1.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
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Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
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Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
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The Beach Boys performing in 1964
2.
String instruments
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String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the strings with their fingers or a plectrum—and others by hitting the strings with a wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a bow. In some keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord or piano, with bowed instruments, the player rubs the strings with a horsehair bow, causing them to vibrate. With a hurdy-gurdy, the musician operates a wheel that rubs the strings. Bowed instruments include the string instruments of the Classical music orchestra. All of the string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers. Some types of string instrument are mainly plucked, such as the harp, in the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, string instruments are called chordophones. Other examples include the sitar, rebab, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, in most string instruments, the vibrations are transmitted to the body of the instrument, which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area. The body of the instrument also vibrates, along with the air inside it, the vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience. The body of most string instruments is hollow, some, however—such as electric guitar and other instruments that rely on electronic amplification—may have a solid wood body. Archaeological digs have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian sites, like the lyres of Ur, the development of lyre instruments required the technology to create a tuning mechanism to tighten and loosen the string tension. During the medieval era, instrument development varied from country to country, Middle Eastern rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings, with a half a pear shape using three strings. Early versions of the violin and fiddle, by comparison, emerged in Europe through instruments such as the gittern, a four stringed precursor to the guitar and these instruments typically used catgut and other materials, including silk, for their strings. String instrument design refined during the Renaissance and into the Baroque period of musical history, violins and guitars became more consistent in design, and were roughly similar to what we use in the 2000s. At the same time, the 19th century guitar became more associated with six string models. In big bands of the 1920s, the guitar played backing chords. The development of guitar amplifiers, which contained a power amplifier, the development of the electric guitar provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to guitar amplifiers. Electric guitars have magnetic pickups, volume control knobs and an output jack, in the 1960s, larger, more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed, called stacks
String instruments
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Various stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop.
String instruments
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Viol, fidel and rebec (from left to right) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan
String instruments
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Various string instruments on display at the
Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City.
String instruments
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The strings of a
piano
3.
Lo-fi music
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Lo-fi music are sound recordings that are of lower quality than the usual standard for modern music. The term was adopted in late 1986 by WFMU DJ William Berger, the music also refers to a movement which grew primarily from American underground music scenes in the early 1980s. Associated artists include Sebadoh, Pavement, Liz Phair, and Beck, allMusic writes, Throughout rock & rolls history, recordings were made cheaply and quickly, often on substandard equipment. In that sense, the earliest rock & roll records, most of the rock of the 60s. JW Farquhars home-recorded 1973 album The Formal Female is considered a forerunner to lo-fi artists such as R
Lo-fi music
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Cassettes of varying tape quality and length
4.
Texture (music)
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In music, texture is how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. For example, a thick texture contains many layers of instruments, one of these layers could be a string section, or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick, a pieces texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony, tempo, and rhythms used. An example is the Scherzo from Schubert’s piano sonata in B major, the first four bars are monophonic, with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart, Bars 5-9 are homophonic, with all voices coinciding rhythmically, Bars 11-20 are polyphonic. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel, the lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a silence, After the silence. Many composers use more than one type of texture in the piece of music. A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, a more recent type of texture first used by György Ligeti is micropolyphony. Other textures include polythematic, polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, style brisé Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker. Music, In Theory and Practice, seventh edition, vol, arranging Music for the Real World, Classical and Commercial Aspects. Hanning, Barbara Russano, Concise History of Western Music, based on Donald Jay Grout & Claudia V. Paliscas A History of Western Music, published by W. W. Norton & Company, New York, Copyright 1998. Melody, Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, in Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, edited by Gary Wittlich, pp. 270–301. In Proceedings of the ICMC2005 – International Computer Music Conference, monophony, Grove Music Online, edited bymDeane Root. What to Listen for in Music, revised edition, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky, Polyphony, hyer, Brian, Homophony, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root. Trajectory, Material, Process, and Flow in Robert Morris’s String Quartet Arc, perspectives of New Music 52, no. A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia
Texture (music)
5.
String section
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The string section is the largest body of a single instrument category in the standard Classical orchestra. It normally consists of the first violins, the violins, the violas, the cellos. The first and second play the same types of instruments. The first violins are generally given the melody or higher-pitch musical lines, the second violins may play a harmony part, a countermelody or an accompaniment passage. In discussions of the instrumentation of a work, the phrase the strings or. An orchestra consisting solely of a section is called a string orchestra. Smaller string sections are used in jazz, pop and rock music arrangements, the most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the conductor, with basses behind the cellos on the right. The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left and winds to the right, this is the usual arrangement in orchestra pits. The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in Béla Bartóks Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, in some cases, due to space constraints or other issues, a different layout may be used. The inside player typically turns the pages of the part, while the player continues playing. In cases where a turn occurs during an essential musical part. There are more variations of set-up with the bass section, depending on the size of the section. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers. The size of a section may be expressed with a formula of the type 10-10-8-10-6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos. The numbers can vary widely, Wagner in Die Walküre specifies 16-16-12-12-8, in general, music from the Baroque music era and the Classical music period used smaller string sections. During the contemporary era, some composers requested smaller string sections. In some regional orchestras, amateur orchestras and youth orchestras, the sections may be relatively small
String section
–
The
Chicago Symphony Orchestra performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the
conductor's podium.
6.
Vocal harmony
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Vocal harmony is a style of vocal music in which a consonant note or notes are simultaneously sung as a main melody in a predominantly homophonic texture. Vocal harmonies have been an important part of Western art music since the Renaissance-era introduction of Mass melodies harmonized in sweet thirds, with the rise of the Lutheran churchs chorale hymn singing style, congregations sang hymns arranged with four or five-part vocal harmony. In the Romantic era of music during the 1800s, vocal harmonization became more complex, operas and choral music from the Romantic era used tense-sounding vocal harmonies with augmented and diminished intervals as an important tool for underscoring the drama of the music. As well, the rhythm of the harmony parts has to be in time with the lead singer. In more vocally oriented bands, backup singers may have to sing complex parts which demand a vocal agility and sensitivity equal to that of the vocal line. Usually, pop and rock bands use harmony vocals while the rest of the band is playing, however, as an effect, some rock and pop harmony vocals are done a cappella, without instrumental accompaniment. In many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as keyboards, in Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some pop and hip-hop groups and in theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. One of the more complex styles of vocal harmony is the barbershop quartet style, the melody is not usually sung by the tenor or bass. Barbershop quartets are more likely to use dissonant and tense-sounding dominant seventh chords than pop or rock bands and it used smooth, consonant vocal harmonies, with a number of singers imitating instruments while singing nonsense syllables. For example, in The Ravens song Count Every Star, the singers imitate the doomph, doomph plucking-sound of a double bass, well-known hits include In the Still of the Night by The Five Satins and Get a Job by The Silhouettes, a hit in 1958. Doo-wop remained popular until just before the British Invasion of 1964, a cappella Backup singer Barbershop arranging Doo-wop
Vocal harmony
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The
Dapper Dans, a barbershop quartet singing in four-part harmony at
Walt Disney World
7.
The Beach Boys
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The Beach Boys are an American rock band formed in Hawthorne, California in 1961. The groups original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, distinguished by their vocal harmonies and early surf songs, they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era. The Beach Boys began as a band managed by the Wilsons father Murry. Emerging at the vanguard of the California Sound, they performed material that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing, cars. After 1964, they abandoned the surfing aesthetic for more personal lyrics, in 1966, the Pet Sounds album and Good Vibrations single vaulted the group to the top level of rock innovators and established the band as symbols of the nascent counterculture era. Following Smiles dissolution, Brian gradually ceded production and songwriting duties to the rest of the band, reducing his input because of mental health and substance abuse issues. The continued success of their greatest hits albums during the mid 1970s precipitated the transition into an oldies act. Since the 1980s, much-publicized legal wrangling over royalties, songwriting credits, Dennis drowned in 1983 and Carl died of lung cancer in 1998. After Carls death, many live configurations of the band fronted by Mike Love, Even though Wilson and Jardine have not performed with Love and Johnstons band since their one-off 2012 reunion tour, they remain a part of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Inc. The Beach Boys are one of the most critically acclaimed, commercially successful, the group had over eighty songs chart worldwide, thirty-six of them US Top 40 hits, four reaching number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. They received their only Grammy Award for The Smile Sessions, the core quintet of the three Wilsons, Love and Jardine were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. At the time of his birthday on June 20,1958, Brian Wilson shared a bedroom with his brothers, Dennis and Carl – aged thirteen and eleven. He had watched his father, Murry Wilson, play piano, after dissecting songs such as Ivory Tower and Good News, Brian would teach family members how to sing the background harmonies. For his birthday that year, Brian received a tape recorder. He learned how to overdub, using his vocals and those of Carl, Brian played piano with Carl and David Marks, an eleven-year-old longtime neighbor, playing guitars they had each received as Christmas presents. Soon Brian and Carl were avidly listening to Johnny Otis KFOX radio show, inspired by the simple structure and vocals of the rhythm and blues songs he heard, Brian changed his piano-playing style and started writing songs. His enthusiasm interfered with his studies at school. Family gatherings brought the Wilsons in contact with cousin Mike Love, Brian taught Loves sister Maureen and a friend harmonies
The Beach Boys
–
The Beach Boys during their 2012 reunion (left to right)
Brian Wilson,
David Marks,
Mike Love,
Bruce Johnston,
Al Jardine
The Beach Boys
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The historical landmark in Hawthorne, California marking where the Wilson family home once stood
The Beach Boys
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The Beach Boys, in
Pendleton outfits, performing at a local high school
The Beach Boys
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The Beach Boys performing "I Get Around" on
The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964
8.
Lee Hazlewood
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Hazlewood had a distinctive baritone voice that added a resonance to his music. The son of an oil man, Hazlewood was born in Mannford, Oklahoma and he grew up listening to pop and bluegrass music. Lee spent his years in Port Neches, Texas, where he was exposed to a rich Gulf Coast music tradition. He studied for a degree at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. He served with the United States Army during the Korean War, following discharge from the military, Hazlewood worked as a disc jockey in Phoenix while honing his song writing skills. His first hit single as a producer and songwriter was The Fool and he partnered with pioneering rock guitarist Duane Eddy in Phoenix, producing and co-writing a string of hit instrumental records, including Peter Gunn, Boss Guitar, Forty Miles of Bad Road, Shazam. Hazlewood is perhaps best known for having written and produced the 1966 Nancy Sinatra U. S. /UK No.1 hit, These Boots Are Made for Walkin and Summer Wine. He also wrote How Does That Grab Ya, Darlin, Fridays Child, So Long, Babe, Sugar Town, among his most well-known vocal performances is Some Velvet Morning, a 1967 duet with Nancy Sinatra. He performed that song along with Jackson on her 1967 television special Movin With Nancy, early in 1967, Lee also produced the number 1 hit song for Frank & Nancy Sinatra Somethin Stupid. Jimmy Bowen was listed as co-producer but wasnt there at the time, hazelwood just gave him credit as per a previous agreement with Jimmy. Lee also wrote the theme song The Last of the Secret Agents, Nancy Sinatra, who had a role in the film, recorded the song for the soundtrack. For Frank Sinatras 1967 detective movie, Tony Rome, Hazlewood also wrote the song which was performed by Nancy. He wrote Houston, a 1965 US hit recorded by Dean Martin and he also produced several singles for Martins daughter, Deana Martin, including her country hit, Girl of the Month Club, while Deana was still a teenager. Other tunes on that project were When He Remembers Me, “Baby I See You and The Bottom of My Mind, in 1967, Lee formed LHI Records standing for Lee Hazlewood Industries. Though it did not receive attention at the time, he also worked with Gram Parsons. Parsons departure from the band and decision to part of The Byrds created legal problems with Hazlewood. Lee was semi-retired from the business from the late 1970s. However, his own output also achieved a status in the underground rock scene
Lee Hazlewood
–
Siw Malmkvist and Lee Hazlewood in 1968
9.
Phil Spector
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He is acknowledged as one of the most influential figures in pop music history. Spectors other chart-topping singles include Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin, The Long and Winding Road, from 2007 to 2009, Spector was the subject of a trial and retrial for the 2003 murder of actress Lana Clarkson, of which he was convicted in the second degree. He is serving a sentence of 19 years to life. In 2008, The Washington Times named Spector the second greatest record producer in music history, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him #63 on their list of the Greatest Artists of All Time. In their 2003 list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, they included the Spector-produced Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes, A Christmas Gift for You, according to BMI, Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin is the song that received the most US airplay in the 20th century. For co-producing Harrisons Concert for Bangladesh, Spector earned the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, in 1989, Spector was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a nonperformer. In 1997, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, harvey Phillip Spector was born on December 26,1939 to a first-generation immigrant Jewish family in the Bronx, New York City. His father, Ben, was an ironworker from Russia with the surname Spekter, Spectors father committed suicide on April 20,1949. In 1953, his mother moved the family to Los Angeles where she found work as a seamstress, having learned to play guitar, Spector performed Rock Island Line in a talent show at Fairfax High School, where he was a student. With three friends from school, Marshall Leib, Sandy Nelson, and Annette Kleinbard, Spector formed a group. During this period, record producer Stan Ross — co-owner of Gold Star Studios in Hollywood — began to tutor Spector in record production, in 1958, the Teddy Bears recorded the Spector-penned Dont You Worry My Little Pet, which helped them secure a deal with Era Records. At their next session, they recorded another song Spector had written—this one inspired by the epitaph on Spectors fathers tombstone. Released on Eras subsidiary label, Dore Records, To Know Him Is to Love Him reached number one on Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on December 1,1958 and it was the seventh number-one single on the newly formed chart. Following the success of their debut, the signed with Imperial Records. Their next single, I Dont Need You Anymore, reached number 91 and they released several more recordings, including an album, The Teddy Bears Sing. But failed to reach the top 100 in US sales, after the split, Spectors career quickly moved from performing and songwriting to production. While recording the Teddy Bears album, Spector had met Lester Sill and his next project, the Spectors Three, was undertaken under the aegis of Sill and his partner, Lee Hazlewood. In 1960, Sill arranged for Spector to work as an apprentice to Leiber and Stoller in New York, Ronnie Crawford would become Spector’s first true recording artist and project as producer
Phil Spector
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Phil Spector in 1965
Phil Spector
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Although predominantly a singles label, Philles released a few albums, one of which is the perennial seller
A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records from 1963.
Phil Spector
–
2009
mug shot
10.
Distortion (music)
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Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain. Distortion is most commonly used with the guitar, but may also be used with other electric instruments. Guitarists playing electric blues originally obtained an overdriven sound by turning up their vacuum tube-powered guitar amplifiers to high volumes, the terms distortion and overdrive are often used interchangeably, where a distinction is made, distortion is used to denote a more extreme version of the effect than overdrive. Fuzz is a used to describe a particular form of distortion originally created by guitarists using faulty equipment. Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz can be produced by effects pedals, rackmounts, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers, speakers and by digital amplifier modeling devices and these effects are used with electric guitars, electric basses, electronic keyboards, and more rarely as a special effect with vocals. The first guitar amplifiers were relatively low-fidelity, and would often produce distortion when their volume was increased beyond their design limit or if they sustained minor damage. Around 1945, Western-swing guitarist Junior Barnard began experimenting with a rudimentary humbucker pick-up, in early rock music, Goree Carters Rock Awhile featured an over-driven electric guitar style similar to that of Chuck Berry several years later, as well as Joe Hill Louis Boogie in the Park. In the early 1950s, pioneering rock guitarist Willie Johnson of Howlin Wolf′s band began deliberately increasing gain beyond its intended levels to produce distorted sounds. Guitar Slim also experimented with distorted overtones, which can be heard in his hit electric blues song The Things That I Used to Do, Chuck Berrys 1955 classic Maybellene features a guitar solo with warm overtones created by his small valve amplifier. Rock guitarists began intentionally doctoring amplifiers and speakers in order to emulate this form of distortion, according to other sources Burlisons amp had a partially broken loudspeaker cone. In the late 1950s, Guitarist Link Wray began intentionally manipulating his amplifiers vacuum tubes to create a noisy and dirty sound for his solos after a similarly accidental discovery. Wray also poked holes in his speaker cones with pencils to further distort his tone, used electronic echo chambers, the recent powerful and fat Gibson humbucker pickups, the resultant sound can be heard on his highly influential 1958 instrumental, Rumble and Rawhide. In 1961, Grady Martin scored a hit with a fuzzy tone caused by a faulty preamplifier that distorted his guitar playing on the Marty Robbins song Dont Worry, later that year Martin recorded an instrumental tune under his own name, using the same faulty preamp. The song, on the Decca label, was called The Fuzz, Martin is generally credited as the discoverer of the fuzz effect. Rhodes offered The Ventures a fuzzbox he had made, which used to record 2000 Pound Bee in 1962. The best-known early commercial distortion circuit was the Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone, manufactured by Gibson, in May 1965 Keith Richards used a Gibson Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone to record Satisfaction. The songs success boosted sales of the device, and all available stock sold out by the end of 1965. In music the different forms of linear distortion have specific names describing them, in the context of music, the most common source of distortion is clipping in amplifier circuits and is most commonly known as overdrive
Distortion (music)
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A well-used "Turbo Distortion"
guitar effect pedal made by
Boss
Distortion (music)
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The guitar solo on
Chuck Berry 's 1955 single "
Maybellene " features "warm"
overtone distortion produced by an inexpensive
valve amplifier.
Distortion (music)
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The Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer is a popular overdrive pedal
Distortion (music)
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A pair of
6L6GC power valves, often used in American-made amplifiers
11.
