1.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
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Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
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Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
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The Beach Boys performing in 1964
2.
String instruments
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String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the strings with their fingers or a plectrum—and others by hitting the strings with a wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a bow. In some keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord or piano, with bowed instruments, the player rubs the strings with a horsehair bow, causing them to vibrate. With a hurdy-gurdy, the musician operates a wheel that rubs the strings. Bowed instruments include the string instruments of the Classical music orchestra. All of the string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers. Some types of string instrument are mainly plucked, such as the harp, in the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, string instruments are called chordophones. Other examples include the sitar, rebab, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, in most string instruments, the vibrations are transmitted to the body of the instrument, which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area. The body of the instrument also vibrates, along with the air inside it, the vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience. The body of most string instruments is hollow, some, however—such as electric guitar and other instruments that rely on electronic amplification—may have a solid wood body. Archaeological digs have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian sites, like the lyres of Ur, the development of lyre instruments required the technology to create a tuning mechanism to tighten and loosen the string tension. During the medieval era, instrument development varied from country to country, Middle Eastern rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings, with a half a pear shape using three strings. Early versions of the violin and fiddle, by comparison, emerged in Europe through instruments such as the gittern, a four stringed precursor to the guitar and these instruments typically used catgut and other materials, including silk, for their strings. String instrument design refined during the Renaissance and into the Baroque period of musical history, violins and guitars became more consistent in design, and were roughly similar to what we use in the 2000s. At the same time, the 19th century guitar became more associated with six string models. In big bands of the 1920s, the guitar played backing chords. The development of guitar amplifiers, which contained a power amplifier, the development of the electric guitar provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to guitar amplifiers. Electric guitars have magnetic pickups, volume control knobs and an output jack, in the 1960s, larger, more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed, called stacks
String instruments
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Various stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop.
String instruments
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Viol, fidel and rebec (from left to right) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan
String instruments
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Various string instruments on display at the Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City.
String instruments
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The strings of a piano
3.
French horn
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The French horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. The double horn in F/B♭ is the horn most often used by players in professional orchestras, a musician who plays any kind of horn is generally referred to as a horn player. Most horns have lever-operated rotary valves, but some, especially older horns, use piston valves, the backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to create a subdued sound, in concert situations, in contrast to the more piercing quality of the trumpet. A horn without valves is known as a horn, changing pitch along the natural harmonics of the instrument. Pitch may also be controlled by the position of the hand in the bell, the pitch of any note can easily be raised or lowered by adjusting the hand position in the bell. Three valves control the flow of air in the single horn, the more common double horn has a fourth valve, usually operated by the thumb, which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B♭. Triple horns with five valves are made, tuned in F, B♭. Also common are descant doubles, which typically provide B♭ and alto F branches and this configuration provides a high-range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple. A crucial element in playing the horn deals with the mouthpiece, when playing higher notes, the majority of players exert a small degree of additional pressure on the lips using the mouthpiece. It is the goal of all serious brass musicians to develop their technique such that additional mouthpiece pressure is avoided altogether, or at the very least, the name French horn is found only in English, first coming into use in the late 17th century. At that time, French makers were preeminent in the manufacture of hunting horns, as a result, these instruments were often called, even in English, by their French names, trompe de chasse or cor de chasse. The International Horn Society has recommended since 1971 that the instrument be simply called the horn, there is also a more specific use of French horn to describe a particular horn type, differentiated from the German horn and Vienna horn. In this sense, French horn refers to an instrument with three Périnet valves. It retains the narrow bell-throat and mouthpipe crooks of the orchestral hand horn of the late 18th century, and most often has an ascending third valve. This is a whole-tone valve arranged so that with the valve in the up position the valve loop is engaged, the horn is the third-highest-sounding instrument in the brass family, below the trumpet and the cornet. Horns are mostly tuned in B♭ or F, or a combination of both, in some traditions, novice players use a single horn in F, while others prefer the B♭ horn. The F horn is used more commonly than the B♭ horn, sound is produced by vibrating the players lips into the mouthpiece of the instrument. Different partials in the series can be played by adjusting the air pressure and lip tension
French horn
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A hunting horn on the insignia of the Danish "Huntsmen Corps" (Jægerkorpset)
French horn
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Vienna horn
French horn
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The valves of a Conn 6D double horn. The 3 lever keys (above the large valves) can be depressed toward the large outer tube. The thumb key (near the left-most valve) moves inward toward the 3 finger keys.
French horn
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A natural horn has no valves, but can be tuned to a different key by inserting different tubing, as during a rest period.
4.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
Piano
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A grand piano (left) and an upright piano (right)
Piano
Piano
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Grand piano by Louis Bas of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
Piano
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Early piano replica by the modern builder Paul McNulty, after Walter & Sohn, 1805
5.
Vibraphone
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The vibraphone is a musical instrument in the struck idiophone subfamily of the percussion family. The vibraphone resembles the xylophone, marimba, and glockenspiel, each bar is paired with a resonator tube that has a motor-driven butterfly valve at its upper end. The valves are mounted on a shaft, which produces a tremolo or vibrato effect while spinning. The vibraphone also has a sustain pedal similar to that on a piano, with the pedal up, the bars are all damped and produce a shortened sound. With the pedal down, they sound for several seconds, the vibraphone is commonly used in jazz music, in which it often plays a featured role and was a defining element of the sound of mid-20th-century Tiki lounge exotica, as popularized by Arthur Lyman. It is the second most popular solo keyboard percussion instrument in music, after the marimba. It is an instrument in the modern percussion section for orchestras. The first musical instrument called vibraphone was marketed by the Leedy Manufacturing Company in the United States in 1921, however, this instrument differed in significant details from the instrument now called the vibraphone. The Leedy vibraphone achieved a degree of popularity after it was used in the novelty recordings of Aloha Oe and this popularity led J. C. Deagan, Inc. in 1927 to ask its Chief Tuner, Henry Schluter, to develop a similar instrument. Schluters design was more popular than the Leedy design, and has become the template for all instruments now called vibraphone, however, when Deagan began marketing Schluters instrument in 1928, they called it the vibraharp. The name derived from similar aluminum bars that were mounted vertically, since Deagan trademarked the name, others were obliged to use the earlier vibraphone for their instruments incorporating the newer design. The name confusion continues, even to the present, but over time vibraphone became significantly more popular than vibraharp, by 1974, the Directory of the D. C. Federation of Musicians listed 39 vibraphone players and 3 vibraharp players, the initial purpose of the vibraphone was to add to the large arsenal of percussion sounds used by vaudeville orchestras for novelty effects. This use was quickly overwhelmed in the 1930s by its development as a jazz instrument, the use of the vibraphone in jazz was pioneered by Paul Barbarin, the drummer with Luis Russells band. Bergerault, of Ligueil, France also began manufacturing vibraphones in the 1930s, Deagan struck endorsement deals with many of the leading players, including Lionel Hampton and Milt Jackson. The Deagan company went out of business in the 1980s, its trademark, Yamaha continues to make percussion instruments based on Deagan designs. In 1948, the Musser Mallet Company was founded by Clair Omar Musser, the Musser company continues to manufacture vibraphones as part of the Ludwig Drum Company. The standard modern instrument has a range of three octaves, from the F below middle C, larger three-and-a-half or four octave models from the C below middle C are also becoming more common
Vibraphone
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Vibraphone
Vibraphone
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Former headquarters of J.C. Deagan, Inc. in Chicago, where Henry Schluter invented the vibraphone. Now (2008) home to Century Mallet Instrument Service.
Vibraphone
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Hampton in 1946
Vibraphone
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The Musser M-55 Pro Vibe, a middle level instrument in Musser's line, played by professionals and in schools around the United States.
6.
Texture (music)
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In music, texture is how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. For example, a thick texture contains many layers of instruments, one of these layers could be a string section, or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick, a pieces texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony, tempo, and rhythms used. An example is the Scherzo from Schubert’s piano sonata in B major, the first four bars are monophonic, with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart, Bars 5-9 are homophonic, with all voices coinciding rhythmically, Bars 11-20 are polyphonic. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel, the lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a silence, After the silence. Many composers use more than one type of texture in the piece of music. A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, a more recent type of texture first used by György Ligeti is micropolyphony. Other textures include polythematic, polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, style brisé Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker. Music, In Theory and Practice, seventh edition, vol, arranging Music for the Real World, Classical and Commercial Aspects. Hanning, Barbara Russano, Concise History of Western Music, based on Donald Jay Grout & Claudia V. Paliscas A History of Western Music, published by W. W. Norton & Company, New York, Copyright 1998. Melody, Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, in Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, edited by Gary Wittlich, pp. 270–301. In Proceedings of the ICMC2005 – International Computer Music Conference, monophony, Grove Music Online, edited bymDeane Root. What to Listen for in Music, revised edition, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky, Polyphony, hyer, Brian, Homophony, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root. Trajectory, Material, Process, and Flow in Robert Morris’s String Quartet Arc, perspectives of New Music 52, no. A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia
Texture (music)
7.
String section
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The string section is the largest body of a single instrument category in the standard Classical orchestra. It normally consists of the first violins, the violins, the violas, the cellos. The first and second play the same types of instruments. The first violins are generally given the melody or higher-pitch musical lines, the second violins may play a harmony part, a countermelody or an accompaniment passage. In discussions of the instrumentation of a work, the phrase the strings or. An orchestra consisting solely of a section is called a string orchestra. Smaller string sections are used in jazz, pop and rock music arrangements, the most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the conductor, with basses behind the cellos on the right. The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left and winds to the right, this is the usual arrangement in orchestra pits. The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in Béla Bartóks Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, in some cases, due to space constraints or other issues, a different layout may be used. The inside player typically turns the pages of the part, while the player continues playing. In cases where a turn occurs during an essential musical part. There are more variations of set-up with the bass section, depending on the size of the section. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers. The size of a section may be expressed with a formula of the type 10-10-8-10-6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos. The numbers can vary widely, Wagner in Die Walküre specifies 16-16-12-12-8, in general, music from the Baroque music era and the Classical music period used smaller string sections. During the contemporary era, some composers requested smaller string sections. In some regional orchestras, amateur orchestras and youth orchestras, the sections may be relatively small
String section
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The Chicago Symphony Orchestra performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the conductor's podium.
8.
Vocal harmony
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Vocal harmony is a style of vocal music in which a consonant note or notes are simultaneously sung as a main melody in a predominantly homophonic texture. Vocal harmonies have been an important part of Western art music since the Renaissance-era introduction of Mass melodies harmonized in sweet thirds, with the rise of the Lutheran churchs chorale hymn singing style, congregations sang hymns arranged with four or five-part vocal harmony. In the Romantic era of music during the 1800s, vocal harmonization became more complex, operas and choral music from the Romantic era used tense-sounding vocal harmonies with augmented and diminished intervals as an important tool for underscoring the drama of the music. As well, the rhythm of the harmony parts has to be in time with the lead singer. In more vocally oriented bands, backup singers may have to sing complex parts which demand a vocal agility and sensitivity equal to that of the vocal line. Usually, pop and rock bands use harmony vocals while the rest of the band is playing, however, as an effect, some rock and pop harmony vocals are done a cappella, without instrumental accompaniment. In many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as keyboards, in Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some pop and hip-hop groups and in theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. One of the more complex styles of vocal harmony is the barbershop quartet style, the melody is not usually sung by the tenor or bass. Barbershop quartets are more likely to use dissonant and tense-sounding dominant seventh chords than pop or rock bands and it used smooth, consonant vocal harmonies, with a number of singers imitating instruments while singing nonsense syllables. For example, in The Ravens song Count Every Star, the singers imitate the doomph, doomph plucking-sound of a double bass, well-known hits include In the Still of the Night by The Five Satins and Get a Job by The Silhouettes, a hit in 1958. Doo-wop remained popular until just before the British Invasion of 1964, a cappella Backup singer Barbershop arranging Doo-wop
Vocal harmony
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The Dapper Dans, a barbershop quartet singing in four-part harmony at Walt Disney World
9.
Brian Wilson
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Brian Douglas Wilson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known for being the multi-tasking leader and co-founder of the rock band the Beach Boys. After signing with Capitol Records in 1962, Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits for the group, in the mid-1960s, Wilson composed, arranged and produced Pet Sounds, considered one of the greatest albums ever made. The intended follow-up to Pet Sounds, Smile, was canceled for various reasons, as he suffered repeated nervous breakdowns, Wilsons contributions to the Beach Boys diminished, and his erratic behavior led to tensions with the band. He remains a member of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Incorporated, Wilsons work with the Beach Boys helped raise pop music to the level of high art. Wilson effectively set a precedent that allowed bands and artists to enter a recording studio and his songs became inextricably tied with the zeitgeist of the early 1960s, and he helped develop the sound of the wistful Flower Power era that proceeded. In later years, Wilson was regarded as a godfather to an era of musicians who were inspired by his melodic sensibilities, chamber pop orchestrations. His honors include being inducted into the 1988 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and winning Grammy Awards for Brian Wilson Presents Smile and The Smile Sessions. In lists published by Rolling Stone, Wilson ranked 52 for the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time in 2008 and 12 for the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time in 2015. In 2012, music publication NME ranked Wilson number 8 in its 50 Greatest Producers Ever list and he is an occasional actor and voice actor, having appeared in television shows, films, and other artists music videos. His life was portrayed in the 2014 biopic Love & Mercy, Brian Douglas Wilson was born on June 20,1942, at Centinela Hospital in Inglewood, California, the son of Audree Neva and Murry Wilson. He was the eldest of three boys, his brothers were Dennis and Carl. He has English, Swedish, Dutch, German, and Irish ancestry, when Brian was two, the family moved from Inglewood to 3701 West 119th Street in nearby Hawthorne, California. Murry Wilson said, He was very clever and quick, I just fell in love with him. At about age two, Brian heard George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, which had an emotional impact on him. A few years later, he was discovered to have diminished hearing in his right ear. The exact cause of hearing loss is unclear, though theories range from him simply being born partially deaf to a blow to the head from his father, or a neighborhood bully. While Brians father Murry was ostensibly a reasonable provider, he was often abusive, a minor musician and songwriter, he also encouraged his children in this field in numerous ways. At an early age, Brian was given six weeks of lessons on a toy accordion and, at seven and eight, at Hawthorne High School, Brian was on the football team as a quarterback, played baseball and was a cross-country runner in his senior year
Brian Wilson
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Brian Wilson (center) performing with the Beach Boys circa 1964.
Brian Wilson
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Wilson performing in England in 2009
Brian Wilson
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Brian Wilson at a 15 Big Ones session, circa 1976
Brian Wilson
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The Brian Wilson Band performing in 2005.
10.
Burt Bacharach
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Burt Freeman Bacharach is an American composer, songwriter, record producer, pianist, and singer. As of 2014, Bacharach had written 73 US and 52 UK Top 40 hits, in 1997 he was the subject of a PBS Great Performances biography. And in recent years a number of albums and concerts have helped introduce his music to younger audiences. Among them was a 2009 concert by Dutch singer Trijntje Oosterhuis, in 2012 Bacharach and David received the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, the first time the honor has been given to a songwriting team. The ceremony was hosted by President Obama, and included a concert performed with various stars, Bacharach was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and grew up in the Forest Hills section of New York City, graduating from Forest Hills High School in 1946. His family was Jewish, but he says that they didnt practice or give attention to their religion. But the kids I knew were Catholic, he adds, I was Jewish but I didnt want anybody to know about it. Bacharach showed a keen interest in jazz as a teenager, disliking his classical piano lessons and he got to hear bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Count Basie, whose style would later influence his songwriting. Bacharach studied music at Montreals McGill University, under Helmut Blume, at the Mannes School of Music, during this period he studied a range of music, including jazz harmony, which has since been important to songs which are generally considered pop music. His composition teachers included Darius Milhaud, Henry Cowell, and Bohuslav Martinů, Bacharach cites Milhaud as his biggest influence, under whose guidance he wrote a Sonatina for Violin, Oboe and Piano. Following his tour of duty in the United States Army, Bacharach spent the three years as a pianist and conductor for popular singer Vic Damone. Damone recalls, Burt was clearly bound to go out on his own and he was an exceptionally talented, classically trained pianist, with very clear ideas on the musicality of songs, how they should be played, and what they should sound like. He later worked in similar capacity for other singers, including Polly Bergen, Steve Lawrence. When he was unable to better jobs, Bacharach worked at resorts in the Catskill Mountains of New York. In 1956, at age 28, Bacharachs productivity increased when composer Peter Matz recommended him to Marlene Dietrich and he then became part-time music director for Dietrich, a German actress and singer who had been an international screen star in the 1930s. They toured worldwide off and on until the early 1960s, when they werent touring, as a result of his collaboration with Dietrich, he gained his first major recognition as a conductor and arranger. In her autobiography, she remembered that Bacharach loved touring in Russia and Poland because the violinists were extraordinary and he liked Edinburgh and Paris, along with the Scandinavian countries, and he also felt at home in Israel, she says, where music was similarly much revered. By the early 1960s, after five years with Dietrich
Burt Bacharach
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During 1972 ABC-TV special
Burt Bacharach
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Bacharach with Stevie Wonder in the 1970s
Burt Bacharach
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With actress-wife Angie Dickinson shortly after they married in 1965
11.
Phil Spector
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He is acknowledged as one of the most influential figures in pop music history. Spectors other chart-topping singles include Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin, The Long and Winding Road, from 2007 to 2009, Spector was the subject of a trial and retrial for the 2003 murder of actress Lana Clarkson, of which he was convicted in the second degree. He is serving a sentence of 19 years to life. In 2008, The Washington Times named Spector the second greatest record producer in music history, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him #63 on their list of the Greatest Artists of All Time. In their 2003 list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, they included the Spector-produced Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes, A Christmas Gift for You, according to BMI, Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin is the song that received the most US airplay in the 20th century. For co-producing Harrisons Concert for Bangladesh, Spector earned the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, in 1989, Spector was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a nonperformer. In 1997, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, harvey Phillip Spector was born on December 26,1939 to a first-generation immigrant Jewish family in the Bronx, New York City. His father, Ben, was an ironworker from Russia with the surname Spekter, Spectors father committed suicide on April 20,1949. In 1953, his mother moved the family to Los Angeles where she found work as a seamstress, having learned to play guitar, Spector performed Rock Island Line in a talent show at Fairfax High School, where he was a student. With three friends from school, Marshall Leib, Sandy Nelson, and Annette Kleinbard, Spector formed a group. During this period, record producer Stan Ross — co-owner of Gold Star Studios in Hollywood — began to tutor Spector in record production, in 1958, the Teddy Bears recorded the Spector-penned Dont You Worry My Little Pet, which helped them secure a deal with Era Records. At their next session, they recorded another song Spector had written—this one inspired by the epitaph on Spectors fathers tombstone. Released on Eras subsidiary label, Dore Records, To Know Him Is to Love Him reached number one on Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on December 1,1958 and it was the seventh number-one single on the newly formed chart. Following the success of their debut, the signed with Imperial Records. Their next single, I Dont Need You Anymore, reached number 91 and they released several more recordings, including an album, The Teddy Bears Sing. But failed to reach the top 100 in US sales, after the split, Spectors career quickly moved from performing and songwriting to production. While recording the Teddy Bears album, Spector had met Lester Sill and his next project, the Spectors Three, was undertaken under the aegis of Sill and his partner, Lee Hazlewood. In 1960, Sill arranged for Spector to work as an apprentice to Leiber and Stoller in New York, Ronnie Crawford would become Spector’s first true recording artist and project as producer
Phil Spector
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Phil Spector in 1965
Phil Spector
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Although predominantly a singles label, Philles released a few albums, one of which is the perennial seller A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records from 1963.
Phil Spector
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2009 mug shot
12.
Distortion (music)
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Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain. Distortion is most commonly used with the guitar, but may also be used with other electric instruments. Guitarists playing electric blues originally obtained an overdriven sound by turning up their vacuum tube-powered guitar amplifiers to high volumes, the terms distortion and overdrive are often used interchangeably, where a distinction is made, distortion is used to denote a more extreme version of the effect than overdrive. Fuzz is a used to describe a particular form of distortion originally created by guitarists using faulty equipment. Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz can be produced by effects pedals, rackmounts, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers, speakers and by digital amplifier modeling devices and these effects are used with electric guitars, electric basses, electronic keyboards, and more rarely as a special effect with vocals. The first guitar amplifiers were relatively low-fidelity, and would often produce distortion when their volume was increased beyond their design limit or if they sustained minor damage. Around 1945, Western-swing guitarist Junior Barnard began experimenting with a rudimentary humbucker pick-up, in early rock music, Goree Carters Rock Awhile featured an over-driven electric guitar style similar to that of Chuck Berry several years later, as well as Joe Hill Louis Boogie in the Park. In the early 1950s, pioneering rock guitarist Willie Johnson of Howlin Wolf′s band began deliberately increasing gain beyond its intended levels to produce distorted sounds. Guitar Slim also experimented with distorted overtones, which can be heard in his hit electric blues song The Things That I Used to Do, Chuck Berrys 1955 classic Maybellene features a guitar solo with warm overtones created by his small valve amplifier. Rock guitarists began intentionally doctoring amplifiers and speakers in order to emulate this form of distortion, according to other sources Burlisons amp had a partially broken loudspeaker cone. In the late 1950s, Guitarist Link Wray began intentionally manipulating his amplifiers vacuum tubes to create a noisy and dirty sound for his solos after a similarly accidental discovery. Wray also poked holes in his speaker cones with pencils to further distort his tone, used electronic echo chambers, the recent powerful and fat Gibson humbucker pickups, the resultant sound can be heard on his highly influential 1958 instrumental, Rumble and Rawhide. In 1961, Grady Martin scored a hit with a fuzzy tone caused by a faulty preamplifier that distorted his guitar playing on the Marty Robbins song Dont Worry, later that year Martin recorded an instrumental tune under his own name, using the same faulty preamp. The song, on the Decca label, was called The Fuzz, Martin is generally credited as the discoverer of the fuzz effect. Rhodes offered The Ventures a fuzzbox he had made, which used to record 2000 Pound Bee in 1962. The best-known early commercial distortion circuit was the Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone, manufactured by Gibson, in May 1965 Keith Richards used a Gibson Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone to record Satisfaction. The songs success boosted sales of the device, and all available stock sold out by the end of 1965. In music the different forms of linear distortion have specific names describing them, in the context of music, the most common source of distortion is clipping in amplifier circuits and is most commonly known as overdrive
Distortion (music)
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A well-used "Turbo Distortion" guitar effect pedal made by Boss
Distortion (music)
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The guitar solo on Chuck Berry 's 1955 single " Maybellene " features "warm" overtone distortion produced by an inexpensive valve amplifier.
