Amtrak from discontinuing any train which formed part of its basic system until mid-1973. Amtrak took the view that the Clamdigger was a commuter train, Connecticut disagreed, arguing that all trains on the Shore Line were part of the basic system because they fell within the New York–Boston endpoints. A. Earl Wood, Connecticuts Commissioner of Transportation, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut to prevent Amtrak from terminating service. Judge Mosher Joseph Blumenfeld ruled in favor of Amtrak the following January, Service ended on January 28,1972. At the same time, Penn Central was allowed to discontinue their lone Boston-New London commuter trip and it was replaced by a Rhode Island-funded Westerly-Providence train which was run until December 1979. After the Clamdigger was discontinued, the Connecticut Department of Transportation studied rail corridors in the state, in 1975, plans were made for a twice-daily Clamdigger making the same stops as the former service. The restored service was expected to draw 600 daily riders, on September 9,1976, Amtrak began a Providence-New Haven local service with the Clamdigger name. It operated on an approximately 2-hour schedule as #151 southbound Monday through Saturday, the train made intermediate station stops only at Kingston, Westerly, Mystic, New London, and Old Saybrook, limiting its usefulness for commuters. The service was ended on October 30,1977, as part of a range of Amtrak service cuts and adjustments. The Clamdigger was reinstated on January 8,1978, with commuter-based flag stops added at Groton, Clinton, Madison, Stony Creek and it was replaced by the Boston-New Haven Beacon Hill effective April 30,1978. The Beacon Hill was not a replacement for the Clamdigger, though - it ran towards Boston in the morning, serving the Providence and Boston commuting markets rather than New Haven
Clamdigger (train)
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Clamdigger service as run in 1971
102.
Clocker (train)
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The first train run by Amtrak was a Clocker that left Penn Station at 12,05 AM on May 1,1971. The last Clocker ran on October 28,2005, to replace them, New Jersey Transit added four express trains between Trenton and New York City at times approximating the Clocker schedule. Amtraks Clockers were rush-hour trains serving the commuter and day-trip market to New York City, New Jersey Transit passholders could ride Clockers, which were shown in NJTs timetable as well as Amtraks. They were popular with commuters from Trenton and Princeton Junction, as they were faster, Clockers made all, or almost all, Amtrak stops between 30th Street Station in Philadelphia and Penn Station in New York, unlike Amtraks Regional trains, which skip some stations. The trains were unreserved, coach class only, and used Amfleet rolling stock after the 1970s, a Clocker was originally a Pennsylvania Railroad express train between New York and Broad Street Station in Philadelphia, the name was unofficial, and PRR timetables didnt use it. Soon after Penn Station opened in 1910 the Philadelphia expresses began leaving each terminal on the hour, until electrification in 1933 most Clockers were scheduled to leave and arrive on each hour, on a weekday in 1929 trains left each terminal from 7 AM to 10 PM. Faster schedules after electrification eliminated the on-the-hour arrival, in 1951 weekday Clockers left Philadelphia and New York 7 AM to 7 PM. Amtrak did not use the term clocker until the October 1981 timetable, between 1979 and 1981 the public timetable showed individual names for each Clocker. The Clockers briefly were called Acela Commuter when Amtrak decided in 2001 to use that moniker for most trains along the Northeast Corridor, following mass rider confusion between this service and the high-speed Acela Express service, the name reverted to Clocker in 2003
Clocker (train)
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PRR GG1 on a Clocker leaving Philadelphia in 1976
103.
Denver Zephyr
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The Denver Zephyr was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and Denver, Colorado. It operated from 1936 to 1973, the Denver Zephyr continued operating after the Burlington Northern Railroad merger in 1970. BN conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971, Amtrak would merge it with the Chicago–Oakland San Francisco Zephyr and drop the name in 1973. After the success of the 3-car and 4-car Pioneer, Twin Cities, and Mark Twain Zephyrs, one pair was fully articulated 6-car trainsets used to replace the 3-car Twin Cities Zephyrs, freeing the two older trainsets for other duties. The other pair were 10-car trainsets, partly articulated, which became the Chicago-Denver Denver Zephyr, accommodations on these trains included coaches, sections, single and double rooms, and dining and lounge facilities. The observation cars carried parlor seats for local travel, until the addition of the Denver Zephyrs, the longest regular route of 882 miles was covered by the Twin Cities Zephyrs. Regular service for the route began May 31,1936, by November 8 of the same year, the train ran 1,034 miles between Denver and Chicago overnight in 16 to 16½ hours. Within two years a dinette coach and an all-room sleeper were added, on 23 October 1936 one of the new trainsets made a special run nonstop Chicago to Denver in 12 hrs 12 min 27 seconds. Distance was given as 1017.22 miles via the Plattsmouth bridge and direct to Lincoln, around 1953 Union Pacific began reequipping its competing City of Denver. Both of these trains took passengers from the DZ, but ridership remained respectable and these cars needed their own food service, compromising the economics of adding the additional cars. The Burlington decided in 1955 to reequip the train with more conventional non-articulated equipment, thus was conceived the last complete streamlined train to be built for a private railroad in the United States. The new stainless steel train, also built by the Budd Company, offered all room sleeping accommodations and, in addition to a full diner, parlor seats continued to be available in the observation car. Because of the popularity of the Denver-Chicago segment of the Vista-dome California Zephyr, in addition, a new all room sleeping accommodation, the slumbercoach, offered private sleeping facilities, with in-room washstand and toilet, to passengers at coach fares plus a small surcharge. These cars were revolutionary in their use of fiberglass room modules, each train carried two and they always were sold out, even up to the beginning of Amtrak. By 1959 slumbercoaches would appear on the trains of four other railroads, between 1959 and late 1964, CB&Q’s four cars and Northern Pacific Railway’s four cars were pooled in Denver Zephyr / North Coast Limited service. The pool required tight scheduling and good timekeeping and was discontinued when NP acquired eight additional slumbercoaches second-hand, the second Denver Zephyr began operation at the end of October 1956 and soon eclipsed its competitor, the Union Pacific Railroads City of Denver. As the train now had conventional equipment it could be expanded with other cars of Burlington streamlined passenger car fleet as well as leased cars. During the summer months trains of 20 or more cars were not uncommon and during that and holiday seasons, with the 1956 reequipping the train also began to serve Colorado Springs
Denver Zephyr
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The special run, nonstop Chicago to Denver in October 1936
Denver Zephyr
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Early promotional postcard for the train. It is billed as the "Advance Zephyr" and when this card was printed, the train had yet to add any sleeping cars, being described as "coach only--for the present".