Donovan
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Donovan Philips Leitch, known as Donovan, is a Scottish singer, songwriter and guitarist. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelia and he has lived in Scotland, Hertfordshire, London and California, and, since at least 2008, in County Cork, Ireland, with his family. Emerging from the British folk scene, Donovan reached fame in the United Kingdom in early 1965 with live performances on the pop TV series Ready Steady Go. He began a long and successful collaboration with leading British independent record producer Mickie Most, scoring multiple hit singles and albums in the UK, US and his most successful singles were the early UK hits Catch the Wind, Colours and Universal Soldier in 1965. He became a friend of pop musicians including Joan Baez, Brian Jones and he taught John Lennon a finger-picking guitar style in 1968 that Lennon employed in Dear Prudence, Julia, Happiness Is a Warm Gun and other songs. Donovans commercial fortunes waned after parting with Most in 1969, Donovan continued to perform and record sporadically in the 1970s and 1980s. His musical style and hippie image were scorned by critics, especially punk rock. His performing and recording became sporadic until a revival in the 1990s with the emergence of Britains rave scene and he recorded the 1996 album Sutras with producer Rick Rubin and in 2004 made a new album, Beat Cafe. Donovan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012, Donovan was born on 10 May 1946, in Maryhill, Glasgow, to Donald and Winifred Leitch. His father was Protestant and his mother was Catholic and he contracted polio as a child. The disease and treatment left him with a limp, in 1956, his family moved to Little Berkhamsted near Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. Influenced by his familys love of music, he began playing the guitar at 14. He enrolled in art school but soon dropped out, to live out his beatnik aspirations by going on the road, in 1964, he travelled to Manchester with Gypsy Dave, then spent the summer in Torquay, Devon. In Torquay he stayed with Mac MacLeod and took up busking, studying the guitar, the first song revealed the influence of Woody Guthrie and Ramblin Jack Elliott, who had also influenced Bob Dylan. Dylan comparisons followed for some time, while recording the demo, Donovan befriended Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, who was recording nearby. He had recently met Jones ex-girlfriend, Linda Lawrence, who is the mother of Brian Jones son, the on-off romantic relationship that developed over five years was a force in Donovans career. She influenced Donovans music but refused to him and she moved to the United States for several years in the late 1960s. They met by chance in 1970 and married soon after, Donovan had other relationships – one of which resulted in the birth of his first two children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, both of whom became actors
Donovan
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Donovan performing in Washington, DC in 2007
Donovan
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Donovan arriving at
Schiphol Airport in 1965
Donovan
–
Donovan playing in
Washington, D.C. January 2007
12.
Wonderful (The Beach Boys song)
–
Wonderful is a song written by Brian Wilson and Van Dyke Parks for American rock band The Beach Boys. It was released on their 1967 album Smiley Smile, but was attempted earlier for the Smile sessions. Wilson claims that he and Parks wrote the song along with Heroes and Villains Cabin Essence, when released on Smiley Smile, Parks credit was omitted. The song has since covered by a variety of artists. The songs title derives from a pet name Brian Wilson had for his wife Marilyn and it is the only Smile composition to refer to God by name. Co-writer Van Dyke Parks observed, Musically, its different from anything else. And I thought that it was a place, an opportunity, I remember Brian pressing me about the relationship between the mother and the father and the child. And this is the guy who wrote When I Grow Up, I really think that he was thinking about his own personal progression from childhood. Now I thought, once we had gotten Heroes And Villains done, we might have seen a boy/girl song emerge, honestly, I really thought we would do it, but I never found an opportunity to pursue that with the music I was given. Author Andrew Hickey interprets its lyrics to be the story of a devoted to God. Biographer Mark Dillon describes the song as the story of a young woman and he also characterizes the original version of the recording as proto-psychedelic chamber pop. When Wonderful was remade for Smiley Smile, one verse was omitted from its lyrics, containing the groups giggling and nonsense doo-wop chanting, Dillion believes the phrase dont think youre God can be heard in the mass of voices. He also suggested that the interlude represents the protagonists sexual awakening. Various alternates takes and mixes of the song appear on the compilations Good Vibrations, Thirty Years of The Beach Boys, a 1973 live performance of the song in medley with The Flames Dont Worry Bill was released in 1998 for the Beach Boys Endless Harmony Soundtrack. Another performance dated from 1993 was released in 2013 for Made in California, in 2011 Mike Love commended Parks marvelous job with the lyrics and has described the piece as beautiful and sensitive, possessing ability to move listeners to tears. He told Goldmine magazine ‘Wonderful’ is an amazing, amazing piece of work, Van Dyke and Brian did a great collaboration on that one. That’s probably my favorite thing from the Smile project. ”Power pop musician Matthew Sweet praised the Smile version for its baroque feel, the latter version was released as a limited 7 single backed with Wind Chimes totaling 5,000 copies on blue, green, and yellow vinyl. In the 2004 version, Wonderful is linked thematically with the second suite which also included Child Is Father of the Man, fifty Sides of the Beach Boys, The Songs That Tell Their Story
Wonderful (The Beach Boys song)
–
"Wonderful"
Wonderful (The Beach Boys song)
13.
Smile (The Beach Boys album)
–
Smile was a projected album by American rock band the Beach Boys intended to follow their 11th studio album, Pet Sounds. Some of the original Smile tracks eventually found their way onto subsequent Beach Boys studio, working with lyricist Van Dyke Parks, Smile was composed as a multi-thematic concept album, existing today in its unfinished and fragmented state as an unordered series of abstract musical vignettes. Its genesis came during the recording of Pet Sounds, when Wilson began recording a new single, the track was created by an unprecedented recording technique, over 90 hours of tape was recorded, spliced, and reduced into a three-minute pop song. It quickly became the bands biggest international hit yet, Smile was to be produced in a similar fashion and its projected singles were Heroes and Villains, a Western musical comedy, and Vega-Tables, a satire of physical fitness. The albums collapse has been attributed to personal, technical. The majority of its tracks were completed between August and December 1966. A deadline set for January 1967 was missed, and Parks soon distanced himself from the project, in June, the Beach Boys reconvened at Brians makeshift home studio to record Smiley Smile. Many attempts were made to complete the original Smile, most of which were derailed by Wilson. As a solo artist, Wilson reinterpreted the project for concert performances in 2004, although he had ostensibly completed the work, Wilson clarified that his 2004 arrangement differed substantially from how he had first conceptualized the album during the 1960s. On October 31,2011, The Smile Sessions was released containing an approximation of what the Beach Boys completed Smile might have sounded like based on the structure of Brian Wilson Presents Smile. In 2012, the compilation was ranked number 381 in Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, in 2013, it won the Best Historical Album award at the 55th Grammy Awards. In May 1966, the Beach Boys released their studio album, Pet Sounds. He intended the album as a collection of art pieces which belong together yet could stand alone. Its stylistic shift had alienated fans, containing an expanded palette of orchestral timbres. Wilson was then beginning to be questioned by the group over their new direction, meanwhile, without the groups approval, Capitol issued a rushed greatest hits compilation to follow Pet Sounds, Best of The Beach Boys. It was quickly certified gold by the RIAA, cementing a demand for material in the Beach Boys earlier style, crucial to the inception and creation of Smile was Wilsons meeting with burgeoning songwriter Van Dyke Parks in February 1966. They had been introduced to other by mutual friends David Crosby and Terry Melcher. When Wilson took notice of Parks unique manner of speaking, he asked him if he could write lyrics for Good Vibrations, Parks declined for the reason that he thought there was nothing he could add to the track
Smile (The Beach Boys album)
–
Official planned LP cover with artwork by
Frank Holmes. Other versions included a "
duophonic stereo " banner on top.
Smile (The Beach Boys album)
–
Smile was partly intended to combat the
British Invasion sparked by
the Beatles in 1964
Smile (The Beach Boys album)
–
The
Capitol Records Building in Hollywood
Smile (The Beach Boys album)
–
Wilson was quoted saying that if Smile had been released, "
Sgt. Pepper would have kicked our ass", though several critics believe Smile challenges the legacy of the Beatles and Sgt. Pepper.
14.
Tortoise (band)
–
Tortoise is an American post-rock band formed in Chicago, Illinois, United States, in 1990. Tortoises almost entirely instrumental music defies easy categorization, and the group gained significant attention from their early career, the members have roots in Chicagos fertile music scene, playing in various indie rock and punk groups. Some have cited Tortoise as being one of the forces behind the development. Others have compared their music to the rock of Yes. Other groups related to Tortoise include The Sea and Cake, Brokeback, Slint, Isotope 217, Chicago Odense Ensemble, Tar Babies, Tortoise records on the Thrill Jockey label. The groups origins lie in the late 1980s pairing of Doug McCombs and drummer John Herndon, though songs are credited to all the musicians, McEntire quickly became perceived as, if not the acknowledged leader, the groups guiding force. In reality his extra contributions mainly took the form of being the engineer and mixer. Their first single was issued in 1993, and their debut album followed a year later. Instrumental and mostly mid-tempo, Tortoise slowly garnered praise and attention, a remix album followed, Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters. Also in 1996, the band contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat and they also released a Japanese-only compilation featuring tracks from the eponymous debut, Rhythms, singles and compilation appearances. Named A Digest Compendium of the Tortoises World on November 21,1996 In 1998, Tortoise released TNT, jeff Parker had joined as a guitarist alongside Pajo, who left the band following the albums completion. 2001 led to Standards, where Tortoise incorporated more electronic sounds, in 2001 the band helped to curate an edition of the British All Tomorrows Parties festival. They then returned in 2004 to curate another day of the same event and its All Around You was released in 2004. Bitney and McEntire also contributed to the Bright Eyes album Cassadaga, the group has worked with multi-instrumentalist Paul Duncan of the band Warm Ghost. Tortoise released their previous to last album Beacons of Ancestorship on June 23,2009, the band toured the Midwestern US in September and October 2009, and then in Europe in November and December. The band performed at the ATP New York 2010 music festival, in 2012, Tortoise wrote and recorded the soundtrack to Eduardo Sánchezs Lovely Molly, a psychological horror film partly inspired by traditional folk-song. In July 2013, photos and brief videos were posted to Tortoises Instagram, on 20 April 2014 the band wrote on their Facebook page, Hello, Facebook. We are heading back into the next week - LP VII in progress
Tortoise (band)
–
Tortoise playing at the
Pritzker Pavilion in
Chicago, August 2008
15.
Grunge
–
Grunge is a subgenre of alternative rock and a subculture that emerged during the mid-1980s in the Pacific Northwest U. S. state of Washington, particularly in Seattle and nearby towns. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattles independent record label Sub Pop, the success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of rock music at the time. Grunge was also an influence on subsequent genres such as post-grunge, Grunge fuses elements of punk rock and heavy metal, such as the distorted electric guitar used in both genres, although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other. Like these genres, grunge typically uses electric guitar, bass guitar, a drummer, Grunge also incorporates influences from indie rock bands such as Sonic Youth. Lyrics are typically angst-filled and introspective, often addressing themes such as alienation, apathy, concerns about confinement. A number of factors contributed to decline in prominence. During the mid-late 1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible, the word grunge was used in print in prior to the use of the term in mainstream publications to refer to the Seattle music genre. Rock has always been about it, a reference to distorted sounds in rock in a general sense. Mark Arm, the vocalist for the Seattle band Green River—and later Mudhoney—is generally credited as being the first to use the term grunge to describe the Seattle genre of music. Arm first used the term in 1981, when he wrote a letter under his given name Mark McLaughlin to the Seattle zine Desperate Times, criticizing his own band Mr. Epp and the Calculations as Pure grunge. Sub Pop called Green Rivers 1986 EP Dry as a Bone ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation, Everett True states that when Arm stated that Seattles streets were paved with grunge, he was using the word in a negative way to mean orthless. In this use of the word grunge, Arm was using it as an adjective, Arm used grunge as a descriptive term rather than a genre term, but it eventually came to describe the punk/metal hybrid sound of the Seattle music scene. Catherine Strong states that grunges dirty sound in the late 1980s, when low budgets, unfamiliarity with recording, the term grunge has been extended to other forms, such as writer Josh Henderson referring to Seattle scene members from the 1990s as grungers in 2016. When grunge first developed, music journalists called it pain rock, evergreen State was a progressive college which did not use grading and which had its own alternative music radio station. Bands from Portland, Oregon, such as the Wipers, also influenced the genres pioneers. Some bands associated with the genre, such as Soundgarden, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains, have not been receptive to the label, preferring instead to be referred to as rock and roll bands. Ben Shepherd from Soundgarden stated that he hates the word grunge, Rolling Stone noted the genres lack of a clear definition. Roy Shuker states that the term obscured a variety of styles, Stetson states that grunge was not a movement, monolithic musical genre, or a way to react to 1980s-era metal pop, he calls the term a misnomer mostly based on hype
Grunge
–
Seattle punk/metal band
The U-Men performing in Seattle.
Grunge
–
Cosmic Psychos, one of several Australian bands which influenced and interacted with the Seattle scene
Grunge
–
Nirvana performing at the 1992
MTV Video Music Awards.
16.
Smashing Pumpkins
–
The Smashing Pumpkins are an American alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, formed in 1988. Formed by frontman Billy Corgan and James Iha, the band included Darcy Wretzky and it has undergone many line-up changes over the course of its existence, with the current lineup being Corgan and rhythm guitarist Jeff Schroeder. The Smashing Pumpkins broke into the mainstream with their second album. The group built its audience with extensive touring and their 1995 follow-up, the double album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, with 20 million albums sold in the United States alone, The Smashing Pumpkins were one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed bands of the 1990s. However, internal fighting, drug use, and diminishing record sales led to a 2000 break-up, in 2006, Corgan and Chamberlin reconvened to record a new Smashing Pumpkins album, Zeitgeist. After touring throughout 2007 and 2008 with a lineup including new guitarist Jeff Schroeder, by mid-2016, Corgan stated that they were considering reforming the bands original lineup, though no concrete plans have been revealed. While working there, he met guitarist James Iha, adorning themselves with paisley and other psychedelic trappings, the two began writing songs together that were heavily influenced by The Cure and New Order. The duo performed live for the first time on July 9,1988 at the Polish bar Chicago 21 and this performance included only Corgan on bass and Iha on guitar with a drum machine. Shortly thereafter, Corgan met Darcy Wretzky after a show by the Dan Reed Network where they argued the merits of the band, after finding out Wretzky played bass guitar, Corgan recruited her into the lineup and the now-trio played a show at the Avalon Nightclub. After this show, Cabaret Metro owner Joe Shanahan agreed to book the band on the condition that they replace the machine with a live drummer. Jazz drummer Jimmy Chamberlin was recommended by a friend of Corgans, Chamberlin knew little of alternative music and immediately changed the sound of the nascent band. As Corgan recalled of the period, We were completely into the sad-rock and it took about two or three practices before I realized that the power in his playing was something that enabled us to rock harder than we could ever have imagined. On October 5,1988, the band took the stage for the first time at the Cabaret Metro. In 1989, The Smashing Pumpkins made their first appearance on record with the compilation album Light Into Dark, the group released its first single, I Am One, in 1990 on local Chicago label Limited Potential. The single sold out and they released a follow-up, Tristessa, on Sub Pop, the band recorded their 1991 debut studio album Gish with producer Butch Vig at his Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin for $20,000. In order to gain the consistency he desired, Corgan often played all instruments excluding drums, the music fused heavy metal guitars, psychedelia, and dream pop, garnering them comparisons to Janes Addiction. Gish became a success, with the single Rhinoceros receiving some airplay on modern rock radio. After releasing the Lull EP in October 1991 on Caroline Records, the band signed with Virgin Records
Smashing Pumpkins
–
2012 line-up of The Smashing Pumpkins (left to right): Nicole Fiorentino, Billy Corgan, and Jeff Schroeder (Mike Byrne is obscured at the drums) performing at Chaifetz Arena in St Louis, Missouri, on October 18, 2012
Smashing Pumpkins
–
Billy Corgan onstage during the Mellon Collie tour, featuring a shaved head and his iconic "Zero" shirt
Smashing Pumpkins
–
The Smashing Pumpkins on May 24, 2007, at
den Atelier, Luxembourg. Left to right:
Ginger Reyes, Billy Corgan, Jimmy Chamberlin (back),
Jeff Schroeder.
Smashing Pumpkins
–
Corgan and Jeff Schroeder onstage
17.
Oasis (band)
–
Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991. Developed from a group, the Rain, the band originally consisted of Liam Gallagher, Paul Bonehead Arthurs, Paul Guigsy McGuigan. They were later joined by Liams older brother Noel Gallagher as a fifth member, Oasis signed to independent record label Creation Records in 1993 and released their record-setting debut album Definitely Maybe. The following year the band recorded Morning Glory. with drummer Alan White, formerly of Starclub, McGuigan and Arthurs left Oasis in 1999 as the band went on to record and release Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. Their fifth studio album Heathen Chemistry saw Noel Gallaghers releasing strict creative control in the output with all members contributing songs. Following the recording of the seventh album Dig Out Your Soul in May 2008, Starkey departed the band and with Chris Sharrock as touring member. Liam Gallagher will release his debut album As You Were in 2017, by 2009, Oasis had sold over 70 million records worldwide. The band were listed in the Guinness World Records book in 2010 for Longest Top 10 UK Chart Run by a Group after a run of 22 top 10 hits in the UK. The band also holds the Guinness World Record for being the most successful act in the UK between the years 1995 and 2005, spending 765 weeks in the top 75 singles and albums charts. Oasis evolved from a band called the Rain, composed of Paul McGuigan, Paul Arthurs, Tony McCarroll. Unsatisfied with Hutton, Arthurs invited and auditioned acquaintance Liam Gallagher as a replacement, Liam suggested that the band name be changed to Oasis. This change was inspired by an Inspiral Carpets tour poster that hung in the Gallagher brothers bedroom, one of the venues the poster listed was the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon, Wiltshire. Oasis played their first ever gig on 18 August 1991 at the Boardwalk club in Manchester. Liams brother Noel Gallagher, who was a roadie for Inspiral Carpets, Noel approached the group about joining with the proviso that he would become the bands sole songwriter and leader, and that they would commit to an earnest pursuit of commercial success. He had loads of stuff written, Arthurs recalled, when he walked in, we were a band making a racket with four tunes. All of a sudden, there were loads of ideas, after over a year of live shows, rehearsals and a recording of a proper demo, the bands big break came in May 1993 when they were spotted by Creation Records co-owner Alan McGee. Oasis were invited to play a gig at King Tuts Wah Wah Hut club in Glasgow, Scotland, by a band called Sister Lovers, Oasis, along with a group of friends, found the money to hire a van and make the journey to Glasgow. When they arrived, they were refused entry to the club as they were not on that nights set list and they were given the opening slot and impressed McGee, who was there to see 18 Wheeler, one of his own bands, that night
Oasis (band)
–
Vocalist Liam Gallagher and guitarist Noel Gallagher performing in
San Diego, California on 18 September 2005
Oasis (band)
–
Promotional poster for the mammoth
Knebworth Park gigs in August 1996.
Oasis (band)
–
Oasis, 1997. L-R: Alan White, Paul McGuigan, Noel Gallagher, Paul Arthurs, and Liam Gallagher.
Oasis (band)
–
Guitarist
Gem Archer performing at an Oasis concert.
18.