Distortion (music)
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The Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer is a popular overdrive pedal
Distortion (music)
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A pair of 6L6GC power valves, often used in American-made amplifiers
13.
Alternative music
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative music
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One of the first popular alternative rock bands, R.E.M. relied on college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative music
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Kim Gordon and Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth
Alternative music
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Robert Smith of The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative, gothic rock, and college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative music
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Kurt Cobain (foreground) and Krist Novoselic with Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
14.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
AllMusic
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AllMusic's logotype and logo (since July 2013)
15.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
New York Daily News
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The August 21, 2014 front page
New York Daily News
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February 5, 1921 front page
New York Daily News
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Daily News Building, John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, architects, rendering by Hugh Ferriss. The landmark building housed the paper until the mid-1990s.
New York Daily News
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Former headquarters at 450 West 33rd Street
16.
Smashing Pumpkins
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The Smashing Pumpkins are an American alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, formed in 1988. Formed by frontman Billy Corgan and James Iha, the band included Darcy Wretzky and it has undergone many line-up changes over the course of its existence, with the current lineup being Corgan and rhythm guitarist Jeff Schroeder. The Smashing Pumpkins broke into the mainstream with their second album. The group built its audience with extensive touring and their 1995 follow-up, the double album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, with 20 million albums sold in the United States alone, The Smashing Pumpkins were one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed bands of the 1990s. However, internal fighting, drug use, and diminishing record sales led to a 2000 break-up, in 2006, Corgan and Chamberlin reconvened to record a new Smashing Pumpkins album, Zeitgeist. After touring throughout 2007 and 2008 with a lineup including new guitarist Jeff Schroeder, by mid-2016, Corgan stated that they were considering reforming the bands original lineup, though no concrete plans have been revealed. While working there, he met guitarist James Iha, adorning themselves with paisley and other psychedelic trappings, the two began writing songs together that were heavily influenced by The Cure and New Order. The duo performed live for the first time on July 9,1988 at the Polish bar Chicago 21 and this performance included only Corgan on bass and Iha on guitar with a drum machine. Shortly thereafter, Corgan met Darcy Wretzky after a show by the Dan Reed Network where they argued the merits of the band, after finding out Wretzky played bass guitar, Corgan recruited her into the lineup and the now-trio played a show at the Avalon Nightclub. After this show, Cabaret Metro owner Joe Shanahan agreed to book the band on the condition that they replace the machine with a live drummer. Jazz drummer Jimmy Chamberlin was recommended by a friend of Corgans, Chamberlin knew little of alternative music and immediately changed the sound of the nascent band. As Corgan recalled of the period, We were completely into the sad-rock and it took about two or three practices before I realized that the power in his playing was something that enabled us to rock harder than we could ever have imagined. On October 5,1988, the band took the stage for the first time at the Cabaret Metro. In 1989, The Smashing Pumpkins made their first appearance on record with the compilation album Light Into Dark, the group released its first single, I Am One, in 1990 on local Chicago label Limited Potential. The single sold out and they released a follow-up, Tristessa, on Sub Pop, the band recorded their 1991 debut studio album Gish with producer Butch Vig at his Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin for $20,000. In order to gain the consistency he desired, Corgan often played all instruments excluding drums, the music fused heavy metal guitars, psychedelia, and dream pop, garnering them comparisons to Janes Addiction. Gish became a success, with the single Rhinoceros receiving some airplay on modern rock radio. After releasing the Lull EP in October 1991 on Caroline Records, the band signed with Virgin Records
Smashing Pumpkins
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2012 line-up of The Smashing Pumpkins (left to right): Nicole Fiorentino, Billy Corgan, and Jeff Schroeder (Mike Byrne is obscured at the drums) performing at Chaifetz Arena in St Louis, Missouri, on October 18, 2012
Smashing Pumpkins
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Billy Corgan onstage during the Mellon Collie tour, featuring a shaved head and his iconic "Zero" shirt
Smashing Pumpkins
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The Smashing Pumpkins on May 24, 2007, at den Atelier, Luxembourg. Left to right: Ginger Reyes, Billy Corgan, Jimmy Chamberlin (back), Jeff Schroeder.
Smashing Pumpkins
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Corgan and Jeff Schroeder onstage
17.
Oasis (band)
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Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991. Developed from a group, the Rain, the band originally consisted of Liam Gallagher, Paul Bonehead Arthurs, Paul Guigsy McGuigan. They were later joined by Liams older brother Noel Gallagher as a fifth member, Oasis signed to independent record label Creation Records in 1993 and released their record-setting debut album Definitely Maybe. The following year the band recorded Morning Glory. with drummer Alan White, formerly of Starclub, McGuigan and Arthurs left Oasis in 1999 as the band went on to record and release Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. Their fifth studio album Heathen Chemistry saw Noel Gallaghers releasing strict creative control in the output with all members contributing songs. Following the recording of the seventh album Dig Out Your Soul in May 2008, Starkey departed the band and with Chris Sharrock as touring member. Liam Gallagher will release his debut album As You Were in 2017, by 2009, Oasis had sold over 70 million records worldwide. The band were listed in the Guinness World Records book in 2010 for Longest Top 10 UK Chart Run by a Group after a run of 22 top 10 hits in the UK. The band also holds the Guinness World Record for being the most successful act in the UK between the years 1995 and 2005, spending 765 weeks in the top 75 singles and albums charts. Oasis evolved from a band called the Rain, composed of Paul McGuigan, Paul Arthurs, Tony McCarroll. Unsatisfied with Hutton, Arthurs invited and auditioned acquaintance Liam Gallagher as a replacement, Liam suggested that the band name be changed to Oasis. This change was inspired by an Inspiral Carpets tour poster that hung in the Gallagher brothers bedroom, one of the venues the poster listed was the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon, Wiltshire. Oasis played their first ever gig on 18 August 1991 at the Boardwalk club in Manchester. Liams brother Noel Gallagher, who was a roadie for Inspiral Carpets, Noel approached the group about joining with the proviso that he would become the bands sole songwriter and leader, and that they would commit to an earnest pursuit of commercial success. He had loads of stuff written, Arthurs recalled, when he walked in, we were a band making a racket with four tunes. All of a sudden, there were loads of ideas, after over a year of live shows, rehearsals and a recording of a proper demo, the bands big break came in May 1993 when they were spotted by Creation Records co-owner Alan McGee. Oasis were invited to play a gig at King Tuts Wah Wah Hut club in Glasgow, Scotland, by a band called Sister Lovers, Oasis, along with a group of friends, found the money to hire a van and make the journey to Glasgow. When they arrived, they were refused entry to the club as they were not on that nights set list and they were given the opening slot and impressed McGee, who was there to see 18 Wheeler, one of his own bands, that night
Oasis (band)
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Vocalist Liam Gallagher and guitarist Noel Gallagher performing in San Diego, California on 18 September 2005
Oasis (band)
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Promotional poster for the mammoth Knebworth Park gigs in August 1996.
Oasis (band)
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Oasis, 1997. L-R: Alan White, Paul McGuigan, Noel Gallagher, Paul Arthurs, and Liam Gallagher.
Oasis (band)
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Guitarist Gem Archer performing at an Oasis concert.
18.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard (magazine)
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An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
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Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).
19.
Grand Royal Records
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Grand Royal was the Los Angeles, California-based vanity record label set up in 1992 by the Beastie Boys in conjunction with Capitol Records after the group left Def Jam Recordings. Due to mounting debts, Grand Royal went out of business in 2001 and its assets were sold off via auction on Bid4Assets, these assets did not include any rights to Beastie Boys music. The assets and back catalog were purchased by a group of fans who in turn started GR2 Records, Grand Royal was also the name of a magazine written and published by the group. It was most famous for its article Mulling Over the Mullet in issue two, which lampooned the mullet hairstyle, List of record labels List of Grand Royal artists GR2 Records
Grand Royal Records
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Grand Royal Logo
20.
Spookey Ruben
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Spookey Ruben is a Canadian musician, producer, songwriter, composer, and filmmaker. Spookey has released seven solo albums. Due to his fathers work as an ESA space engineer Spookey grew up in Germany, the Netherlands, in his childhood, Spookeys parents insisted he take up an instrument and so he chose classical guitar. At age 13 he got his hands on his first electric guitar and spent the remainder of his years playing in an array of hardcore. It was at time that he received his nickname Spooky. At age 19 he moved to Toronto and enrolled in school at York University. International critical acclaim followed, hailing the album as the Pet Sounds of the 90s, in 1996, Ruben contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat, A Red Hot Soundtrip produced by the Red Hot Organization. Disputes with TVT resulted in his leaving the label and years of apparent silence, eventually, Ruben simultaneously released two separate CDs entitled Bed and Breakfast that were later repackaged as a double album. Alone at the Zoo, co-produced by John McEntire of Tortoise/The Sea, on June 16,2009 his full-length album, Mechanical Royalty, was released in Canada on Hi-Hat/Sonic Unyon. He has since released a new EP, Shackleton and is playing live dates in North America, in 2008, Spookey Ruben began filming a series of short films for Exclaim. and AUX Television. There have been seven episodes, which musicians from various bands. 1 Wendy Mcdonald – Live in Japan EP Modes of Transportation Vol.2, superpoke Spookey Rubens Official Website Hi-Hats Website Official Myspace Page
Spookey Ruben
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Spookey Ruben
21.
Popmatters
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PopMatters is an international online magazine of cultural criticism that covers many aspects of popular culture. PopMatters was founded by Sarah Zupko, who had established the cultural studies academic resource site PopCultures. PopMatters launched in the fall of 1999 as a site providing original essays, reviews. Over time, the site went from a publication schedule to a five-day-a-week magazine format, expanding into regular reviews, features. In the fall of 2005, monthly readership exceeded one million, from 2006 onward, PopMatters produced several syndicated newspaper columns for McClatchy-Tribune News Service. As of 2009, there are four different pop culture related columns each week, the PopMatters Book Imprint published Joss Whedon, The Complete Companion, edited by Mary Money, with Titan Books in May 2012. PopMatters publishes content from contributors located around the globe, based in six continents and its staff includes writers from various backgrounds, ranging from academics and professional journalists to career professionals and first time writers. Many of its writers are published authorities in various fields of study, notable former contributors include David Weigel, political reporter for Slate, Steven Hyden, staff writer for Grantland and author of Whatever Happened To Alternative Nation. And Rob Horning, executive editor of The New Inquiry, karen Zarker is the senior editor
Popmatters
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PopMatters
22.
Grizzly Bear (band)
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Grizzly Bear is an American rock band from Brooklyn, New York, formed in 2002. The band consists of Edward Droste, Daniel Rossen, Chris Taylor, the band employs traditional and electronic instruments. Their sound has been categorized as pop, folk rock, and experimental. Grizzly Bear began as a moniker for songwriter Ed Drostes music in the early 2000s. Regarding the bands origins as a project, Droste noted, It was just like doing a little home project, and I thought oh. Our name was actually just a nickname for an old boyfriend of mine, in 2004, Droste released Grizzly Bears debut album, Horn of Plenty. Predominately a solo album, the album featured contributions from future drummer Christopher Bear, Rolling Stone magazine wrote of the first album, the pure atmospheric power of the songs is more than enough to hypnotize. Droste and Bear were subsequently joined by bass guitarist and producer Chris Taylor, regarding these shows, Droste noted, Weve never played without the four of us, really. The first couple shows we did before we knew Dan, we did three of us and they kind of sucked. From the get-go, when we were trying to put together a show, thats when we discovered our sound. Guitarist and vocalist Daniel Rossen, a friend of Bears from jazz-camp, Rossen stated, For a long time, I only played my songs to close friends, and it just happened that I lived with Chris Taylor during my second year of college, so he heard them. He was my entrance into Grizzly Bear and he joined the band first, then after a while he suggested I come in with these songs. When I joined, I did about two rehearsals with them, worked out one of my songs to put into the set and it was a real trial-by-fire thing. I was close with Chris and Chris, but I didn’t know Ed at all, regarding the decision to turn Grizzly Bear into a full band, Droste noted I was quite happy to relinquish the idea of being a solo artist. I hate the thought of being under a spotlight with my guitar, in 2005, The Remixes, a collection of remixed songs from Horn of Plenty, was released by Kanine Records. Contributors include Simon Bookish, Final Fantasy, Soft Pink Truth, DNTEL, Efterklang and their first record as a quartet and to feature material written by Rossen, Yellow House, was released on Warp Records in September 2006. It was named for Drostes mothers house where it was recorded and ranked as one of the top albums of 2006 by the New York Times, in 2007, Rossen recorded a cover of JoJos single Too Little Too Late for Drostes twenty-ninth birthday. Also in 2007, the band released Friend, an EP which features outtakes, alternate versions of songs, and covers of Grizzly Bear material done by Cansei de Ser Sexy, Band of Horses, and Atlas Sound
Grizzly Bear (band)
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Grizzly Bear performing at the 2013 CBGB Festival in Times Square
Grizzly Bear (band)
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Grizzly Bear in 2012 at the Brixton Academy
Grizzly Bear (band)
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L to R: Chris Taylor, Ed Droste, Daniel Rossen, Christopher Bear at the Austin City Limits Music Festival
23.
Romanticism
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Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of heroic individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art, there was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism, the decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism. Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that the feeling is his law. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were laws that the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creators own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism. This idea is called romantic originality. Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief, however, this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the voice of the artist. So, in literature, much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves. In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman, meaning the new literary form of the novel, had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages. It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, the period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place roughly between 1770 and 1848, and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, however, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier
Romanticism
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Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, 1818
Romanticism
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Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron
Romanticism
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Philipp Otto Runge, The Morning, 1808
Romanticism
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William Blake, The Little Girl Found, from Songs of Innocence and Experience, 1794
24.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative rock
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One of the first popular alternative rock bands, R.E.M. relied on college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative rock
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Kim Gordon and Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth
Alternative rock
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Robert Smith of The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative, gothic rock, and college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative rock
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Kurt Cobain (foreground) and Krist Novoselic with Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
25.
Ravel
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Joseph Maurice Ravel was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, in the 1920s and 1930s Ravel was internationally regarded as Frances greatest living composer. After leaving the conservatoire Ravel found his own way as a composer, developing a style of great clarity, incorporating elements of baroque, neoclassicism and, in his later works, jazz. He liked to experiment with form, as in his best-known work, Boléro. He made some arrangements of other composers music, of which his 1922 version of Mussorgskys Pictures at an Exhibition is the best known. As a slow and painstaking worker, Ravel composed fewer pieces than many of his contemporaries. Among his works to enter the repertoire are pieces for piano, chamber music, many of his works exist in two versions, a first, piano score and a later orchestration. Some of his music, such as Gaspard de la nuit, is exceptionally difficult to play. Ravel was among the first composers to recognise the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public, from the 1920s, despite limited technique as a pianist or conductor, he took part in recordings of several of his works, others were made under his supervision. Ravel was born in the Basque town of Ciboure, France and his father, Pierre-Joseph Ravel, was an educated and successful engineer, inventor and manufacturer, born in Versoix near the Franco-Swiss border. His mother, Marie, née Delouart, was Basque but had grown up in Madrid, in 19th-century terms, Joseph had married beneath his status – Marie was illegitimate and barely literate – but the marriage was a happy one. Both Ravels parents were Roman Catholics, Marie was also something of a free-thinker, a trait inherited by her elder son and he was baptised in the Ciboure parish church six days after he was born. The family moved to Paris three months later, and there a younger son, Édouard, was born and he was close to his father, whom he eventually followed into the engineering profession. Maurice was particularly devoted to their mother, her Basque-Spanish heritage was an influence on his life. Among his earliest memories were folk songs she sang to him, the household was not rich, but the family was comfortable, and the two boys had happy childhoods. Ravel senior delighted in taking his sons to factories to see the latest mechanical devices, in later life, Ravel recalled, Throughout my childhood I was sensitive to music. My father, much better educated in art than most amateurs are, knew how to develop my taste. There is no record that Ravel received any formal schooling in his early years
Ravel
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Ravel in 1925
Ravel
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Joseph Ravel (1875), Marie Ravel (1870) and Maurice Ravel aged four (1879)
Ravel
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Piano class of Charles de Bériot in 1895, with Ravel on the left
Ravel
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Gabriel Fauré, Ravel's teacher and supporter
26.
Post-rock
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As such, the term has been the subject of backlash from listeners and artists alike. Although firmly rooted in the indie or underground scene of the 1980s and early 1990s, the term post-rock is believed to have been coined by critic Simon Reynolds in his review of Bark Psychosis album Hex, published in the March 1994 issue of Mojo magazine. Reynolds expanded upon the later in the May 1994 issue of The Wire. He used the term to music using rock instrumentation for non-rock purposes, using guitars as facilitators of timbre and textures rather than riffs. He further expounded on the term, Perhaps the really provocative area for development lies. In cyborg rock, not the embrace of Technos methodology. Reynolds, in a July 2005 entry in his blog, claimed he had used the term post-rock before using it in Mojo, the term was used by American journalist James Wolcott in a 1975 article about musician Todd Rundgren, although with a different meaning. It was also used in the Rolling Stone Album Guide to name a style corresponding to avant-rock or out-rock. It also bears similarities to drone music, early post-rock groups also often exhibited strong influence from the krautrock of the 1970s, particularly borrowing elements of motorik, the characteristic krautrock rhythm. Post-rock compositions often use of repetition of musical motifs and subtle changes with an extremely wide range of dynamics. In some respects, this is similar to the music of Steve Reich, Philip Glass and Brian Eno, typically, post-rock pieces are lengthy and instrumental, containing repetitive build-ups of timbre, dynamics and texture. Vocals are often omitted from post-rock, however, this not necessarily mean they are absent entirely. When present, post-rock vocals are often soft or droning and are typically infrequent or present in irregular intervals, in lieu of typical rock structures like the verse-chorus form, post-rock groups generally make greater use of soundscapes. Reynolds conclusion defines the sporadic progression from rock, with its field of sound and lyrics to post-rock, wider experimentation and blending of other genres have recently taken hold in the post-rock scene. Cult of Luna, Isis, Russian Circles, Palms, Deftones, the resulting sound has been termed post-metal. More recently, sludge metal has grown and evolved to some elements of post-rock. This second wave of metal has been pioneered by bands such as Giant Squid. This new sound is seen on the label of Neurot Recordings
Post-rock
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Post-rock group Mogwai performing at a 2007 concert.
Post-rock
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Post-rock group Do Make Say Think performing at a May 2007 concert.
Post-rock
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Post-rock group Sigur Rós performing at a 2005 concert in Reykjavík.
27.