Denver Zephyr
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Dining car in 1940.
Denver Zephyr
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1940 lounge car.
104.
Desert Wind
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The Desert Wind was a long distance passenger train route operated by Amtrak from 1979 until 1997. It initially operated from Los Angeles, California to Ogden, Utah via Salt Lake City and Las Vegas, Nevada. It later was truncated to Salt Lake City when Amtraks San Francisco Zephyr was rerouted from the Overland Route to the Denver and Rio Grande Western, at that time, cars from the Desert Wind and Pioneer were added to the eastbound California Zephyr at Salt Lake City. The California Zephyr runs between Emeryville, California and Chicago, Illinois through Salt Lake City, at the end of the 1960s the Union Pacific Railroad had combined its Chicago–West Coast streamliners into a single massive train dubbed by critics the City of Everywhere. This train included the Challenger, City of Denver, City of Kansas City, City of Los Angeles, City of Portland, the City of Los Angeles separated from this behemoth at Ogden, Utah to serve Los Angeles via Las Vegas, Nevada. Of these Amtrak retained portions of the City of Kansas City and City of San Francisco for its Chicago–San Francisco service, regular service to Las Vegas ended on May 1,1971. Matters came to a head in 1979, as Amtrak faced significant political pressure to cut costs, senator Howard Cannon pushed Amtrak hard to create a train which served Las Vegas, and Amtrak considered replacing the Southwest Limited, its existing Chicago–Los Angeles train, with such a service. In the end the Southwest Limited remained and Amtrak introduced the Desert Wind, the original Desert Wind was a day train with Amfleet equipment. The northbound train left Los Angeles mid-day and arrived in Ogden the following morning to connect with the eastbound San Francisco Zephyr. The southbound departed Ogden in the middle of the night after the arrival of the westbound San Francisco Zephyr from Chicago, the 811-mile journey took eighteen hours. Beginning in 1980 the Desert Wind exchanged a Chicago-Los Angeles through coach with the San Francisco Zephyr, the Desert Winds eastern terminus moved to Salt Lake City after the re-named and re-routed California Zephyr began using the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad main line in 1983. Later the Desert Wind and the Pioneer would operate together with the California Zephyr from Chicago to Salt Lake City, the Desert Wind was discontinued on May 12,1997, a victim of Amtraks reoccurring budget cuts. Train service was replaced with a Los Angeles–Las Vegas Thruway Motorcoach service, at that time, rail service between Los Angeles and Las Vegas took 7 hours,15 minutes. There are several private, competing plans to restore service to Las Vegas, including the high-speed XpressWest. However lack of funding and congestion through the Cajon Pass remained significant obstacles, the route has some merit for Amtrak, as the July 2010 issue of Trains listed the route as one to be restored in conjunction with upgrading the equipment on the California Zephyr. The Desert Wind is mentioned in the song Bone Against Steel on the album of the name by the rock band.38 Special. Michael Palin rides the Desert Wind in his Michael Palin, Around the World in 80 Days, the Desert Wind is the train that Raymond boards at the end of the film Rain Man. Desert Wind is described in Bob Segers song Long Twin Silver Line from the album Against the Wind, redondo Junction, California Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad Trainweb, Amtrak Desert Wind - Train #35 &36
Desert Wind
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Desert Wind in Las Vegas
Desert Wind
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UP #932, an EMD E8, leads the City of Los Angeles into Union Station in Los Angeles in March 1971, just prior to discontinuance.
105.
Expo '74 (train)
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The Expo 74 was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Spokane and Seattle, Washington. It operated in the months of 1974 in coordination with its namesake. In 1973, Amtrak operated two trains between Seattle and Spokane, the daily Empire Builder and the thrice-weekly North Coast Hiawatha, both were long-distance trains which originated in Chicago. Each took different routes west from Spokane, though both routes had belonged to the merged Burlington Northern Railroad since 1970, the Empire Builder used the ex-Northern Pacific Railway via Pasco, Washington, while beginning in 1973 the North Coast Hiawatha used the ex-Great Northern Railway via Stevens Pass. Neither train provided convenient timings between the two cities, and the trains were likely to be late because of accumulated delays. This planning took place during a period of rising ridership spurred by the 1973 oil crisis, ultimately, Amtrak chose to augment its existing services, adding another train to the Great Northern route. Spokane-Portland service would come in 1981 when Amtrak restored the Empire Builders Portland section, Amtrak began operation of the new train on May 19,1974. The overall travel time was 8.5 hours, though Amtrak protested to the Burlington Northern that 7.5 hours was possible, privately, Amtrak engineers thought the trip could be done in six hours. Ridership did not meet expectations and the size of the fell to three cars. Total ridership came to 16,675, or 70 passengers per trip, the train lost $203,000 and Amtrak did not retain it when it issued its fall schedule. The train made its last run on September 14,1974, the next day the North Coast Hiawatha resumed its thrice-weekly operation, dropping the corridor back to ten trains per week. That August, the three trains had posted the best on-time performance in the country, with 97% of all arriving at their destinations within 20 minutes of their scheduled arrival time
Expo '74 (train)
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The Expo '74 rounds a curve near Wenatchee, Washington, on the ex-Great Northern route. Note the dome coach.
106.