Pearl Jam
–
Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1990. Since its inception, the bands line-up has comprised Eddie Vedder, Mike McCready, Stone Gossard, the bands fifth member is drummer Matt Cameron, who has been with the band since 1998. Boom Gaspar has also been a member with the band since 2002. Drummers Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese and Jack Irons are former members of the band, formed after the demise of Gossard and Aments previous band, Mother Love Bone, Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album, Ten, in 1991. In 2006, Rolling Stone described the band as having spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame, to date, the band has sold nearly 32 million records in the United States and an estimated 60 million worldwide. Pearl Jam has outlasted and outsold many of its contemporaries from the alternative rock breakthrough of the early 1990s, stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic referred to Pearl Jam as the most popular American rock & roll band of the 90s. Pearl Jam is to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7,2017, Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament were members of pioneering grunge band Green River during the mid-1980s. Green River toured and recorded to moderate success but disbanded in 1987 due to a division between the pair and bandmates Mark Arm and Steve Turner. In late 1987, Gossard and Ament began playing with Malfunkshun vocalist Andrew Wood, in 1988 and 1989, the band recorded and toured to increasing interest and found the support of the PolyGram record label, which signed the band in early 1989. Mother Love Bones debut album, Apple, was released in July 1990, Ament and Gossard were devastated by the death of Wood and the resulting demise of Mother Love Bone. Gossard spent his time writing material that was harder-edged than what he had been doing previously. After a few months, Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready, whose band, Shadow, had broken up, after practicing for a while, the trio sent out a five-song demo tape in order to find a singer and a drummer. They gave former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons the demo to see if he would be interested in joining the band, Irons passed on the invitation but gave the demo to his basketball buddy, San Diego, California singer Eddie Vedder. Vedder was the lead vocalist for a San Diego band, Bad Radio and he listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him. He then recorded the vocals to three of the songs in what he described as a mini-opera entitled Momma-Son. Vedder sent the tape with his vocals back to the three Seattle musicians, who were impressed enough to fly Vedder up to Seattle for an audition, within a week, Vedder had joined the band. With the addition of Dave Krusen on drums, the band took the name Mookie Blaylock, the band played its first official show at the Off Ramp Café in Seattle on October 22,1990, and soon signed to Epic Records and renamed themselves Pearl Jam. In a 2006 Rolling Stone cover story however, Vedder admitted that this story was total bullshit, Pearl Jam entered Seattles London Bridge Studios in March 1991 to record its debut album, Ten
Pearl Jam
–
Pearl Jam performing in 2012. From left to right:
McCready,
Ament,
Cameron,
Vedder and
Gossard.
Pearl Jam
–
Lead guitarist Mike McCready in
Columbia, Maryland on September 18, 1998
Pearl Jam
–
Pearl Jam in
Columbia, Maryland on September 4, 2000
Pearl Jam
–
Frontman
Eddie Vedder in
Pistoia, Italy on September 20, 2006
19.
Psychedelia
–
Psychedelia is a name given to the subculture of people, originating in the 1960s, who often use psychedelic drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. The term is used to describe a style of psychedelic artwork. Psychedelic art and music typically try to recreate or reflect the experience of altered consciousness, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, translating to soul-revealing. Psychedelic states may be elicited by various techniques, such as meditation, sensory stimulation or deprivation, when these psychoactive substances are used for religious, shamanic, or spiritual purposes, they are termed entheogens. The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, Huxley coined the term phanerothyme, from the Greek terms for manifest and spirit. This mongrel spelling of the word psychedelic was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better. In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, or acid, began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness. There had long been a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians, and use of drugs had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians. By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and this was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. Leary was a proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was Aldous Huxley. However, both advanced widely different opinions on the use of psychedelics by state and civil society. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a panacea, while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically, in the mid-1960s the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern Western culture, particularly in the United States and Britain. The movement is credited to Michael Hollingshead who arrived in America from London in 1965 and he was sent to the U. S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure. Resurgences of the style are common in the modern era, in science, hallucinogen remains the standard term. Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional lithography printing techniques rapidly superseded by the printing system. Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in paintings, drawings, illustrations, in the modern era, computer graphics may be used to produce psychedelic effects for artwork. The counterculture music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the Summer of Love, many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today
Psychedelia
–
A
retro example of psychedelia—
hula hoops with
LEDs did not exist in the 1960s
Psychedelia
–
U.S. postage stamp, featuring artwork by
Peter Max, that commemorated
Expo '74
Psychedelia
–
Psychedelic Festival in
Brazil
20.
Serge Gainsbourg
–
Serge Gainsbourg was a French singer, songwriter, pianist, film composer, poet, painter, screenwriter, writer, actor, and director. His lyrical work incorporated a vast amount of word play to hoodwink the listener, often for humorous, provocative. Common types of play in his songs include mondegreen, onomatopoeia, rhyme, spoonerism, dysphemism, paraprosdokian. Through the course of his career, Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs, since his death, Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France. He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world. Born in Paris, France, Gainsbourg was the son of Jewish Ukrainian migrants, Joseph Ginsburg and Olga, who fled to Paris after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Joseph Ginsburg was a trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos, he taught his children - Gainsbourg. Gainsbourgs childhood was affected by the occupation of France by Germany in World War II. The identifying yellow star Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg, during the occupation, the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges, traveling under false papers. Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government, after the war, Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris, in Mesnil-Le-Roi. The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis, here Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide, stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future. Before he was 30 years old, Gainsbourg was a disillusioned painter, Gainsbourg changed his first name to Serge, feeling that this was representative of his Russian background and because, as Jane Birkin relates, Lucien reminded him of a hairdressers assistant. He chose Gainsbourg as his last name, in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough and he married Elisabeth Lize Levitsky on 3 November 1951 and divorced in 1957. He married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Françoise-Antoinette Béatrice Pancrazzi and he divorced Béatrice in February 1966. In late 1967 he had a short but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot, to whom he dedicated the song, in mid-1968 Gainsbourg fell in love with the younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin, whom he met during the shooting of the film Slogan. Their relationship lasted over a decade, in 1971 they had a daughter, the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg. Although many sources state that they were married, according to their daughter Charlotte this was not the case. Birkin remembers the beginning of her affair with Gainsbourg, he first took her to a nightclub, then to a transvestite club, Birkin left Gainsbourg when pregnant with her third daughter Lou by the film director Jacques Doillon
Serge Gainsbourg
–
Serge Gainsbourg in 1981
Serge Gainsbourg
–
Gainsbourg, Gall, and del Monaco in a Screenshot of the Eurovision Song Contest, on 20 March 1965
Serge Gainsbourg
–
Tribute graffiti covers the outer wall of Serge Gainsbourg's house on the rue de Verneuil in Paris, looked after by
Charlotte Gainsbourg after her father's death
Serge Gainsbourg
–
Serge Gainsbourg
21.
Spookey Ruben
–
Spookey Ruben is a Canadian musician, producer, songwriter, composer, and filmmaker. Spookey has released seven solo albums. Due to his fathers work as an ESA space engineer Spookey grew up in Germany, the Netherlands, in his childhood, Spookeys parents insisted he take up an instrument and so he chose classical guitar. At age 13 he got his hands on his first electric guitar and spent the remainder of his years playing in an array of hardcore. It was at time that he received his nickname Spooky. At age 19 he moved to Toronto and enrolled in school at York University. International critical acclaim followed, hailing the album as the Pet Sounds of the 90s, in 1996, Ruben contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat, A Red Hot Soundtrip produced by the Red Hot Organization. Disputes with TVT resulted in his leaving the label and years of apparent silence, eventually, Ruben simultaneously released two separate CDs entitled Bed and Breakfast that were later repackaged as a double album. Alone at the Zoo, co-produced by John McEntire of Tortoise/The Sea, on June 16,2009 his full-length album, Mechanical Royalty, was released in Canada on Hi-Hat/Sonic Unyon. He has since released a new EP, Shackleton and is playing live dates in North America, in 2008, Spookey Ruben began filming a series of short films for Exclaim. and AUX Television. There have been seven episodes, which musicians from various bands. 1 Wendy Mcdonald – Live in Japan EP Modes of Transportation Vol.2, superpoke Spookey Rubens Official Website Hi-Hats Website Official Myspace Page
Spookey Ruben
–
Spookey Ruben
22.
Scott Miller (pop musician)
–
In 2014, Omnivore Recordings began releasing a series of reissues of Millers entire Game Theory catalog, which had for decades been out of print. A biography of Miller by Brett Milano was published in October 2015, Scott Miller was born in Sacramento, California in 1960. He was of Scottish and Irish ancestry, and his mothers family had lived in the Sacramento area since at least the 1850s California Gold Rush. His father, Vaughn Miller, was an Army veteran of World War II who had a career working for the State of California. Miller was a child, whose musical interests began sometime as a six or seven year old, listening to the Monkees. However, his earliest musical influences were wider-ranging, springing from his fathers record collection – lots of Broadway show tunes. But the things I was really interested in were these New York folk scene records, and after that it was the Beatles all the way. They were gods walking the earth to me, at age nine, while taking folk and classical guitar lessons from Tiny Moore, Miller was writing little albums worth of derivative songs, and started his first band, innocently calling it The Monkees. He later noted, We were really little kids, and we didnt realize you had to have your own personality, I was Mike Nesmith, of course, naming the serious Monkee known as a songwriter. By 1971, Millers lessons switched to guitar, and he had pretty serious bands from seventh grade on. Miller began recording his music at age 15, when he got his first TEAC multitrack recording machine and he reminisced in 1993, Writing songs like the Beatles and trying to obtain real equipment – thats been my goal in life since I can remember. Another passion of Millers youth was art, until college, he noted, I was extremely serious about being a visual artist, and only so-serious about doing music. I was producing really bad music and really good art, Millers first band to release commercial recordings, Alternate Learning, released its self-titled 7 EP in 1979, and a full-length LP called Painted Windows in 1981, on Rational Records. Alternate Learning was formed in 1977 in Sacramento, moved in 1978 to Davis, California, Game Theory was formed by Miller in 1982 in Davis, California, and moved its base to the Bay Area in 1985. From 1982 to 1990, Game Theory released five albums and two EPs, not including compilations, the early Game Theory was described as a pseudo-psychedelic pop quartet for which Miller sang and wrote almost all of the material. The group, a college-rock favorite associated with the Paisley Underground scene of L. A. and Davis, the Davis-based first line-up of Game Theory featured Miller on lead guitar and vocals, with keyboard player Nancy Becker, bassist Fred Juhos, and drummer Michael Irwin. This line-up released the groups debut LP, Blaze of Glory, with new drummer Dave Gill, two EPs followed, Pointed Accounts of People You Know and Distortion. The groups second album, Real Nighttime, marked the entrance of producer Mitch Easter
Scott Miller (pop musician)
–
Scott Miller in 1983, during recording of
Game Theory 's
Distortion EP.
Scott Miller (pop musician)
–
Scott Miller, 1985, from cover shoot for
Game Theory LP
The Big Shot Chronicles. (Photo: Robert Toren)
Scott Miller (pop musician)
–
First Game Theory line-up, Davis, CA, 1982. L-R: Irwin, Juhos, N. Becker, Miller.
Scott Miller (pop musician)
–
Miller and
Gil Ray, prior to first show of new line-up, 1985.
23.
Fleet Foxes
–
Fleet Foxes is an American indie folk band formed in Seattle, Washington. Their first two albums were released by the Sub Pop and Bella Union record labels, with their third by Nonesuch, the band came to prominence in 2008 with the release of their second EP, Sun Giant, and their self-titled debut album. Both received much praise and reviewers often noted the bands use of refined lyrics. Fleet Foxes second studio album, Helplessness Blues, was released on 3 May 2011, Robin Pecknold and Skyler Skjelset both attended Lake Washington High School in Kirkland, a suburb of Seattle, and soon became close friends. Pecknold and Skjelset bonded over an appreciation of Bob Dylan and Neil Young. The two were interested in the achievements of Dylan and Brian Wilson and realized the importance of practicing music from a young age, Pecknold played bass for Seattles Dolour on a U. S. tour in 2005, shortly before forming the first incarnation of Fleet Foxes. Pecknold took up the role of songwriter, both singing and playing guitar, while Skjelset played lead guitar. Pecknolds late-sixties pop style caught the attention of the Seattle producer Phil Ek and he helped record their first demo in 2006. Ek was impressed with the songwriting, and on hearing Pecknold for the first time, noted. By late 2006 the Seattle press began to notice of the band, Tom Scanlon of the Seattle Times stated that he was impressed with the bands lyrics. With growing popularity on the circuit, the band set about making their first album in early 2007. Fleet Foxes were becoming popular and by late 2007, they had attracted over a quarter of a million song plays over two months on their Myspace site. According to Sub Pops A&R, Sue Busch, at the time of signing the band was still a relatively primitive set-up, Robins sister Aja Pecknold then assumed the role of band manager. The bands frontman, Robin Pecknold, attributes much of their success, the band tracked their second EP, Sun Giant, at Bear Creek Studio and performed overdubs and mixed at Seattles Avast. Recording Co. around the time in preparation for upcoming tours. Fleet Foxes began their tour with another Northwest band Blitzen Trapper on 28 February 2008. The bands performances, first at the SXSW festival in March 2008, Festival in May 2008, moved the band into the public consciousness, notably attracting attention from the European press for the first time. Sun Giant was released internationally on 8 April 2008 and the brand of folk, rock and pop
Fleet Foxes
–
Fleet Foxes performing in
Copenhagen, 2008.
Fleet Foxes
–
Fleet Foxes performing at
Hard Rock Calling 2009.
24.
Grizzly Bear (band)
–
Grizzly Bear is an American rock band from Brooklyn, New York, formed in 2002. The band consists of Edward Droste, Daniel Rossen, Chris Taylor, the band employs traditional and electronic instruments. Their sound has been categorized as pop, folk rock, and experimental. Grizzly Bear began as a moniker for songwriter Ed Drostes music in the early 2000s. Regarding the bands origins as a project, Droste noted, It was just like doing a little home project, and I thought oh. Our name was actually just a nickname for an old boyfriend of mine, in 2004, Droste released Grizzly Bears debut album, Horn of Plenty. Predominately a solo album, the album featured contributions from future drummer Christopher Bear, Rolling Stone magazine wrote of the first album, the pure atmospheric power of the songs is more than enough to hypnotize. Droste and Bear were subsequently joined by bass guitarist and producer Chris Taylor, regarding these shows, Droste noted, Weve never played without the four of us, really. The first couple shows we did before we knew Dan, we did three of us and they kind of sucked. From the get-go, when we were trying to put together a show, thats when we discovered our sound. Guitarist and vocalist Daniel Rossen, a friend of Bears from jazz-camp, Rossen stated, For a long time, I only played my songs to close friends, and it just happened that I lived with Chris Taylor during my second year of college, so he heard them. He was my entrance into Grizzly Bear and he joined the band first, then after a while he suggested I come in with these songs. When I joined, I did about two rehearsals with them, worked out one of my songs to put into the set and it was a real trial-by-fire thing. I was close with Chris and Chris, but I didn’t know Ed at all, regarding the decision to turn Grizzly Bear into a full band, Droste noted I was quite happy to relinquish the idea of being a solo artist. I hate the thought of being under a spotlight with my guitar, in 2005, The Remixes, a collection of remixed songs from Horn of Plenty, was released by Kanine Records. Contributors include Simon Bookish, Final Fantasy, Soft Pink Truth, DNTEL, Efterklang and their first record as a quartet and to feature material written by Rossen, Yellow House, was released on Warp Records in September 2006. It was named for Drostes mothers house where it was recorded and ranked as one of the top albums of 2006 by the New York Times, in 2007, Rossen recorded a cover of JoJos single Too Little Too Late for Drostes twenty-ninth birthday. Also in 2007, the band released Friend, an EP which features outtakes, alternate versions of songs, and covers of Grizzly Bear material done by Cansei de Ser Sexy, Band of Horses, and Atlas Sound
Grizzly Bear (band)
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Grizzly Bear performing at the 2013 CBGB Festival in
Times Square
Grizzly Bear (band)
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Grizzly Bear in 2012 at the
Brixton Academy
Grizzly Bear (band)
–
L to R: Chris Taylor, Ed Droste, Daniel Rossen, Christopher Bear at the
Austin City Limits Music Festival
25.
Veckatimest
–
Veckatimest is the third studio album by the American indie rock band Grizzly Bear, released on May 26,2009, on Warp Records. The album is named after Veckatimest Island, an island in Dukes County. Produced by bassist and multi-instrumentalist Chris Taylor, the album entered the US Billboard 200 at #8, by September 2012, the album had sold around 220,000 copies in the US. The album was included in the 2011 edition of the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. The recording of Veckatimest began in summer 2008 at Allaire Studios in the Catskill Mountains of upstate New York, regarding the writing process, Ed Droste states, Nico Muhly collaborated with Grizzly Bear on this album. In the interim, they debuted four new songs, Two Weeks, While You Wait for the Others, Fine for Now and Cheerleader. They also performed While You Wait for the Others on Late Night with Conan OBrien on April 21,2008, the band performed the track Two Weeks Live in the UK on Later. With Jools Holland on 5 May 2009 The tracks Cheerleader, Ready, Able, I Live with You, a deluxe edition of the album was released on November 2,2009, in Europe. Along with the original tracks, it contained an exclusive 24 page booklet. Although the release was exclusive to Europe, the tracks were released digitally to the US in the iTunes Store. An unmastered version of the album was leaked before its release, regarding this, Ed Droste states, The abstract drawing was created by William OBrien and chosen by Droste, whom he has known since high school. Although the piece was not originally intended to be used as Veckatimests artwork, after contacting OBrien requesting to use one of his pieces for the new album, Droste received a number of examples to choose from. Along with Veckatimest, OBrien also created the artwork for the singles. Naushon Island, another member of the Elizabeth Islands, is owned by the Forbes family and Grizzly Bears founding member, Ed Droste, is connected to the Forbes family through his mother Diana Forbes. In an interview with Pitchfork, Droste explained the title, Many of the tracks appear in actor Philip Seymour Hoffmans directorial debut. Hoffman noted, Susan Jacobs the music supervisor threw Grizzly Bear my way and she was like, You should really listen to them. I heard their album and I was like, Definitely, there was a bunch of music from Grizzly Bear that I used, which fit so nicely. Instrumental tracks from the album appear on the film, Blue Valentine, with Grizzly Bear subsequently releasing a soundtrack album to the film
Veckatimest
–
Bonus Disc Cover
Veckatimest
–
Veckatimest
26.