Simon Reynolds
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Simon Reynolds is an English music journalist, critic, and author. Over the course of his career, he has contributed to Spin, Rolling Stone, The New York Times, The Village Voice, The Guardian, The Wire, Reynolds was born in London in 1963 and grew up in Berkhamsted. Inspired by a brother, he interested in music in the late 1970s shortly after the dissipation of the punk rock movement. In the mid 1980s, he attended the University of Oxford, in 1986, Reynolds joined the staff of Melody Maker, where his writing was marked by enthusiasm for a wave of neo-psychedelic rock and hip hop artists that emerged in the mid-1980s. Many pieces from this era would later constitute the retrospective collection Blissed Out, The Raptures of Rock, in 1990, Reynolds left Melody Maker and became a freelance writer, splitting his time between London and New York. During this time, he coined the term post-rock in his review of Bark Psychosis album Hex. In 1994, Reynolds moved to the East Village in Manhattan, in 1995, with his wife, Joy Press, Reynolds co-authored The Sex Revolts, Gender, Rebellion and Rock n Roll, a critical analysis of gender in rock. In 1998, Reynolds published Energy Flash, a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, a history of what became rave music, and became a senior editor at Spin magazine in the US. In 1999, he returned to work and published an American version of Energy Flash in abridged form, titled, Generation Ecstasy, Into the World of Techno. In 2005, Reynolds released Rip It Up and Start Again, Postpunk 1978–1984, in 2008, an updated edition of Energy Flash was published, with new chapters on the ten years of dance music following the appearance of the first edition. He contributed a chapter to Sound Unbound, Sampling Digital Music and Culture, in 2011, Reynolds published Retromania, Pop Cultures Addiction to Its Own Past, a critical investigation into what he perceives as the current situation of chronic retrogression in pop music. Reynolds has continued writing for magazines, as well as his blog, Blissblog and his history of the glam rock era, Shock and Awe, Glam Rock and Its Legacy, was published in October 2016. Reynolds writing has blended cultural criticism with music journalism and he has written extensively on gender, class, race, and sexuality in relation to music and culture. He has on occasion used the Marxist concepts of commodity fetishism, Reynolds has also written about drug culture and its relationship to various musical developments and movements. Blissed Out, The Raptures of Rock, serpents Tail, August 1990, ISBN 1-85242-199-1 The Sex Revolts, Gender, Rebellion and Rock N Roll. Faber and Faber Ltd, April 2005, ISBN 0-571-21569-6 Bring The Noise,20 Years of writing about Hip Rock, Faber and Faber Ltd, May 2007, ISBN 978-0-571-23207-9 Totally Wired, Post-Punk Interviews and Overviews. Faber and Faber Ltd, February 2009, 978-0571235490 Retromania, Pop Cultures Addiction to Its Own Past, Faber and Faber Ltd, June 2011, 978-0571232086 Shock and Awe, Glam Rock and Its Legacy, from the Seventies to the Twenty-First Century. Faber and Faber Ltd, October 2016, 978-0571301713 Rip It Up and Start Again, Post Punk 1978-1984 - CD compiled by Simon Reynolds,15 May 2006, V2 label Official blog Furious
Simon Reynolds
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Reynolds in 2011
28.
Brian Eno
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Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, RDI is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer, writer, and visual artist. He is best known for his work in rock, ambient, pop. He has been described as one of musics most influential. Born in Suffolk, Eno studied painting and experimental music at art school in the late 1960s before joining glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesizer player in 1971. He took part in frequent collaborations with such as Robert Fripp, Cluster, David Bowie on his Berlin Trilogy. In subsequent decades, Eno continued to record albums, collaborate, and produce for other artists, including U2, Coldplay, Laurie Anderson, James, Grace Jones. He continues to release music, produce, and write, the unusual surname Eno, long established in Suffolk, derives from the French Huguenot surname Hennot. Maria had already had a daughter, and together William and Maria would have two children, Roger and Arlette. In school, Eno used a tape recorder as an instrument and experimented with his first, sometimes improvisational. From that collaboration, he involved in Cornelius Cardews Scratch Orchestra. The first released recording in which Eno played is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of Cardews The Great Learning, Another early recording was the Berlin Horse soundtrack, by Malcom Le Grice, a nine-minute,2 ×16 mm-double-projection, released in 1970 and presented in 1971. He then progressed to appearing on stage as a member of the group. He quit the band on completing the tour for the bands second album, For Your Pleasure, because of disagreements with lead singer Bryan Ferry. If Id walked ten yards further on the platform, or missed that train, or been in the next carriage, during his period with Roxy Music, and for his first three solo albums, he was credited on records only as Eno. Eno embarked on a career almost immediately. Between 1973 and 1977 he created four albums of electronically inflected art pop, Here Come the Warm Jets, Taking Tiger Mountain, Another Green World, and Before and After Science. Tiger Mountain contains the galloping Third Uncle, one of Enos best-known songs and these four albums were remastered and reissued in 2004 by Virgins Astralwerks label. Due to Enos decision not to add any extra tracks of the original material, in 1972, Eno and Robert Fripp developed the Frippertronics tape delay system, a year later, the pair released the proto-ambient album
Brian Eno
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Eno at the Museo MADRE of Naples in June 2008
Brian Eno
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Eno at The Long Now Foundation, 26 June 2006
Brian Eno
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Eno at MoogFest 2011
Brian Eno
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Brian Eno's connections to other progressive rock music artists
29.
Wall of Sound
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The intention was to create a dense aesthetic that came across well on AM radio and jukeboxes popular in the era. As Spector explained in 1964, I was looking for a sound, a sound so strong that if the material was not the greatest and it was a case of augmenting, augmenting. It all fitted together like a jigsaw, in order to attain the Wall of Sound, Spectors arrangements called for large ensembles, with multiple instruments doubling and even tripling many of the parts to create a fuller, richer sound. The intricacies of the technique were unprecedented in the world of production for popular records. Wrecking Crew guitarist Barney Kessel would note, Musically, it was terribly simple, techniques like distortion and echo were not new, but Phil came along and took these to make sounds that had not been used in the past. It was all a definite sound, there werent combinations of sound, and with the advent of Phil Spector, we find sound combinations, which—scientifically speaking—is a brilliant aspect of sound production. We went for more clarity in terms of instrumental colors. He definitely had a different point of view, Spectors first production was the self-penned 1957 single Dont You Worry My Little Pet, performed with his group the Teddy Bears. The recording was achieved by taking a demo tape of the song and playing it back over the speaker system in order to overdub another performance over it. The end product was a cacophony, with stacked harmony vocals that could not be heard clearly and he would spend the next several years further developing this unorthodox method of recording. In the 1960s, Spector usually worked at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles because of its exceptional echo chambers and he also typically worked with such audio engineers as Larry Levine and the conglomerate of session musicians who later became known as The Wrecking Crew. The process is almost the same for most of Spectors recordings, the backing track was performed live and recorded monaurally, a bass drum overdub on Da Doo Ron Ron was the exception to the rule. They then added the pianos, of which there were three, and if they didnt work together, Spector would start again with the guitars and this is followed by three basses, the horns, then finally the drums. The vocals were added with Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield singing into separate microphones. We almost got the old Spector 60s sound, not by layering, Musically, it was terribly simple, but the way he recorded and miked it, they’d diffuse it so that you couldnt pick any one instrument out. Techniques like distortion and echo were not new, but Phil came along, All early Wall of Sound recordings were made with a three-track Ampex 350 tape recorder. Levine explained that during mixing, I record the same thing on two of the three tracks just to reinforce the sound, and then I would erase one of those and replace it with the voice. Microphones in the recording captured the musicians performance, which was then transmitted to an echo chamber—a basement room fitted with speakers
Wall of Sound
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Spector (center) at Gold Star Studios with Modern Folk Quartet in 1965
30.
Colin Meloy
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Colin Patrick Henry Meloy is an American musician, singer-songwriter and author best known as the frontman of the Portland, Oregon, indie folk rock band The Decemberists. In addition to vocals, he performs with a guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bouzouki, harmonica. Meloy was born in Helena, Montana, while in high school, Meloy was in the band Happy Cactus, and when in college, in Missoula, he was the lead singer and songwriter for Tarkio. Soon after graduation, he left Tarkio and moved to Portland with the hope of establishing himself among the music scene. The Decemberists formed in 2000 after Meloy met Nate Query, who introduced him to keyboardist Jenny Conlee, Meloy had met multi-instrumentalist Chris Funk, who was a fan of Tarkio, at a solo show prior to meeting Conlee and Query. Since its formation, Meloy has served as the singer, guitarist. His work with The Decemberists thus far entails seven studio albums, eight EPs, thirteen singles, in 2003 Meloy contributed vocals to the track The Lady From Reims on Reclinerlands The Ideal Home Music Library. Meloy also contributed vocals on the tracks Cemetery Row and Twilight Distillery on The Minus 5s 2006 Yep Roc release, in 2007, Meloy lent his voice to an episode of Lil Bush. He appeared with Charlie Salas-Humara in the video for A Pillar of Salt by The Thermals. In 2005, Meloy went on his first solo tour to support the self-released six-song EP, Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey, only 1000 copies of the album were made and they were sold only on this tour. Meloy did a solo tour in January 2006, playing with Laura Veirs. On this tour, he sold an EP featuring covers of British folk artist Shirley Collins,2006 tour performances were recorded for a live release. Meloy contributed an online bonus track for Lavender Diamond on their Imagine Our Love album, Meloy began another solo tour in April 2008. This coincided with the release of his solo album, Colin Meloy Sings Live. on the Kill Rock Stars label. Singer-songwriter Laura Gibson was the act for the full tour. As with previous EPs, Meloy sold an EP only available on this run, Colin Meloy Sings Sam Cooke, the concert, organized by T Bone Burnett, featured several notable musicians representing multiple generations, Meloy performed a cover of Jackson C. Franks Blues Run the Game as well as a version of Joe Hill alongside Joan Baez, on February 24,2006, Carson Ellis, Meloys wife, gave birth to a son, Henry Hank Meloy. Ellis shares her birthday with Meloy, and produces much of the Decemberists album, in 2010, Meloy revealed that Hank has high functioning autism
Colin Meloy
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Colin Meloy performing with The Decemberists in Atlanta, Georgia
Colin Meloy
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Meloy performing in Brussels (2006)
31.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
32.
Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
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Nielsen Holdings PLC is a global information, data, and measurement company with headquarters in the United States. Nielsen operates in over 100 countries and employs approximately 44,000 people worldwide, total revenues were $6.2 billion in 2015. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is currently a component of the S&P500, in 2016, American Marketing Association ranked Nielsen number 1 among top 50 Market Research Firms in the United States. Nielsen was founded in 1923 by Arthur C, Nielsen, Sr. who invented an approach to measuring competitive sales results that made the concept of “market share” a practical management tool. The Company was originally incorporated in the Netherlands and later was purchased on May 24,2006 by a consortium of private equity firms. In January 2011, Nielsen consummated an initial offering of common stock and, subsequently. The companys operations span developing and emerging markets worldwide, in more than 100 countries, upon approval, the company became incorporated under English law and was registered as a public limited company to be named Nielsen Holdings PLC. James Attwood Jr. is Nielsens Executive Chairman, and Mitch Barns is Nielsens Chief Executive Officer, james Attwood succeeded Dave Calhoun as Executive Chairman in January 2016. He served as Nielsen CEO from to 2006 to 2014, when he was succeeded by Barns, barnes joined Nielsen in 1997 and has held various roles in Europe, Asia, and North America leading major parts of the business. While the Nielsen brand is most often associated with television ratings, after substantial work to simplify the company over the last several years, Nielsen today aligns its business into two reporting segments, Buy and Watch. Nielsens Buy segment primarily helps packaged goods companies and retailers understand what consumers are buying in terms of categories, brands, the company’s aim is to measure all consumer purchases as buying behavior continues to fragment across channels and segments. For example, it is Nielsens data that measures how much Diet Coke vs. Diet Pepsi is sold in stores and they also can provide insights into how changes in product offerings, pricing or marketing would change sales. Major clients include The Coca-Cola Company, Nestlé S. A, the Procter & Gamble Company, Unilever Group, and Walmart. While the United States is the company’s largest market, Nielsen is a global company, in the Buy business, it covers 106 countries representing more than 90% of the world’s population. Nielsens Watch segment primarily measures what consumers are watching across most devices, TV, radio, computers, mobile, over-the-top, the company measures consumption of programming and advertising across all distribution points. Nielsens ratings are used by advertisers and networks to shape the buying and selling of advertising, major clients include CBS, NBC Universal, News Corporation, and The Walt Disney Company. Nielsen’s Watch business measures media in 47 countries that represent approximately 80% of global advertising spending. Nielsen’s digital audience measurement capability is a growing part of this footprint
Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
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Nielsen Holdings N.V.
33.
The Wire
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The Wire is an American crime drama television series set and produced in Baltimore, Maryland. Created and primarily written by author and former police reporter David Simon, the Wire premiered on June 2,2002, and ended on March 9,2008, comprising 60 episodes over five seasons. Each season of The Wire introduces a different institution in the city of Baltimore and its relationship to law enforcement, while retaining characters and advancing storylines from previous seasons. In chronological order these are, the drug trade, the seaport system, the city government and bureaucracy, the school system. The large cast consists mainly of actors who are known for their other roles, as well as numerous real-life Baltimore and Maryland figures in guest. Simon has said that despite its framing as a drama, the show is really about the American city. Its about how institutions have an effect on individuals, whether one is a cop, a longshoreman, a drug dealer, a politician, a judge or a lawyer, all are ultimately compromised and must contend with whatever institution to which they are committed. The Wire is lauded for its themes, its uncommonly acute exploration of society and politics. Simon has stated that he set out to create a police drama loosely based on the experiences of his writing partner Ed Burns. Simon chose to set the show in Baltimore because of his familiarity with the city, Simon wanted to avoid a repeat of these conflicts and chose to take The Wire to HBO, because of their working relationship from the miniseries The Corner. HBO was initially doubtful about including a drama in its lineup. Simon approached the mayor of Baltimore, telling him that he wanted to give a bleak portrayal of aspects of the city. He hoped the show would change the opinions of some viewers, the casting of the show has been praised for avoiding big-name stars and using character actors who appear natural in their roles. The looks of the cast as a whole have been described as defying TV expectations by presenting a range of humanity on screen. Most of the cast is African-American, consistent with the demographics of Baltimore, the initial cast was assembled through a process of auditions and readings. Lance Reddick received the role of Cedric Daniels after auditioning for other parts. Michael K. Williams got the part of Omar Little after only a single audition, Jay Landsman, a longtime police officer who inspired the character of the same name, played Lieutenant Dennis Mello. Baltimore police commander Gary DAddario served as the technical advisor for the first two seasons and has a recurring role as prosecutor Gary DiPasquale
The Wire
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Second season intertitle
The Wire
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David Simon, creator of The Wire
The Wire
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"Murderland Alley" is both realistically and bleakly portrayed.
The Wire
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The Barksdale crew: from left, Wee-Bey Brice, Stringer Bell, D'Angelo Barksdale, Poot Carr, and Bodie Broadus
34.
Vice (magazine)
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Vice is a print magazine and website focused on arts, culture, and news topics. As of February 2015, the magazines Chief Creative Officer was Eddy Moretti, Andrew Creighton is President, as of October 2014, there were 29 Vice offices on every continent except Africa and Antarctica. The monthly publication is frequently focused on a single theme, when the editors later sought to dissolve their commitments with the original publisher Alix Laurent, they bought him out and changed the name to Vice in 1996. Richard Szalwinski, a Canadian software millionaire, acquired the magazine and relocated the operation to New York City, following the relocation, the magazine quickly developed a reputation for provocative and politically incorrect content. Under Szalwinskis ownership, a few stores were opened in New York City. However, due to the end of the bubble, the three founders eventually regained ownership of the Vice brand, followed by the closure of the stores. The British edition of Vice was launched in 2002 and Andy Capper was its first editor. The media company was based in New York City, but the magazine began featuring articles on topics that were considered more serious, such as armed conflict in Iraq. Alvi explained to The New York Times in November 2007, The world is bigger than the Lower East Side. McInnes left the publication in 2008, citing creative differences as the primary issue, in an email communication dated 23 January, McInnes explained, I no longer have anything to do with Vice or VBS or DOs & DONTs or any of that. Its a long story but weve all agreed to leave it at creative differences, at the commencement of 2012, an article in Forbes magazine referred to the Vice company as Vice Media, but the precise time when this title development occurred is not public knowledge. Vice acquired the fashion magazine i-D in December 2012 and, by February 2013, Vice produced 24 global editions of the magazine, by this stage, Alex Miller had replaced Capper as the editor-in-chief of the UK edition. Furthermore, Vice consisted of 800 worldwide employees, including 100 in London, Vice magazine includes the work of journalists, columnists, fiction writers, graphic artists and cartoonists, and photographers. Both Vices online and magazine content has shifted from dealing mostly with independent arts, articles on the site feature a range of subjects, often things not covered as by mainstream media. Entire issues of the magazine have also dedicated to the concerns of Iraqi people, Native Americans, Russian people, people with mental disorders. Vice also publishes a guide for students in the United Kingdom. In 2007, a Vice announcement was published on the Internet, After umpteen years of putting out what amounted to a book every month. Besides, too many other magazines have ripped it and started doing their own take on themes
Vice (magazine)
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January 2009, the Universal Sadness Issue
35.
LA Weekly
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LA Weekly is a free weekly tabloid-sized alternative newspaper in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1978 by Editor/Publisher Jay Levin and a board of directors that included actor-producer Michael Douglas, according to its website, LA Weekly has been the premier source for award-winning coverage of Los Angeles music, arts, film, theater, culture, concerts, events. The LA Weekly also recognizes outstanding small theatre productions in Los Angeles, with their annual LA Weekly Theater Awards, starting in 2006, LA Weekly has hosted the LA Weekly Detour Music Festival every October. The entire block surrounding Los Angeles City Hall is closed off to accommodate the three stages. The paper was founded in 1978 by Jay Levin, who served as its editor from 1978 to 1991, Levin put together an investment group that included actor Michael Douglas, Burt Kleiner, Joe Benadon and Pete Kameron. The majority of its core of staff members came from the Austin Sun, a similar-natured bi-weekly. Some of those disgruntled ex-employees complained when New Times replaced news editor Alan Mittelstaedt with veteran New Times editor Jill Stewart, on June 1,2009, the paper announced that Editor-in-Chief Laurie Ochoa, who began helming the paper in 2001, was parting ways with the Weekly. On that same day, ads for her replacement appeared on Craigslist, though some speculated that Stewart was a shoo-in for the position, the job quickly went to Drex Heikes, formerly of the Los Angeles Times. When Heikes left in 2011, he was replaced by Sarah Fenske, Weekly management said staff cuts were necessary due to poor economic conditions. However, some of the cuts are likely attributable to differences with the papers then-owners. Any old-school Village Voice Media manager who resisted the metamorphosis was denounced as a lefty, a throwback and they were fired or simply fled. Since 2008, LA Weekly has hosted a food and wine festival, now dubbed The Essentials, in 2009, former Los Angeles Times food writer Amy Scattergood became food blogger at LA Weeklys Squid Ink, and was later promoted to food editor. In late 2009, the paper hired Dennis Romero, formerly of Ciudad magazine, following the recession, in 2012 the paper added food critic Besha Rodell, a James Beard nominee and former food editor of Atlantas Creative Loafing. Then in 2013, LA Weekly named Amy Nicholson as its film critic. In 2016, LA Weekly named multimedia journalist and Emmy-winning producer Drew Tewksbury as managing editor, southland also owns the Pasadena Weekly, and The Argonaut on the Westside of Los Angeles, and other print products in Southern California
LA Weekly
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LA Weekly
36.
Pitchfork (website)
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Pitchfork is an American online magazine launched in 1995 by Ryan Schreiber, based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by Condé Nast. The site generally concentrates on new music, but Pitchfork journalists have also reviewed reissues, in late 1995, Ryan Schreiber, a recent high school graduate, created the magazine in Minneapolis. Influenced by local fanzines and KUOM, Schreiber, who had no writing experience. At first being Turntable, the site was updated monthly with interviews and reviews, in May 1996, the site began publishing daily and was renamed Pitchfork, alluding to Tony Montanas tattoo in Scarface. In early 1999, Schreiber relocated Pitchfork to Chicago, Illinois, by then, the site had expanded to four full-length album reviews daily, as well as sporadic interviews, features, and columns. It had also begun garnering a following for its coverage of underground music and its writing style. In October, the added a daily music news section. Pitchfork has launched a variety of subsidiary websites, Pitchfork. tv, a website displaying videos related to many independent music acts, launched in April 2008. It features bands that are found on Pitchfork. In July 2010, Pitchfork announced Altered Zones, a blog devoted to underground. On 21 May 2011, Pitchfork announced a partnership with Kill Screen, Altered Zones was closed on November 30. On December 26,2012, Pitchfork launched Nothing Major, a website that covered visual arts such as fine art, Nothing Major closed in October 2013. On October 13,2015, Condé Nast announced that it had acquired Pitchfork, following the sale, Schreiber remained as editor-in-chief. On March 13,2016, Pitchfork was redesigned, some publications have cited Pitchfork in having played a part in breaking artists such as Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Interpol, The Go. Conversely, Pitchfork has also seen as being a negative influence on some indie artists. A dismissive 0.0 review of former Dismemberment Plan frontman Travis Morrisons Travistan album led to a sales drop. On the other hand, an endorsement from Pitchfork – which dispenses its approval one-tenth of a point at a time, up to a maximum of 10 points – is very valuable, indeed. Examples of Pitchforks impact include, Arcade Fire is among the bands most commonly cited to have benefited from a Pitchfork review
Pitchfork (website)
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Logo of The Pitchfork Review
Pitchfork (website)
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Pitchfork Media
37.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
Pop music
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The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)
Pop music
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According to several sources, MTV helped give rise to pop stars such as Michael Jackson and Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.
Pop music
38.