Floridian (train)
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The Floridian was a train operated by Amtrak from 1971 to 1979 that ran from Chicago to Miami and St. Petersburg, Florida. Its route mainly followed that of several former Louisville & Nashville Railroad passenger trains, at Jacksonville, Florida, the train split to serve the separate routes of St. Petersburg, Florida and Miami. These two legs crossed each other near Lakeland, Florida, the Floridian was notorious for lackluster on-time performance, owing to the poor condition of equipment inherited from the private railroads, and equally poor track conditions. The train used the lines of L&N, and Seaboard Coast Line, all are now part of CSX Transportation, some parts of the former route have since been abandoned by CSX. Amtrak discontinued the Floridian in October 1979, leaving Louisville and Nashville without passenger train service, Amtrak restored the South Wind—later renamed Floridian—as a through daily Chicago-Miami train. The Floridian began using Union Station on January 23,1972, the new Floridian had to contend with Penn Centrals poor track conditions, which resulted in occasional use of MoPac and L&N routes north of Louisville. In January 1977, the Floridian was cancelled for two weeks due to winter weather in Chicago. Amtrak, which came into being May 1,1971, also serving the west coast of Florida by splitting the now-daily South Wind at Auburndale. During Amtraks tenure, it continued to utilize E-units from many railroads before replacing them with the SDP40Fs which began arriving in the mid 1970s, unfortunately, these engines had a tendency to derail, especially on rickety PC trackage. The train suffered abominable time keeping and frequent derailments, including one at 10 mph, the Floridian was briefly combined with the Louisville—Sanford run of Auto-Train. As part of this move Amtrak stopped serving Union Station in Louisville on November 1,1976 and this continued until the Floridians discontinuance. This report also recommended the discontinuance of the Chicago—Oakland San Francisco Zephyr—which, there has been no concrete effort to re-establish a Chicago-Miami service, either on the route of the South Wind/Floridian or on that of its partners the City of Miami and Dixie Flagler. During the early 2000s, Amtrak extended the Kentucky Cardinal to a re-opened Louisville Union Station, while there have been no proposals to restore Amtrak service to Nashville, there have been repeated calls from residents. However, in 2007 Tennessee state officials said resumption of service was due to scarce federal funding. In the diesel era, the South Wind was originally powered by PRR engines, later, when a second train set was added, the train was typically headed by the E-units of the PRR on one set, and ACL on the other set. Though the train used the L&N for a significant portion of its run, soon after the Central of Georgia took delivery of E8s 811 and 812, they were sent to Chicago and repainted in IC colors, returning to the CofG only on diesel run-throughs of IC power. They were used on the IC system, as a result, the IC supplied power to the City of Miami from Chicago to Miami and in the mid-1960s on the Seminole between Chicago and Columbus, Georgia. These engines were returned to the CofG after Amtrak came into being, the Dixie Flagler was originally steam powered with each railroad supplying their own power
Floridian (train)
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The Floridian at Winter Park in 1973.
107.
Metroliner (train)
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The Metroliners were extra-fare high speed trains between Washington, D. C. and New York City which operated from 1969 to 2006. They were briefly first operated by Penn Central Transportation, then by Amtrak for 35 years, service originally ran with Budd Metroliners, self-powered electric multiple unit cars designed for high-speed service. These proved unreliable and were replaced with locomotive-hauled trains in the 1980s, the trains had reserved business-class and first-class seating. The fastest trips between New Yorks Pennsylvania Station and Washington, D. C. s Union Station were scheduled for 2.5 hours, Amtrak replaced Metroliner service with the high-speed Acela Express, which runs up to 150 mph in revenue service. The first Acela Express trains ran in 2000, but due to equipment difficulties they did not fully replace the Metroliners until 2006, the High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 started a U. S. Government effort to develop a high speed train for Northeast Corridor service. The U. S. Department of Transportation worked with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Budd Company, General Electric, an initial order of 50 Budd Metroliner cars was placed on May 6,1966, with a target service date of October 1967. Service was to operate at 110 mph with later increases to 150 mph, with hourly New York - Washington service, the Johnson Administration saw the new service as political capital and pushed for an aggressive schedule. The new cars were intended for high-level platforms for faster boarding, the PRR constructed high-level island platforms at Wilmington, Baltimore. On June 13,1967, the PRR announced plans for a suburban New Jersey station directly off the Garden State Parkway. The same month, the PRR decided on the Metroliner name for the vehicles and service, the first cars were delivered in September 1967, but soon proved to have numerous electric issues. Start of service was delayed to January 1968, then postponed indefinitely in March 1968, the PRR folded into Penn Central on February 1,1968. SEPTA refused its 11 Metroliners, intended for Philadelphia-Harrisburg service, in August, Penn Central eventually leased them, in October 1968, testing proved that the cars could operate the desired sub-3-hour trip time, and substation modifications by Westinghouse increased electrical reliability. Penn Central and Budd reached a settlement on their fight in November, on December 20. A Washington-New York round trip for VIPs was operated on January 15,1969, Metroliner service finally started on January 16,1969, with a single daily round trip leaving New York in the morning and Washington in the afternoon. A second round trip on a reversed schedule was added on February 10th. A non-stop round trip on a 2.5 hour schedule was added on April 2,1969, however, problems with the cars persisted, maximum speeds temporarily dropped from 120 mph to 110 mph soon after. Despite difficulties, the service proved popular and fairly reliable. Penn Central added a computerized ticketing system in August 1969, on March 16,1970, Capital Beltway station opened to serve the Metroliners, and all trips were scheduled for under three hours
Metroliner (train)
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Budd Pennsylvania Railroad Metroliner electric multiple-unit car circa 1968 before acceptance. All Metroliners, including this car, began revenue service with Penn Central markings.
108.
Michigan Executive
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The Michigan Executive was a commuter train operated by Amtrak between Detroit, Michigan, and Jackson, Michigan. By the mid-1970s Penn Central asked to discontinue the service, citing dwindling ridership, Amtrak and the state of Michigan agreed to step in, and the Michigan Executive made its first run on January 20,1975, running between Detroit and Jackson. In the summer of 1975 the westbound Friday Michigan Executive operated all the way to Chicago, under Amtrak, ridership increased 50% and peaked at 96,573 in 1979. Chartered buses carried passengers from the Detroit station to downtown Detroit, returning commuters took the Chicago-Detroit Twilight Limited which was modified adding stops to accommodate former westbound Executive passengers. By 1983, annual ridership had fallen to 26,000, Amtrak completely discontinued the remainder of the Michigan Executive on January 13,1984, after Michigan withdrew its support citing low ridership. State transportation officials estimated that the discontinuance would save $200, 000/year, and daily ridership had dwindled below 60
Michigan Executive
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Penn Central Railroad Passenger Timetable (Form 6) showing the Valpo Local service on one side, and the predecessor to the Michigan Executive commuter service on the other.