Robert Schneider
–
Robert Peter Schneider is an American pop musician, music producer and mathematician. Schneider co-founded The Elephant 6 Recording Company in 1991, after spending the first six years of his life in Cape Town, South Africa, Robert Schneiders family moved to Ruston, Louisiana. In Louisiana, Schneider befriended Mangum, Hart and Doss and began discovering and playing music with them, although he subsequently left school to pursue his musical ambitions, his academic interests remain strong, being an avid student of analytic number theory. In recent years Schneider studied mathematics at the University of Kentucky, completing his Bachelor of Science in Mathematics in May 2012, while composing, producing albums. Soon after moving to Denver, Colorado in 1991 Schneider met Hilarie Sidney, Jim McIntyre and Chris Parfitt, the group made their first release in 1993 with the Tidal Wave EP that became the inaugural release on the Elephant 6 record label. Schneiders prowess in harnessing the sounds of Elephant 6 bands became apparent with his production style. Schneider has a number of solo projects, another project, Orchestre Fantastique, is an instrumental venture which recorded a soundtrack for the as-yet unreleased film Dean Quixote. Schneider also composed a number of jingles for commercials during the 2000s. During 2006, it was announced that Schneider was playing in a Kentucky-based psychedelic garage band with his brother-in-law, Craig Morris, called Thee American Revolution. Thee American Revolution released the lo-fi psych-pop album Buddha Electrostorm in 2009 on Garden Gate Records, on December 20,2006 Schneider appeared on The Colbert Report for the seasons rock-themed finale. He performed an original composition about the shows host, Stephen Colbert, the Apples in Stereo later performed Can You Feel It. on The Colbert Report to celebrate the release of their Japanese 7 vinyl picture disc release of Stephen, Stephen. The Apples in Stereo were officially the first band scheduled to perform twice in the programs history, other experimental musicians have subsequently built Teletron units from an instructional video Schneider released online. In 2012 Schneider announced he was stopping touring, whether this hiatus is temporary or permanent is unclear, Schneider is currently a PhD student in Mathematics at Emory University, studying number theory under noted mathematician Ken Ono. The Non-Pythagorean scale is a scale and tuning, based on natural logarithms. The term Non-Pythagorean is a reference to the Pythagorean tuning approximated by the chromatic scale, the scale was introduced in 2007 with the release of New Magnetic Wonder, the sixth studio album by The Apples in Stereo. The album featured two brief compositions using the scale, enhanced CD versions of the album included a third composition as well as a variety of information from Schneider concerning the scale. Audio files and instructions are also on the disc, enabling the listener to prepare a MIDI keyboard to play in the Non-Pythagorean scale
Robert Schneider
–
Performing at
The Black Cat (10/20/06)
Robert Schneider
–
Approximate comparison of Non-Pythagorean pitches (red) Play (
help ·
info) to
12-tone equal tempered pitches (blue) Play (
help ·
info). Note that, while the equal tempered pitches increase exponentially, the pitches found lower on the Non-Pythagorean scale have frequencies that are farther apart while pitches found higher on the scale are closer together.
27.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
–
Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
–
Double bassist
Reggie Workman, saxophone player
Pharoah Sanders, and drummer
Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
–
Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
–
In the late 18th-century painting
The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
28.
Bossa nova
–
Bossa nova is a genre of Brazilian music, which developed and was popularized in the 1950s and 1960s and is today one of the best-known Brazilian music genres abroad. The phrase bossa nova means literally new trend, a lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following in the 1960s, initially among young musicians and college students. In Brazil, the word bossa is a slang for something that is done with particular charm. As early as 1932, Noel Rosa used the word in a samba, O samba, the exact origin of the term bossa nova remained unclear for many decades, according to some authors. Within the artistic culture of the late 1950s in Rio de Janeiro. In his book Bossa Nova, Brazilian author Ruy Castro asserts that bossa was already in use in the 1950s by musicians as a word to characterize someones knack for playing or singing idiosyncratically. Castro claims that the term bossa nova might have first been used in public for a given in 1957 by the Grupo Universitário Hebraico do Brasil. The authorship of the bossa nova is attributed to the then-young journalist Moyses Fuks. That group consisted of Sylvia Telles, Carlos Lyra, Nara Leão, Luizinho Eça, Roberto Menescal, mr. Fukss description, fully supported by most of the bossa nova members, simply read HOJE. SYLVIA TELLES E UM GRUPO BOSSA NOVA, since Sylvia Telles was the most famous musician in the group at that time, in 1959, Nara Leão also participated in more than one embryonic display of bossa nova. These include the 1st Festival de Samba Session, conducted by the student union of Pontifícia Universidade Católica and this session was chaired by Carlos Diegues, latter a prominent Cinema Novo film director, a law student whom Leão ultimately married. Bossa nova is most commonly performed on the classical guitar. Its purest form could be considered unaccompanied guitar with vocals, as created, pioneered, even in larger, jazz-like arrangements for groups, there is almost always a guitar that plays the underlying rhythm. Gilberto basically took one of the several rhythmic layers from an ensemble, specifically the tamborim. As in samba, the plays a ostinato figure on the downbeat of beat one, the ah of beat one. The clave pattern sounds very similar to the two-three or three-two son clave of Cuban styles such as mambo but is dissimilar in that the two side of the clave is pushed by an eighth note. Also important in the section for bossa nova is the cabasa. These parts are easily adaptable to the set, which makes bossa nova a rather popular Brazilian style for drummers
Bossa nova
–
João Gilberto
Bossa nova
–
Bossa nova
rhythm
29.
The Shirelles
–
The Shirelles were an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early 1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Shirley Owens, Doris Coley, Addie Micki Harris, founded in 1957 for a talent show at their high school, they were signed by Florence Greenberg of Tiara Records. Their first single, I Met Him on a Sunday, was released by Tiara, after a brief and unsuccessful period with Decca, they went with Greenberg to her newly formed company, Scepter Records. Working with Luther Dixon, the rose to fame with Tonights the Night. After a successful period of collaboration with Dixon and promotion by Scepter, with seven top 20 hits, afterwards, they were unable to maintain their previous popularity. The Shirelles have been described as having a naive schoolgirl sound that contrasted with the themes of many of their songs. Several of their hits used strings and baião-style music and they have been credited with launching the girl group genre, with much of their music reflecting the genres essence. Their acceptance by white and black audiences, predating that of the Motown acts, has been noted as reflecting the early success of the Civil Rights Movement. Two of their songs, Will You Love Me Tomorrow and Tonights the Night, were selected by Rolling Stone on its list of the greatest songs of all time. The group that became the Shirelles was formed in 1957 by four teenage girls from Passaic, New Jersey. The founding members, Shirley Owens, Doris Coley, Addie Micki Harris, after several months of avoiding Greenberg and telling her that they were not interested in singing professionally, they were booked to Tiara. That year, they released their first song, I Met Him on a Sunday, after success, it was licensed to Decca Records for national broadcast. The song was influenced by doo-wop, but infused with pop melodies. C and their first single produced with Dixon, Tonights the Night, was released in 1960 and peaked at #39. The success of Tonights the Night led to the girls being booked to perform with major artists, such as Etta James and Little Richard. Tonights the Night was later used as the song for the 1961 album Tonights the Night. After the success of their singles, the Shirelles became frequent guests of Murray the K, in 1963 Dixon left Scepter, which presaged a tailing-off of the number of the Shirelles singles to chart. However, they carried on performing and recording, dionne Warwick replaced Owens and Coley, who took leave to marry their fiancés, in concerts and the group continued to record material. That year, their song Foolish Little Girl reached the pop/R&B Top 10, however, later in 1963 they learned that the trust, holding their royalties, that they were supposed to receive from Scepter on their 21st birthdays, did not exist
The Shirelles
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The Shirelles in 1962. Clockwise from top: Addie "Micki" Harris,
Shirley Owens,
Beverly Lee, and
Doris Coley.
The Shirelles
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An updated version of the Shirelles' first song, "I Met Him on a Sunday" entitled "I Met Him On A Sunday '66"
The Shirelles
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Owens left the group in 1975.
The Shirelles
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"Will You Love Me Tomorrow" was the Shirelles' first Number 1 hit
30.
Post-rock
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As such, the term has been the subject of backlash from listeners and artists alike. Although firmly rooted in the indie or underground scene of the 1980s and early 1990s, the term post-rock is believed to have been coined by critic Simon Reynolds in his review of Bark Psychosis album Hex, published in the March 1994 issue of Mojo magazine. Reynolds expanded upon the later in the May 1994 issue of The Wire. He used the term to music using rock instrumentation for non-rock purposes, using guitars as facilitators of timbre and textures rather than riffs. He further expounded on the term, Perhaps the really provocative area for development lies. In cyborg rock, not the embrace of Technos methodology. Reynolds, in a July 2005 entry in his blog, claimed he had used the term post-rock before using it in Mojo, the term was used by American journalist James Wolcott in a 1975 article about musician Todd Rundgren, although with a different meaning. It was also used in the Rolling Stone Album Guide to name a style corresponding to avant-rock or out-rock. It also bears similarities to drone music, early post-rock groups also often exhibited strong influence from the krautrock of the 1970s, particularly borrowing elements of motorik, the characteristic krautrock rhythm. Post-rock compositions often use of repetition of musical motifs and subtle changes with an extremely wide range of dynamics. In some respects, this is similar to the music of Steve Reich, Philip Glass and Brian Eno, typically, post-rock pieces are lengthy and instrumental, containing repetitive build-ups of timbre, dynamics and texture. Vocals are often omitted from post-rock, however, this not necessarily mean they are absent entirely. When present, post-rock vocals are often soft or droning and are typically infrequent or present in irregular intervals, in lieu of typical rock structures like the verse-chorus form, post-rock groups generally make greater use of soundscapes. Reynolds conclusion defines the sporadic progression from rock, with its field of sound and lyrics to post-rock, wider experimentation and blending of other genres have recently taken hold in the post-rock scene. Cult of Luna, Isis, Russian Circles, Palms, Deftones, the resulting sound has been termed post-metal. More recently, sludge metal has grown and evolved to some elements of post-rock. This second wave of metal has been pioneered by bands such as Giant Squid. This new sound is seen on the label of Neurot Recordings
Post-rock
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Post-rock group
Mogwai performing at a 2007 concert.
Post-rock
–
Post-rock group
Do Make Say Think performing at a May 2007 concert.
Post-rock
–
Post-rock group
Sigur Rós performing at a 2005 concert in
Reykjavík.
31.
Simon Reynolds
–
Simon Reynolds is an English music journalist, critic, and author. Over the course of his career, he has contributed to Spin, Rolling Stone, The New York Times, The Village Voice, The Guardian, The Wire, Reynolds was born in London in 1963 and grew up in Berkhamsted. Inspired by a brother, he interested in music in the late 1970s shortly after the dissipation of the punk rock movement. In the mid 1980s, he attended the University of Oxford, in 1986, Reynolds joined the staff of Melody Maker, where his writing was marked by enthusiasm for a wave of neo-psychedelic rock and hip hop artists that emerged in the mid-1980s. Many pieces from this era would later constitute the retrospective collection Blissed Out, The Raptures of Rock, in 1990, Reynolds left Melody Maker and became a freelance writer, splitting his time between London and New York. During this time, he coined the term post-rock in his review of Bark Psychosis album Hex. In 1994, Reynolds moved to the East Village in Manhattan, in 1995, with his wife, Joy Press, Reynolds co-authored The Sex Revolts, Gender, Rebellion and Rock n Roll, a critical analysis of gender in rock. In 1998, Reynolds published Energy Flash, a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, a history of what became rave music, and became a senior editor at Spin magazine in the US. In 1999, he returned to work and published an American version of Energy Flash in abridged form, titled, Generation Ecstasy, Into the World of Techno. In 2005, Reynolds released Rip It Up and Start Again, Postpunk 1978–1984, in 2008, an updated edition of Energy Flash was published, with new chapters on the ten years of dance music following the appearance of the first edition. He contributed a chapter to Sound Unbound, Sampling Digital Music and Culture, in 2011, Reynolds published Retromania, Pop Cultures Addiction to Its Own Past, a critical investigation into what he perceives as the current situation of chronic retrogression in pop music. Reynolds has continued writing for magazines, as well as his blog, Blissblog and his history of the glam rock era, Shock and Awe, Glam Rock and Its Legacy, was published in October 2016. Reynolds writing has blended cultural criticism with music journalism and he has written extensively on gender, class, race, and sexuality in relation to music and culture. He has on occasion used the Marxist concepts of commodity fetishism, Reynolds has also written about drug culture and its relationship to various musical developments and movements. Blissed Out, The Raptures of Rock, serpents Tail, August 1990, ISBN 1-85242-199-1 The Sex Revolts, Gender, Rebellion and Rock N Roll. Faber and Faber Ltd, April 2005, ISBN 0-571-21569-6 Bring The Noise,20 Years of writing about Hip Rock, Faber and Faber Ltd, May 2007, ISBN 978-0-571-23207-9 Totally Wired, Post-Punk Interviews and Overviews. Faber and Faber Ltd, February 2009, 978-0571235490 Retromania, Pop Cultures Addiction to Its Own Past, Faber and Faber Ltd, June 2011, 978-0571232086 Shock and Awe, Glam Rock and Its Legacy, from the Seventies to the Twenty-First Century. Faber and Faber Ltd, October 2016, 978-0571301713 Rip It Up and Start Again, Post Punk 1978-1984 - CD compiled by Simon Reynolds,15 May 2006, V2 label Official blog Furious
Simon Reynolds
–
Reynolds in 2011
32.
Wall of Sound
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The intention was to create a dense aesthetic that came across well on AM radio and jukeboxes popular in the era. As Spector explained in 1964, I was looking for a sound, a sound so strong that if the material was not the greatest and it was a case of augmenting, augmenting. It all fitted together like a jigsaw, in order to attain the Wall of Sound, Spectors arrangements called for large ensembles, with multiple instruments doubling and even tripling many of the parts to create a fuller, richer sound. The intricacies of the technique were unprecedented in the world of production for popular records. Wrecking Crew guitarist Barney Kessel would note, Musically, it was terribly simple, techniques like distortion and echo were not new, but Phil came along and took these to make sounds that had not been used in the past. It was all a definite sound, there werent combinations of sound, and with the advent of Phil Spector, we find sound combinations, which—scientifically speaking—is a brilliant aspect of sound production. We went for more clarity in terms of instrumental colors. He definitely had a different point of view, Spectors first production was the self-penned 1957 single Dont You Worry My Little Pet, performed with his group the Teddy Bears. The recording was achieved by taking a demo tape of the song and playing it back over the speaker system in order to overdub another performance over it. The end product was a cacophony, with stacked harmony vocals that could not be heard clearly and he would spend the next several years further developing this unorthodox method of recording. In the 1960s, Spector usually worked at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles because of its exceptional echo chambers and he also typically worked with such audio engineers as Larry Levine and the conglomerate of session musicians who later became known as The Wrecking Crew. The process is almost the same for most of Spectors recordings, the backing track was performed live and recorded monaurally, a bass drum overdub on Da Doo Ron Ron was the exception to the rule. They then added the pianos, of which there were three, and if they didnt work together, Spector would start again with the guitars and this is followed by three basses, the horns, then finally the drums. The vocals were added with Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield singing into separate microphones. We almost got the old Spector 60s sound, not by layering, Musically, it was terribly simple, but the way he recorded and miked it, they’d diffuse it so that you couldnt pick any one instrument out. Techniques like distortion and echo were not new, but Phil came along, All early Wall of Sound recordings were made with a three-track Ampex 350 tape recorder. Levine explained that during mixing, I record the same thing on two of the three tracks just to reinforce the sound, and then I would erase one of those and replace it with the voice. Microphones in the recording captured the musicians performance, which was then transmitted to an echo chamber—a basement room fitted with speakers
Wall of Sound
–
Spector (center) at
Gold Star Studios with
Modern Folk Quartet in 1965
33.
The Decemberists
–
The Decemberists are an American indie rock band from Portland, Oregon. The band consists of Colin Meloy, Chris Funk, Jenny Conlee, Nate Query and their debut EP,5 Songs, was self-released in 2001. Their seventh and latest full-length album What a Terrible World, What a Beautiful World was released on January 20,2015 by Capitol Records, and is the bands fourth record with the label. In addition to their lyrics, which focus on historical incidents and/or folklore. Audience participation is a part of performance, typically during encores. The band stages whimsical reenactments of sea battles and other events, typically of regional interest. In 2011, the track Down By the Water from the album The King Is Dead was nominated for Best Rock Song at the 54th Grammy Awards. The groups songs range from pop to instrumentally lush ballads, and often employ instruments like the accordion, Hammond organ, Wurlitzer organ. The bands songs convey tales ranging from whimsical to epic to dark to political, the bands official biography, keeping up their reputation for grandiloquence, also describes how they met in a Turkish bath. A footnote following the biography claims, The Decemberists travel exclusively by Dr. Herrings Brand Dirigible Balloons, Colin Meloy has listed Anne Briggs, Nic Jones, and Shirley Collins – who led the 1960s British folk revival – as major influences on The Hazards of Love. The band has cited their liking for Siouxsie and the Banshees. The band also draws inspiration from British and Irish folk music, the Decemberists formed in 2000 when Colin Meloy left his band Tarkio in Montana and moved to Portland, Oregon. There he met Nate Query, who introduced Meloy to Jenny Conlee, playing a solo show prior to meeting Query, Meloy met Chris Funk. Funk was a fan of Tarkio and played pedal steel on the first two Decemberists releases, not officially becoming a member until the third effort. The bands first drummer, Ezra Holbrook, was replaced by Rachel Blumberg after Castaways and Cutouts, the bands name refers to the Decembrist revolt, an 1825 insurrection in Imperial Russia. Meloy has stated that the name is meant to invoke the drama. 5 Songs, the debut extended play, was self-released in 2001. The members at that time played for hours in a McMenamins hotel the night before to raise the money needed to record in the studio the next day
The Decemberists
–
The Decemberists in 2007
The Decemberists
–
Conlee playing accordion, with organs and other instruments nearby
34.
The Bulletin
–
The Bulletin was an Australian magazine first published in Sydney on 31 January 1880. The publications focus was politics and business, with literary content. The Bulletin was highly influential in Australian culture and politics until after the First World War, and was noted for its nationalist, pro-labour. It was revived as a news magazine in the 1960s. The Bulletin was founded by J. F. Archibald and John Haynes, the original content of The Bulletin consisted of a mix of political comment, sensationalised news, and Australian literature. In the early years, The Bulletin played a significant role in the encouragement and its writers and cartoonists regularly attacked the British, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Jews, and Aborigines. In 1886, editor James Edmond changed The Bulletins nationalist banner from Australia for Australians to Australia for the White Man. An editorial, published in The Bulletin the following year, laid out its reasons for choosing such banners, all white men who come to these shores—with a clean record—and who leave behind them the memory of the class distinctions and the religious differences of the old world. All men who leave the lands of Europe for freedom of speech. Leave their fatherland because they swallow the worm-eaten lie of the divine right of kings to murder peasants, are Australian by instinct—Australian and Republican are synonymous. As The Bulletin evolved, it known as a platform for young and aspiring writers to showcase their short stories. It was just stoical and spitefully humourous, in The Australian Language, Sidney Baker wrote, Perhaps never again will so much of the true nature of a country be caught up in the pages of a single journal. The literary character of The Bulletin continued until 1961, when it was brought by Australian Consolidated Press, merged with the Observer, donald Horne was appointed as chief editor and quickly removed Australia for the White Man from the banner. The magazine was costing ACP more than it made, but they accepted that price for the prestige of publishing Australias oldest magazine, Kerry Packer, in particular, had a personal liking for the magazine and was determined to keep it alive. In the 1980s and 1990s, The Bulletins ageing subscribers were not being replaced, trevor Kennedy convinced publisher Richard Walsh to return to the magazine. Walsh promoted Lyndall Crisp to be its first female editor, later, in December 2002, Kerry Packer anointed Garry Linnell as editor-in-chief. Kerry Packer died in 2005, and in 2007 James Packer sold controlling interest in the Packer media assets to the equity firm CVC Asia Pacific. On 24 January 2008, ACP Magazines announced that it was shuttering The Bulletin
The Bulletin
–
Front cover of the 13 February 2007 edition
35.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
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BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
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BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
–
BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
36.
Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
–
Nielsen Holdings PLC is a global information, data, and measurement company with headquarters in the United States. Nielsen operates in over 100 countries and employs approximately 44,000 people worldwide, total revenues were $6.2 billion in 2015. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is currently a component of the S&P500, in 2016, American Marketing Association ranked Nielsen number 1 among top 50 Market Research Firms in the United States. Nielsen was founded in 1923 by Arthur C, Nielsen, Sr. who invented an approach to measuring competitive sales results that made the concept of “market share” a practical management tool. The Company was originally incorporated in the Netherlands and later was purchased on May 24,2006 by a consortium of private equity firms. In January 2011, Nielsen consummated an initial offering of common stock and, subsequently. The companys operations span developing and emerging markets worldwide, in more than 100 countries, upon approval, the company became incorporated under English law and was registered as a public limited company to be named Nielsen Holdings PLC. James Attwood Jr. is Nielsens Executive Chairman, and Mitch Barns is Nielsens Chief Executive Officer, james Attwood succeeded Dave Calhoun as Executive Chairman in January 2016. He served as Nielsen CEO from to 2006 to 2014, when he was succeeded by Barns, barnes joined Nielsen in 1997 and has held various roles in Europe, Asia, and North America leading major parts of the business. While the Nielsen brand is most often associated with television ratings, after substantial work to simplify the company over the last several years, Nielsen today aligns its business into two reporting segments, Buy and Watch. Nielsens Buy segment primarily helps packaged goods companies and retailers understand what consumers are buying in terms of categories, brands, the company’s aim is to measure all consumer purchases as buying behavior continues to fragment across channels and segments. For example, it is Nielsens data that measures how much Diet Coke vs. Diet Pepsi is sold in stores and they also can provide insights into how changes in product offerings, pricing or marketing would change sales. Major clients include The Coca-Cola Company, Nestlé S. A, the Procter & Gamble Company, Unilever Group, and Walmart. While the United States is the company’s largest market, Nielsen is a global company, in the Buy business, it covers 106 countries representing more than 90% of the world’s population. Nielsens Watch segment primarily measures what consumers are watching across most devices, TV, radio, computers, mobile, over-the-top, the company measures consumption of programming and advertising across all distribution points. Nielsens ratings are used by advertisers and networks to shape the buying and selling of advertising, major clients include CBS, NBC Universal, News Corporation, and The Walt Disney Company. Nielsen’s Watch business measures media in 47 countries that represent approximately 80% of global advertising spending. Nielsen’s digital audience measurement capability is a growing part of this footprint
Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
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Nielsen Holdings N.V.
37.
The Wire
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The Wire is an American crime drama television series set and produced in Baltimore, Maryland. Created and primarily written by author and former police reporter David Simon, the Wire premiered on June 2,2002, and ended on March 9,2008, comprising 60 episodes over five seasons. Each season of The Wire introduces a different institution in the city of Baltimore and its relationship to law enforcement, while retaining characters and advancing storylines from previous seasons. In chronological order these are, the drug trade, the seaport system, the city government and bureaucracy, the school system. The large cast consists mainly of actors who are known for their other roles, as well as numerous real-life Baltimore and Maryland figures in guest. Simon has said that despite its framing as a drama, the show is really about the American city. Its about how institutions have an effect on individuals, whether one is a cop, a longshoreman, a drug dealer, a politician, a judge or a lawyer, all are ultimately compromised and must contend with whatever institution to which they are committed. The Wire is lauded for its themes, its uncommonly acute exploration of society and politics. Simon has stated that he set out to create a police drama loosely based on the experiences of his writing partner Ed Burns. Simon chose to set the show in Baltimore because of his familiarity with the city, Simon wanted to avoid a repeat of these conflicts and chose to take The Wire to HBO, because of their working relationship from the miniseries The Corner. HBO was initially doubtful about including a drama in its lineup. Simon approached the mayor of Baltimore, telling him that he wanted to give a bleak portrayal of aspects of the city. He hoped the show would change the opinions of some viewers, the casting of the show has been praised for avoiding big-name stars and using character actors who appear natural in their roles. The looks of the cast as a whole have been described as defying TV expectations by presenting a range of humanity on screen. Most of the cast is African-American, consistent with the demographics of Baltimore, the initial cast was assembled through a process of auditions and readings. Lance Reddick received the role of Cedric Daniels after auditioning for other parts. Michael K. Williams got the part of Omar Little after only a single audition, Jay Landsman, a longtime police officer who inspired the character of the same name, played Lieutenant Dennis Mello. Baltimore police commander Gary DAddario served as the technical advisor for the first two seasons and has a recurring role as prosecutor Gary DiPasquale
The Wire
–
Second season
intertitle
The Wire
–
David Simon, creator of The Wire
The Wire
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"Murderland Alley" is both realistically and bleakly portrayed.
The Wire
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The Barksdale crew: from left,
Wee-Bey Brice,
Stringer Bell,
D'Angelo Barksdale,
Poot Carr, and
Bodie Broadus
38.
Vice (magazine)
–
Vice is a print magazine and website focused on arts, culture, and news topics. As of February 2015, the magazines Chief Creative Officer was Eddy Moretti, Andrew Creighton is President, as of October 2014, there were 29 Vice offices on every continent except Africa and Antarctica. The monthly publication is frequently focused on a single theme, when the editors later sought to dissolve their commitments with the original publisher Alix Laurent, they bought him out and changed the name to Vice in 1996. Richard Szalwinski, a Canadian software millionaire, acquired the magazine and relocated the operation to New York City, following the relocation, the magazine quickly developed a reputation for provocative and politically incorrect content. Under Szalwinskis ownership, a few stores were opened in New York City. However, due to the end of the bubble, the three founders eventually regained ownership of the Vice brand, followed by the closure of the stores. The British edition of Vice was launched in 2002 and Andy Capper was its first editor. The media company was based in New York City, but the magazine began featuring articles on topics that were considered more serious, such as armed conflict in Iraq. Alvi explained to The New York Times in November 2007, The world is bigger than the Lower East Side. McInnes left the publication in 2008, citing creative differences as the primary issue, in an email communication dated 23 January, McInnes explained, I no longer have anything to do with Vice or VBS or DOs & DONTs or any of that. Its a long story but weve all agreed to leave it at creative differences, at the commencement of 2012, an article in Forbes magazine referred to the Vice company as Vice Media, but the precise time when this title development occurred is not public knowledge. Vice acquired the fashion magazine i-D in December 2012 and, by February 2013, Vice produced 24 global editions of the magazine, by this stage, Alex Miller had replaced Capper as the editor-in-chief of the UK edition. Furthermore, Vice consisted of 800 worldwide employees, including 100 in London, Vice magazine includes the work of journalists, columnists, fiction writers, graphic artists and cartoonists, and photographers. Both Vices online and magazine content has shifted from dealing mostly with independent arts, articles on the site feature a range of subjects, often things not covered as by mainstream media. Entire issues of the magazine have also dedicated to the concerns of Iraqi people, Native Americans, Russian people, people with mental disorders. Vice also publishes a guide for students in the United Kingdom. In 2007, a Vice announcement was published on the Internet, After umpteen years of putting out what amounted to a book every month. Besides, too many other magazines have ripped it and started doing their own take on themes
Vice (magazine)
–
January 2009, the Universal Sadness Issue
39.
LA Weekly
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LA Weekly is a free weekly tabloid-sized alternative newspaper in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1978 by Editor/Publisher Jay Levin and a board of directors that included actor-producer Michael Douglas, according to its website, LA Weekly has been the premier source for award-winning coverage of Los Angeles music, arts, film, theater, culture, concerts, events. The LA Weekly also recognizes outstanding small theatre productions in Los Angeles, with their annual LA Weekly Theater Awards, starting in 2006, LA Weekly has hosted the LA Weekly Detour Music Festival every October. The entire block surrounding Los Angeles City Hall is closed off to accommodate the three stages. The paper was founded in 1978 by Jay Levin, who served as its editor from 1978 to 1991, Levin put together an investment group that included actor Michael Douglas, Burt Kleiner, Joe Benadon and Pete Kameron. The majority of its core of staff members came from the Austin Sun, a similar-natured bi-weekly. Some of those disgruntled ex-employees complained when New Times replaced news editor Alan Mittelstaedt with veteran New Times editor Jill Stewart, on June 1,2009, the paper announced that Editor-in-Chief Laurie Ochoa, who began helming the paper in 2001, was parting ways with the Weekly. On that same day, ads for her replacement appeared on Craigslist, though some speculated that Stewart was a shoo-in for the position, the job quickly went to Drex Heikes, formerly of the Los Angeles Times. When Heikes left in 2011, he was replaced by Sarah Fenske, Weekly management said staff cuts were necessary due to poor economic conditions. However, some of the cuts are likely attributable to differences with the papers then-owners. Any old-school Village Voice Media manager who resisted the metamorphosis was denounced as a lefty, a throwback and they were fired or simply fled. Since 2008, LA Weekly has hosted a food and wine festival, now dubbed The Essentials, in 2009, former Los Angeles Times food writer Amy Scattergood became food blogger at LA Weeklys Squid Ink, and was later promoted to food editor. In late 2009, the paper hired Dennis Romero, formerly of Ciudad magazine, following the recession, in 2012 the paper added food critic Besha Rodell, a James Beard nominee and former food editor of Atlantas Creative Loafing. Then in 2013, LA Weekly named Amy Nicholson as its film critic. In 2016, LA Weekly named multimedia journalist and Emmy-winning producer Drew Tewksbury as managing editor, southland also owns the Pasadena Weekly, and The Argonaut on the Westside of Los Angeles, and other print products in Southern California
LA Weekly
–
LA Weekly
40.
Contemporary Christian music
–
Contemporary Christian music is a genre of modern popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith. Today, the term is used to refer to pop, rock. Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200, in the iTunes Store, the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre. The growing popularity in the styles of Rock n Roll music in the 1950s was initially dismissed by the church because it was believed to encourage sinfulness. Yet as evangelical churches adapted to appeal to people, the musical styles used in worship changed as well by adopting the sounds of this popular style. The genre became known as contemporary Christian music as a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s, about that time, many young people from the sixties counterculture professed to believe in Jesus. Convinced of the bareness of a lifestyle based on drugs, free sex, however, there were people who felt that Jesus was another trip. It was during the 1970s Jesus movement that Christian music started to become an industry within itself, Jesus Music started by playing instruments and singing songs about love and peace, which then translated into love of God. Paul Wohlegemuth, who wrote the book Rethinking Church Music, said 1970s will see a marked acceptance of rock-influenced music in all levels of church music. The rock style will become familiar to all people, its rhythmic excesses will become refined. Larry Norman is often remembered as the father of Christian rock and he is remembered as the artist who first combined rock n roll with Christian lyrics in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Unlike traditional or southern gospel music, this new Jesus music was birthed out of rock, pioneers of this movement also included Keith Green, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Barry McGuire, Andraé Crouch and the Disciples, Evie, Benny Hester, and The Imperials, among others. The small Jesus music culture had expanded into an industry by the 1980s. Many CCM artists such as Benny Hester, Amy Grant, DC Talk, Michael W. Smith, Stryper, the genre emerged and became prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in July 1978, CCM Magazine began covering Contemporary Christian Music artists and it has certain themes and messages behind the songs and their lyrics including Praise and worship, faith, encouragement, and prayer. These songs also focus on themes of devotion, inspiration, redemption, reconciliation, many people listen to contemporary Christian music for comfort through tough times. The lyrics and messages conveyed in CCM songs are aimed to evangelize, one of the earliest goals of CCM was to spread the news of Jesus to non-Christians. In addition, contemporary Christian music also strengthens the faith of believers, Contemporary Christian music has influences from folk, gospel, pop and rock music
Contemporary Christian music
–
Chris Tomlin
Contemporary Christian music
–
Rebecca St. James
Contemporary Christian music
–
Michael W. Smith
41.
Country music
–
Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
–
Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
–
Vernon Dalhart
Country music
–
Roy Acuff
Country music
–
Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
42.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip hop music
–
1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip hop music
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DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip hop music
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Grandmaster Flash
Hip hop music
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Afrika Bambaataa (left)
43.
Illustrated song
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An illustrated song is a type of performance art and was a popular form of entertainment in the early 20th century in the United States. Live performers and music recordings were used by different venues to accompany still images projected from glass slides. This allowed the images to be painted in color by hand, a single song was usually accompanied by 12 to 16 different images that sequentially illustrated the lyrics. Projection booths used either stereopticons with two projectors or machines that combined projection of both slides and moving pictures, Illustrated songs often preceded silent films and/or took place during reel changes, but some venues relied principally on illustrated songs alone. At least ten thousand small theaters nationwide featured illustrated songs, Illustrated songs were seen as a valuable promotional tool for marketing sheet music. Audience participation was encouraged, and repeat performances also helped encourage sheet music sales, several film stars began their careers as models who illustrated lyrics through a series of song slides. These stars included Roscoe Arbuckle, Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, George Jessel, Alice Joyce, Florence Lawrence, the first illustrated song was The Little Lost Child in 1894. Music Video 1900 style on PBS Kids Go, take Me Out to the Ballgame on YouTube Goodbye, Girlie, and Remember Me An Illustrated Song, Going to the Show
Illustrated song
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Della Fox was one of many performers whose singing and/or playing was part of illustrated songs.
44.
Sentimental ballad
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Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listeners attention. Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as, pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music, Ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement, emphasizing melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, however though, many modern, mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm. Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century, sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. Ballads at this time were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance, in the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and Native American ballads, a further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music. In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads, by the Victorian era, ballad had come to mean any sentimental popular song, especially so-called royalty ballads. Some of Stephen Fosters songs exemplify this genre, by the 1920s, composers of Tin Pan Alley and Broadway used ballad to signify a slow, sentimental tune or love song, often written in a fairly standardized form. Jazz musicians sometimes broaden the term still further to embrace all slow-tempo pieces, notable sentimental ballads of this period include, Little Rosewood Casket, After the Ball, and Danny Boy. Popular sentimental ballad vocalists in this era were Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Andy Williams, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Liza Minnelli and their custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs. The most popular and enduring songs from this style of music are known as pop standards or American standards. Soft rock, a subgenre that mainly consist of ballads, was derived from rock in the early 1970s, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. Major sentimental ballad artists of this decade included Barbra Streisand, Nana Mouskouri, Elton John, Engelbert Humperdinck, Carole King, Cat Stevens, James Taylor. By the early 1970s, softer songs by the Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow
Sentimental ballad
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To emphasize the emotional aspect of a power ballad, crowds customarily hold up
lighters adjusted to produce a large flame.
45.
Dance-pop
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Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable, the genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions. Dance-pop borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producer, artist, such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, new jack swing, funk, synthpop, electropop and some forms of europop. Dance-pop is a mainstream style of music and there have been numerous pop artists. As the term started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as post-disco, club. Dance-pop music emerged in the 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs. In the beginning of the 80s disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, according to prominent Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna launched dance-pop and set the standard for the genre for the two decades. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album drew the blueprint for future dance-pop, in the 1980s dance-pop was closely aligned to other up-tempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, during the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk, new jack swing, and contemporary R&B. Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, by the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, during the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music, as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a song called Believe which made usage of a technological innovation of the time. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch, since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music. Celine Dion also released a dance-pop song Thats the Way It Is by the end of 1999 and it has a moderately slow tempo but an up-beat song. At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop often borrowed a lot of its influences from urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson, in Madonnas case, her album Music contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single. Britney Spears album Blackout contained influences of Euro disco, the mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry
Dance-pop
–
Kylie Minogue, a popular and successful dance-pop artist of the late-1980s, 1990s, 2000s and early-2010s.
Dance-pop
–
In Japan,
Momoiro Clover Z is famous for innovative dance performances.
46.
Dream pop
–
Dream pop is a subgenre of alternative rock and neo-psychedelia that developed in the 1980s. The style is typified by a preoccupation with atmosphere and texture as much as melody, the AllMusic Guide to Electronica defines dream pop as an atmospheric subgenre of alternative rock that relies on sonic textures as much as melody. Common characteristics are breathy vocals and use of effects, often producing a wall of noise. Dream pop tends to focus on textures and moods rather than propulsive rock riffs, lyrics are often introspective or existential in nature. In the view of music critic Simon Reynolds, dream pop celebrates rapturous and transcendent experiences, often using druggy, according to Rachel Felder, dream pop artists often resist representations of social reality in favor of ambiguous or hallucinogenic experiences. The term dream pop, which is thought to relate to the immersion in the experienced by the listener, was coined in the late 1980s by Alex Ayuli to describe the music of his band A. R. It was later adopted by Simon Reynolds to describe the nascent shoegazing scene in the UK, in the 1990s, dream pop and shoegazing were interchangeable and regionally dependent terms, with dream pop being the name by which shoegazing was known in America. Reynolds described dream pop bands as a wave of hazy neo-psychedelic groups, rolling Stone also described dream pop as originating with the early 1980s work of Cocteau Twins and their contemporaries. PopMatters noted an evolutionary line from gothic rock to dream pop, ambient pop music was described by AllMusic as essentially an extension of the dream pop that emerged in the wake of the shoegazer movement, distinct for its incorporation of electronic textures. According to N. George Harrisons 1970 album All Things Must Pass, with its Wall of Sound and fluid arrangements, led music journalist John Bergstrom to credit it as an influence on dream pop
Dream pop
47.
Electropop
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Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 2000s, the media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars and indeed, saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, lady Gaga had major commercial success since 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, the second album by British singer Lily Allen released in 2009 called Its Not Me, Its You is largely electropop as opposed to her first ska album. Other female electropop acts that emerged were Ladyhawke, Kesha, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Elly Jackson of La Roux and Perfume. The Korean pop music scene has become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, F. Male acts that have emerged included British writer and producer Taio Cruz, who charted well in the U. S. along with one-man act Owl City, who had a U. S. number-one single, DJ Kaskade, and LMFAO. Singer Michael Angelakos of the Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, so everything weve been put on to is electronic in nature. Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason, Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno
Electropop
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Kesha is considered one of the most successful American female electropop artists of the early 2010s
48.