Christmas music
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Christmas music comprises a variety of genres of music normally performed or heard around the Christmas season. Music was a feature of the Christmas season and its celebrations. The earliest examples are hymnographic works intended for use in observance of both the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany, many of which are still in use by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The 13th century saw the rise of the written in the vernacular. In the Middle Ages, the English combined circle dances with singing, later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England, Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians. During the Commonwealth of England government under Cromwell, the Rump Parliament prohibited the practice of singing Christmas carols as Pagan, like other customs associated with popular Catholic Christianity, it earned the disapproval of Protestant Puritans. Famously, Cromwells interregnum prohibited all celebrations of the Christmas holiday and this attempt to ban the public celebration of Christmas can also be seen in the early history of Father Christmas. The Westminster Assembly of Divines established Sunday as the holy day in the calendar in 1644. The new liturgy produced for the English church recognised this in 1645 and its celebration was declared an offence by Parliament in 1647. There is some debate as to the effectiveness of this ban, Puritans generally disapproved of the celebration of Christmas—a trend which continually resurfaced in Europe and the USA through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. William Sandyss Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern, contained the first appearance in print of many now-classic English carols, singing carols in church was instituted on Christmas Eve 1880 in Truro Cathedral, Cornwall, England, which is now seen in churches all over the world. Christmas festivities, including music, are celebrated in a more secular fashion by such institutions as the Santa Claus Village, in Rovaniemi. The tradition of singing Christmas carols in return for alms or charity began in England in the century after the Restoration. Also from the century, there was the English custom, predominantly involving women, of taking a wassail bowl to their neighbours to solicit gifts. The status of Christmas as an important feast within the year also means there is a long tradition of music specially composed for celebrating the season. S. This is in due to the efforts of amateur choral societies during the nineteenth century. When it was composed, it was performed during Passiontide, jakub Jan Ryba, Czech Christmas Mass Hey, Master
Christmas music
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Child Christmas carolers in Bucharest, Romania 1929
Christmas music
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A Christmas minstrel playing pipe and tabor.
Christmas music
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A Christmas tree inside a home
Christmas music
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Blandfordia nobilis, or Christmas Bells, of eastern Australia
39.
Contemporary Christian music
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Contemporary Christian music is a genre of modern popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith. Today, the term is used to refer to pop, rock. Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200, in the iTunes Store, the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre. The growing popularity in the styles of Rock n Roll music in the 1950s was initially dismissed by the church because it was believed to encourage sinfulness. Yet as evangelical churches adapted to appeal to people, the musical styles used in worship changed as well by adopting the sounds of this popular style. The genre became known as contemporary Christian music as a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s, about that time, many young people from the sixties counterculture professed to believe in Jesus. Convinced of the bareness of a lifestyle based on drugs, free sex, however, there were people who felt that Jesus was another trip. It was during the 1970s Jesus movement that Christian music started to become an industry within itself, Jesus Music started by playing instruments and singing songs about love and peace, which then translated into love of God. Paul Wohlegemuth, who wrote the book Rethinking Church Music, said 1970s will see a marked acceptance of rock-influenced music in all levels of church music. The rock style will become familiar to all people, its rhythmic excesses will become refined. Larry Norman is often remembered as the father of Christian rock and he is remembered as the artist who first combined rock n roll with Christian lyrics in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Unlike traditional or southern gospel music, this new Jesus music was birthed out of rock, pioneers of this movement also included Keith Green, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Barry McGuire, Andraé Crouch and the Disciples, Evie, Benny Hester, and The Imperials, among others. The small Jesus music culture had expanded into an industry by the 1980s. Many CCM artists such as Benny Hester, Amy Grant, DC Talk, Michael W. Smith, Stryper, the genre emerged and became prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in July 1978, CCM Magazine began covering Contemporary Christian Music artists and it has certain themes and messages behind the songs and their lyrics including Praise and worship, faith, encouragement, and prayer. These songs also focus on themes of devotion, inspiration, redemption, reconciliation, many people listen to contemporary Christian music for comfort through tough times. The lyrics and messages conveyed in CCM songs are aimed to evangelize, one of the earliest goals of CCM was to spread the news of Jesus to non-Christians. In addition, contemporary Christian music also strengthens the faith of believers, Contemporary Christian music has influences from folk, gospel, pop and rock music
Contemporary Christian music
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Chris Tomlin
Contemporary Christian music
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Rebecca St. James
Contemporary Christian music
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Michael W. Smith
40.
Contemporary folk music
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Contemporary folk music refers to a wide variety of genres that emerged in the mid 20th century which were associated with traditional folk music. Starting in the century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for new form of music is also folk music. This type of music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk. One of the earliest figures in this revival was Woody Guthrie, in the United Kingdom, the folk revival fostered a generation of singer-songwriters such as Donovan, who achieved initial prominence in the 1960s. The folk revival spawned Canadas first true wave of successful artists such as Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell. Major performers who emerged from the 1940s to the early 1960s included Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, the mid-1960s through the early 1970s was associated with large musical, political, lifestyle, and counterculture changes. Folk music underwent a rapid evolution, expansion and diversification at that same time. During this period, the term protest music was used to characterize folk music with topical political themes. The Canadian performers Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Cockburn and Joni Mitchell represented such fusions, the late 1960s saw the advent of electric folk groups, a form of folk rock. Starting in the 1970s folk music was fueled by new singer-songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and John Denver. Other subgenres of folk include anti folk, folk punk, indie folk, folktronica, freak folk and Americana and fusion genres such as metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk. Definitions of contemporary music are generally vague and variable. Here, it is taken to all music that is called folk that is not traditional music. According to Hugh Blumenfeld, for the American folk scene, This is the use of the term contemporary folk music. Nueva canción, an evolution of a new form of socially committed music, occurred in several Spanish-speaking countries. Contemporary country music descends ultimately from a rural American folk tradition, bluegrass music is a professional development of American old time music, intermixed with blues and jazz
Contemporary folk music
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Woody Guthrie
Contemporary folk music
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Pete Seeger
Contemporary folk music
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Burl Ives
Contemporary folk music
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Odetta performing in 2006
41.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip hop music
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1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip hop music
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DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip hop music
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Grandmaster Flash
Hip hop music
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Afrika Bambaataa (left)
42.
Contemporary R&B
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Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
Contemporary R&B
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Whitney Houston.
Contemporary R&B
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R. Kelly was listed in 2010 by Billboard the most successful R&B artist of the past 25 years. He is also refereed to as the King of R&B.
Contemporary R&B
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Lauryn Hill.
Contemporary R&B
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Rihanna was cited by Billboard magazine as one of the biggest R&B artists of the 2000s.
43.
Illustrated song
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An illustrated song is a type of performance art and was a popular form of entertainment in the early 20th century in the United States. Live performers and music recordings were used by different venues to accompany still images projected from glass slides. This allowed the images to be painted in color by hand, a single song was usually accompanied by 12 to 16 different images that sequentially illustrated the lyrics. Projection booths used either stereopticons with two projectors or machines that combined projection of both slides and moving pictures, Illustrated songs often preceded silent films and/or took place during reel changes, but some venues relied principally on illustrated songs alone. At least ten thousand small theaters nationwide featured illustrated songs, Illustrated songs were seen as a valuable promotional tool for marketing sheet music. Audience participation was encouraged, and repeat performances also helped encourage sheet music sales, several film stars began their careers as models who illustrated lyrics through a series of song slides. These stars included Roscoe Arbuckle, Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, George Jessel, Alice Joyce, Florence Lawrence, the first illustrated song was The Little Lost Child in 1894. Music Video 1900 style on PBS Kids Go, take Me Out to the Ballgame on YouTube Goodbye, Girlie, and Remember Me An Illustrated Song, Going to the Show
Illustrated song
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Della Fox was one of many performers whose singing and/or playing was part of illustrated songs.
44.
Country pop
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Country pop is a subgenre of country music and pop music that was developed by members of the Country genre out of a desire to reach a larger, mainstream audience. It is a continuation of efforts that began in the late 1950s originally known as Nashville sound. By the mid-1970s, many artists were transitioning to the pop-country sound which led to some records charting high on mainstream top 40 as well as country Billboard charts. According to Bill Ivey, this genre originated in Nashville, Tennessee. He believes that the Nashville Sound often produced records that sounded more pop than country, after the removal of the fiddle, Patsy Cline, Jim Reeves, and Eddy Arnold were among the most popular artists during this time. This was intended to have country singers gain more success in pop music, the first male artists to come out of this new genre were Jim Reeves and Eddy Arnold, who both grew to have widespread acceptance among both country and pop music listeners. Both Jim Reeves and Eddy Arnold had major influence on their RCA labelmate Elvis Presley, apparent not only in secular songs, the first female country singer to emerge from this new genre was Patsy Cline in the early 1960s. The example she created was followed by female country artists, such as Lynn Anderson, Crystal Gayle and Shania Twain. Country pop found its first widespread acceptance during the 1970s and it started when pop music singers, like Glen Campbell, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John and Anne Murray, began having hits on the country charts. Songs like Campbells Rhinestone Cowboy were among the biggest crossover hits in country music history and these pop-oriented singers thought that they could gain higher record sales and a larger audience if they crossed over into the country world. One of the artists who did this was Olivia Newton-John, who emerged from Australia in the mid-1970s, a group of artists, troubled by this trend, formed the Association of Country Entertainers in 1974. The debate raged into 1975, and reached its apex at that years Country Music Association Awards when reigning Entertainer of the Year Charlie Rich presented the award to his successor, as he read Denvers name, Rich set fire to the envelope with a cigarette lighter. The action was taken in some quarters as a protest against the pop style in country music. However, the ACE would only last two years, its two biggest backers, firm traditionalists George Jones and Tammy Wynette, faced a bitter divorce. In 1979 Barbara Mandrell had her highest crossover hit with her number 1 song I Dont Want to Be Right It charted number 31 on the Billboard Top 40, several of her other hits charted well on the adult contemporary charts and the Bubbling under 100 charts. Mandrell also did countrypolitan style music on her Barbara Mandrell & the Mandrell Sisters show and she had R & B artists, pop artists and country artists featured every week. It was the last successful musical variety show on TV and she is also known for her Blue-Eyed Soul sound. She was given the nickname The Princess of Steel, for her ability at the steel guitar and she was one of country musics most successful crossover artists during the 1970s and 1980s
Country pop
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Lynn Anderson live in concert
Country pop
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Garth Brooks and Shania Twain were the most successful country pop singers of the 1990s
Country pop
45.
Electropop
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Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 2000s, the media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars and indeed, saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, lady Gaga had major commercial success since 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, the second album by British singer Lily Allen released in 2009 called Its Not Me, Its You is largely electropop as opposed to her first ska album. Other female electropop acts that emerged were Ladyhawke, Kesha, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Elly Jackson of La Roux and Perfume. The Korean pop music scene has become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, F. Male acts that have emerged included British writer and producer Taio Cruz, who charted well in the U. S. along with one-man act Owl City, who had a U. S. number-one single, DJ Kaskade, and LMFAO. Singer Michael Angelakos of the Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, so everything weve been put on to is electronic in nature. Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason, Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno
Electropop
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Kesha is considered one of the most successful American female electropop artists of the early 2010s
46.
Emo pop
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Emo pop is a fusion genre that combines elements of emo with pop punk influences, such as more concise songs and hook-filled choruses. Britains The Guardian described emo pop as a cross between saccharine boy band pop and emo, newer emo pop bands have toned down extremities in loud/soft changes to cultivate a more widespread appeal. Emo pop was influenced by emo and pop punk, bands such as The Wrens and Jawbreaker were emo bands who influenced and set the blueprints for the emo pop genre. Weezers Pinkerton is viewed by Spin as a record for all the emo-pop that would follow. According to Nicole Keiper of CMJ, Sense Fields Building pushed the band into the camp with the likes of the Get Up Kids. Pop punk band Blink-182 have been a big influence on emo pop. The new generation of emo fans view the Blink-182 sound as hugely influential, without them, thered be no Fall Out Boy, no Paramore, or no Fueled by Ramen Records. The emo/punk rock band Jawbreaker has influenced bands like Fall Out Boy, emo pop began in the 1990s. Bands like Jimmy Eat World, The Get Up Kids and The Promise Ring were bands who started the emo pop style, Jimmy Eat World made an early emo pop sound off their album Clarity, which was very influential on modern emo. Emo pop began to have independent success in the late 1990s and their 1999 album Something to Write Home About was a major success, reaching No.31 on Billboards Top Heatseekers chart. AllMusic credits the birth of the success of emo pop to the 2001 release by Jimmy Eat World, Bleed American. As the genre coalesced, the record label Fueled by Ramen became a center of the movement, releasing platinum selling albums from bands like Fall Out Boy, Panic. at the Disco and Paramore. S. In 2008, the band Cash Cash released Take It to the Floor, which Allmusic stated could be the statement of airheaded, glittery. Also in 2008, You Me at Six released their debut album Take Off Your Colours, the album would later be certified gold in the UK. Since the early 2010s, emo pops fame has been declining, while many emo pop bands are still popular, some of them have abandoned their emo pop style. The emo pop band Panic. at the Discos 2013 album Too Weird to Live, abandons their emo pop sound which is heard primarily on A Fever You Cant Sweat Out and has many characteristics and influences from hip hop music, new wave music, electropop and synthpop. Cash Cash have also abandoned the influences of emo heard on Take It to the Floor, even the two emo pop bands Paramore and Fall Out Boy abandoned their emo style with Fall Out Boys Save Rock and Roll and Paramores self-titled album. Fall Out Boys Save Rock and Roll album has characteristics of pop music, alternative rock, pop rock, Paramores self-titled album has some characteristics from power pop, pop rock and new wave
Emo pop
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Fall Out Boy performing in 2006
47.
Folk pop
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Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds, the term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. A distinct, eclectic style of folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle, Fairport Convention. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres, Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The style was influenced by the Beatles and other British bands. The term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world and, to a lesser extent, as with any genre, the borders are difficult to define. Of these, the first two owed direct debts to protest folk singers such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, along with the leftist Popular Front culture of the 1930s. The Weavers mainstream popularity set the stage for the revival of the 1950s and early 1960s. By 1951, however, the group had fallen afoul of the U. S, red Scare of the McCarthy era, and as a result they disbanded in 1952. The group reformed in 1955, releasing the influential album The Weavers at Carnegie Hall in 1957, before disbanding for a time in 1964. The crystal-clear harmony singing and liberal outlook that characterized American folk rock during the mid-1960s sprang directly from the music, while this urban folk revival flourished in many cities across the U. S. Like the 1950s Beat Generation before them, the vast majority of the urban folk revivalists shared a disdain for the values of mainstream American mass culture, across the Atlantic, a parallel folk revival was occurring in the UK during the 1950s and early 1960s. However, it wasnt until 1956 and the advent of the skiffle craze that the British folk revival crossed over into the mainstream, skiffle was a blend of jazz, folk, and country blues, with roots in African-American folk music and the post-war British jazz scene. This renewed popularity of folk music forms in Britain led directly to the folk movement. Among the leading lights of the folk movement were Bert Jansch and John Renbourn
Folk pop
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Pete Seeger entertaining Eleanor Roosevelt (center), at a racially integrated Valentine's Day party.
Folk pop
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Bob Dylan was the most influential of all the urban folk-protest songwriters.
Folk pop
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The Byrds performing "Mr. Tambourine Man" on The Ed Sullivan Show, 12 December 1965.
Folk pop
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Dylan in 1963.
48.
Pop-rap
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Pop-rap is a genre of music fusing the rhythm-based lyricism of hip hop music with pop musics preference for melodious vocals and catchy tunes, which gained mainstream popularity during the 1990s. The lyrics are often lighthearted, with similar to those heard in pop music. The influences and roots of pop rap trace back to late 1980s hip hop artists, such as Run DMC, LL Cool J, many pop singers will often feature hip-hop artists now. In the 1980s, rap artists including Run DMC, Beastie Boys and LL Cool J set up the blueprints, LL Cool J has been described as the very first pop-rapper in history, when he rose to prominence on his 1985 debut album Radio. When he joined Russell Simmons Def Jam label and decided to try merging rap with pop and R&B influences, MTV has described LL Cool Js 1987 single I Need Love, as one of the first pop-rap crossover hits. Later, rap artists such as Tone Loc, Young MC, during the 1990s, pop rap began to expand even more as hip hop music also began to connect strongly with dance music and R&B. On 9 July 1990, Céline Dion released Unison as the single for her first English-language album of the same name. The track was produced by Andy Goldmark, for the single release, Unison was remixed by Kevin Unger. and make it funky. In the early 1990s, MC Hammer and Vanilla Ice broke into the mainstream with songs like U Cant Touch This, during the 1990s, smash-hit rappers such as MC Hammer caused pop-rap to be derided for its willingness to borrow from well-known hit singles. By the end of the 1990s as rappers fused gangsta rap themes with 1980s pop and soul elements, mariah Carey did a collaboration in 1995 with ODB with the remix version of Fantasy. During the early 2000s, pop-rap returned with a different style. It then went back into the mainstream with the success of The Black Eyed Peas who had smash singles such as Where Is the Love, which came off their Elephunk album.2 million in the United States alone. During the late 2000s, pop-rap had many such as Drake, Will. i. am, Nicki Minaj. For instance, Drakes Take Care album went at the top of the Top 40. Also, his So Far Gone EP peaked at six on the Billboard 200 chart with 73,000 units sold. It dropped in the second week down to nine, with sales of 36,000. Despite being an EP, it became the fifth-best-selling rap record of 2009, as of February 2012, the EP has sold 639,000 copies in the US. The EP was certified gold by the RIAA on July 4,2010 for sales exceeding 500,000, Drakes single Im Goin In charted and peaked at number 40 the week after the EP was sold
Pop-rap
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MC Hammer performing with Vanilla Ice in July 2009, who were both described as early pop-rap artists for blending rap music with catchy hooks.
Pop-rap
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Rapper Drake performing in 2011 at the Bun-B Concert, who is known for his music which combines elements of R&B, rap and pop.
49.
Reggae-pop
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Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass. Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970s, artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed. It was not until the late 1990s when the term was coined, the subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, for some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for such as UB40. This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U. S, traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000. The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as Baby Boy, Breathe, Like Glue and Make It Clap, among many others. His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, Get Busy & Temperature. In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits All That She Wants, The Sign, other Eurodance artists such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regularly fused their style with Reggae as well. The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell Skatta Burrell, Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, Ramping Shop by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year. Holiday was also nominated and won for the Best Collaboration, in 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called Ranch Entertainment. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012 and its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture. While On A Mission was recognized as the official song and was applauded by some. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying It doesnt represent Jamaica 50, it doesnt reflect our culture or where our music is coming from. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight. Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic
Reggae-pop
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Genres
50.
Pop-soul
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Pop-soul
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James Brown
Pop-soul
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Al Green, influential soul performer
Pop-soul
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Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Pop-soul
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Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
51.
Power pop
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Power pop is a pop rock music subgenre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American rock music. It typically incorporates a combination of devices such as strong melodies, clear vocals and crisp vocal harmonies, economical arrangements. Instrumental solos are usually kept to a minimum, and blues elements are largely downplayed, in the 1980s and 1990s, power pop continued as a commercially modest genre but by the mid-1990s through the 2000s, power pop was mainly in the underground. While its cultural impact has waxed and waned over the decades, Power pop is a more aggressive form of pop rock that is based on catchy, melodic hooks and energetic moods. The Small Faces are often cited as being among the progenitors of power pop, the Whos role in the creation of power pop has been cited by singer-songwriter Eric Carmen of the Raspberries, who has said, Pete Townshend coined the phrase to define what the Who did. For some reason, it didnt stick to the Who, but it did stick to these groups came out in the 70s that played kind of melodic songs with crunchy guitars. It just kind of stuck to us like glue, and that was okay with us because the Who were among our highest role models, other acts such as the Knickerbockers, the Easybeats and the Outsiders contributed iconic singles. Writer John Borack has noted, Its also quite easy to draw a line from garage rock to power pop. Although the formative influences on the genre were primarily British, the bands that developed and codified power pop in the 1970s were nearly all American. The Raspberries 1972 hit single Go All The Way is an almost perfect embodiment of the elements of power pop, the most influential group of the period may have been Big Star. The Replacements even recorded a song entitled Alex Chilton in honor of Big Stars frontman, spurred on by the emergence of punk rock and new wave, power pop enjoyed a prolific and commercially successful period in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although coined in the 1960s, and used as early as 1973 in reference to Sweet, as the novelist Michael Chabon has written, Power pop in its essential form. Did not come into existence for a number of years after it was first identified, like so much of the greatest work turned out by popular artists of the 1970s, true power pop is quintessential second-generation stuff. The term was used in reference to critics favorites Elvis Costello and Nick Lowe. Los Angeles-based Bomp. magazine championed power pop in its March 1978 issue, tying the genres roots to 1960s groups like the Who, like their punk brethren, late–1970s power pop groups favored a leaner and punchier sound than their early–1970s predecessors. Some occasionally incorporated synthesizers into their music, though not to the degree as did their new wave counterparts. Representative singles from the period include releases from the Bomp, records label by 20/20, Shoes and the Romantics. Major label groups like Cheap Trick, the Cars and Blondie merged power pop influences with other styles and achieved their first mainstream success with albums released in 1978
Power pop
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Influential British rock band the Kinks in 1965
Power pop
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Alex Chilton, of Big Star, seen in 2004
Power pop
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Cheap Trick playing in 1978
Power pop
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Doug Fieger of the Knack performing
52.