109.
Montrealer (train)
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The Montrealer was a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Washington, D. C. and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After operating from the 1970s to 1995, with a stoppage in the 1980s. The Adirondack currently provides service between New York and Montreal, using a route through New York State until the Canada–United States border, the Montrealer was originally a service of the Boston and Maine Railroad, running between Montreal and Washington, D. C. The Ambassador ran the route during daylight hours but terminated in New York City. Both services used the Boston and Maines Connecticut River Railroad south of Vernon, as of December 29,2014, the Connecticut River line is re-opened for the Vermonter. It is said that during the days of prohibition the train was called the rum runner or the bootlegger because American passengers carried many well-hidden bottles on nearly every southbound run. Amtrak began operation of the Montrealer on September 30,1972, the southbound run from 1972-1974 was called the Washingtonian, and the northbound was called the Montrealer. The Washingtonian was also Train 185, which came from New York and later along with most other trains on the Northeast Corridor. Amtraks Montrealer acquired a reputation as a party train due to the numbers of skiers who would take the train. Amtrak equipped the train with its own dedicated lounge car outfitted with a piano, on the morning of July 7,1984, the northbound Montrealer was derailed by a washed-out culvert between Williston and Essex, Vermont. Heavy rains over the night had broken beaver dams upstream. Five of the thirteen cars fell into the stream, with one sleeper car buried under several other cars. Three passengers, one Amtrak attendant, and one Central Vermont Railway crew member were killed,29 others were seriously injured. The Montrealer was suspended north of Springfield from April 6,1987 until July 19,1989, during the suspension, Amtrak offered bus service between Burlington, Vermont and Springfield, Massachusetts with connectioning Amtrak service in Springfield. This situation precipitated the only instance of Amtrak seizing another railroad by eminent domain, the matter went all the way to the Supreme Court in National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp. which upheld Amtraks action. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont and Representative Silvio Conte of Massachusetts, only the section between Windsor and Brattleboro, Vermont, was transferred, however, leaving the line between East Northfield and Springfield, Massachusetts, as an obstacle. The crew change was shifted from Springfield to Palmer at the same time, in 1992 a stop was added at Willimantic, Connecticut, but service there was discontinued in 1995 upon inception of the Vermonter. Efforts have been underway for years to extend the Vermonter to Montreal
Montrealer (train)
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The platform at Willimantic, Connecticut, used from 1992 to 1995
110.
North Coast Hiawatha
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The North Coast Hiawatha was a streamlined passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago, Illinois, and Seattle, Washington, in the United States. It operated from 1971 to 1979, the trains name combined the North Coast Limited with the Milwaukee Roads famed Hiawathas. Created at the behest of the United States Congress, the North Coast Hiawatha enjoyed an uncertain existence before being discontinued in 1979, since then there have been several attempts to restore the service, without success. The flagship train on the Northern Pacific Railway main line was the North Coast Limited and its running mate since 1952 was the Mainstreeter, which operated on a slower schedule with fewer amenities. The Northern Pacific main line mirrored that of its great rival, when passenger service was transferred to Amtrak, the new provider chose the Great Northerns Empire Builder as its Chicago–Pacific Northwest route. Amtraks decision to discontinue the NP trains caused consternation in Montana, mike Mansfield, then Senate Majority Leader, pointed out that the Empire Builder bypassed Montanas major population centers, and had no difficulty in making his displeasure felt. The new company reacted to the pressure and announced a resumption of service over the ex-Northern Pacific and this service took the form of an unnamed section of the Empire Builder running separately between Minneapolis and Spokane, Washington. Mansfields intervention earned the train the nickname “Mike Mansfield Limited”, the Northern Pacific route, which included the Yellowstone River, Homestake Pass and Bitterroot Mountains, was praised for its scenery. Amtrak considered the one of the companys six most beautiful. The train also provided a convenient connection to Yellowstone National Park at Livingston, on November 14,1971, Amtrak formally named this service the North Coast Hiawatha, with a tri-weekly schedule between Chicago and Spokane independent of the Empire Builder. In Spokane it combined with the Empire Builder for the trip to Seattle, on the other four days of the week the train terminated in Minneapolis. Amtrak initially named the Minneapolis train Hiawatha, but adopted the Twin Cities Hiawatha name on January 16,1972, Amtrak reverted to Hiawatha on October 29, and this name remained until the North Coast Hiawatha went daily for the first time on May 19,1974. This joint operation ended on June 11,1973, when Amtrak extended the North Coast Hiawatha to Seattle over the Great Northerns route and this new routing served the northern Washington communities of Wenatchee and Everett, which had previously been without service. The train remained on a tri-weekly schedule west of Minneapolis, for the summer of 1974 Amtrak added a second train, the Expo 74, to the Seattle–Spokane segment. The schedule fluctuated over the three years, with the train operating daily between Chicago and Seattle in the summers and reverting to tri-weekly west of Minneapolis the rest of the year. Amtrak would also run a service during the holiday season. Several members of Congress protested the cuts, including Representative Max Baucus. In the end Congress approved a budget for Amtrak $62 million above the administrations request, in the end the train was cancelled before the Superliners entered long-distance service
North Coast Hiawatha
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An EMD F3 leads the North Coast Hiawatha into Yakima, Washington in August, 1971.
North Coast Hiawatha
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A 1956 advertisement in the Saturday Evening Post touted the North Coast Limited' s amenities.
111.