Experimental pop
–
Experimental pop is pop music that cannot be categorized within traditional musical boundaries or which attempts to push elements of existing popular forms into new areas. It may incorporate experimental techniques such as musique concrète, aleatoric music, throughout the ensuing decades, some purveyors of the style shared a literary-experimental tradition that balanced experimentation with populist cohesion. Often, the process involves the use of electronic production effects to manipulate sounds. According to musicologist Leigh Landy, experimental pop settings combine sound-based work and note-based work, composer Nico Muhly described the world of experimental pop as celebrations of sonic juxtapositions. In the pop and rock music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, orchestration, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound, however, a gulf would still exist between experimental composers and out-there pop musicians, partly due to the role of the recording studio. Regarding this, composer Robert Ashley is quoted in 1966, We cant be popular musicians, the one thing I like about popular music is that they record it. They record it, record it, record it, record it, the astute producer cuts out the magic from the different tapes and puts them in a certain order and gets a whole piece. Its very beautiful, because its really aural magic and we have to invent social situations to allow that magic to happen. Music historian Lorenzo Candalaria described American rock band the Beach Boys as one of the most experimental, co-founder and leader Brian Wilson wrote and produced songs for the group that ranged from massive hits to obscure experimental pop compositions. It was followed by Smiley Smile, an album of stripped-down recordings, in 2003, Stylus Magazine wrote that the album embrace the listener with a drugged out sincerity, a feat never accomplished by the more pretentious and heavy-handed psychedelia of that era. It is for this reason Smiley Smile flows so well with the experimental pop of today. In the view of artist Duggie Fields, the Syd Barret-led incarnation of Pink Floyd exemplified experimental pop, the group found their initial success playing at the UFO Club in London, an underground venue whose objective was to provide an outlet for experimental pop groups. According to The New York Times, Barrett and his subsequent solo albums became a touchstone for experimental pop musicians, drummer John Densmore believed that the Doors were on the cutting-edge of experimental pop music until he listened to the Beatles album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, which he described as to have done it all, martin wrote that, along with the Rolling Stones Their Satanic Majesties Request, the Beatles Sgt. Pepper opened a space for experimental pop which would be filled by Jimi Hendrix, Jethro Tull. Pepper, Gary Usher and Curt Boettcher were Los Angeles-based songwriters and producers who were interested in classical music, later cited as fixtures of sunshine pop, they worked together to create their debut studio album, Present Tense. It was credited to Sagittarius, a group referred to as an experimental pop band by The A. V
Experimental pop
49.
Folk pop
–
Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds, the term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. A distinct, eclectic style of folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle, Fairport Convention. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres, Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The style was influenced by the Beatles and other British bands. The term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world and, to a lesser extent, as with any genre, the borders are difficult to define. Of these, the first two owed direct debts to protest folk singers such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, along with the leftist Popular Front culture of the 1930s. The Weavers mainstream popularity set the stage for the revival of the 1950s and early 1960s. By 1951, however, the group had fallen afoul of the U. S, red Scare of the McCarthy era, and as a result they disbanded in 1952. The group reformed in 1955, releasing the influential album The Weavers at Carnegie Hall in 1957, before disbanding for a time in 1964. The crystal-clear harmony singing and liberal outlook that characterized American folk rock during the mid-1960s sprang directly from the music, while this urban folk revival flourished in many cities across the U. S. Like the 1950s Beat Generation before them, the vast majority of the urban folk revivalists shared a disdain for the values of mainstream American mass culture, across the Atlantic, a parallel folk revival was occurring in the UK during the 1950s and early 1960s. However, it wasnt until 1956 and the advent of the skiffle craze that the British folk revival crossed over into the mainstream, skiffle was a blend of jazz, folk, and country blues, with roots in African-American folk music and the post-war British jazz scene. This renewed popularity of folk music forms in Britain led directly to the folk movement. Among the leading lights of the folk movement were Bert Jansch and John Renbourn
Folk pop
–
Pete Seeger entertaining
Eleanor Roosevelt (center), at a racially integrated Valentine's Day party.
Folk pop
–
Bob Dylan was the most influential of all the urban folk-protest songwriters.
Folk pop
–
The Byrds performing "Mr. Tambourine Man" on
The Ed Sullivan Show, 12 December 1965.
Folk pop
–
Dylan in 1963.
50.
Reggae-pop
–
Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass. Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970s, artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed. It was not until the late 1990s when the term was coined, the subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, for some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for such as UB40. This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U. S, traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000. The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as Baby Boy, Breathe, Like Glue and Make It Clap, among many others. His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, Get Busy & Temperature. In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits All That She Wants, The Sign, other Eurodance artists such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regularly fused their style with Reggae as well. The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell Skatta Burrell, Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, Ramping Shop by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year. Holiday was also nominated and won for the Best Collaboration, in 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called Ranch Entertainment. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012 and its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture. While On A Mission was recognized as the official song and was applauded by some. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying It doesnt represent Jamaica 50, it doesnt reflect our culture or where our music is coming from. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight. Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic
Reggae-pop
–
Genres
51.
Pop-soul
–
Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Pop-soul
–
James Brown
Pop-soul
–
Al Green, influential soul performer
Pop-soul
–
Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Pop-soul
–
Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
52.
Power pop
–
Power pop is a pop rock music subgenre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American rock music. It typically incorporates a combination of devices such as strong melodies, clear vocals and crisp vocal harmonies, economical arrangements. Instrumental solos are usually kept to a minimum, and blues elements are largely downplayed, in the 1980s and 1990s, power pop continued as a commercially modest genre but by the mid-1990s through the 2000s, power pop was mainly in the underground. While its cultural impact has waxed and waned over the decades, Power pop is a more aggressive form of pop rock that is based on catchy, melodic hooks and energetic moods. The Small Faces are often cited as being among the progenitors of power pop, the Whos role in the creation of power pop has been cited by singer-songwriter Eric Carmen of the Raspberries, who has said, Pete Townshend coined the phrase to define what the Who did. For some reason, it didnt stick to the Who, but it did stick to these groups came out in the 70s that played kind of melodic songs with crunchy guitars. It just kind of stuck to us like glue, and that was okay with us because the Who were among our highest role models, other acts such as the Knickerbockers, the Easybeats and the Outsiders contributed iconic singles. Writer John Borack has noted, Its also quite easy to draw a line from garage rock to power pop. Although the formative influences on the genre were primarily British, the bands that developed and codified power pop in the 1970s were nearly all American. The Raspberries 1972 hit single Go All The Way is an almost perfect embodiment of the elements of power pop, the most influential group of the period may have been Big Star. The Replacements even recorded a song entitled Alex Chilton in honor of Big Stars frontman, spurred on by the emergence of punk rock and new wave, power pop enjoyed a prolific and commercially successful period in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although coined in the 1960s, and used as early as 1973 in reference to Sweet, as the novelist Michael Chabon has written, Power pop in its essential form. Did not come into existence for a number of years after it was first identified, like so much of the greatest work turned out by popular artists of the 1970s, true power pop is quintessential second-generation stuff. The term was used in reference to critics favorites Elvis Costello and Nick Lowe. Los Angeles-based Bomp. magazine championed power pop in its March 1978 issue, tying the genres roots to 1960s groups like the Who, like their punk brethren, late–1970s power pop groups favored a leaner and punchier sound than their early–1970s predecessors. Some occasionally incorporated synthesizers into their music, though not to the degree as did their new wave counterparts. Representative singles from the period include releases from the Bomp, records label by 20/20, Shoes and the Romantics. Major label groups like Cheap Trick, the Cars and Blondie merged power pop influences with other styles and achieved their first mainstream success with albums released in 1978
Power pop
–
Influential British rock band
the Kinks in 1965
Power pop
–
Alex Chilton, of
Big Star, seen in 2004
Power pop
–
Cheap Trick playing in 1978
Power pop
–
Doug Fieger of
the Knack performing
53.
Sunshine pop
–
Sunshine pop is a subgenre of pop music originating in Southern California in the mid-1960s, although it only acquired the name later. According to Noel Murray of The A. V, club, its practitioners were rooted in the pretty sounds of easy-listening, the catchiness of commercial jingles, and the chemically induced delirium of the drug scene. An appreciation for the beauty of the mixed with a sense of anxiety that the good ol’ days were gone for good. The genre began as an outgrowth of the 1960s California Sound, Sunshine pop largely consisted of lesser-known artists who imitated more popular groups like the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, and the 5th Dimension. Its music is characterized by prominent vocal harmonies and lush orchestrations, in some ways the genre is similar to baroque pop music through being elaborate and melancholic, though it also crossed into folk pop and Brill Building styles. Sunshine pop enjoyed mainstream success in the half of the decade, with many of its top 40 hits peaking in the spring and summer of 1967. Popular bands include the Mamas & the Papas, the Turtles, Sunshine pop originated in the American state of California in the mid to late-1960s. The music may be seen as a form of escapism from the turmoil of the times, typical are airy themes like color and balloons, as found in the canonical examples Up, Up and Away and Yellow Balloon. Concerning the Beach Boys involvement with pop, the orchestral style of Pet Sounds was imitated by many Los Angeles record producers. Were hugely influential on the pop acts that followed, music was rarely in step with the genre. And I dont see the Spector connection, the light touch applied to the songs reminds me more of soft samba music. While some very well known bands are associated with the style, notable songwriters included Jimmy Webb, Roger Nichols and Paul Williams. As this apolitical music grew in popularity, dozens of groups began recording sunshine pop, some acts were fortunate to score one or two hits, while others failed to achieve commercial success. Sunshine pop is strongly associated with a time and place. However, it should be noted there were plenty of groups from other parts of the United States as well, including The Cowsills, The Free Design, The Clique and Spanky and Our Gang. Moreover, British acts such as The Flower Pot Men, Harmony Grass, Design, Gullivers People and Eternal Triangle, in the early 1970s, the popularity of sunshine pop quickly started to wane. Its lightweight sound made way for new styles such as singer-songwriter music, progressive rock, hard rock. Many groups thus faded into obscurity, for many years, the genre lingered in obscurity, although it enjoyed some interest among collectors of rare vinyl singles and LPs
Sunshine pop
–
The cover of
The Yellow Balloon 's 1967 self-titled album, a prime example of cheerful sunshine pop.
54.
Synth-pop
–
Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes
Synth-pop
–
The
Prophet-5, one of the first
polyphonic synthesizers. It was widely used in 1980s synthpop, along with the
Roland Jupiter and
Yamaha DX7.
Synth-pop
–
Kraftwerk, one of the major influences on synthpop, in 1976.
Synth-pop
–
Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008.
Synth-pop
–
Gary Numan performing in 1980
55.
Teen pop
–
Teen pop is a subgenre of pop music that is created, marketed and oriented towards preteens and teenagers. Teen pop copies genres and styles such as pop, R&B, dance, electronic, hip hop, country, teen-oriented popular music had become common by the end of the Swing Era, in the late 1940s, with Frank Sinatra being an early teen idol. However, it was the early 1960s that became known as the Golden Age for pop teen idols, other successful singers and bands appealing to tweens and teens were Bobby Sherman, The DeFranco Family, The Partridge Family, Shaun Cassidy, David Cassidy and a pre-disco Bee Gees. In the early 1990s, teen pop dominated the charts until grunge, in 1996 the girl group Spice Girls released their single Wannabe, which made them major pop stars in the UK, as well as in the US the following year. In their wake, other teen pop groups and singers came to prominence, including Hanson, the Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, Robyn, All Saints, S Club, B*Witched, and Destinys Child. In 2001 artists like Aaron Carter, Swedish group A-Teens, girl groups 3LW, Play, Edens Crush and Dream, alternate looks for female teen pop stars include Hoku, and girl group No Secrets. In the UK, teen pop continued to surge with Ellie Campbell, Atomic Kitten, many teen artists starting incorporating genres such as Pop Rock, Contemporary R&B and Hip-Hop. B2K, a hip hop, pop and R&B group, was made up of boys, so it was considered a boy band and was popular across the world. Their style of music was different than other teenage artists, sounding more mature than the typical boy band. Other teenage artists who sounded more mature in this way were Jhene, since early 2000s, but some did many years before that, many teen stars have developed careers through their involvement with Disney. Alongside Disney, other teen pop stars emerged by 2007, among them American Idol winner Jordin Sparks and Nickelodeon stars Miranda Cosgrove, Victoria Justice, miley Cyrus is another example of a Teen Pop singer whose career also started in Disney Channel. Her success worldwide was the reason of her status as Queen of Teen Pop since she has the biggest sales, the introduction of Canadian singer Justin Bieber, a protégé of Usher, created a resurgence of interest in teen pop. As for Japanese teen pop culture, the category of idol is playing an important role, momoiro Clover Z is ranked as number one among female idol groups according to 2013–2016 surveys
Teen pop
–
Jonas Brothers in 2007.
Teen pop
–
In Japan,
Momoiro Clover Z is popular among teenagers because of their energetic performance including acrobatic stunts.
56.
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
–
Since the beginning of his career, Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact. According to Rolling Stone, it was Elvis who made rock n roll the international language of pop, Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s. His recordings, dance moves, attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and his music was heavily influenced by African-American blues, Christian gospel, and Southern country. In a list of the greatest English language singers, as compiled by Q Magazine, Presley was ranked first, Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly, rock and roll dance songs and ballads, laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers. African-American performers like Big Joe Turner, Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to prominence after Presleys acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults. Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis, the Everly Brothers, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, john Lennon later observed, Before Elvis, there was nothing. During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra, but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two, Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up. Meanwhile, American teenagers began buying newly available transistor radios. Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a symbol of their parents consternation. Half a century later, historian Ian Brailsford commented, The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market, Presley would nevertheless publicly cite his debt to African American music, pointing to artists such as B. B. King, Arthur Big Boy Crudup, Ivory Joe Hunter, the reporter who conducted Presleys first interview in New York City in 1956 noted that he named blues singers who obviously meant a lot to him. Was very surprised to hear him talk about the black performers down there and about how he tried to carry on their music. Later that year in Charlotte, North Carolina, Presley was quoted as saying, The colored folks been singing it and playing it just like I’m doin now, man, for more years than I know. They played it like that in their shanties and in their juke joints, Little Richard said of Presley, He was an integrator. They wouldnt let black music through and he opened the door for black music. Up to the black artists had sold minuscule amounts of their recorded music relative to the national market potential. Black songwriters had mostly limited horizons and could only eke out a living, but after Presley purchased the music of African American Otis Blackwell and had his Gladys Music company hire talented black songwriter Claude Demetrius, the industry underwent a dramatic change. In the spring of 1957 Presley invited African American performer Ivory Joe Hunter to visit Graceland, of Presley, Hunter commented, He showed me every courtesy, and I think hes one of the greatest
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
–
Elvis impersonators.
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
–
Folk rock musician
Amy Ray wearing an Elvis shirt onstage
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
–
Elvis Presley Avenue in
Shreveport, Louisiana
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a promotional photo for
Jailhouse Rock released by MGM on November 8, 1957.
57.
Boy band
–
Being vocal groups, most boy band members do not play musical instruments, either in recording sessions or on stage, making the term something of a misnomer. Many boy bands dance as well as sing, usually giving highly choreographed performances, some such bands form on their own. They can evolve out of church choral or gospel music groups, due to this and their general commercial orientation towards a female audience of preteens, teenyboppers, or teens, the term may be used with negative connotations in music journalism. Boy bands are similar in concept to their counterparts, girl groups, the earliest forerunner of boy band music began in the late 19th century as a cappella barbershop quartets. They were usually a group of males and sang in four part harmonies, the popularity of barbershop quartets had been prominent into the earlier part of the 20th century. A revival of the vocal group took place in the late 1940s and 1950s with the use of doo-wop music. Doo-wop bands sang about topics such as love and other used in pop music. The earliest traces of boy bands were in the mid-1950s although the boy band was not used. African American vocal group The Ink Spots was one of the first of what would now be called boy bands, the term boy band was not established until the late 1980s as before that they were called male vocal groups or hep harmony singing groups. For instance, their music featured close harmonies from soul music and catchy pop hooks influenced as much as they were by Motown and acts like the Supremes. All members of the band sang, which is a convention of a boy band, as opposed to having a front man. Even so, the members conveniently fitted into the convention of having stereotypical personality types, the Beatles were a direct influence on the conception of the Monkees, as they used rock band instrumentation and played more rock oriented music. With music produced by Don Kirshner, The Monkees became eventually dissatisfied with Kirshners control over them and they became independent two years later, working on their own up to 1970, when the group first dissolved. Other antecedents exist throughout the history of pop music, the genre has been copied into languages and cultures other than the Anglo-American. The Puerto Rican boy band Menudo, appealing to young Latina audiences, was founded in 1977, Menudo had a convention unique among boy bands, when a member turned 16, became too tall, or their voice changed, they were replaced. The members of Menudo were generally aged 12–17, the Bay City Rollers were a Scottish pop band who were most popular in the mid-1970s. For a relatively brief but fervent period, they were worldwide teen idols, the group were one of the first bands like The Monkees before them to take the formula shown by The Beatles and apply it to a teen market. The group achieved the same amount of success but for a period of time
Boy band
–
The Osmonds
Boy band
–
Backstreet Boys are the best-selling boy band in history.
Boy band
–
Jonas Brothers are described as pop boy band
Boy band
–
One Direction rose to fame in 2011.
58.
Girl group
–
A girl group is a music act featuring several female singers who generally harmonize together. All-female bands, in which also play instruments, are usually considered a separate phenomenon. These groups are sometimes called girl bands to differentiate, although this terminology is not universally followed, with the advent of the music industry and radio broadcasting, a number of girl groups emerged, such as the Andrews Sisters. The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US. The Supremes alone held 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave, in later eras, the girl group template would be applied to disco, contemporary R&B, and country-based formats, as well as pop. A more globalized music industry saw the popularity of dance-oriented pop music led by major record labels. This emergence, led by the US, UK, South Korea, also, since the late 2000s, South Korea has had a significant impact, with 8 of the top 10 girl groups by digital sales in the world originating there. The ladies were together from 1923 until the early 1940s, and known for their harmonies, as well as barbershop style or novelty tunes. The Three X Sisters were also especially a notable addition to the music scene, the Boswell Sisters, who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, had over twenty hits. The Andrews Sisters had musical hits across multiple genres, which contributed to the prevalence, the rise of girl groups appeared out of and was influenced by other musical movements of the time period. Importantly, the first successful girl groups of this era were typically white and this era was also advantageous to the beginnings of girl group music because of the newfound prevalence of the radio as well, which allowed this style of music to spread. Also, the Lennon Sisters were a mainstay on the Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 on, in early 1956, doo-wop one-hit wonder acts like the Bonnie Sisters with Cry Baby and the Teen Queens with Eddie My Love showed early promise for a departure from traditional pop harmonies. With Mr. Lee, the Bobbettes lasted for 5 1/2 months on the charts in 1957, building momentum and gaining acceptance of all-female. However, it was the Chantels 1958 song Maybe that became arguably, the mixture of black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop was appealing to a teenage audience and grew from scandals involving payola and the perceived social effects of rock music. However, early groups such as the Chantels started developing their groups musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin, the Shirelles solidified their success with five more top 10 hits, most particularly 1962s number one hit Soldier Boy, over the next two and a half years. Motown would mastermind several major groups, including Martha and the Vandellas, the Velvelettes. Other songwriters and producers in the US and UK quickly recognized the potential of new approach. Phil Spector recruited the Crystals, the Blossoms, and the Ronettes, while Goffin, phil Spector made a huge impact on the ubiquity of the girl group, as well as bringing fame and notoriety to new heights for many girl groups
Girl group
–
Girl groups
Girl group
–
The Supremes became one of the most popular girl groups of the 1960s.