Sunshine pop
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Sunshine pop is a subgenre of pop music originating in Southern California in the mid-1960s, although it only acquired the name later. According to Noel Murray of The A. V, club, its practitioners were rooted in the pretty sounds of easy-listening, the catchiness of commercial jingles, and the chemically induced delirium of the drug scene. An appreciation for the beauty of the mixed with a sense of anxiety that the good ol’ days were gone for good. The genre began as an outgrowth of the 1960s California Sound, Sunshine pop largely consisted of lesser-known artists who imitated more popular groups like the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, and the 5th Dimension. Its music is characterized by prominent vocal harmonies and lush orchestrations, in some ways the genre is similar to baroque pop music through being elaborate and melancholic, though it also crossed into folk pop and Brill Building styles. Sunshine pop enjoyed mainstream success in the half of the decade, with many of its top 40 hits peaking in the spring and summer of 1967. Popular bands include the Mamas & the Papas, the Turtles, Sunshine pop originated in the American state of California in the mid to late-1960s. The music may be seen as a form of escapism from the turmoil of the times, typical are airy themes like color and balloons, as found in the canonical examples Up, Up and Away and Yellow Balloon. Concerning the Beach Boys involvement with pop, the orchestral style of Pet Sounds was imitated by many Los Angeles record producers. Were hugely influential on the pop acts that followed, music was rarely in step with the genre. And I dont see the Spector connection, the light touch applied to the songs reminds me more of soft samba music. While some very well known bands are associated with the style, notable songwriters included Jimmy Webb, Roger Nichols and Paul Williams. As this apolitical music grew in popularity, dozens of groups began recording sunshine pop, some acts were fortunate to score one or two hits, while others failed to achieve commercial success. Sunshine pop is strongly associated with a time and place. However, it should be noted there were plenty of groups from other parts of the United States as well, including The Cowsills, The Free Design, The Clique and Spanky and Our Gang. Moreover, British acts such as The Flower Pot Men, Harmony Grass, Design, Gullivers People and Eternal Triangle, in the early 1970s, the popularity of sunshine pop quickly started to wane. Its lightweight sound made way for new styles such as singer-songwriter music, progressive rock, hard rock. Many groups thus faded into obscurity, for many years, the genre lingered in obscurity, although it enjoyed some interest among collectors of rare vinyl singles and LPs
Sunshine pop
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The cover of The Yellow Balloon 's 1967 self-titled album, a prime example of cheerful sunshine pop.
53.
Swamp pop
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Swamp pop is a musical genre indigenous to the Acadiana region of south Louisiana and an adjoining section of southeast Texas. Created in the 1950s and early 1960s by teenaged Cajuns, it combines New Orleans-style rhythm and blues, country and western, and traditional French Louisiana musical influences. It is not to be confused with swamp rock, which is a genre that drew more on 1960s rock than on the 1950s rhythm. The swamp pop sound is typified by highly emotional, lovelorn lyrics, tripleting honky-tonk pianos, undulating lines, bellowing horn sections. It is exemplified by slow ballads like Cookie and the Cupcakes Mathilda, but the genre has also produced many upbeat compositions, such as Bobby Charles Later Alligator, popularly covered by Bill Haley & His Comets. During the genres heyday, several swamp pop songs appeared on national U. S. record charts, in swamp pops south Louisiana-southeast Texas birthplace, fans regarded many songs that never became national hits as classics. By the late 1950s, swamp pop musicians had developed their own distinct sound and they performed to receptive crowds in local dancehalls like the Southern Club in Opelousas, Landrys Palladium in Lafayette, the OST Club in Rayne, and the Green Lantern in Lawtell. Swamp pop musicians often adopted Anglo-American stage names that masked their Cajun surnames, some of these musicians changed their names because they were ashamed of their rural French heritage — a feeling shared at the time by a segment of the Cajun population. Despite its obvious rock and roll and rhythm & blues influences, joe Barry re-recorded his swamp pop hit Im A Fool To Care in French under the title Je suis bête pour taimer. And Randy and the Rockets issued Lets Do The Cajun Twist, since the genres origin in the mid-1950s, over 20 swamp pop songs have appeared in the Billboard Hot 100. Five of these songs broke into the Top 10, and three of them reached number one, Swamp pop also left its imprint on the related but distinct genre known as swamp blues, including Slim Harpos classic Rainin In My Heart. Swamp pop influenced Tex-Mex music, particularly the recordings of Freddy Fenders early swampy songs like Before The Next Teardrop Falls and Wasted Days and Wasted Nights in 1975. Although the genre began a decline with the onslaught of the British Invasion, swamp pop music continues to draw devoted fans to south Louisiana and southeast Texas festivals. Only a few younger swamp pop musicians, such as Don Rich, are replacing the original generation of swamp pop pioneers, some younger non-swamp musicians, such as Cajun musician Zachary Richard and rockers Marc Broussard and C. C. Adcock, have acknowledged a strong pop influence. Johnnie Allan, Promised Land, Ace 380,1992, Johnnie Allan, Swamp Pop Legend, Johnnie Allan – The Essential Collection, Jin 9044,1995. Rod Bernard, Swamp Pop Legend, Rod Bernard – The Essential Collection, Rod Bernard, Swamp Rock n Roller, Ace 488,1994. The Boogie Kings, Swamp Boogie Blues, Jin 9045,1995, van Broussard, The Early Years, CSP1007,1993
Swamp pop
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Swamp pop musician Jivin' Gene, c. 1959.
Swamp pop
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Swamp pop duo Dale & Grace, c. 1963.
Swamp pop
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Johnnie Allan
54.
Synth-pop
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Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes
Synth-pop
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The Prophet-5, one of the first polyphonic synthesizers. It was widely used in 1980s synthpop, along with the Roland Jupiter and Yamaha DX7.
Synth-pop
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Kraftwerk, one of the major influences on synthpop, in 1976.
Synth-pop
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Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008.
Synth-pop
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Gary Numan performing in 1980
55.
Teen pop
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Teen pop is a subgenre of pop music that is created, marketed and oriented towards preteens and teenagers. Teen pop copies genres and styles such as pop, R&B, dance, electronic, hip hop, country, teen-oriented popular music had become common by the end of the Swing Era, in the late 1940s, with Frank Sinatra being an early teen idol. However, it was the early 1960s that became known as the Golden Age for pop teen idols, other successful singers and bands appealing to tweens and teens were Bobby Sherman, The DeFranco Family, The Partridge Family, Shaun Cassidy, David Cassidy and a pre-disco Bee Gees. In the early 1990s, teen pop dominated the charts until grunge, in 1996 the girl group Spice Girls released their single Wannabe, which made them major pop stars in the UK, as well as in the US the following year. In their wake, other teen pop groups and singers came to prominence, including Hanson, the Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, Robyn, All Saints, S Club, B*Witched, and Destinys Child. In 2001 artists like Aaron Carter, Swedish group A-Teens, girl groups 3LW, Play, Edens Crush and Dream, alternate looks for female teen pop stars include Hoku, and girl group No Secrets. In the UK, teen pop continued to surge with Ellie Campbell, Atomic Kitten, many teen artists starting incorporating genres such as Pop Rock, Contemporary R&B and Hip-Hop. B2K, a hip hop, pop and R&B group, was made up of boys, so it was considered a boy band and was popular across the world. Their style of music was different than other teenage artists, sounding more mature than the typical boy band. Other teenage artists who sounded more mature in this way were Jhene, since early 2000s, but some did many years before that, many teen stars have developed careers through their involvement with Disney. Alongside Disney, other teen pop stars emerged by 2007, among them American Idol winner Jordin Sparks and Nickelodeon stars Miranda Cosgrove, Victoria Justice, miley Cyrus is another example of a Teen Pop singer whose career also started in Disney Channel. Her success worldwide was the reason of her status as Queen of Teen Pop since she has the biggest sales, the introduction of Canadian singer Justin Bieber, a protégé of Usher, created a resurgence of interest in teen pop. As for Japanese teen pop culture, the category of idol is playing an important role, momoiro Clover Z is ranked as number one among female idol groups according to 2013–2016 surveys
Teen pop
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Jonas Brothers in 2007.
Teen pop
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In Japan, Momoiro Clover Z is popular among teenagers because of their energetic performance including acrobatic stunts.
56.
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
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Since the beginning of his career, Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact. According to Rolling Stone, it was Elvis who made rock n roll the international language of pop, Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s. His recordings, dance moves, attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and his music was heavily influenced by African-American blues, Christian gospel, and Southern country. In a list of the greatest English language singers, as compiled by Q Magazine, Presley was ranked first, Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly, rock and roll dance songs and ballads, laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers. African-American performers like Big Joe Turner, Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to prominence after Presleys acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults. Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis, the Everly Brothers, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, john Lennon later observed, Before Elvis, there was nothing. During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra, but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two, Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up. Meanwhile, American teenagers began buying newly available transistor radios. Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a symbol of their parents consternation. Half a century later, historian Ian Brailsford commented, The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market, Presley would nevertheless publicly cite his debt to African American music, pointing to artists such as B. B. King, Arthur Big Boy Crudup, Ivory Joe Hunter, the reporter who conducted Presleys first interview in New York City in 1956 noted that he named blues singers who obviously meant a lot to him. Was very surprised to hear him talk about the black performers down there and about how he tried to carry on their music. Later that year in Charlotte, North Carolina, Presley was quoted as saying, The colored folks been singing it and playing it just like I’m doin now, man, for more years than I know. They played it like that in their shanties and in their juke joints, Little Richard said of Presley, He was an integrator. They wouldnt let black music through and he opened the door for black music. Up to the black artists had sold minuscule amounts of their recorded music relative to the national market potential. Black songwriters had mostly limited horizons and could only eke out a living, but after Presley purchased the music of African American Otis Blackwell and had his Gladys Music company hire talented black songwriter Claude Demetrius, the industry underwent a dramatic change. In the spring of 1957 Presley invited African American performer Ivory Joe Hunter to visit Graceland, of Presley, Hunter commented, He showed me every courtesy, and I think hes one of the greatest
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
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Elvis impersonators.
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
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Folk rock musician Amy Ray wearing an Elvis shirt onstage
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
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Elvis Presley Avenue in Shreveport, Louisiana
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
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Presley in a promotional photo for Jailhouse Rock released by MGM on November 8, 1957.
57.
List of best-selling music artists
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This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales. If two or more artists have the same claimed sales, they are ranked by certified units. Sales figures, such as those from Soundscan, which are published by Billboard magazine, have not been included in the certified units column. As of 2017, based on sales claims and certified units, The Beatles are considered the highest-selling band. Elvis Presley is considered the individual artist based on sales claims. All artists included on this list, which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20% in certified units, the certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations. All certified units are converted from Gold/Platinum/Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies, the certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts. The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures, the claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources. For clarity, the used, say the term records. However, if all sources for an artist or band say albums. The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists certified sales, in other words, the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones. The certified sales of the artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold, for this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units.4 million downloads. The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums, singles, markets order within the table is based on Retail Value, each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom. The column for certified sales above includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000, the figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums, singles and videos. Markets order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top, the column for certified sales above includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more. The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums, singles, markets order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom. The column for certified sales above includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000, the figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums, singles and videos
List of best-selling music artists
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The Beatles
List of best-selling music artists
–
Elvis Presley
List of best-selling music artists
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Michael Jackson
List of best-selling music artists
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Madonna
58.
List of best-selling girl groups
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A girl group is a popular music act featuring several female singers who generally harmonize together. This article covers only girl groups from that era and later, sales figures records in most countries are not available before the 1990s, so it is difficult to accurately determine best-selling records, either by country or worldwide. Certification levels have been used for most countries, but certification was not common until the late 1970s in the US and UK, in addition, in many countries certification is for shipments of a record to retailers, rather than actual sales. Complicating matters further are the changes from 2010 onwards as certifications have become based on a figure of sales and streaming. As a result, these tables should not be considered definitive lists of the records by girl groups in each country. The top 10 best-selling girl groups worldwide of all time are, the best-selling single of all time by a female group is thought to be the 1996 hit Wannabe by British group Spice Girls, with estimated sales of 8 million copies worldwide. Other best-selling singles worldwide by girl groups include The Ketchup Song by Las Ketchup, Singles certified platinum or more by the Australian Recording Industry Association. Only includes certifications since 1989, when ARIA took over compiling the Australian charts, from November 2014 onwards paid-for audio streams were included in the Australian singles chart and counted towards sales and certifications. Singles certified diamond Singles certified gold Cruel Summer by Bananarama is estimated to have sold over 600,000 copies in France and these different levels are reflected in the table above. Certifications according to Recorded Music NZ, since November 2014 certifications for singles have included streaming, and therefore cannot be compared to certifications from before this date. The tables below reflect these changes in certification levels, Certifications based on sales only Certifications based on sales + on-demand digital streaming Singles that have been certified platinum. From July 2014 onwards paid-for audio streams were included in the UK singles chart and counted towards sales, however, the following table lists those singles which have sold one million or more copies in the US, along with sales figures where known. Note, RIAA sales certifications began in the US in 1958 – there are few records with certifications before this date. Until 1988 a million-seller received a gold certification, from 1989 onwards the levels were revised so that a million-seller received a platinum certification instead, with multi-platinum awards for multiple million sales. These pre- and post-1989 certification levels are reflected in the RIAA database, Certifications based on sales only Certifications based on sales + on-demand digital streaming Albums certified platinum or more by ARIA. Albums certified platinum or more for more than one million sales in Europe, note, the IFPI Europe Platinum Award was only created in 1996, therefore there are few albums on this list from before that date. No awards are available after 2014. Sales according to Oricon and Platinum certifications according to the RIAJ, sales according to Gaon Chart and the Recording Industry Association of Korea
List of best-selling girl groups
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Girls' Generation have the best selling single in South Korea.
List of best-selling girl groups
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The Pussycat Dolls have the best-selling single by a girl group in the United States during the download era with " Don't Cha ".
List of best-selling girl groups
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The No Angels are Germany's biggest girl group and have the best selling album by a girl group of all time there.
List of best-selling girl groups
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The Spice Girls are the most successful British girl group of all time with 80 million records sold.
59.
Glossary of jazz and popular music
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Most of the terms are in English, but in some cases, terms from other languages are encountered. 1x10 A speaker cabinet containing one ten-inch loudspeaker, Used for small venue PA cabinets and small stage monitor speakers, and lightweight bass guitar or electric guitar combination amplifiers and cabinets designed for rehearsal monitoring or practice. 1x12 A speaker cabinet containing one twelve-inch loudspeaker, Used for mid-sized venue PA cabinets and stage monitor speakers, and lightweight bass and guitar combos and cabinets. 1x15 A speaker cabinet containing one fifteen-inch loudspeaker, Used for PA cabinets and stage monitor speakers, bass combos and cabinets, and in small venue subwoofer cabinets. 1x18 A speaker cabinet containing one eighteen-inch loudspeaker, typically used in subwoofer cabinets for PA applications, 1x21 A speaker cabinet containing one twenty-one-inch loudspeaker, typically used in large subwoofer cabinets for PA applications. 2x10 A speaker cabinet containing two ten-inch loudspeakers, Used in electric guitar and bass combos and cabinets. 2x12 A speaker cabinet containing two twelve-inch loudspeakers, Used in electric guitar and bass combos and cabinets, and, with a horn, as a PA cabinet. 2x15 A speaker cabinet containing two fifteen-inch loudspeakers, Used in bass cabinets and, with a horn, as a PA cabinet. 2x18 A speaker cabinet containing two eighteen-inch loudspeakers, typically used as a subwoofer for PA applications or in dance clubs, 4x10 A speaker cabinet containing four ten-inch loudspeakers. Used in electric guitar and bass combos and cabinets, 4x12 A speaker cabinet containing four twelve-inch loudspeakers. Commonly used in electric guitar amplifier systems, less so in bass, configured with all four speakers on the same panel or with the top two speakers angled upward. 4-track A simple portable recording and mixing device used in the 1970s and 1980s which used compact cassettes. 5-string An electric bass with five strings, which means the addition of a low B string. 6-string An electric bass with six strings, which means the addition of a low B string. It is also a common slang of guitar, 7-string An electric guitar with seven strings, which often means the addition of a low B string. Seven-string guitars are associated with jazz, fusion, and metal styles, 8-string An electric guitar with eight strings, which often means the addition of a low F# string and a low B string. Eight-string guitars are associated with jazz, fusion, and metal styles, 8-track A tape format popular in the 1970s. Used in electric guitar and bass cabinets and it is sometimes called a stack, and, in the case of a bass cabinet, a bass stack
Glossary of jazz and popular music
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A seven-string electric guitar, the Ibanez RG7321BK
Glossary of jazz and popular music
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Art rock band Roxy Music performing in Toronto in 1974
Glossary of jazz and popular music
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A close-up of the Hammond L-100 organ, with the drawbars in the foreground
Glossary of jazz and popular music
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Yamaha 2403 audio mixing console in a 'live' mixing application. Each column of knobs controls the volume, tone, and other elements for a single channel (e.g. a microphone being used by a singer).
60.
50s progression
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The 50s progression is a chord progression and turnaround used in Western popular music. The progression, represented in Roman numeral analysis, is, I–vi–IV–V, for example, in C major, C–Am–F–G. As the name implies, it was common in the 1950s and it has also been called the Heart and Soul chords, the Stand by Me changes, the doo-wop progression and, according to Mike Aquino and Hank Green, the ice cream changes. The first song to use the sequence extensively might have been Blue Moon, written in 1933 by Richard Rodgers, in Western classical music during the common practice period, chord progressions are used to structure a musical composition. The destination of a progression is known as a cadence. The most conclusive and resolving cadences return to the tonic or I chord, following the circle of fifths and this particular cadence, V–I, is known as an authentic cadence. In this case, the 50s progression uses a IV chord, as with any other chord progression, there are many possible variations, for example turning the dominant or V into a V7, or repeated I–vi progression followed by a single IV–V progression. A very common variation is having ii substitute for the subdominant, IV, creating the progression I–vi–ii–V, variations include switching the vi and the IV chord to create I–IV–vi–V, as is used in More Than a Feeling by Boston and She Drives Me Crazy by Fine Young Cannibals. This is also similar to the I–V–vi–IV progression, the harmonic rhythm, or the pace at which the chords occur, may be varied including two beats per chord, four, eight, and eight beats per chord except for IV and V which get four each. Sleep Walk by Santo & Johnny uses a similar progression, with the IV replaced by its parallel minor iv for a progression of I–vi–iv–V. Well-known examples include the Penguins Earth Angel, Ben E, kings Stand By Me and Gene Chandlers Duke of Earl. Other examples include Sam Cookes Lovable and other material of the era. A modern example can be found in Green Days Jesus of Suburbia, many more recent examples exist, such as Neutral Milk Hotels In the Aeroplane over the Sea. The progression is also the basis for the verses of The Bangles 1989 hit Eternal Flame, madonnas 1986 single True Blue is written in the 50s progression. More notable recent examples are Daughtrys What About Now, Sean Kingstons Beautiful Girls, the A-section of the song Heart and Soul is often simplified as a repeating I–vi–ii–V or I–vi–IV–V progression and taught to beginning piano students as an easy two-hand duet. This version of the song became known, even to those who never studied piano. Walter Everett argues that, despite the unusual harmonic progressions, in The Beatles Strawberry Fields Forever. The chorus of The Beatles Happiness Is a Warm Gun is an example of the fifties progression, in the musical Grease, the progression is invoked for the purpose of self-parody in the song Those Magic Changes
50s progression
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50s progression in C, ending with C (Play (help · info))
61.
Boy band
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Being vocal groups, most boy band members do not play musical instruments, either in recording sessions or on stage, making the term something of a misnomer. Many boy bands dance as well as sing, usually giving highly choreographed performances, some such bands form on their own. They can evolve out of church choral or gospel music groups, due to this and their general commercial orientation towards a female audience of preteens, teenyboppers, or teens, the term may be used with negative connotations in music journalism. Boy bands are similar in concept to their counterparts, girl groups, the earliest forerunner of boy band music began in the late 19th century as a cappella barbershop quartets. They were usually a group of males and sang in four part harmonies, the popularity of barbershop quartets had been prominent into the earlier part of the 20th century. A revival of the vocal group took place in the late 1940s and 1950s with the use of doo-wop music. Doo-wop bands sang about topics such as love and other used in pop music. The earliest traces of boy bands were in the mid-1950s although the boy band was not used. African American vocal group The Ink Spots was one of the first of what would now be called boy bands, the term boy band was not established until the late 1980s as before that they were called male vocal groups or hep harmony singing groups. For instance, their music featured close harmonies from soul music and catchy pop hooks influenced as much as they were by Motown and acts like the Supremes. All members of the band sang, which is a convention of a boy band, as opposed to having a front man. Even so, the members conveniently fitted into the convention of having stereotypical personality types, the Beatles were a direct influence on the conception of the Monkees, as they used rock band instrumentation and played more rock oriented music. With music produced by Don Kirshner, The Monkees became eventually dissatisfied with Kirshners control over them and they became independent two years later, working on their own up to 1970, when the group first dissolved. Other antecedents exist throughout the history of pop music, the genre has been copied into languages and cultures other than the Anglo-American. The Puerto Rican boy band Menudo, appealing to young Latina audiences, was founded in 1977, Menudo had a convention unique among boy bands, when a member turned 16, became too tall, or their voice changed, they were replaced. The members of Menudo were generally aged 12–17, the Bay City Rollers were a Scottish pop band who were most popular in the mid-1970s. For a relatively brief but fervent period, they were worldwide teen idols, the group were one of the first bands like The Monkees before them to take the formula shown by The Beatles and apply it to a teen market. The group achieved the same amount of success but for a period of time
Boy band
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The Osmonds
Boy band
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Backstreet Boys are the best-selling boy band in history.
Boy band
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Jonas Brothers are described as pop boy band
Boy band
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One Direction rose to fame in 2011.