Orange County Line
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The Orange County Line is a commuter rail line run by Metrolink from Los Angeles through Orange County to Oceanside in San Diego County, connecting with the Coaster commuter rail service to San Diego. The Orange County Line began in 1990 as the Orange County Commuter, the Orange County Commuter made a single weekday round-trip, departing San Juan Capistrano in the morning and returning in the evening. Amtrak conveyed the route to Metrolink on March 28,1994, becoming the Orange County Line, service is provided seven days a week, with 19 trains on weekdays, and six on weekends. The Amtrak Pacific Surfliner supplements Orange County Line service by providing limited service along the corridor and more service during mid-days, nights. While the Orange County Line shares trackage with Amtraks Pacific Surfliner trains, the Orange County Line runs on the BNSF Railways Southern Transcon track between Los Angeles and Fullerton, under a shared-right-of-way agreement. Several stations, most notably the ones in downtown Fullerton and Santa Ana, are renovated Spanish Colonial Revival depots originally built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. In October 2005, the Orange County Transportation Authority announced that it would increase service on the Orange County Line, running trains twenty hours daily, the first part of the additional service was implemented in June 2006 with Saturday service, and July 2006 with Sunday service. To address some of issues, OCTA operates a series of Stationlink shuttle routes that connect Metrolink stations in Orange County to nearby destinations. The route of the Orange County Line will be used for the planned California High-Speed Rail line from Los Angeles Union Station to Irvine and it will stop in Anaheim and possibly either Norwalk or Fullerton. When completed, the right-of-way will consist of the tracks with two additional tracks for HSR trains. Transportation in San Diego County Orange County Line schedule
Orange County Line
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Metrolink train 860 at Irvine
112.
Panama Limited
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The Panama Limited was a passenger train operated from 1911 to 1971 by the Illinois Central Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Panama Limited took its name from the Panama Canal, which in 1911 was then under construction, for most of its career, the train was all-Pullman, carrying sleeping cars only. The Panama Limited was one of many trains discontinued when Amtrak began operations in 1971, though Amtrak revived the service later that year, today, overnight service between Chicago and New Orleans is provided by Amtraks City of New Orleans, another former Illinois Central train. In the early 1900s the Illinois Centrals premier train on the Chicago-New Orleans route was the Chicago, on February 4,1911, the Illinois Central renamed this train the Panama Limited, in honor of the anticipated opening of the Panama Canal. The train included a St. Louis, Missouri, section that connected at Carbondale, the train was first-class only north of Memphis, Tennessee. It carried through sleepers for Hot Springs, Arkansas, and San Antonio and it made the journey in 25 hours. In 1912, the train was replaced with an all-steel, all electric consist, the Illinois Central relaunched the train on November 15,1916, with new equipment and a new schedule,23 hours from Chicago to New Orleans. The new train carried sleeping cars only for its entire route and its old equipment and schedule became a new train, the Louisiane. The Great Depression led the Illinois Central to discontinue the luxurious Panama Limited between May 28,1932, and December 2,1934, when it returned it had new air-conditioned equipment and an improved 20-hour schedule between Chicago and New Orleans. The Panama Limited was streamlined in 1942, during World War II, the Illinois Central had ordered two lightweight sets of equipment prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, after an appeal the War Production Board allowed their delivery. The first diesel/electric-powered streamlined run of the Panama Limited was on May 3,1942 on an 18-hour schedule, on hand for the first run was Janie Jones, the widow of famed engineer Casey Jones. The Panama Limited carried a new orange and brown paint scheme which became standard on Illinois Central passenger trains. For the duration of the War the Illinois Central dropped the extra fare, in June 1946 the schedule dropped to 17 hours, later the schedule was reduced to 16 hours,30 minutes again with the extra fare. The Panama Limited maintained a level of service until the Amtrak era. It was noted for its dining car service, with a first rate culinary staff and creole fare in the Vieux Carre-themed dining cars, a well-known multi-course meal on the Panama Limited was the Kings Dinner, on the menu for about $10. In 1952 the Illinois Central acquired several 2-unit 175-foot dining cars from the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad which it used on the Panama, with the Pennsylvanias Broadway Limited it was one of the last two all-Pullman trains in the United States. On October 29,1967, the Illinois Central added coaches to the Panama Limited, the Illinois Central dropped this separate designation on December 13,1968. The Illinois Central petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to end the train altogether on November 23,1970, the final day of operation of the Panama Limited by the Illinois Central Railroad was April 30,1971
Panama Limited
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Postcard depiction of the train, circa 1917.
Panama Limited
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Interior of the club car on the Panama Limited, circia 1917.
Panama Limited
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The streamlined Panama Limited, circa 1940s or 1950s.
113.
West Virginian (Amtrak train)
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The West Virginian, later known as the Potomac Turbo and Potomac Special, was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Washington, D. C. and Parkersburg, West Virginia. This patronage earned the train the derisive sobriquets Harleys Hornet and the Staggers Special, on its startup on May 1,1971, Amtrak did not retain any of the three B&O intercity trains then operating west of Cumberland, Maryland. Commuter services between Washington, D. C. and Martinsburg, West Virginia continued unaffected, the situation displeased Staggers, through whose district the B&O route ran. Responding to pressure from Staggers, Amtrak introduced the West Virginian on September 8,1971 and it was Amtraks first train on the B&O. The train operated with ex-Chesapeake and Ohio Railway equipment, a 52-seat coach, on February 7,1972, Amtrak transferred one of its two UAC TurboTrain trainsets, then on the Turboservice between New York City and Boston, Massachusetts, to the Parkersburg run. Amtrak characterized this as an experiment to see how well the TurboTrain could run on a mountainous route, Amtrak dubbed the re-equipped train the Potomac Turbo. Critics questioned the wisdom of running the train in a region where mountains, Amtrak withdrew the equipment on May 13 to replace the other TurboTrain on the New York–Boston run. That train had, in turn, been sent to Washington for the Transpo 72 exposition, with the withdrawal of the TurboTrain conventional equipment returned to the Washington–Parkersburg run. Amtrak named this train the Potomac Special, Amtrak discontinued this train on May 5,1973. In its place Amtrak introduced the Blue Ridge, which terminated at Martinsburg, a later train, the Shenandoah, operated through Parkersburg to Cincinnati, Ohio. This train was introduced in 1976 and withdrawn in 1981, the Blue Ridge was transferred to MARC and continues presently as the Brunswick Line. Amtraks Capitol Limited, a Chicago-Washington service begun in 1981, operates over the Washington-Cumberland, Maryland portion of the line, when the Railroad Leaves Town, American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, Eastern United States. Kirksville, MO, Truman State University Press,1972 timetable Cover of 1972 Route Guide for the Potomac Turbo
West Virginian (Amtrak train)
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The UAC TurboTrain, seen here at Transpo '72, spent three months on the West Virginian route under the Potomac Turbo name.