Girl group
–
Promotional picture of the Shangri-Las, circa 1965/66
Girl group
–
Singing group Labelle, circa 1975
59.
Groove (music)
–
In music, groove is the sense of propulsive rhythmic feel or sense of swing. In jazz, it can be felt as a repeated pattern. It can be created by the interaction of the music played by a rhythm section. Groove is a key of much popular music, and can be found in genres, including salsa, funk, rock, fusion. Musicologists and other scholars have analyzed the concept of groove since around the 1990s, the concept can be linked to the sorts of ostinatos that generally accompany fusions and dance musics of African derivation. The term is applied to musical performances that make one want to move or dance. The expression in the groove was widely used from around 1936 to 1945, at the height of the swing era, in the 1940s and 1950s, groove commonly came to denote musical routine, preference, style, source of pleasure. Like the term swing, which is used to describe a cohesive rhythmic feel in a jazz context, indeed, some dictionaries use the terms as synonyms, Groovy. enotes music that really swings. Marc Sabatellas article Establishing The Groove argues that groove is a subjective thing. He claims that one person may think a given drummer has a feel, while another person may think the same drummer sounds too stiff. Similarly, a bass educator states that while groove is a thing it can be defined as what makes the music breathe. In a musical context, general dictionaries define a groove as a pronounced, enjoyable rhythm or the act of creat, danc to, or enjoy rhythmic music. Steve Van Telejuice explains the groove as the point in this sense when he defines it as a point in a song or performance when even the people who cant dance wanna feel like dancing, due to the effect of the music. Bernard Coquelet argues that the groove is the way an experienced musician will play a rhythm compared with the way it is written by playing slightly before or after the beat. Coquelet claims that the notion of groove actually has to do with aesthetics and style, groove is an artistic element, that is to say human. Minute rhythmic variations by the section members such as the bass player can dramatically change the feel as a band plays a song. UK musicologist Richard Middleton notes that while the concept of groove has long familiar in musicians own usage, marks an understanding of rhythmic patterning that underlies its role in producing the characteristic rhythmic feel of a piece. He notes that the created by a repeating framework is also modified with variations
Groove (music)
–
Funk music such as the type performed by groups like
Parliament Funkadelic uses catchy electric bass lines and drum patterns to create a propulsive, emphatic
rhythmic "feel" which is often referred to as a "groove".
Groove (music)
–
Benny Goodman, one of the first swing bandleaders to achieve widespread fame.
Groove (music)
–
Bassist
Rex Brown from the metal band Pantera, a band associated with the "groove metal" scene.
60.
Lick (music)
–
In popular music genres such as rock or jazz music, a lick is a stock pattern or phrase consisting of a short series of notes that is used in solos and melodic lines and accompaniment. Licks in rock and roll are often used through a formula, in a jazz band, a lick may be performed during an improvised solo, either during an accompanied solo chorus or during an unaccompanied solo break. Jazz licks are usually original short phrases which can be altered so that they can be used over a songs changing harmonic progressions, a lick is different from the related concept of a riff in that riffs can also include repeated chord progressions. Licks are usually associated with single-note melodic lines rather than chord progressions, however, like riffs, licks can be used as the basis of an entire song. Single-line riffs or licks used as the basis of Western classical music pieces are called ostinatos, contemporary jazz writers also use riff- or lick-like ostinatos in modal music and Latin jazz. A lick can be a hook, if the lick meets the definition of a hook, a idea, a passage or phrase, that is believed to be appealing and make the song stand out. A lick may be incorporated into a fill, which is a short passage played in the pause between phrases of a melody, for musicians, learning a lick is usually a form of imitation. Imitating style is as important as learning the appropriate scale over a given chords, by imitating, musicians understand and analyze what others have done, which in turn allows them to build a vocabulary of their own
Lick (music)
–
Carter-style lick. Play (
help ·
info)
61.
Tin Pan Alley
–
The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut, the origins of the name Tin Pan Alley are unclear. One account claims that it was a reference to the sound of many pianos. Others claim it arose from songwriters modifying their pianos to produce a percussive sound. After many years, the term came to refer to the U. S. music industry in general, various explanations have been advanced to account for the origins of the term Tin Pan Alley. This article has not been found, simon Napier-Bell quotes an account of the origin of the name which was published in a 1930 book about the music business. In this version, popular songwriter Harry von Tilzer was being interviewed about the area around 28th Street and Fifth Avenue, von Tilzer had modified his expensive Kindler & Collins piano by placing strips of paper down the strings to give the instrument a more percussive sound. The journalist told von Tilzer, Your Kindler & Collins sounds exactly like a tin can, ill call the article Tin Pan Alley. With time, this nickname was popularly embraced and came to describe the American music publishing industry in general, the term then spread to the United Kingdom, where Tin Pan Alley is also used to describe Denmark Street in Londons West End. In the 1920s the street known as Britains Tin Pan Alley because of its large number of music shops. In the mid-19th century, copyright control of melodies was not as strict, with stronger copyright protection laws late in the century, songwriters, composers, lyricists, and publishers started working together for their mutual financial benefit. Songwriters would literally bang on doors of Tin Pan Alley to get new material, the two most enterprising New York publishers were Willis Woodard and T. B. Harms, the first companies to specialize in popular songs rather than hymns or classical music. Naturally, these firms were located in the entertainment district, which, Witmark was the first publishing house to move to West 28th Street as the entertainment district gradually shifted uptown, and by the late 1890s most publishers had followed their lead. When a tune became a significant local hit, rights to it were purchased from the local publisher by one of the big New York firms. The song publishers who created Tin Pan Alley frequently had backgrounds as salesmen, the background of Isadore Witmark was selling water filters. Leo Feist had sold corsets, and Joe Stern and Edward B, marks had sold neckties and buttons respectively. The music houses in lower Manhattan were lively places, with a stream of songwriters, vaudeville and Broadway performers, musicians. Aspiring songwriters came to demonstrate tunes they hoped to sell, when tunes were purchased from unknowns with no previous hits, the name of someone with the firm was often added as co-composer, or all rights to the song were purchased outright for a flat fee
Tin Pan Alley
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Buildings of Tin Pan Alley, 1910
Tin Pan Alley
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The same buildings, 2011
Tin Pan Alley
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Plaque commemorating Tin Pan Alley
62.
Indo pop
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Koes Bersaudara later formed as Koes Plus is considered as one of the pioneer of Indonesian pop and rock n roll music in 1960s and 1970s. The American and British music influences were obvious in the music of Koes Bersaudara, several Indonesian pop and ballad singers were survived through decades and become Indonesian music legends, such as Iwan Fals and Chrisye. In 2000s, the bands include Peterpan, Radja, Gigi, Dewa 19, Sheila on 7, DMasiv and Nidji, all of which tour regularly in Indonesia, Singapore. Some of Indonesian pop bands are rekindle with their Malay roots and revived a genre called Band Pop Melayu, the pop Malay bands are Kangen Band, WALI, Hijau Daun, Armada, Angkasa, and ST12. This genre is the form of old Orkes Melayu style. The most recent foreign influences on Indonesian pop musics are the style, several bands such as J-Rocks, Zivilia, and Indonesian boyband and girlband such as JKT48, S. O. S, Hitz are imitating the style of Japan and Korea pop culture. Today Indonesian pop music enjoyed nationwide and regional popularity, because of common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay, Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. However the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry, in 2008 Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts. List of Indonesian pop musicians Indonesian rock Dangdut Campursari
Indo pop
–
Peterpan, A popular Indonesian band
Indo pop
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Agnes Monica, a popular solo singer in Indonesia
63.
Malaysian pop
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Malaysian pop or abbreviated as M-pop or Malay pop refers to popular music forms in Malaysia. Although popular music in various such as Mandopop are popular and have been produced in Malaysia. Malaysian pop covers a diverse musical genres, such as pop, rock, hip hop, electronic, Malaysian popular music has its origin in local musical tradition and popular European music styles. Some of the musical styles, performers, and songs of Kroncong. The Bangsawan troupes originated in the 19th century as a form of opera called Wayang Pasir that developed as an adaptation of Persian theatre brought to Malaya by performers from Bombay. They portrayed stories from diverse groups such as Indian, Western, Islamic, Chinese, Indonesian and Malay with music, dance, the musicians were mostly local Malays, Filipinos and Goans. Famous early singers such as Temah, Tijah and Dean often incorporate Chinese, Middle Eastern, Western popular music has continually influenced Malaysian popular music since its early days. In the pre-World War II era, songs based on Anglo-American and Latin-American dance music sung in Malay were very popular and these songs were accompanied by dance bands that became known as orkes Melayu. The orkes Melayu, which influenced dangdut, was played at dance halls in amusement parks, bangsawan shows, early singers were often Filipinos originally brought to Malaya by the British to form the Selangor State Band, for example Soliano, DCruz and Martinez. In the 1960s and 1970s, influenced by Western rock bands, from the 1970s to 1980s, a Western orchestral sound also became popular as musical accompaniment in albums, which is widely assumed to be due to the influence of RTM Orchestra. Other musical forms such as Indian, Islamic and other Asian popular music have also exerted their influences at various times, and many international trends in music surfaced in Malaysian pop. Hindustani music had a influence on many traditional types of music in the Malay Peninsula, for example in the use of instruments such as the tabla. More recently, music of J-pop and K-pop have become influential, the first recording of music in Malaya was made 1903 by Fred Gaisberg of the Gramophone Company who was sent to record local music in Asia. Until the 1960s, few records were produced locally, and recordings of the singers and film stars done in Malaya were pressed in India, one of the earliest modern Malay pop songs was Tudung Periok, sung by Momo Latiff, who recorded it in the 1930s. Many of the stars became popular through Malay films in the early era. In the 1940s and 1950s, singers who achieved popularity through their films and recordings were P. Ramlee, R. Azmi, Jasni, Ahmad C. B. S. M. Salim, Saloma, Momo Latif, some of these singers had Bangsawan or Kroncong background. The songs of this era were influenced by music styles such as those of Latin American dance, Hawaiian music. The most important of the singers was P. Ramlee whose career spanned the late 1940s through early 1970s
Malaysian pop
–
P. Ramlee, the best-known of the early popular singers in Malaya
Malaysian pop
–
Siti Nurhaliza also known as Malaysian pop princess
Malaysian pop
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Yuna performing.
64.
Turkish pop music
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Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles, including rock and roll, tango, and jazz. With the emergence of 7-inch single records in Turkey soon after, listening and distribution of this type of media was easier and thus the sound became more popular. In 1962, the first Western popular melody with Turkish lyrics was released, İlham Gencers Bak Bir Varmış Bir Yokmuş, the modern technique of musical arrangements was also attributed to this era, with Western songs arranged into more oriental sounding motifs for the Turkish ear. The genre got its name in 1964 with the release of duo Tülay German, on the records sleeve they coin the term Turkish pop music, indicating that their product was indicative of things to come. The vehicle for Turkish pop was often film, and singers such as Gönül Yazar became icons of the time, Turkish pop music became very popular in the 1970s with female stars such as Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu reaching superstar status domestically. With her song writing talent, Aksu is credited with giving Turkish pop its unique sound and it was arguably this sound that changed the face of the Eurovision song contest when Sertab Erener won the Eurovision Song Contest 2003. Today Aksu is considered to be the matriarch of Turkish pop music, in the first half of the 1990s, female singer-songwriters such as Nazan Öncel and Yıldız Tilbe became very popular in Turkey. The genre took a dip in popularity with the emergence of Arabesque music. However, with Aksu backing emerging stars such as Sertab and Tarkan in the early 1990s, in particular, Tarkans song Şımarık, which was both written and composed by Aksu, was a hit in Europe and Latin America in 1999. As in the 1950s, it took inspiration from newer styles that had emerged, such as hip hop, heavy metal. Turkish pop music is now everywhere, whether its the latest from Tarkan, female singer/songwriter Sezen Aksu, or the more radical sounds of the Turkish club underground, like Mercan Dede. In the early 90s, Turkish gangster rap surged in popularity as such as Gokturk G-Force Sevinc influenced a younger generation newly exposed to Americas West-Coast culture. Gokturk had a string of hits including the #1 single Istanbul Gs however fell from grace in the mid 90s due to a well publicised falling out with collaborator Erci-E, Turkish Music and Artists Crossing The Bridge at IMDB Can Dündar - Hey gidi günler. Recent Turkish Pop Music and Artists Dilmener, Naim, Bak Bir Varmış Bir Yokmuş, Hafif Türk Pop Tarihi
Turkish pop music
–
Music of Turkey
Turkish pop music
Turkish pop music
Turkish pop music
65.
American pop
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American Pop is a 1981 American adult animated musical drama film starring Ron Thompson and produced and directed by Ralph Bakshi. It was the animated feature film to be presented in Dolby sound. The film tells the story of four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians whose careers parallel the history of American popular music in the 20th century. The majority of the animation was completed through rotoscoping, a process in which live actors are filmed. However, the film uses a variety of other mixed media including water colors, computer graphics, live-action shots. In Imperial Russia during the late 1890s, a rabbis wife, shortly after their arrival in New York City, Zalmie is recruited by Louie, a performer at a burlesque house, to hand out chorus slips. As Zalmie grows into adolescence, he spends time with Louie backstage at burlesque shows. When Zalmies mother dies in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, he working with Louie full-time at a small theatre. Though Zalmie aspires to be a singer, he is beginning to enter puberty, when World War I strikes, Zalmie travels the globe performing for the troops as the bottom half of a pantomime horse and sustains a wound to his throat, which ends his singing career. After Zalmie impregnates her, he uses money from mob boss Nicky Palumbo to pay for their wedding, bella achieves modest success, but she is killed after opening a package containing a bomb intended for Zalmie. Their son, Benny, who is already an introverted child, Benny marries Palumbos daughter at Zalmies request and enlists to fight in World War II seeking redemption for his family, despite pleas from his father. Bennys wife and son, named Tony, now live in a suburban Long Island town, and they watch as Zalmie testifies against Palumbo on television, calling him a rat. A teenage Tony steals his stepfathers car and drives across the country for four weeks, ending up in Kansas, in California, Tony takes another job dishwashing, but soon grows tired of it and quits. A six-piece rock group invites him to write songs for them after hearing him playing harmonica under their doorstep, the band becomes successful but slowly starts to decompose because of the heroin addictions of female lead singer Frankie Heart and Tony himself. Tony becomes addicted to drugs after being hospitalized from falling off a stage while on acid at one of Frankies shows, Frankie and the bands drummer, Johnny Webb marry, but divorce after two weeks, and Frankie begins an affair with Tony. Tony moves back to New York City accompanied by Pete, where he becomes involved with drug dealing. Pete makes a small amount of playing the acoustic guitar. Tony gives Bennys harmonica to Pete, then takes Petes guitar to pawn it, the next morning, a man approaches Pete and gives him a small package of drugs to sell and tells Pete that Tony said goodbye to him
American pop
–
Theatrical release poster
American pop
66.
Azerbaijani pop music
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Azerbaijani pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Azerbaijani cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles, including rock and roll, tango, and jazz. As more styles emerged, they were adopted, such as hip hop, rock. Classical pop-folk music enjoyed mainstream popularity during this era, with such as Anatollu Ganiyev, Muslim Magomayev. The Azerbaijani pop music experienced during the late 1970s a golden age of productivity characterized by the rise of a new generation of musicians, akif Islamzade often considered one of the most successful and influential Azerbaijani male pop artists of the early 1980s. Baku chanson, a subgenre of Russian chanson, picked up popularity for the mid 1980s, artists such as Eyyub Yaqubov brought Baku chanson to popularity in 1992. However, many artists were uncomfortable with their success, and were suspicious of the chanson label. At the beginning of the new millennium, while talent show contestants were one of the forces in pop music. The countrys entry gained the place in 2009 and fifth the following year. Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song Running Scared, entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012, in Baku
Azerbaijani pop music
–
Music of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani pop music
Azerbaijani pop music
Azerbaijani pop music
67.
British pop music
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British pop music is popular music, produced commercially in the United Kingdom. It emerged in the mid-to late 1950s as an alternative to rock n roll. Similarly, the music hall sprang up to cater for the entertainment of new urban societies, adapting existing forms of music to popular songs. In the early 1950s sales of American records dominated British popular music, re-recorded by British artist Lita Roza. The most prominent exponent was Lonnie Donegan, whose version of Rock Island Line was a hit in 1956. The success of the craze, and the lack of a need for expensive instruments or high levels of musicianship. It has been estimated that in the late 1950s there were 30–50,000 skiffle groups in Britain, at the same time, rock and roll was played in Britain after 1955. The British product has generally been considered less successful than the American version of the genre at the time, however, it was important in establishing British youth and popular music culture and was a key factor in subsequent developments that led to the British Invasion of the mid-1960s. Since the 1960s some stars of the genre, most notably Cliff Richard, have managed to very successful pop careers. In the late 1950s, a culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham. This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls. Beat bands were influenced by American bands of the era, such as Buddy Holly. Among the most successful acts from Birmingham were The Spencer Davis Group. From London, the term Tottenham Sound was largely based around The Dave Clark Five, the first non-Liverpool, non-Brian Epstein-managed band to break through in the UK were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Hermans Hermits and The Hollies. The British Invasion of America led by the Beatles from their arrival in April 1964 saw them, uniquely, some of these groups were in some sense manufactured, but many were competent musicians, playing on their own recordings and writing their own material. Some of the more impressive groups who enjoyed number one hits in the UK were 10cc, Status Quo. Aiming much more for the teen market, partly a response to the Osmonds were The Rubettes, British soul and disco enjoyed mainstream popularity during this era, with artists such as Biddu, Carl Douglas, Tina Charles, and Jimmy James. The 1974 hit Kung Fu Fighting in particular sold eleven million records worldwide, largely vocal-based groups included the New Seekers, Brotherhood of Man, the last of these designed as a British answer to ABBA
British pop music
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Jack Hylton, c. 1930
British pop music
–
The arrival of
The Beatles in the U.S., and subsequent appearance on
The Ed Sullivan Show, marked the start of the British Invasion
British pop music
–
Ian Dury and the Blockheads on stage
British pop music
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David Sylvian (right) of
Japan onstage in 1979
68.