62.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
Folk music
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Béla Bartók recording Slovak peasant singers in 1908
Folk music
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Indians always distinguished between classical and folk music, though in the past even classical Indian music used to rely on the unwritten transmission of repertoire.
Folk music
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Armenian traditional musicians
Folk music
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Assyrians playing zurna and Davul, the typically used instruments for their folk music.
63.
Girl group
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A girl group is a music act featuring several female singers who generally harmonize together. All-female bands, in which also play instruments, are usually considered a separate phenomenon. These groups are sometimes called girl bands to differentiate, although this terminology is not universally followed, with the advent of the music industry and radio broadcasting, a number of girl groups emerged, such as the Andrews Sisters. The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US. The Supremes alone held 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave, in later eras, the girl group template would be applied to disco, contemporary R&B, and country-based formats, as well as pop. A more globalized music industry saw the popularity of dance-oriented pop music led by major record labels. This emergence, led by the US, UK, South Korea, also, since the late 2000s, South Korea has had a significant impact, with 8 of the top 10 girl groups by digital sales in the world originating there. The ladies were together from 1923 until the early 1940s, and known for their harmonies, as well as barbershop style or novelty tunes. The Three X Sisters were also especially a notable addition to the music scene, the Boswell Sisters, who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, had over twenty hits. The Andrews Sisters had musical hits across multiple genres, which contributed to the prevalence, the rise of girl groups appeared out of and was influenced by other musical movements of the time period. Importantly, the first successful girl groups of this era were typically white and this era was also advantageous to the beginnings of girl group music because of the newfound prevalence of the radio as well, which allowed this style of music to spread. Also, the Lennon Sisters were a mainstay on the Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 on, in early 1956, doo-wop one-hit wonder acts like the Bonnie Sisters with Cry Baby and the Teen Queens with Eddie My Love showed early promise for a departure from traditional pop harmonies. With Mr. Lee, the Bobbettes lasted for 5 1/2 months on the charts in 1957, building momentum and gaining acceptance of all-female. However, it was the Chantels 1958 song Maybe that became arguably, the mixture of black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop was appealing to a teenage audience and grew from scandals involving payola and the perceived social effects of rock music. However, early groups such as the Chantels started developing their groups musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin, the Shirelles solidified their success with five more top 10 hits, most particularly 1962s number one hit Soldier Boy, over the next two and a half years. Motown would mastermind several major groups, including Martha and the Vandellas, the Velvelettes. Other songwriters and producers in the US and UK quickly recognized the potential of new approach. Phil Spector recruited the Crystals, the Blossoms, and the Ronettes, while Goffin, phil Spector made a huge impact on the ubiquity of the girl group, as well as bringing fame and notoriety to new heights for many girl groups
Girl group
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Girl groups
Girl group
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The Supremes became one of the most popular girl groups of the 1960s.
Girl group
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Promotional picture of the Shangri-Las, circa 1965/66
Girl group
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Singing group Labelle, circa 1975
64.
Groove (music)
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In music, groove is the sense of propulsive rhythmic feel or sense of swing. In jazz, it can be felt as a repeated pattern. It can be created by the interaction of the music played by a rhythm section. Groove is a key of much popular music, and can be found in genres, including salsa, funk, rock, fusion. Musicologists and other scholars have analyzed the concept of groove since around the 1990s, the concept can be linked to the sorts of ostinatos that generally accompany fusions and dance musics of African derivation. The term is applied to musical performances that make one want to move or dance. The expression in the groove was widely used from around 1936 to 1945, at the height of the swing era, in the 1940s and 1950s, groove commonly came to denote musical routine, preference, style, source of pleasure. Like the term swing, which is used to describe a cohesive rhythmic feel in a jazz context, indeed, some dictionaries use the terms as synonyms, Groovy. enotes music that really swings. Marc Sabatellas article Establishing The Groove argues that groove is a subjective thing. He claims that one person may think a given drummer has a feel, while another person may think the same drummer sounds too stiff. Similarly, a bass educator states that while groove is a thing it can be defined as what makes the music breathe. In a musical context, general dictionaries define a groove as a pronounced, enjoyable rhythm or the act of creat, danc to, or enjoy rhythmic music. Steve Van Telejuice explains the groove as the point in this sense when he defines it as a point in a song or performance when even the people who cant dance wanna feel like dancing, due to the effect of the music. Bernard Coquelet argues that the groove is the way an experienced musician will play a rhythm compared with the way it is written by playing slightly before or after the beat. Coquelet claims that the notion of groove actually has to do with aesthetics and style, groove is an artistic element, that is to say human. Minute rhythmic variations by the section members such as the bass player can dramatically change the feel as a band plays a song. UK musicologist Richard Middleton notes that while the concept of groove has long familiar in musicians own usage, marks an understanding of rhythmic patterning that underlies its role in producing the characteristic rhythmic feel of a piece. He notes that the created by a repeating framework is also modified with variations
Groove (music)
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Funk music such as the type performed by groups like Parliament Funkadelic uses catchy electric bass lines and drum patterns to create a propulsive, emphatic rhythmic "feel" which is often referred to as a "groove".
Groove (music)
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Benny Goodman, one of the first swing bandleaders to achieve widespread fame.
Groove (music)
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Bassist Rex Brown from the metal band Pantera, a band associated with the "groove metal" scene.
65.
Lick (music)
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In popular music genres such as rock or jazz music, a lick is a stock pattern or phrase consisting of a short series of notes that is used in solos and melodic lines and accompaniment. Licks in rock and roll are often used through a formula, in a jazz band, a lick may be performed during an improvised solo, either during an accompanied solo chorus or during an unaccompanied solo break. Jazz licks are usually original short phrases which can be altered so that they can be used over a songs changing harmonic progressions, a lick is different from the related concept of a riff in that riffs can also include repeated chord progressions. Licks are usually associated with single-note melodic lines rather than chord progressions, however, like riffs, licks can be used as the basis of an entire song. Single-line riffs or licks used as the basis of Western classical music pieces are called ostinatos, contemporary jazz writers also use riff- or lick-like ostinatos in modal music and Latin jazz. A lick can be a hook, if the lick meets the definition of a hook, a idea, a passage or phrase, that is believed to be appealing and make the song stand out. A lick may be incorporated into a fill, which is a short passage played in the pause between phrases of a melody, for musicians, learning a lick is usually a form of imitation. Imitating style is as important as learning the appropriate scale over a given chords, by imitating, musicians understand and analyze what others have done, which in turn allows them to build a vocabulary of their own
Lick (music)
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Carter-style lick. Play (help · info)
66.
Pop icon
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A pop icon is a celebrity, character, or object whose exposure in popular culture constitutes a defining characteristic of a given society or era. The categorization is usually associated with such as longevity, ubiquity. Moreover, pop icon status is distinguishable from other kinds of notoriety outside of pop culture, some historic figures are recognized as having reached pop icon status during their era, and such status may continue into the present. Pop icons of previous eras include Benjamin Franklin and Mozart, usually, the pop icon status of a celebrity is contingent upon longevity of notoriety. This is in contrast to cult icons, whose notoriety or recognition may be limited to a specific subculture. Some pop icons have left a lasting and indelible mark in the area of their career, a common element of pop icon status is the ubiquity of imagery and allusions to the iconic figure. It is common for the figure to be recognized and even celebrated in areas outside the source of celebrity status. An example of this is Albert Einstein, a physicist whose image and legacy have been represented in comic strips, T-shirts, greeting cards, often pop icon status implies distinguished association with a societal ideal or archetype. It is not uncommon for iconic figures to have a nickname or sobriquet that is used to emphasize this association, sometimes the very name of such individuals is even used as a synonym for common words or ideas. Some pop icons, such as Mickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, Bugs Bunny, Superman, Spider-Man, Batman, Darth Vader, The X-Men, Harry Potter, the Simpsons, even inanimate objects have been recognized as pop icons. Some figures attain transitory or context-specific pop icon status for particular events that captivate public attention, cultural icon Popular culture Teen idol List of honorific titles in popular music Danesi, Marcel. Cullen, Jim, ed. Popular Culture in American History
Pop icon
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Musical artists from Mozart to Madonna have been credited as pop icons for their contributions to music.
Pop icon
67.
Song structure
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Song structure or the musical forms of songs in traditional music and music are typically sectional, repeating forms used in songs, such as strophic form and is a part of the songwriting process. Other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, verse-chorus form, and the twelve-bar blues, popular music songs traditionally use the same music for each verse of stanza of lyrics. Pop and traditional forms can be used even with songs that have differences in melodies. The most common format is intro, verse, pre-chorus, chorus, verse, pre-chorus, chorus, bridge, verse, chorus and outro. The formal sections found in songs have been identified as the verse, chorus, bridge, hook, the foundation of popular music is the verse and chorus structure. Pop and rock songs nearly always have both a verse and a chorus, both are essential elements, with the verse usually played first. Exceptions abound, with She Loves You by The Beatles being an example in the rock music genre. Each verse usually employs the melody, while the lyrics usually change for each verse. The chorus usually consists of a melodic and lyrical phrase which is repeated, pop songs may have an introduction and coda, but these elements are not essential to the identity of most songs. Pop songs often connect the verse and chorus via a bridge, the verse and chorus are usually repeated throughout a song though the bridge, intro, and coda are usually only used once. Some pop songs may have a section, particularly in rock or blues influenced pop. During the solo section one or more instruments play a line which may be the melody used by the singer, or. The introduction is a section that comes at the beginning of the piece. Generally speaking, an introduction will contain just music and no words and it usually builds up suspense for the listener so when the downbeat drops in, it creates a release or surprise. In some songs, the intro is one or more bars of the tonic chord, the introduction may also be based around the chords used in the verse, chorus, or bridge, or a stock turnaround progression may be played, such as the I–vi–ii–V progression. In some cases, a contains only drums or percussion parts which set the rhythm. Alternately the introduction may consist of a sung by the lead singer. In popular music, a verse roughly corresponds to a poetic stanza because it consists of rhyming lyrics most often with an AABB or ABAB rhyme scheme, when two or more sections of the song have almost identical music and different lyrics, each section is considered one verse
Song structure
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"Jingle Bells"'s verse Play verse (help · info) or full song (help · info)
68.
Arabic pop music
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Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music. Arabic pop is mainly produced and originated in Cairo, Egypt and it is an outgrowth of the Arabic film industry, also predominantly located in Cairo. The primary style is a genre that combines pop melodies with elements of different Arabic regional styles. It uses string instruments including the guitar as well as traditional Middle Eastern instruments, another aspect of Arab pop is the overall tone and mood of the songs. The majority of the songs are in a key, and themes tend to focus on longing, melancholy, strife. The road to Arab stardom is very different from in the Western world, traditionally a certain producer creates the full song from music to lyrics no matter the talents of the performer. Most music is recorded in studios as is Western Pop music, but also several live albums have been popular such as with Asalah and Egyptian legend Umm Kulthum. Most music is released on CD in the album format, singles are not released separately, but just airplay is common. In some countries where certain types of music is banned by Islamic law, such as Iran, there are no official charts or certifications due to the loose nature of the business and bootlegging. Ringtone charts are made, but due to bootlegging, they are also highly inaccurate. There are several awards in different countries awarded in different ways according to their organizations, in fact bootlegging is so common most bootleggers have their own brands. They are so bold that they usually put contact info on the front of the CDs, bootlegging is such a major problem that most artists dont rely on royalties for income. Most of the musical income comes from ringtone downloads which is more prevalent than in the West. Other income comes from endorsements deals and live performances, live performances are mainly brokered through the record label. This includes traditional performances such as at arenas or major media events, however performances at weddings and private parties are common no matter the level of fame. There are vast differences between the Western Music Business and the Arabic Music Business, unlike with the West there are rarely managers, agents or PR systems. Record labels are usually mega corporations that control music videos, music channels, producers and writers are usually affiliated with certain labels. An aspiring Arab singer creates a video demo and sends them to satellite channels that specialize in that area and it is then up to a record label to see them on such a program and sign them
Arabic pop music
69.
Assyrian pop music
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Assyrian folk/pop music, also known as Assyrian folk music, Assyrian pop music or Syriac music, is the traditional music style of the Assyrians people. Assyrian music includes a range of genre, which would encompass, or fuse, western genres such as electronic, Latin, jazz and/or classical music. Assyrian folk music claims to be the descendant of the music of their ancient Upper Mesopotamian ancestors that has survived in the music of the Syriac Churches. Assyrian folk can also be found in traditional Middle Eastern Makams, modern Assyrian pop music is mostly in a minor key, typically in the Phrygian mode, and themes tend to focus on longing, melancholy, strife and love issues. Most recently, Assyrian dance music has a beat or rhythm similar to Jamaican music, instrumentation is mostly arranged with a keyboard and electronic drums, namely in weddings or parties. Although many forms of Assyrian records do use acoustic and orchestral instruments such as strings, Music, is omnipresent in the village scene. A “Musician” is not necessarily a professional, and whoever can sing in any manner is considered a “singer”, most of the time, music is learned by ear. The villagers lead a life, but whenever there is an opportunity. Village music may be categorized, basically, into four groups, Local secular music not related to specific occasions, functional music, diwane, Sung in gatherings and meetings, lyrics cover aspects of life such as, working in the fields, persecution, suffering, religion. Lilyana, Wedding songs usually sung by only, especially for the bride before leaving her home to get married. Also sung for the bridegroom the day before his wedding by his family, dowlah and Zornah, These are two traditional music instruments, literally meaning a drum and wind-pipe. They are played together, either with or without singing in many such as weddings, welcoming. Tambura, Another tribal music instrument, an instrument with long neck, originated in ancient Assyria, discovered being depicted on carving from South Iraq from UR to Akkad. Albert Rouel Tamraz is a famous Assyrian Singer from Iraq who played this instrument, the earliest dated text is a poem written in 1591. This makes early Neo-Syriac literature a contemporary of Jewish Neo-Aramaic literature from roughly the same region, the Neo-Syriac literature which existed before the arrival of British and American missionaries consisted mainly of poetry. This poetry can be divided into three categories, stanzaic Hymns, dispute poems, and drinking songs, at this time they came in contact with western Music and Instruments. Assyrian youth started picking up and playing these new instruments after seeing and hearing the British playing, Assyrian youths started to find new bands and to play in parties, picnics and other functions for both Assyrians and others. In Baghdad, Iraq the earliest known record is by Hanna Patros in 1931 – perhaps two Gramophones with 2 songs on each, Hanna Petros, Later became the music director at the conservatory in Baghdad
Assyrian pop music
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Khigga is the most common dance style associated with Assyrian pop music.
70.
Mandopop
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Mandopop refers to Mandarin popular music. It is now used as a term to describe popular songs performed in Mandarin. Mandopop is categorized as a subgenre of commercial Chinese-language music within C-pop, Mandopop was the first variety of popular music in Chinese to establish itself as a viable industry. It originated in Shanghai, and later Hong Kong, Taipei, among the countries where Mandopop is most popular are mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore. S. to record local music in Asia. The recordings were then manufactured outside China and re-imported by the Gramophone Company’s sales agent in China, the Moudeli Company dominated the market before the 1910s until the Pathé Records took over the leading role. Pathé was founded in 1908 by a Frenchman named Labansat who had started a novelty entertainment business using phonograph in Shanghai around the beginning of the 20th century. It originally recorded mainly Peking opera, but later expanded to Mandarin popular music, later other foreign as well as Chinese-own recording companies were also established in China. Early in the 20th century, people in China generally spoke in their own regional dialect, although most people in Shanghai then spoke Shanghainese, the recordings of the pop music from Shanghai from the 1920s onwards were done in Standard Mandarin, which is based on the Beijing dialect. Those involved in this movement included such as Li Jinhui. Mandarin popular songs started in the 1920s were called shidaiqu. The Mandarin popular songs of the Shanghai era are considered by scholars to be the first kind of popular music developed in China. Li Jinhui is generally regarded as the Father of Chinese Popular Music who established the genre in the 1920s, buck Clayton, the American jazz musician, also worked alongside Li. Li established the Bright Moon Song and Dance Troupe, and amongst their singing stars were Wang Renmei, there was a close relationship between music and film industries and many of its singers also became actresses. Around 1927, Li composed the hit song The Drizzle recorded by his daughter Li Minghui, the song however was sung in a high-pitched childlike style, a style described uncharitably as sounding like strangling cat by the writer Lu Xun. This early style would soon be replaced by more sophisticated performances from better-trained singers, in 1931, the first sound film was made in China in a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company and Pathé. Amongst the best-known of the singer-actress to emerge in the 1930s were Zhou Xuan, Gong Qiuxia, although later singing stars need not also have an acting career, the close relationship between the recording and film industries continued for many decades. Later Yao Lee, Bai Guang, Li Xianglan, Wu Yingyin also became popular, other notable singers of this period include Li Lihua and Chang Loo. In 1940 Yao Lee recorded Rose, Rose, I Love You which later became the first Chinese pop song to be covered by Western singers that was a hit
Mandopop
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Zhou Xuan, the most notable singing star of the early Shanghai period.
Mandopop
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Hong Kong's Eason Chan
71.
Hong Kong English pop
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Hong Kong English pop are English language songs that are made, performed and popularised in Hong Kong. Known as simply English pop by Hong Kong people, the height of the English pop era in Hong Kong was from the 1950s to mid 1970s. As English was the official language from 1843 to 1974 in Hong Kong, it was spoken widely, especially in formal context. As a result, pop songs performed in English language were very popular among both ethnic Chinese and British Hong Kong citizens, many of the bandleaders and musicians were Filipinos. Lobing Samson, who led the band at Ciros for many years, later made his way to Hong Kong as did Fred Carpio, Vic Cristobal. In 1959 Tsai Chin recorded an English version of Yao Mins The Second Spring, imported pop music in English language from the West such as The Beatles, Elvis Presley and Johnny Mathis enjoyed much popularity in the city. Inspired by many imported pop music from the West, Hong Kong artists started to produce Hong Kong’s own pop music in English in the 1960s. Prior to this most English-language recordings in the British Colony had been so-called cover versions, Nelsson continued as a singer songwriter with subsequent bands on the Diamond Music label and hits included Out of Sight, Out of Mind, Missing You and How Do You Do. Nelsson later resurfaced in the early 1970s with a band called Ming which recorded mostly his own compositions, including Reasons Why, Never Coming Home, after the band broke up in 1976 Nelsson joined the label as a producer, eventually working his way up to A&R Manager. He left three years later to start his own company which managed and produced such as Louie Castro and Rowena Cortes. Teddy Robin and his band Teddy Robin and the Playboys, Joe Junior with his band The Side-Effects and they mostly came to fame in the latter half of the 1960s. Such programmes have been credited with being one of the reasons for a standard of spoken English in the 1960s and 1970s in Hong Kong. Based in hotels and ballrooms, HK nightclubs featured both Filipino and Chinese dance bands often fronted by female singers. At the upper end of the market, Rebecca Pan, Mona Fong and Kiang Ling became well known for their mixed Mandarin, Diamond Records also became an independent HK label established in 1960, issuing albums in Mandarin and English originals. Pathé Records followed suit with a series of albums on the Columbia and Pathé labels by Chang Loo, Betty Chung, Billie Tam, Judy Jim, and in 1968, Paul Leung produced one of the more remarkable bilingual albums of the 1960s. Imported pop music in English language from the West remained very popular in the territory, other artistes who performed in English include Maria Cordero, Gracie Rivera, The Young Men, etc. As we all know, many of these stars were extremely famous throughout Asian history, good examples would be Annie Chung, and Jennie Chung. This sister duet- also known as Chung Sisters, have made significance to TVB and EYT, beyond, formed in 1983 and later achieved decades long unparalleled success in Hong Kong, released some of their early works in English, such as their Longway without a Friend and Myth
Hong Kong English pop
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Demographics and Culture of Hong Kong
72.
Iranian pop music
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Iranian pop music refers to pop music originated in Iran, with songs mainly in Persian and other regional languages of the country. The origin of Iranian pop music back to the time of the 19th-century Qajar dynasty. Following the invent of radio in 1930, and after World War II, Persian pop music grew and developed during the 1950s. Different types of pop music, including rumba, tango and waltz music, were developed during this period. Viguen, known as the Sultan of Persian Pop and Jazz, was one of the most prominent and he was of Armenian origin, and sang in both Persian and Armenian. By the 1970s, a new wave was formed in Iranian pop music, using instruments and adding electric guitar. Parviz Maghsadi and Varoujan Hakhbandian were among pioneer composers who wrote and composed songs for singers such as Viguen, Googoosh, Dariush. After the 1979 Revolution, pop music was banned and completely disappeared from the scene in Iran, many Iranians immigrated to foreign countries, especially to Los Angeles in the United States, and many continued to sing in exile. Since then, several popular Iranian TV channels and radio stations operate outside of the country and these broadcast companies play an important role in promoting and connecting Iranian pop artists to Iranians living all over the world. In the 1990s, officials of the new government decided to produce and promote a decent pop music, in order to compete with the abroad, ali Moallem and Fereydoun Shahbazian headed a council at the IRIB that supervised the revival of domestic pop music. Shadmehr Aghili was one of the first post-revolutionary Iranian singers who received significant support, including promotion by national television and he was highly skilled at playing violin and guitar, and was a very talented singer. He became a successful and popular musician and singer in Iran. Under the presidency of Khatami, as a result of easing cultural restrictions within Iran, since the new administration took office, the Ministry of Ershad adopted a different policy, mainly to make it easier to monitor the industry. The newly adopted policy included loosening restrictions for a number of artists. However, the number of album releases increased, arian, the first officially sanctioned pop music band with female singers in post-revolutionary Iran, started a new chapter of Iranian pop music. In late 2009, Sirvan Khosravi became the first domestic Iranian artist to achieve high-rotation airplay on a regular European radio station and he made his debut with the song Saat-e 9, which also made headlines in Iranian online media. In August 2010, Farzad Farzin made his debut European chart with the song Chike Chike from his third legal album Shans. 1971, Googoosh, first prize and golden record at the MIDEM in Cannes,1972, Googoosh, first prize at the Carthage Music Festival
Iranian pop music
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Viguen Derderian, king of Persian pop and Persian jazz.