114.
San Diegan (train)
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The San Diegan was one of the named passenger trains of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, and a “workhorse” of the railroad. Its 126-mile route ran from Los Angeles, California south to San Diego and it was assigned train Nos. 70–79. The Los Angeles-San Diego corridor was to the Santa Fe as the New York City–Philadelphia corridor was to the Pennsylvania Railroad, daily traffic could reach a density of ten trains during the summer months. The first San Diegan ran on March 27,1938 as one set of equipment making two trips a day. A second trainset delivered in 1941 made possible four streamlined trains each way, a set of heavyweight equipment made a fifth trip in each direction. Amtrak continued to operate the San Diegan when it took over operation of the passenger service on May 1,1971. Today, the route of the San Diegan is served by Amtraks Pacific Surfliner, construction of the Surf Line between Los Angeles and San Diego began on October 12,1880, with the organization of the California Southern Railroad Company. On January 2,1882, the California Southern commenced passenger, the Santa Fe assumed control of the California Southern and on August 12,1888, completed the line between Los Angeles and San Diego. Initially known as the Short Line, the replaced the Santa Fes existing circuitous route via Temecula Canyon. In the 1930s the Surf Line hosted four round-trips per day, in the late 1930s streamlined trains were in transition. While fixed consists such as the Union Pacific Railroads M-10000 were out, on March 27,1938, the Santa Fe inaugurated the San Diegan, operating on a schedule of 2 1⁄2 hours. The single equipment set could make two round-trips per day, a second San Diegan consist entered service on June 8,1941, doubling the schedule to four daily round trips. The San Diegan was supplemented by two conventional heavyweight trains, No one is killed in the accident, and it is many days before all of the wreckage can be pulled out of the sea. June 8,1941, A second lightweight train consisting of six coaches, a car, a tavern lunch-counter car. Service is increased to four round trips with streamliners and one round trip using conventional equipment. October 27,1941, A fifth, steam-powered train is added to the schedule, due in part to the need to transport personnel to. This semi-streamlined train carries a full buffet car, a diner, the number of daily trains servicing the route increases to 16, on average. 1942, The average number of trains per day increases to 42, consist size expands to 13 cars, and each logs 512 daily miles
San Diegan (train)
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The southbound San Diegan passes through Capistrano Beach, California in April 1973.
San Diegan (train)
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San Diegan
San Diegan (train)
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Santa Fe San Diegan at the San Diego depot, 1945 postcard
San Diegan (train)
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An EMD F40PH leads a San Diegan into Union Station in Los Angeles in 1978.
115.
Silver Palm (train)
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The Silver Palm is the name of two former passenger trains operated by Amtrak serving the U. S. state of Florida. The original Silver Palm was a train, operating between Miami and Tampa. Service began in 1982 and ended in 1985, the second was an extension of the existing Palmetto service in the late 1990s. Amtrak introduced the first Silver Palm as a round trip service between Miami and Tampa, Florida, on November 21,1982. The train was subsidized by the Florida Department of Transportation as a 403 service, the train operated over the tracks of the Seaboard System Railroad between Miami and Tampa via Auburndale. The northbound train departed Miami in the morning and returned from Tampa in the afternoon, travel time was approximately five hours in each direction. A bus connection was provided between Winter Haven and Orlando, the Silver Palm was the first intrastate train to use the then-new Amfleet II coaches. The initial consist was two coaches and a cafe car, after a two-year trial the Florida Department of Transportation recommended ending subsidies for the Silver Palm. State law required that state-sponsored services maintain a ratio of 60% to continue funding. FDOT announced on October 20,1984 that the Silver Palms ratio was 45. 3%, the Florida Coalition of Rail Passengers sued the state, arguing that the Department of Transportation had calculated the operating ratio incorrectly, and won at the district court level. This decision was overturned on appeal by the Florida First District Court of Appeal on March 28,1985, the Silver Palm was discontinued on April 30,1985. The second Silver Palm was a passenger train between New York, New York, and Miami, Florida. This was a revival of the Palmetto, which Amtrak had discontinued on April 1,1995, service began on November 10,1996. Amtrak restored the Palmetto name on May 1,2002, after the train lost sleeping and dining car service
Silver Palm (train)
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The Silver Palm on its inaugural run in 1982. An EMD F40PHR leads an Amfleet consist.
116.
South Wind (train)
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The South Wind began operations in December 1940, providing streamliner service between Chicago, Illinois and Miami, Florida. This was one of three seven-car streamlined trains operating every day along different routes between Chicago and Miami. The other two trains were the City of Miami and the Dixie Flagler, the South Wind remained in service through the creation of Amtrak in 1971 but was soon replaced by the Floridian. The South Wind departed Chicago Union Station and ran through Logansport and it then proceeded down the Louisville & Nashville main line through Bowling Green, Nashville, and Birmingham to Montgomery. From Montgomery, it ran down the Atlantic Coast Line through Dothan, Thomasville, Valdosta, the final trip to Miami was over the Florida East Coast. After a number of changes throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s. Following the discontinuance of the Southland in 1957, Florida West Coast service was added, the train, beginning service in December 1940, used a seven-car trainset built by the Budd Company. The South Wind, like most trains operated in the South, was racially segregated. As required by law in Southern states the train passed through, blacks were not allowed in the observation lounge on the rear and were restricted to two tables behind a curtain in the dining car. Additionally, when service was initiated, there were actually three every-third-day trains on each route, the Dixie Flagler was accompanied by the Dixieland and Dixiana, the South Wind by the Florida Arrow and Jacksonian, and the City of Miami by the Sunchaser and the Floridan. This coordination enabled passengers to have the convenience of service all along their respective routes between Chicago and Miami. The additional two trains per route were discontinued during World War II, originally the coordinated schedules of the three streamliners left Chicago in the morning, arriving Miami early the next afternoon. The trains were turned and left Miami in the late afternoon arriving back in Chicago just before bedtime the next day. After World War II, the Dixieland, Sunchaser and Florida Arrow were reinstated, upon their discontinuation, the City of Miami and South Wind trains began running two days out of three. However, the tight Miami turnaround hampered operations, and after adding trainsets, the Dixie Flyer remained every third day. In 1954, it was re-equipped and renamed the new Dixieland, in December 1957 both the Dixie Flagler and the Southland were discontinued. The Southland had run daily from various cities through Atlanta and Albany directly to the west coast cities of Tampa and St. Petersburg. At that time, west coast cars were added to the City of Miami and these cars were attached to the West Coast Champion sections going from Jacksonville to Tampa-Sarasota and to St. Petersburg via Trilby, which is now largely dismantled
South Wind (train)
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Postcard ad for the train, circa 1940s.
117.
Spirit of St. Louis (train)
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The Spirit of St. Louis was a named passenger train on the Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors Penn Central and Amtrak between New York and St. Louis, Missouri. The Pennsylvania introduced the Spirit of St. Louis on June 15,1927, replacing the New Yorker and St. Louisian, the name honored the airplane Spirit of St. Louis, flown the month before by Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris. The Spirit of St. Louis remained in service through the inception of Amtrak and it was replaced by the National Limited. When the Railroad Leaves Town, American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, kirksville, MO, Truman State University Press. Media related to Spirit of St. Louis at Wikimedia Commons
Spirit of St. Louis (train)
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The Spirit of St. Louis departs Union Station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1970.
118.
Super Chief
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The Super Chief was one of the named passenger trains and the flagship of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. It claimed to be The Train of the Stars because of the celebrities it carried between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California, the Super Chief was the first Diesel-powered, all-Pullman sleeping car train in America, and it eclipsed the Chief as Santa Fes standard bearer. The extra-fare Super Chief left Dearborn Station in Chicago for its first trip on May 12,1936, with one set of equipment, the train initially operated once a week from both Chicago and Los Angeles. After more cars had been delivered the Super Chief ran twice weekly beginning in 1938, adding to the trains mystique were its gourmet meals and Hollywood clientele. Competitors to the Super Chief were the City of Los Angeles on the Chicago and North Western Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad, the train maintained its high level of service until the end of Santa Fe passenger operations on May 1,1971. In 1974 the Santa Fe withdrew permission to use the due to a perceived decline in service. Following the delivery of new Superliner equipment, the Santa Fe allowed Amtrak to call it the Southwest Chief in 1984, Santa Fes marketing advantage for the Super Chief lay in the geography of the route as well as its ownership. The Santa Fe began as a line along the old Santa Fe and Spanish Trails, from the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas rivers to the Pecos River. This initial route was extended to Los Angeles. The convenience of traveling Santa Fe All The Way was superior to anything that the competing jointly operated railroads could provide on their routes to the west coast, a single traffic and operating department ruled all the divisions and districts of the Santa Fe route from Chicago to Los Angeles. Dining cars, the supply chains, the on-board service crews and their management. During the war the rules were relaxed to carry passengers to and from Albuquerque and La Junta, not until the postwar era could passengers travel to intermediate stations on the Super Chief. The Santa Fe intended the Super Chief as the latest in a line of luxury Chicago–Los Angeles trains wedded to the latest in railroad technology. In the 1930s these included air conditioning, lightweight all-metal construction, in August 1935 the General Motors Electro-Motive Corporation delivered two blunt-nosed diesel-electric units Nos.1 and 1A, intended to pull the Super Chief. Aside from an ALCO HH600 switcher at Dearborn Station in Chicago, they were the Santa Fes first diesels and these locomotives made their first test run with eight heavyweight passenger cars and a dynamometer car on September 9. The first Super Chief operated on May 12,1936, with the diesels pulling air-conditioned heavyweight Pullman cars, eleanor Powell, Hollywoods legendary dancer, christens it The Train of the Stars. May 10,1937, The last of four runs of the Super Chief-2, with an improved 3,600 hp, two-unit, streamlined diesel locomotive set built by EMC. All heavyweight cars used on the Super Chief are replaced with stainless steel cars
Super Chief
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Super Chief being serviced at Albuquerque, New Mexico in March 1943. A headlight "blackout shield" was a wartime Civil Defense requirement on trains running to the Pacific Coast.
Super Chief
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A map depicting the "Grand Canyon Route" of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway c. 1901.
Super Chief
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The EMC Nos. 1 and 1A depicted on August 31, 1935.
Super Chief
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Santa Fe #19L, leading the Super Chief, after smashing through a concrete barrier at Los Angeles Union Station in January 1948
119.
Three Rivers (train)
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The Three Rivers was a daily Amtrak train running between New York City and Chicago, Illinois. It operated via Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Akron, the Three Rivers replaced the Broadway Limited in 1995. The route was cancelled, with the last train running on March 7,2005, Service east of Pittsburgh continues to be provided by the Pennsylvanian. Stations previously served between Pittsburgh and Hammond–Whiting are bereft of passenger trains, though the Capitol Limited provides service between Pittsburgh and Chicago via Cleveland, Ohio, Amtrak began the Three Rivers on September 10,1995, as a replacement for the discontinued Broadway Limited. Originally the train ran between New York and Pittsburgh, extending a New York—Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Keystone Service, in Pittsburgh, the train exchanged mail cars with the Chicago—Washington, D. C. Capitol Limited. Passengers continuing to Chicago changed trains, through service began on February 1,1996, two Three Rivers Amfleet coaches were coupled to the Superliner consist of the Capitol Limited. Through passengers reached the Capitol Limited portion of the train via the transition dorm, Amtrak ended the switching operation on November 10,1996 in favor of extending the Three Rivers to Chicago as an independent train. Amtrak restored the Broadway Limiteds numbers, but because of equipment shortages could not restore sleeper service nor a full dining car. Operating at the height of Amtraks experiment with mail and express business, at the outset, the Three Rivers stopped at Pittsburgh, Greensburg, Johnstown, Altoona, Huntingdon, Lewistown, Harrisburg, Lancaster, Paoli, Philadelphia, Trenton, Newark and New York. With the extension to Chicago in 1996, service began to Hammond-Whiting, Service to the intermediate Ohio stations began after those cities funded station improvements, Youngstown, Fostoria and Akron. Amtrak added Latrobe as a stop on May 17,1998. Highlights along the run included Horseshoe Curve near Altoona, Pennsylvania Dutch Country, the entire trip took about 20 hours. The Three Rivers used Amfleet coaches and either Amfleet or Horizon dinettes, Amtrak never assigned a full dining car owing to equipment shortages and an unfavorable schedule. Starting on April 1,1999 Amtrak began assigning a Heritage Fleet sleeper to the Three Rivers, no Viewliners were available, Amtrak refurbished four stored Heritage sleepers for $250,000. These were the last standard 10-6 sleepers in Amtrak operation and required a Federal Railroad Administration waiver to operate because of their direct-dump toilets, when this waiver expired in October 2001 Amtrak retired the Heritage sleepers and replaced them with Viewliners, which were now available
Three Rivers (train)
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The Three Rivers at Lewistown in 2002.