Iranian pop music
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Haydeh and Anoushirvan at the National Iranian Radio and TV, Tehran, 1975
Iranian pop music
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Irish pop singer Chris de Burgh joined Arian band on their 2007 Album.
73.
Pakistani pop music
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Pakistani pop music refers to popular music forms in Pakistan. Pakistani pop is a mixture of traditional Pakistani classical music and western influences of jazz, rock and roll, hip hop and disco sung in languages of Pakistan. The popularity of music is based on the sales of a single. Pakistani pop music is attributed to have birth to the genre in the South Asian region with Ahmed Rushdis song ‘Ko Ko Korina’ in 1966. Songs sung by Pakistani pop artists are a feature on soundtracks of most of the Bollywood movies. Still, pop music thrived and survived with a steady growth and it was not until recent times that Pakistani pop music was to be admired throughout South Asia and the rest of the world. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the most popular form of entertainment in the newly created Pakistan was the medium of film, cinemas sprouted up in various corners of the nation, especially in Lahore, Karachi and Dacca in East Pakistan and playback singing became popular. People that tended to move into the genre had to be trained in music, usually trained by ustads who mastered its various forms. In 1966, a talented young playback singer Ahmed Rushdi sang the first South Asian pop song “Ko-Ko-Korina” for the film Armaan, composed by Sohail Rana, the song was a blend of 60s bubblegum pop, rock and roll twist music and Pakistani film music. This genre would later be termed as ‘filmi pop’, paired with Runa Laila, the singer is considered the pioneering father of pop music, mostly hip-hop and disco, in South Asia. Following Rushdis success, Christian bands specialising in jazz started performing at night clubs and hotel lobbies in Karachi, Hyderabad. They would usually sing either famous American jazz hits or cover Rushdis songs, Rushdi sang playback hits along with Laila until the Bangladesh Liberation War when East Pakistan was declared an independent state. Laila, being a Bengali, decided to leave for the new-found Bangladesh, the 1980s saw a nose-dive in the progress of cinema in Pakistan as the nation was left in the state of turmoil over the changes in the government administration. Number of cinemas decreased rapidly and people preferred watching television over going to a cinema, while the cinema in Pakistan was declining, the neighboring India was gaining in strength in film content and quality. People began admiring the Indian playback counterparts, and when it seemed that music in Pakistan had no hopes of surviving this foreign influence, Anwar Maqsood and Shoaib Mansoor launched the career of Nerissa, Beena and Shabana Benjamin in 1972. The sisters filled television screens with their melodious charms and tabloids started calling it the Benjamin Sisters Phenomenon, a few years later came Alamgir. Like all people from his generation, Alamgir was raised listening to songs by bands like ABBA and he would do renditions of popular new wave songs in Urdu. In 1973, influenced by disco and funk, Alamgir sang Albela Rahi, Alamgir brought a new form of music to Pakistan, one that blended the classical forms with a tint of modern Western music
Pakistani pop music
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Music of Pakistan
Pakistani pop music
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Ahmed Rushdi
Pakistani pop music
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In the 1990s, the Strings gained a lot of publicity for their rock/pop music genre.
Pakistani pop music
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Pakistani Pop singer Atif Aslam in his concert.
74.
Indo pop
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Koes Bersaudara later formed as Koes Plus is considered as one of the pioneer of Indonesian pop and rock n roll music in 1960s and 1970s. The American and British music influences were obvious in the music of Koes Bersaudara, several Indonesian pop and ballad singers were survived through decades and become Indonesian music legends, such as Iwan Fals and Chrisye. In 2000s, the bands include Peterpan, Radja, Gigi, Dewa 19, Sheila on 7, DMasiv and Nidji, all of which tour regularly in Indonesia, Singapore. Some of Indonesian pop bands are rekindle with their Malay roots and revived a genre called Band Pop Melayu, the pop Malay bands are Kangen Band, WALI, Hijau Daun, Armada, Angkasa, and ST12. This genre is the form of old Orkes Melayu style. The most recent foreign influences on Indonesian pop musics are the style, several bands such as J-Rocks, Zivilia, and Indonesian boyband and girlband such as JKT48, S. O. S, Hitz are imitating the style of Japan and Korea pop culture. Today Indonesian pop music enjoyed nationwide and regional popularity, because of common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay, Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. However the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry, in 2008 Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts. List of Indonesian pop musicians Indonesian rock Dangdut Campursari
Indo pop
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Peterpan, A popular Indonesian band
Indo pop
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Agnes Monica, a popular solo singer in Indonesia
75.
American popular music
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American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world. In addition, the American music industry is diverse, supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco, klezmer. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock, the 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream, they were recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music. Minstrel shows generally used African instruments and dance, and featured performers with their faces blackened, a technique called blackface. By the middle of the 19th century, touring companies had taken this music not only to part of the United States, but also to the UK, Western Europe. Minstrel shows were advertised as though the music of the shows was in an African American style. However, these important milestones still occurred entirely within the conventions of European music, the first extremely popular minstrel song was Jump Jim Crow by Thomas Daddy Rice, which was first performed in 1832 and was a sensation in London when Rice performed it there in 1836. Rice used a dance that he copied from a boy with a tune adopted from an Irish jig. The African elements included the use of the banjo, believed to derive from West African string instruments, fosters songs were typical of the minstrel era in their unabashed sentimentality, and in their acceptance of slavery. Blackface minstrel shows remained popular throughout the last part of the 19th century, during that time, a form of lavish and elaborate theater called the extravaganza arose, beginning with Charles M. Barras The Black Crook. Extravaganzas were criticized by the newspapers and churches of the day because the shows were considered sexually titillating, david Ewen described this as the beginning of the long and active careers in sex exploitation of American musical theater and popular song. Later, extravaganzas took elements of burlesque performances, which were satiric and parodic productions that were popular at the end of the 19th century. Like the extravaganza and the burlesque, the variety show was a comic and ribald production, popular from the middle to the end of the 19th century, at which time it had evolved into vaudeville. By the early 20th century, vaudeville was an entertainment for women and children. Tin Pan Alley was an area called Union Square in New York City, the songwriters of this era wrote formulaic songs, many of them sentimental ballads. During this era, a sense of consciousness was developing, as the United States became a formidable world power. The increased availability and efficiency of railroads and the postal service helped disseminate ideas, Some of the most notable publishers of Tin Pan Alley included Willis Woodward, M. Witmark & Sons, Charles K. Harris, and Edward B
American popular music
–
Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell.
American popular music
–
The first major American popular songwriter, Stephen Foster.
American popular music
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Sheet music cover for " Dandy Jim from Caroline " by Dan Emmett, London, c. 1844.
American popular music
–
Joan Baez and Bob Dylan
76.
Serbian pop
–
Serbian pop is the pop music scene of Serbia. During the 1940s, 1950s 1960s, 1970s and the 1980s, while Serbia was a constituent republic of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, pop music in Serbia existed before Second World War. It also confirms the statement of the actress Ognjenka Het in the show of Radio Belgrade called Two white pidgeons in 1986 and is also confirmed by other direct and indirect sources. Mijat Mijatović, Sofka Nikolić, Bora Janjić – Šapčanin mostly performed folk songs, sevdalinka, starogradska muzika, Bora Janjić – Šapčanin recorded the cover of Hungarian schlager Sad Sunday. Serbian pop music in this period was influenced by schlager music, chansons. Vojin Popović is remembered as one of the pioneers of pop music in Serbia and Yugoslavia and he appears during the war with the song Ne brini majčice mila, but original performance of this song was not preserved. He released seven singles between 1953 and 1956 featuring different ensembles, one of the first composers of pop music was Darko Kraljić. His famous compositions include Zašto si pospan Čo, Čamac na Tisi, Čamac na Tisi and Hej momci mladi belong to Serbian postwar music, while it is not certain when the song Zašto si pospan Čo was created. It is considered that the song was created before or during the Second World War, pop music has been on the sidelines with the arrival of communist authorities. Music was mostly performed at balls or could be heard through radios, very few people had gramophone or possibility to get it. In the early 1950s decreased Soviet influence in Yugoslavia and it led to the first postwar musical wave in Yugoslavia – Mexican songs, Mexican movies became very popular as well as song Mama Huanita from the movie Un día de vida. The most famous musician of early 1950s was drummer Spasa Milutinović and he mostly performed jazz music but also and pop music with his small musical group whose singers were Vojin Popović and Lola Novaković. There are few surviving records, mostly by Jugodisk and Yugoton, in the late 1950s appear new musicians such as Lola Novaković, Dušan Jakšić, Nada Knežević and very popular Đorđe Marjanović. Lola Novaković was one of the most popular Yugoslav female singers of her time and she is remembered by the great number of wins on different festivals in Yugoslavia and Europe. In 1960 she became first Yugoslav musician to perform in Soviet Union and she also performed on the Near East and Japan. She released her first two songs in 1958 Alisa U Zemlji Čudesa and famous Cuban hit Babalu, after that she released significant numbers of singles, EPs and compilations. Dušan Jakšić is notable by his numerous hits of which the most popular being Sve moje jeseni su tužne, Nada Knežević is the popular jazz and pop singer, she performed as the UN guest on Sinai Peninsula, and in jazz clubs in Germany and Scandinavia. Đorđe Marjanović gained fame and numerous fans by appearing on television with the song Zvižduk u osam, besides his long career in Yugoslavia, he made significant career performing in Soviet Union
Serbian pop
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Lola Novaković
Serbian pop
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Mihailo Živanović (first left) and world-renowned clarinetist Tony Scott (first right).
Serbian pop
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Zdravko Čolić
Serbian pop
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Joksimović performing "Lane Moje", ESC 2004
77.
Russian pop
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This is the successor to popular variety Soviet music with its pop idols such as Alla Pugacheva or Valery Leontiev. Modern-day mainstream Russian-language pop music is diverse and has many ways to spread through the audience. The most famous pop stars can be seen on television in music or talk shows. There are also Russian Pop radio stations, and theres lots of One-hit wonders in recent years. Russian-language market of music began to grow with the increase of Soviet influence in the world arena. The undisputed center of the creation of the Russian-language pop music of that time was the Moscow and, to a lesser extent, St. Petersburg. For quite significant regional centers contemporary Russian language popular music include, in addition to Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev, a notable contribution to Russian pop music performers that do not come from Russia. In the 1970s, started his career, and then got all-union reputation Sofia Rotaru, Alla Pugacheva, at the same time in this period of the Russian pop music begin to influence various western genres But also the popular Soviet music is gaining tremendous popularity in Eastern Europe. First Vesiolie Rebiata EP ensemble released in the summer of 1970, in 1973 at the international competition record in Liverpool, the ensemble was awarded the second Prize. It was the first major success of Soviet pop music in the West, in the early 1980s Russian-speaking Soviet-era music is booming. Works by Latvian composer Raimonds Pauls, such as The Million scarlet roses, were created in this period, yury Chernavsky writes songs for films and together with the ensemble Vesiolie Rebiata lets magnitoalbom Banana Islands. In the mid-1980s Vladimir Matetsky starts its cooperation with Sofia Rotaru with song Lavanda, effect of a new stage in the development of pop music in the late 1980s was a group Laskovyi Mai and Mirage. Many famous hits of popular music were written during this period Among the many areas of the group also had a huge popularity among the Russian audience in this period, DDT, Lyube. This period was characterized by the emergence of new artists and groups who have been especially popular in the coming years, such as Valeriya, Anita Tsoy, Blestyaschie. Russian record for the sale of records belongs to the ensemble Vesiolie Rebiata, the end of the 1990s and early 2000s were marked by a significant increase in the world, specially American music in the traditional dominance of Russian music. Russian popular performers in full acquainted with the world of experiences, borrow a lot of it. In the late 2000s, the Russian market of Pop joined the transitional period, due to a serious drop in sales in the form of physical media, there is a reclassification of labels to sell music through the Internet. By 2009, album sales have dropped significantly compared to 1990s
Russian pop
78.
Pop music in Ukraine
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Pop music in Ukraine is Western influenced pop music in its various forms that has been growing in popularity in Ukraine since the 1960s. The 1970s saw the emergence of a number of rock groups. One of the most prominent was a known as Kobza which included 2 electric banduras. Initially it started off as a group playing folk inspired cool jazz. Other groups gradually appeared on the scene primarily from Western Ukraine such as Medikus, major contributions were made by song writer Volodymyr Ivasiuk and singer Sofia Rotaru and Nazariy Yaremchuk. After the tragic death of V. Ivasiuk in 1978, developments in Ukrainian pop music almost ground to a halt, even established folk -rock groups such as Kobza began to sing in Russian. The songs of Ivasiuk were rarely heard on the radio and many of the established singers such as Sofia Rotaru began to sing in Russian exclusively. Many Ukrainian musicians moved to Moscow, and various Moscow based Pop groups had a pop songs in the Ukrainian language such as the group Samotvety - Verba, the 1990s saw an explosion in the Ukrainian Pop music world. At the end of the 80s it was considered that Ukrainian language based rock would not be effective, the sponsoring of a Ukrainian only festival did much to change this perception. Music groups that came to prominence were, Komu Vnyz Ne zhurys Taras Petrynenko, green Grey was by far the most popular trip hop group in the country. Green Grey was the first Ukrainian band that was endorsed by Pepsi, the band did many concerts internationally. At the end of the 90 most popular pop singer among teenagers was Yurko Yurchenko, at his concerts was something unimaginable. Many compared the level of fanaticism with the band The Beatles, in recent times folkloric elements have made a resurgence in modern Ukrainian pop music. Hutsul folk melodies, rhythms and dance moves were used by the Ruslana, anastasia Prikhodko - singer - represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 and participated in the Ukrainian national selection in 2009,2011 and 2016. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the popularity of groups like Vopli Vidoplyasova, Viy, Okean Elzy. By November 2018 Ukrainian radio stations must broadcast no less than 35% of songs in Ukrainian or if it plays 60% of its songs in the languages of the European Union then 25%. Ukrainian rock bands include Braty Hadiukiny/Брати Гадюкіни, Komu Vnyz, Plach Yeremiyi/Плач Єремії, Taras Petrynenko, Viy, Vopli Vidoplyasova, Yurcash, Burning Hearts, opalnyi Prynz/Opalni Prinz/Опальний Принц was, perhaps, the most influential Rock band in the late 80s. Okean Elzy, featuring Slava Vakarchuk has long been among the most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, the pop-singer Ruslana also uses some elements of rock in her work
Pop music in Ukraine
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Ruslana performing Wild Dances at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004
Pop music in Ukraine
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Okean Elzy
Pop music in Ukraine
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DakhDaughters musical band performing in the genre " freak - cabaret " and theatrical performances.
Pop music in Ukraine
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Gogol Bordello
79.
Alternative country
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Alternative country is a loosely defined subgenre of country music, which includes acts that differ significantly in style from mainstream or pop country music. It has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have incorporated influences ranging from rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock. Attempts to combine punk and country were pioneered by Jason and the Scorchers, members and figures associated with Uncle Tupelo formed three major bands in the genre, Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Other influential bands included Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, and Blood Oranges, lyrics may be bleak or socially aware, but also more heartfelt and less likely to use the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians. No Depression, the magazine dedicated to the genre, declared that it covered alternative-country music. Another major influence was country rock, the result of fusing country music with a rock & roll sound, the artist most commonly thought to have originated country rock is Gram Parsons, although Michael Nesmith, Steve Earle and Gene Clark are frequently identified as important innovators. The third factor was punk rock, which supplied an energy, the bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers further developed this tradition before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s. List of alternative country musicians Heartland rock Red Dirt Southern rock Texas country music Notes Bibliography Alden, Grant, & Blackstock, no Depression, An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Modern Twang, An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory, kasten, Roy, Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday, Riverfront Times. Hogeland, William, Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, so what is insurgent country anyway. From American Studies at the University of Virginia
Alternative country
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Son Volt performing in 2005
Alternative country
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Blue Mountain on stage in 2008
80.
Nu metal
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Nu metal is a form of alternative metal that combines elements of heavy metal music with elements of other music genres such as hip hop, alternative rock, funk and grunge. Nu metal bands have drawn elements and influences from a variety of musical styles, Nu metal rarely features guitar solos, the genre is heavily syncopated and based on guitar riffs. Many nu metal guitarists use seven-string guitars that are down-tuned to play a heavier sound, DJs are occasionally featured in nu metal to provide instrumentation such as sampling, turntable scratching and electronic backgrounds. Vocal styles in nu metal include singing, rapping, screaming and growling, Nu metal is one of the key genres of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Nu metal became popular in the late 1990s with bands and artists such as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, many heavy metal fans have criticized nu metal, and do not regard it as true heavy metal. Many nu metal musicians have rejected the nu metal label and also have rejected being labeled as heavy metal, Nu metal is also known as nü-metal and aggro-metal. It is a subgenre of alternative metal, MTV states that the early nu metal group Korn arrived in 1993 into the burgeoning alternative metal scene, which would morph into nü-metal the way college rock became alternative rock. Stereogum has similarly claimed that nu metal was a outgrowth of the Lollapalooza-era alt-metal scene. Nu metal merges elements of metal music with elements of other music genres such as grunge, hip hop, funk. Nu metal bands also are influenced by and use elements of genres of metal music such as death metal, rap metal, groove metal, funk metal, alternative metal. Some nu metal bands such as Static-X and Dope made nu metal music elements of industrial metal. Nu metal music is heavily syncopated and is based mostly on guitar riffs, mid-song bridges and a general lack of guitar solos contrasts it with other genres of heavy metal. N its efforts to tune down and simplify riffs, nu-metal effectively drove a stake through the heart of the guitar solo. Another contrast with other metal genres is nu metals emphasis on rhythm, rather than on complexity or mood. The wah pedal is occasionally featured in nu metal music, Nu metal guitar riffs occasionally are similar to death metal guitar riffs. Nu metal bassists and drummers are often influenced by funk and hip hop, respectively, blast beats, which are common in heavy metal subgenres such as black metal and death metal, are extremely rare in nu metal. sound a Mack truck being crushed by a collapsing skyscraper. Some nu metal bands use seven-string guitars that are generally down-tuned, likewise, some bass guitarists use five-string and six-string instruments. Bass guitar-playing in nu metal often features an emphasis on elements such as slap bass, a percussive style of playing in which the thumb slaps the low strings
Nu metal
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The nu metal band Slipknot, who are known for their use of costumes and masks, performing in Buenos Aires in 2005.
Nu metal
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Korn's bassist Reginald Arvizu showing nu metal fashion with baggy cargo pants, a baggy shirt and dreadlocks.
Nu metal
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Korn helped break nu metal into the mainstream.
Nu metal
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Limp Bizkit in 2009
81.
Geek rock
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Geek rock is a musical subgenre derived from alternative rock within the nerd music group. It is a sister-genre to the chiptune-influenced rock subgenre nintendocore and related to other branches of music such as hip hops nerdcore. Geek rock is characterised by use of both electronic instruments and more atypical musical instruments, such as accordions or ukuleles. Lyrically, the genre is generally characterised by subject matter that covers such as geek media pop culture, academia, technology. In essence, they’re love songs directed to whatever we’re really passionate about, irony, self-deprecation and humour are major elements. The first band to describe themselves as geek rock is believed to be Nerf Herder, the success of They Might Be Giants 1990 album Flood may have begun making geek culture and geek rock more mainstream. Billboard has referred to They Might Be Giants as Nerd-Rock Kings, similarly, Weird Al Yankovic has been called the king of nerd rock. The label proto-geek rock covers both similar musicians performing before the term was established and those that were adopted by geek culture but were not strictly part of it themselves, Alex DiBlasi contends that Frank Zappa is the archetypical geek rocker and antecedent of geek rock. Earlier filk music was based around fans performing at science fiction conventions, geek rock, however, is not necessarily connected to conventions in the same way and, while often still connected to fandom, is more adjacent to the fan community than an out-growth of it. Geek rock musicians are professional rather than amateur and band members need not be fans themselves. For example, Chicago Doctor Who-based band Time Crash was started by Doctor Who fan Ronen Kohn but the bands drummer and this was made possible by equipment becoming more affordable and the growth of the internet. She is on record as thinking, while watching his performance, this isnt punk rock, the sketch was the first in their The Nerds series following the same nerd characters. Geek rock, and related genres, have large enough to support music festivals such as Rock Comic Con. Some subgenres and derivative forms of rock are focused around specific parts of geek culture. Others are based on subgenres of rock music, nerd punk is a fusion of nerd music and punk rock. It shares the characteristics of rock with the fast-paced songs, hard-edged melodies. Bands include Thundering Asteroids. and 3d6, twi-rock developed from Twilight fandom with bands such as the Bella Cullen Project. While initially successful, and entering into a rivalry with wizard rock, Time Lord rock was developed by British band Chameleon Circuit in 2008
Geek rock
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Kirby Krackle in their "E for Everyone" (2010) cover shot.