120.
Twilight Limited
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The Twilight Limited was a named passenger train in the United States which initially operated between Chicago, Illinois, and Detroit, Michigan. The New York Central Railroad introduced the train in 1926, and it continued until the formation of Amtrak in 1971, Amtrak renamed the train St. Clair, feeling that the name Twilight Limited had undesirable connotations and imagery for a company trying to save passenger rail service. Amtrak revived the name in 1976 for a new frequency on the Chicago–Detroit corridor. The New York Central Railroad introduced the Twilight Limited on April 25,1926, the new train was first-class only, with parlor cars and a dining car. It was the fastest of the 13 New York Central trains from Chicago to Detroit, leaving Central Station at 3,00 PM, after the Second World War the Twilight Limited gained coaches, but kept some parlor cars and its dining car. Service on the Chicago-Detroit route continued to drop, from seven trains each way in 1951 to five in 1960, the last parlor car came off in the mid-1960s. As part of a restructuring the New York Central dropped all train names on December 3,1967. Penn Central truncated the westbound ex-Twilight Limited at Ann Arbor, Michigan on October 5,1968, Amtrak kept the eastbound ex-Twilight Limited, but renamed it the St. Clair. By mid-1976 Amtrak had three round-trips on the Chicago-Detroit corridor, these were all named Turboliner after the French-designed gas turbine RTG trainsets which operated on the route, demand outstripped the trainsets fixed capacity of 292, so Amtrak began assigning new conventional Amfleet equipment as it became available. On October 31,1976, the pair of trains became the Twilight Limited. This service pattern remained mostly uninterrupted until 1994, although budget problems led to the westbound Twilight Limited running tri-weekly between 1986 and 1990, on May 5,1994 Amtrak extended the Twilight Limited and Wolverine to Pontiac, Michigan. In 2000, as part of its Network Growth Strategy Amtrak proposed extending the Twilight Limited to New York City, New York via Ontario, Canada and Buffalo, New York, the last Michigan-Ontario-New York had ended in 1979 when Amtrak discontinued the Niagara Rainbow. Nothing came of this proposal, although for a time the Twilight Limited terminated at Detroit and handled additional mail, on April 26,2004 Amtrak dropped individual names on the Chicago-Detroit corridor and the Twilight Limited became one of three Wolverines
Twilight Limited
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Chicagoan
121.
Twin Cities Hiawatha
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The Twin Cities Hiawatha, often just Hiawatha, was a named passenger train operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, and traveled from Chicago to the Twin Cities. The original train takes its name from the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, there are a number of Hiawatha-themed names within the city of Minneapolis, the terminus of the original train. The first Hiawatha ran in 1935, in 1939 the Milwaukee Road introduced a daily trip between Chicago and Minneapolis. The two trains were known as the Morning Hiawatha and Afternoon Hiawatha, or sometimes the AM Twin Cities Hiawatha, the Milwaukee Road discontinued the Afternoon Hiawatha in 1970 while the Morning Hiawatha continued running until the formation of Amtrak in 1971. In the 1930s three railroads fiercely competed for passengers on the Chicago–Minneapolis/St. Paul corridor, the Milwaukee Road, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, each managed the roughly 400-mile trip between the two cities in 10 hours, at an average speed of 40 miles per hour. In 1934 each of the railroads committed to introducing new services which would reduce the time to 6½ hours to St. Paul. The Burlington introduced the Twin Cities Zephyr, a streamlined trainset, while the C&NWs Twin Cities 400 used refurbished steam locomotives. The Milwaukee Road ordered new locomotives from American Locomotive Company. All three trains entered service in 1935, the first Hiawatha ran between Chicago and the Twin Cities on May 29,1935, on a daily 6½ hour schedule over the 410 miles to St. Paul. Patronage was good and the consist grew from five cars to as many as nine, in October 1936 the Milwaukee Road re-equipped the Hiawatha with new 1937 Hiawatha trains, improving on the 1935 design. They had a baggage-‘Tip Top Tap’ car, four coaches, a dining car, the new cars featured fluted sides, in contrast to the smooth sides of the 1935 edition. The regular consist was nine cars, in September 1938 the train was re-equipped again with the 1939 Hiawatha with its famous finned Beaver Tail observation car, designed by noted industrial designer Otto Kuhler. Kuhler also styled the new Class F7 4-6-4 “Hudsons” which displaced the Class As, from January 21,1939, the Twin Cites Hiawatha became two trains, the Morning Hiawatha, and the Afternoon Hiawatha. With the delivery of the 1939 trainsets, the original 1935 Hiawatha equipment was reassigned to the Chicago to Omaha/Sioux City route where it ran as the Midwest Hiawatha, another train, The North Woods Hiawatha, ran with older cars from earlier series also. Two sets of passenger diesel locomotives appeared in 1941, a back to back pair of Alco/GE DL-107 locomotives, the #14, and a back to back pair of EMD E-6, the #15. The Twin Cities Hiawatha was partially equipped in May 1942 with coaches, older series of cars were modified with skirting to run with the newer consists. During the following War years, the trains had as many as 15 cars, trains were so full that that people had to sit on suitcases or stand in aisles
Twin Cities Hiawatha
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Two of the 1948 Skytop lounges in Milwaukee Road livery.
Twin Cities Hiawatha
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A postcard depicts the distinctive original Class A in 1935.
Twin Cities Hiawatha
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The "Afternoon Hiawatha" in 1956.