Geek rock
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The Doubleclicks, Aubrey and Angela Webber, performing onstage at JoCo Cruise Crazy 3.
Geek rock
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I Fight Dragons performing at Martyrs', Chicago in 2009.
Geek rock
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Harry and the Potters performing in June 2007.
82.
Gothic rock
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Gothic rock is a musical subgenre of post-punk that formed during the late 1970s. Gothic rock bands grew from the ties they had to the English punk rock. Proto-gothic bands include Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division, Bauhaus, the genre itself was defined as a separate movement from post-punk due to its darker music accompanied by introspective and romantic lyrics. Gothic rock then gave rise to a subculture that included clubs, fashion. Reynolds described the style as consisting of deep, droning alloys of Jim Morrison. Siouxsie and the Banshees tended to use flanging guitar effects, producing a brittle, cold, several acts used drum machines downplaying the rhythms backbeat. Gothic rock typically deals with dark themes addressed through lyrics and the musics atmosphere, the poetic sensibilities of the genre led gothic rock lyrics to exhibit literary romanticism, morbidity, existentialism, religious symbolism or supernatural mysticism. Musicians who initially shaped the aesthetics and musical conventions of gothic rock include Marc Bolan, the Velvet Underground, the Doors, David Bowie, Iggy Pop, journalist Kurt Loder would write that the song All Tomorrows Parties by the Velvet Underground is a mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece. However, Reynolds considers Alice Cooper as the true ungodly godfather of goth due to his theatrics, Nicos 1969 album The Marble Index is sometimes described as the first Goth album. With its stark sound, somber lyrics, and Nicos deliberate change in her look, J. G. Ballard was a strong lyrical influence for many of the early gothic rock groups, the Birthday Party drew on Arthur Rimbaud and Charles Baudelaire. In 1976, Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice was published, the main character, although dark, wanted companionship and love. The book, according to music journalist Dave Thompson, slowly created an audience for gothic rock by word of mouth, the same year saw the punk rock band the Damned debut. The groups vocalist, Dave Vanian, was a gravedigger who dressed like a vampire. Critic John Stickney used the gothic rock to describe the music of the Doors in October 1967. Stickney wrote that the band met the journalists in the gloomy vaulted wine cellar of the Delmonico hotel, the author noted that contrary to the pleasant, amusing hippies, there was violence in their music and a dark atmosphere on stage during their concerts. In the late 1970s, the gothic was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie. In March 1979, Kent used the adjective in his review of Magazines second album. Kent noted that there was a new sense of authority to their music
Gothic rock
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Robert Smith of the Cure in 1989, who was on the front cover of NME Originals: Goth in 2004.
Gothic rock
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Fields of the Nephilim at the Agra Hall, Leipzig, Germany 2008
83.
Industrial rock
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Industrial rock is a musical genre that fuses industrial music and specific rock subgenres. Like most industrial subgenres, industrial rock is generally dark. Experimental 60s group Cromagnon are said to have one of the bands that helped foresee the birth of industrial rock. Specifically, their song Caledonia has been noted for its pre-industrial stomp, Industrial music was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the punk rock revolution and disco fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, SPK, many other artists have been cited as influences such as Kraftwerk and Gary Numan and Tubeway Army as well as Einstürzende Neubauten. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial-musical elements into a variety of musical styles, some post-punk performers developed styles parallel to industrial musics defining attributes. Pere Ubus debut, The Modern Dance, was described as industrial, so was San Franciscos Chrome, who mixed Jimi Hendrix, The Sex Pistols and tape music experiments, and Killing Joke, considered by Simon Reynolds as a post-punk version of heavy metal. According to Chris Connelly, Foetus is the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to hardcore punk, the New York City band Swans were inspired by the local No Wave scene, as well as punk rock, noise music and the original industrial groups. Steve Albinis Big Black followed a path, while also incorporating American hardcore punk. Big Black has also been associated with post-hardcore and noise rock. Industrial rocks true commercial breakthrough took place with the rise of the metal bands, Ministry, Marilyn Manson. Records Nothing Records Industrial rock musical groups Industrial rock sales and awards List of industrial music bands Blush, concrete, Bulletproof, Invisible + Fried, My Life as a Revolting Cock. The Mojo Collection, The greatest albums of all time, rip it up and start again, Postpunk 1978-1984. Atari Teenage Riot,60 second wipe out
Industrial rock
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Trent Reznor, founder of popular industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails
84.
Math rock
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Math rock is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures, counterpoint, odd time signatures, angular melodies, and extended, often dissonant, chords. This rhythmic complexity, seen as mathematical in character by many listeners, the sound is usually dominated by guitars and drums as in traditional rock, and because of the complex rhythms, the drums section of math rock groups tend to be more salient than in other genres. It is commonplace to find guitarists in rock groups using the tapping method of guitar playing. Guitars are also played in clean tones more than in other upbeat rock songs. Lyrics are generally not the focus of math rock, the voice is treated as just another sound in the mix. Often, vocals are not overdubbed, and are positioned low in the mix, as in the style of Steve Albini. Many of math rocks most famous groups are entirely instrumental such as Don Caballero or Hella, the term math rock has often been passed off as a joke that has developed into what some believe is a musical style. An advocate of this is Matt Sweeney, singer with Chavez, the Canadian punk rock group Nomeansno have been cited by music critics as a secret influence on math rock, predating much of the genres development by more than a decade. An even more group of the same era, Massacre, featured the guitarist Fred Frith. With some influence from the energy of punk, Massacres influential music used complex rhythmic characteristics. Black Flags 1984 album My War also included unusual polyrhythms, bands such as Because of Ghosts, The Sinking Citizenship, and My Disco emerged in the early 2000s in Melbourne. The European math rock scene started in the late 90s to early 2000, including such as Adebisi Shank, Kobong, The Redneck Manifesto, Three Trapped Tigers and This Town Needs Guns. The most significant Japanese groups include Ruins, Zeni Geva, Boredoms, Aburadako, Tricot, yona-Kit is a collaboration between Japanese and U. S. musicians. Other Japanese groups which incorporate math rock in their music include Ling Tosite Sigure, Toe, Zazen Boys, Lite, skin Graft Records and Tzadik Records have released Japanese math rock albums in the United States. Bands from Washington, D. C. include The Dismemberment Plan, Shudder to Think, Hoover, Faraquet,1.6 Band, Autoclave, later Jawbox, the Richmond, VA-based Breadwinner inspired bands such as Fulflej and Lamb of God. Polvo of Chapel Hill, North Carolina is often considered math rock, in California, math rock groups from San Diego include Upsilon Acrux, Drive Like Jehu, Antioch Arrow, Tristeza, No Knife, Heavy Vegetable and Sleeping People. Northern California was the base of Game Theory and The Loud Family, the origin of Game Theorys name is mathematical, suggesting a nearly mathy sound cited as IQ rock. Bands in the late 90s and 2000s, such as This Town Needs Guns and American Football, began combining Math rock and Emo, in the mid-2000s, many math rock bands enjoyed renewed popularity
Math rock
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Slint performing Spiderland in its entirety at the Pitchfork Music Festival
85.
New rave
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New rave is a fusion genre that incorporates elements of electronic music, new wave, rock, indie, techno, mashup, breakbeat hardcore and electro house. The British music magazine NME is largely responsible for popularising the term throughout 2006 and 2007, the genre has connotations of being a new version of rave as well as being a play on the term new wave. The aesthetics of the new rave scene are similar to those of the rave scene. Glowsticks, neon and other lights are common, and followers of the scene often dress in extremely bright, New Rave has been defined more by the image and aesthetic of its bands and supporters, than by its music. Trash Fashion lead singer, Jet Storm, and Electro heroine Uffie, have described as the scenes very own pin ups. Nevertheless, the use of instruments, a musical fusion of rock and dance styles. Klaxons, Trash Fashion, New Young Pony Club, Hadouken, late of the Pier and Shitdisco are generally accepted as the main exponents of the genre. The term was coined by Angular Records founder Joe Daniel and was featured on the An Angular Disco flyer used to advertise Klaxonss first gig. Klaxons later declared they were not new rave, describing it as a joke thats got out of hand and that the term was originally ironic, not serious. In reaction to the overkill of the genre, Klaxons banned the use of glowsticks at their gigs in April 2007. The whole idea of new rave was to take the piss out of the media by making them talk about something that didnt exist, just for our own amusement. And theyd say, I appreciate that, but can you tell me more about new rave. I. A, the sound of the original rave style is barely discernible in the majority of bands referred to as new rave. Bands such as The Sunshine Underground, Cansei de Ser Sexy, M. I. A. has been described as a new raver before it was old. Several have publicly declared they had nothing to do with the genre, stylist Carri Mundane described it as funny, saying New Rave was Vacant in retro. I guess it was a fun time but I’m more excited about what happens now, the next level - the next generation. There’s a mood of neo-spiritualism and futurism that excites me, the new rave scene can be viewed as a media construct, largely propounded by the NME and TRAX, with other publications treating the subject as a joke. Critic John Harris has stated in The Guardian newspaper that the genre is nothing more than a piss-poor supposed youthquake that will go out of fashion in the same way as rave. In series 3 of the BBC comedy The Mighty Boosh, the song Eels sung by Noel Fielding made satirical references to new rave, Rave Dog - a documentary about Trash Fashion and new rave on the Channel 4 programme FourDocs
New rave
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Klaxons in concert in 2007
86.
Noise rock
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Noise rock is a diverse style of experimental rock that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s. Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth, while the music had been around for some time, the term noise rock was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach. An archetypal album is the Velvet Undergrounds White Light/White Heat, treblezines Joe Gross credits the cult classic with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, perhaps it’s an obvious starting point, but it’s also the starting point. Sonic Youths Thurston Moore explained, Noise has taken the place of punk rock, people who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the folk scene have replaced it. Starting in the 1990s, noise punk developed mostly as a form of party music, with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island
Noise rock
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Steve Albini
Noise rock
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Melt-Banana
Noise rock
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Lightning Bolt
Noise rock
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Comparative Anatomy
87.
Pop punk
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Pop punk is a punk rock music genre and a fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with elements of pop music. Pop punk typically combines fast punk rock tempos, power chord changes and loud, distorted guitars with pop-influenced melodies. Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a style that was stylistically similar to power pop. By the mid-1980s, several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new, faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty, Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s. Pop punk particularly thrived in California, where independent record labels adopted a do it approach to releasing music. By the mid-1990s, a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive radio and television airplay. By 1994, pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity, the late 1990s, exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182s Enema of the State, represented the genres mainstream peak, although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s. In the mid-2000s, emo pop, a genre combining emo and pop punk. By the end of the 2000s, the pop sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity. Pop punk typically merges upbeat pop melodies with catchy hooks, catchy choruses, harmonies, speedy tempos, punk rock power chord changes and loud, distorted electric guitars. About. com has described second-wave pop punk bands as having a radio friendly sheen to their music, club, pop punk often pits sweet harmonies against bratty, rowdy riffs. Lyrical topics that are common in pop punk include love, lust, drunkenness, adolescence, cartoonish violence, some pop punk lyrics focus on jokes and humor. Some pop punk music features elements of rock, power pop. According to Ryan Cooper of About. com, pop punk is a style that more to the Beatles. It is not clear when the pop punk was first used. Protopunk and power pop bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s helped lay the groundwork for the pop punk sound, the Beatles, the Kinks and the Beach Boys all paved the way for pop punk. With their love of the Beach Boys and late 1960s bubblegum pop, the Ramones loud and fast melodic minimalism differentiated them from other bands in New York Citys budding art rock scene, but pop punk was not considered a separate subgenre until later. An early use of the pop punk appeared in a 1977 New York Times article, Cabaret
Pop punk
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The Ramones performing in Norway in 1980.
Pop punk
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The Descendents "wrote almost surfy, Beach Boys–inspired songs about girls and food and being young(ish)".
Pop punk
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Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong performing in 1994.
Pop punk
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Blink-182 's Enema of the State (1999) "marked a complete shift in how music television, radio and the world at large viewed [pop punk]."
88.
Post-grunge
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Post-grunge is a style of rock music that began in the 1990s and is considered a subgenre of alternative rock and hard rock. Originally, post-grunge was an informal and even pejorative label used to describe bands that emulated the sound of Nirvana and Pearl Jam, such as Bush, Candlebox. In the late 1990s, post-grunge morphed into a clearly defined style that married the sound. Post-grunge rose to prominence in the 1990s and continued to remain popular in the 2000s, Post-grunge bands such as Foo Fighters, Puddle of Mudd, Staind, Nickelback, Creed and Matchbox Twenty all achieved mainstream success. During the 1990s, a post-grunge sound emerged which emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly its thick, distorted guitars, Post-grunge music tends to be in mid-tempo and is noted for having a polished, radio-ready production. Post-grunge tends to feature melodies and song structures that are common in pop music, sometimes post-grunge music features both an electric guitar and an acoustic guitar playing simultaneously. Post-grunge lyrics also tend to be about such as relationships, romance. According to Geffen, grunges frontmen posed with their addictions, post-grunges songwriters sought redemption for them, according to Geffen, artists such as Alanis Morissette, No Doubt and Sarah McLachlan all crystallized the songwriting strategy that would form the emotional core of the post-grunge moment. Post-grunge tends to have quality that is higher and cleaner than the quality in grunge. When grunge became a mainstream genre because of such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam. According to Tim Grierson of About, during the late 1990s, post-grunge morphed, becoming a derivative of grunge that combined characteristics of grunge with a more commercially accessible tone. During this time, post-grunge bands such as Creed and Nickelback emerged, Grierson wrote, Creed and Nickelback espoused a more conventional, almost conservative worldview built around the comforts of community and romantic relationships. Grierson also wrote, Post-grunge was a musical style, but bands like Nirvana. Post-grunge, by comparison, seemed to exist in order to court that very audience, in late 1992, Cobain was photographed in a T-shirt with Grunge is Dead printed on its front and the genres decline started to be widely discussed. The death of Cobain in 1994, as well as Pearl Jams touring problems, problems of addiction for Layne Staley of Alice in Chains led to the band cancelling scheduled dates in 1995. When grunge was mainstream, major labels began signing and promoting bands emulating the genre. In spite of the fact that such as Bush and Candlebox have been categorized as grunge. Collective Soul and Live are two other bands categorized as post-grunge that emerged along with Bush and Candlebox and its song Far Behind peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100
Post-grunge
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Foo Fighters performing an acoustic show in 2007
89.
Post-punk revival
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By the end of the decade, most of the bands had broken up, moved on to other projects or were on hiatus, although some bands returned to recording and touring in the 2010s. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped down. They were variously characterised as part of a rock, new wave or post-punk revival. Influences ranged from blues, through new wave to grunge. The music ranged from the tracks of bands like Liars to the melodic pop songs of groups like the Sounds. There was an emphasis on rock authenticity that has seen as a reaction to the commercialism of MTV-oriented nu metal, hip hop. Because the bands came from across the globe, cited influences and adopted differing styles of dress. For historian of garage rock Eric James Abbey, these were diverse bands that appropriated, or been given, the label garage to gain a degree of credibility. There were attempts to revive garage rock and elements of punk in the 1980s and 1990s, the Detroit rock scene included the Von Bondies, Electric Six, the Dirtbombs and the Detroit Cobras, while New Yorks included Radio 4, Liars, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and the Rapture. Billy Childish and The Buff Medways from the United Kingdom, the Noise Conspiracy from Sweden, New wave was a term adopted in the aftermath of punk rock to describe a generation of bands who generally pursued a more commercially successful punk-influenced sound. Major acts included Talking Heads, Devo, the Cars, the Go-Gos, the Pretenders, Elvis Costello and skinny tie bands like Blondie, in the mid-1990s, notable bands in this vein included Six Finger Satellite, Brainiac and Elastica. American band Satisfact was also considered as an example of the new wave revival sound. Music critic Simon Reynolds noted that bands like the Rapture and Franz Ferdinand were influenced by the more angular strain of post-punk, particularly such as Wire. Others identified this movement as another wave of garage rock revivalism, with NME in 2003 designating it a new rock revolution. According to music critic Jim DeRogatis, the Strokes, the White Stripes, both the Strokes and the White Stripes obtained their initial commercial success in the UK, before achieving recognition in the US and elsewhere. They were christened by the media as the The bands, and dubbed the saviours of rock n roll, prompting Rolling Stone magazine to declare on its September 2002 cover, Rock is Back. The attention in the press in turn led to accusations of hype, according to Simon Reynolds, apart from maybe the White Stripes, none could really be described as retro. In the wake of this attention existing acts like Yeah Yeah Yeahs were able to sign to major record labels, from the UK were Franz Ferdinand, Bloc Party, Maxïmo Park, Editors, the Cribs, the Libertines, the Fratellis, Razorlight and Kaiser Chiefs
Post-punk revival
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Yeah Yeah Yeahs in 2002
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The White Stripes onstage in Barcelona in 2007
Post-punk revival
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The Strokes on stage in 2005
Post-punk revival
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Arctic Monkeys on stage in 2006
90.
Shoegazing
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Shoegazing is a subgenre of indie rock, alternative rock, and neo-psychedelia that emerged in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s. The style is typified by the blurring of component musical parts—typically significant guitar distortion, feedback, the term was often used contemporaneously with dream pop. A loose label given to the scene and other affiliated bands in London in the early 1990s was The Scene That Celebrates Itself. In the 2000s, there was renewed interest in the genre among nu gaze bands, Shoegaze combines ethereal, swirling vocals with layers of distorted, bent, flanged guitars, creating a wash of sound where no instrument is distinguishable from another. Most bands drew from the music of My Bloody Valentine as a template for the genre, although co-founder Kevin Shields stated that the band had never used any chorus, Shoegazing was coined to describe dream pop bands. It originated in a review in Sounds for the newly formed band Moose in which singer Russell Yates read lyrics taped to the floor throughout the gig. The term was picked up by NME, who used it as a reference to the tendency of the guitarists to stare at their feet—or their effects pedals—while playing. According to AllMusic, The shatteringly loud, droning neo-psychedelia the band performed was dubbed shoegazing by the British press because the bandmembers stared at the stage while they performed. The term was considered pejorative, especially by the English weekly music press who considered the movement as ineffectual, miki Berenyi explained, Shoegazing was originally a slag-off term. My partner, who was the guitarist in Moose, claims that it was levelled at his band. Apparently the journo was referring to the bank of pedals he had strewn across the stage that he had to keep staring at in order to operate. And then it just became a term for all those bands that had a big, sweeping, effects-laden sound. The most commonly cited precursors to shoegazing are the Cocteau Twins, the Jesus and Mary Chain, each bands music bridged the styles of garage rock, 1960s psychedelia and American indie bands like Dinosaur Jr. and Sonic Youth. Other artists that have identified as direct influences on shoegazing include the Velvet Underground, Sonic Youth, Hüsker Dü. Siouxsie and the Banshees was also an influence, initially on Cocteau Twins. Slowdive named themselves after a Siouxsie and the Banshees song of the same name, lush, a shoegaze contemporary, were originally called The Baby Machines, a line from a Siouxsie lyric. My Bloody Valentine emerged in the wake of that bands 1988 breakthrough, the Trouser Press Guide to 90s Rock mentions that A. R. Kane, the London duo. exerted a profound influence on the legion of trippy shoegazer guitar bands that would emerge a few years later in the UK
Shoegazing
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My Bloody Valentine performing in 2008.
91.
Wizard rock
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Wizard rock is a genre of rock music that developed between 2002 and 2004 in the United States. Wizard rock bands are characterized by their performances and humorous songs about the Harry Potter universe, wizard rock initially started in Massachusetts with Harry and the Potters, though it has grown internationally. Leading bands in this genre include Harry and the Potters and Draco, although most listeners of the genre are fans of Harry Potter, some bands have attracted listeners outside of the books fanbase. Wizard rock songs are written from the point of view of a particular character in the books. When performing live, wizard rock bands often cosplay, or dress as, some bands have performed at fan conventions. The earliest Harry Potter-themed song is conventionally traced to 2000 when the Los Angeles-based pop-punk band Switchblade Kittens released an Ode to Harry from the perspective of Ginny Weasley. Harry and the Potters originated the Harry Potter-themed band which became the genesis of a fandom centered genre of music called wizard rock, as Harry and the Potters increased in popularity, other wizard rock bands started to emerge. Brian Ross and Bradley Mehlenbacher originally conceived Draco and the Malfoys as a parody of Harry and the Potters, in April 2005, Matt Maggiacomo invited Harry and the Potters to play at an all-Harry Potter show at his Rhode Island home. That night, Maggiacomo made his debut as The Whomping Willows, and his friends, Mehlenbacher and his brother, Brian Ross, played for the first time as Draco and the Malfoys. There are also focused on the genre such as Wrockstock. Wrockstock Harry Potter fandom Filk Middle-earth music Bibliography
Wizard rock
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The Parselmouths, a wizard rock band consisting of Brittany Vahlberg and Kristina Horner, perform during Wrockstock in 2007, displaying the Harry Potter themed costumes common within the genre.
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