Hungarian pop
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Hungarian pop is the pop music scene of Hungary. It is often associated with Rezső Seresss song Gloomy Sunday which was covered by numerous artists, the most notable artists include Kati Kovács, Zsuzsa Koncz, Locomotiv GT, Omega, Neoton Família. Among the new talents are Kállay Saunders and Linda Király, one of the early acts is associated with Rezső Seress who composed the world wide hit Gloomy Sunday while living in Paris, in an attempt to become established as a songwriter in late 1932. In the 1930s and 1940s Pál Kalmár was one of the most celebrated singers in Hungary and he was also noted for singing the song Gloomy Sunday. He also appeared in the 1935 film St. Peters Umbrella, in the late 1930s Vali Rácz became a popular Hungarian singer and actress reaching her zenith in the 1940s. She was a nightclub performer and a recording artist. Rácz also appeared in approximately 20 Hungarian feature films, due to her glamorous looks and sex appeal she gained reputation as the ‘Hungarian Marlene Dietrich’. Vali Rácz finished the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest 1932, from 1933 to 1934 she played at City Theatre and then at Hungarian Theatre. From 1936 she sang at Terézkörúti Színpad and at City Theatre for three years, after 1945 she was a member of Royal Revue-theatre, Medgyaszay Theatre, then Kamara Varieté. She acted in twenty films, but was primarily a chanteuse, giving concerts at the Music Academy and Vigadó Concert Hall. In the late 1950s Éva Mikes rose to fame in Hungary with her characteristic voice, Mikes started her music career at the late 50s at the studio of the Magyar Rádió. She was best known for her lyrical, romantic songs, she scored the first place in the very first Hungarian Top Hit Chart - published in Ifjúsági Magazin in 1965 with her song Te szeress legalább. She became also popular in other Eastern European countries, such as the Soviet Union and she also appeared at the Sopot International Song Festival. After the local success of beat music classical pop lost popularity, in 1973 - after her daughters birth - she left the stage and worked as a music teacher. Her notable singles include Ahogy mentem az utcán, Ami szívemen a számon, Egy kicsi szerencse, Első szerelem, Engem nem lehet elfelejteni, Esős vasárnap délután and many more. Erzsi Kovácss first major success was with the song Régi óra halkan jár in 1957, in 1964 her record company dropped her, and she moved abroad. In the next 14 years she sang in Germany, Sweden, after her return she toured mainly in the countryside. She also had concerts at the Royal Park Stage, the Budapest Concert Hall
Hungarian pop
–
Vali Rácz, actress and singer during the '30s and '40s
Hungarian pop
–
Kati Kovács performing at
Sziget Festival in 2012
Hungarian pop
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Zsuzsa Koncz (2011)
Hungarian pop
–
Gábor Presser
69.
Serbian pop
–
Serbian pop is the pop music scene of Serbia. During the 1940s, 1950s 1960s, 1970s and the 1980s, while Serbia was a constituent republic of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, pop music in Serbia existed before Second World War. It also confirms the statement of the actress Ognjenka Het in the show of Radio Belgrade called Two white pidgeons in 1986 and is also confirmed by other direct and indirect sources. Mijat Mijatović, Sofka Nikolić, Bora Janjić – Šapčanin mostly performed folk songs, sevdalinka, starogradska muzika, Bora Janjić – Šapčanin recorded the cover of Hungarian schlager Sad Sunday. Serbian pop music in this period was influenced by schlager music, chansons. Vojin Popović is remembered as one of the pioneers of pop music in Serbia and Yugoslavia and he appears during the war with the song Ne brini majčice mila, but original performance of this song was not preserved. He released seven singles between 1953 and 1956 featuring different ensembles, one of the first composers of pop music was Darko Kraljić. His famous compositions include Zašto si pospan Čo, Čamac na Tisi, Čamac na Tisi and Hej momci mladi belong to Serbian postwar music, while it is not certain when the song Zašto si pospan Čo was created. It is considered that the song was created before or during the Second World War, pop music has been on the sidelines with the arrival of communist authorities. Music was mostly performed at balls or could be heard through radios, very few people had gramophone or possibility to get it. In the early 1950s decreased Soviet influence in Yugoslavia and it led to the first postwar musical wave in Yugoslavia – Mexican songs, Mexican movies became very popular as well as song Mama Huanita from the movie Un día de vida. The most famous musician of early 1950s was drummer Spasa Milutinović and he mostly performed jazz music but also and pop music with his small musical group whose singers were Vojin Popović and Lola Novaković. There are few surviving records, mostly by Jugodisk and Yugoton, in the late 1950s appear new musicians such as Lola Novaković, Dušan Jakšić, Nada Knežević and very popular Đorđe Marjanović. Lola Novaković was one of the most popular Yugoslav female singers of her time and she is remembered by the great number of wins on different festivals in Yugoslavia and Europe. In 1960 she became first Yugoslav musician to perform in Soviet Union and she also performed on the Near East and Japan. She released her first two songs in 1958 Alisa U Zemlji Čudesa and famous Cuban hit Babalu, after that she released significant numbers of singles, EPs and compilations. Dušan Jakšić is notable by his numerous hits of which the most popular being Sve moje jeseni su tužne, Nada Knežević is the popular jazz and pop singer, she performed as the UN guest on Sinai Peninsula, and in jazz clubs in Germany and Scandinavia. Đorđe Marjanović gained fame and numerous fans by appearing on television with the song Zvižduk u osam, besides his long career in Yugoslavia, he made significant career performing in Soviet Union
Serbian pop
–
Lola Novaković
Serbian pop
–
Mihailo Živanović (first left) and world-renowned clarinetist
Tony Scott (first right).
Serbian pop
–
Zdravko Čolić
Serbian pop
–
Joksimović performing "Lane Moje", ESC 2004
70.
Russian pop
–
This is the successor to popular variety Soviet music with its pop idols such as Alla Pugacheva or Valery Leontiev. Modern-day mainstream Russian-language pop music is diverse and has many ways to spread through the audience. The most famous pop stars can be seen on television in music or talk shows. There are also Russian Pop radio stations, and theres lots of One-hit wonders in recent years. Russian-language market of music began to grow with the increase of Soviet influence in the world arena. The undisputed center of the creation of the Russian-language pop music of that time was the Moscow and, to a lesser extent, St. Petersburg. For quite significant regional centers contemporary Russian language popular music include, in addition to Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev, a notable contribution to Russian pop music performers that do not come from Russia. In the 1970s, started his career, and then got all-union reputation Sofia Rotaru, Alla Pugacheva, at the same time in this period of the Russian pop music begin to influence various western genres But also the popular Soviet music is gaining tremendous popularity in Eastern Europe. First Vesiolie Rebiata EP ensemble released in the summer of 1970, in 1973 at the international competition record in Liverpool, the ensemble was awarded the second Prize. It was the first major success of Soviet pop music in the West, in the early 1980s Russian-speaking Soviet-era music is booming. Works by Latvian composer Raimonds Pauls, such as The Million scarlet roses, were created in this period, yury Chernavsky writes songs for films and together with the ensemble Vesiolie Rebiata lets magnitoalbom Banana Islands. In the mid-1980s Vladimir Matetsky starts its cooperation with Sofia Rotaru with song Lavanda, effect of a new stage in the development of pop music in the late 1980s was a group Laskovyi Mai and Mirage. Many famous hits of popular music were written during this period Among the many areas of the group also had a huge popularity among the Russian audience in this period, DDT, Lyube. This period was characterized by the emergence of new artists and groups who have been especially popular in the coming years, such as Valeriya, Anita Tsoy, Blestyaschie. Russian record for the sale of records belongs to the ensemble Vesiolie Rebiata, the end of the 1990s and early 2000s were marked by a significant increase in the world, specially American music in the traditional dominance of Russian music. Russian popular performers in full acquainted with the world of experiences, borrow a lot of it. In the late 2000s, the Russian market of Pop joined the transitional period, due to a serious drop in sales in the form of physical media, there is a reclassification of labels to sell music through the Internet. By 2009, album sales have dropped significantly compared to 1990s
Russian pop
71.
Pop music in Ukraine
–
Pop music in Ukraine is Western influenced pop music in its various forms that has been growing in popularity in Ukraine since the 1960s. The 1970s saw the emergence of a number of rock groups. One of the most prominent was a known as Kobza which included 2 electric banduras. Initially it started off as a group playing folk inspired cool jazz. Other groups gradually appeared on the scene primarily from Western Ukraine such as Medikus, major contributions were made by song writer Volodymyr Ivasiuk and singer Sofia Rotaru and Nazariy Yaremchuk. After the tragic death of V. Ivasiuk in 1978, developments in Ukrainian pop music almost ground to a halt, even established folk -rock groups such as Kobza began to sing in Russian. The songs of Ivasiuk were rarely heard on the radio and many of the established singers such as Sofia Rotaru began to sing in Russian exclusively. Many Ukrainian musicians moved to Moscow, and various Moscow based Pop groups had a pop songs in the Ukrainian language such as the group Samotvety - Verba, the 1990s saw an explosion in the Ukrainian Pop music world. At the end of the 80s it was considered that Ukrainian language based rock would not be effective, the sponsoring of a Ukrainian only festival did much to change this perception. Music groups that came to prominence were, Komu Vnyz Ne zhurys Taras Petrynenko, green Grey was by far the most popular trip hop group in the country. Green Grey was the first Ukrainian band that was endorsed by Pepsi, the band did many concerts internationally. At the end of the 90 most popular pop singer among teenagers was Yurko Yurchenko, at his concerts was something unimaginable. Many compared the level of fanaticism with the band The Beatles, in recent times folkloric elements have made a resurgence in modern Ukrainian pop music. Hutsul folk melodies, rhythms and dance moves were used by the Ruslana, anastasia Prikhodko - singer - represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 and participated in the Ukrainian national selection in 2009,2011 and 2016. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the popularity of groups like Vopli Vidoplyasova, Viy, Okean Elzy. By November 2018 Ukrainian radio stations must broadcast no less than 35% of songs in Ukrainian or if it plays 60% of its songs in the languages of the European Union then 25%. Ukrainian rock bands include Braty Hadiukiny/Брати Гадюкіни, Komu Vnyz, Plach Yeremiyi/Плач Єремії, Taras Petrynenko, Viy, Vopli Vidoplyasova, Yurcash, Burning Hearts, opalnyi Prynz/Opalni Prinz/Опальний Принц was, perhaps, the most influential Rock band in the late 80s. Okean Elzy, featuring Slava Vakarchuk has long been among the most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, the pop-singer Ruslana also uses some elements of rock in her work
Pop music in Ukraine
–
Ruslana performing
Wild Dances at the
Eurovision Song Contest 2004
Pop music in Ukraine
–
Okean Elzy
Pop music in Ukraine
–
DakhDaughters musical band performing in the genre "
freak -
cabaret " and theatrical performances.
Pop music in Ukraine
–
Gogol Bordello
72.
Punk rock
–
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
Punk rock
–
The
Ramones ' 1976
debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk", while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.
Punk rock
–
Johnny Rotten and Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols
Punk rock
–
The Clash, performing in 1980
Punk rock
–
British punks, circa 1986
73.
Funk metal
–
Funk metal is a subgenre of funk rock and alternative metal which infuses heavy metal music with elements of funk. It was prevalent in the mainstream during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the genre has been described as a brief but extremely media-hyped stylistic fad. According to AllMusic, funk metal takes the loud guitars and riffs of heavy metal and melds them to the bass lines. AllMusic has claimed that funk metal evolved in the mid-80s when alternative bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers, the self-titled 1984 debut album from Red Hot Chili Peppers has been cited as the first funk metal release. Faith No More have been described as a metal band that dabbled in rap-metal. Rage Against the Machines mix of funk and metal not only included rap, certain bands not from a punk/alternative background, such as glam metal groups Bang Tango and Extreme, have also frequently incorporated funk into their musical style. Bands such as Primus and Mordred emerged from the metal underground. Primus, a band that many genres, has been widely described as funk metal. Claypool has stated Weve been lumped in with the funk metal thing just about everywhere, I guess people just have to categorise you. Living Colour have been cited by Rolling Stone as black funk metal pioneers, entertainment Weekly noted in a May 1991 article that Despite the rise of black rockers like Living Colour, the American funk-metal scene is predominantly white. The success of Faith No Mores 1989 single Epic helped heighten interest in the genre, mark Jenkins of The Washington Post claimed in an 1991 article that much of it sounds like art rock. By the latter part of the 90s, the genre was represented by a group of bands, including Incubus. During 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a hugely successful funk metal cover of Michael Jacksons Smooth Criminal, in 2016, Vice Magazine referred to funk metal as a mostly-forgotten and occasionally-maligned genre. Mr. Bungle guitarist Trey Spruance mentioned his fondness for the genre in a 2007 interview, when asked if he thought it would make a comeback, he stated Fuckin revisionists probably wont think its cool enough. Theyll go straight for the flannels and heroin, dimery, Robert, ed.1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
Funk metal
–
Faith No More mixed funk metal with
alternative music and
experimental music.
Funk metal
–
Les Claypool, frontman of the funk metal band
Primus.
74.
Nu metal
–
Nu metal is a form of alternative metal that combines elements of heavy metal music with elements of other music genres such as hip hop, alternative rock, funk and grunge. Nu metal bands have drawn elements and influences from a variety of musical styles, Nu metal rarely features guitar solos, the genre is heavily syncopated and based on guitar riffs. Many nu metal guitarists use seven-string guitars that are down-tuned to play a heavier sound, DJs are occasionally featured in nu metal to provide instrumentation such as sampling, turntable scratching and electronic backgrounds. Vocal styles in nu metal include singing, rapping, screaming and growling, Nu metal is one of the key genres of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Nu metal became popular in the late 1990s with bands and artists such as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, many heavy metal fans have criticized nu metal, and do not regard it as true heavy metal. Many nu metal musicians have rejected the nu metal label and also have rejected being labeled as heavy metal, Nu metal is also known as nü-metal and aggro-metal. It is a subgenre of alternative metal, MTV states that the early nu metal group Korn arrived in 1993 into the burgeoning alternative metal scene, which would morph into nü-metal the way college rock became alternative rock. Stereogum has similarly claimed that nu metal was a outgrowth of the Lollapalooza-era alt-metal scene. Nu metal merges elements of metal music with elements of other music genres such as grunge, hip hop, funk. Nu metal bands also are influenced by and use elements of genres of metal music such as death metal, rap metal, groove metal, funk metal, alternative metal. Some nu metal bands such as Static-X and Dope made nu metal music elements of industrial metal. Nu metal music is heavily syncopated and is based mostly on guitar riffs, mid-song bridges and a general lack of guitar solos contrasts it with other genres of heavy metal. N its efforts to tune down and simplify riffs, nu-metal effectively drove a stake through the heart of the guitar solo. Another contrast with other metal genres is nu metals emphasis on rhythm, rather than on complexity or mood. The wah pedal is occasionally featured in nu metal music, Nu metal guitar riffs occasionally are similar to death metal guitar riffs. Nu metal bassists and drummers are often influenced by funk and hip hop, respectively, blast beats, which are common in heavy metal subgenres such as black metal and death metal, are extremely rare in nu metal. sound a Mack truck being crushed by a collapsing skyscraper. Some nu metal bands use seven-string guitars that are generally down-tuned, likewise, some bass guitarists use five-string and six-string instruments. Bass guitar-playing in nu metal often features an emphasis on elements such as slap bass, a percussive style of playing in which the thumb slaps the low strings
Nu metal
–
The nu metal band Slipknot, who are known for their use of costumes and masks, performing in
Buenos Aires in 2005.
Nu metal
–
Korn's
bassist Reginald Arvizu showing nu metal fashion with baggy cargo pants, a baggy shirt and dreadlocks.
Nu metal
–
Korn helped break nu metal into the mainstream.
Nu metal
–
Limp Bizkit in 2009
75.
Blackgaze
–
Blackgaze is a fusion genre combining elements of black metal and shoegazing. Blackgaze marries the harsh, alien instrumentation of black metal with the mellower, the Guardian named Deafheaven blackgazes de facto poster boys, the most likely to open up black metal to an even wider audience, and Exclaim. Described their sophomore album Sunbather – the most critically acclaimed album of 2013 on Metacritic – as seminal to blackgaze, also credits Neige with pioneering the style, while noting that American band Deafheaven has pushed the genre to greater prominence. Deafheavens vocalist George Clarke himself cites the work of Burzum as the blueprint for the musical direction. However, this reaction was vastly overshadowed by universal acclaim for the album. Deafheaven have also managed to gather widespread appeal by way of playing music festivals. Alcest Altar of Plagues Amesoeurs Bosse-de-Nage Deafheaven Ghost Bath Vaura
Blackgaze
76.
Industrial rock
–
Industrial rock is a musical genre that fuses industrial music and specific rock subgenres. Like most industrial subgenres, industrial rock is generally dark. Experimental 60s group Cromagnon are said to have one of the bands that helped foresee the birth of industrial rock. Specifically, their song Caledonia has been noted for its pre-industrial stomp, Industrial music was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the punk rock revolution and disco fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, SPK, many other artists have been cited as influences such as Kraftwerk and Gary Numan and Tubeway Army as well as Einstürzende Neubauten. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial-musical elements into a variety of musical styles, some post-punk performers developed styles parallel to industrial musics defining attributes. Pere Ubus debut, The Modern Dance, was described as industrial, so was San Franciscos Chrome, who mixed Jimi Hendrix, The Sex Pistols and tape music experiments, and Killing Joke, considered by Simon Reynolds as a post-punk version of heavy metal. According to Chris Connelly, Foetus is the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to hardcore punk, the New York City band Swans were inspired by the local No Wave scene, as well as punk rock, noise music and the original industrial groups. Steve Albinis Big Black followed a path, while also incorporating American hardcore punk. Big Black has also been associated with post-hardcore and noise rock. Industrial rocks true commercial breakthrough took place with the rise of the metal bands, Ministry, Marilyn Manson. Records Nothing Records Industrial rock musical groups Industrial rock sales and awards List of industrial music bands Blush, concrete, Bulletproof, Invisible + Fried, My Life as a Revolting Cock. The Mojo Collection, The greatest albums of all time, rip it up and start again, Postpunk 1978-1984. Atari Teenage Riot,60 second wipe out
Industrial rock
–
Trent Reznor, founder of popular industrial rock project
Nine Inch Nails
77.
Math rock
–
Math rock is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures, counterpoint, odd time signatures, angular melodies, and extended, often dissonant, chords. This rhythmic complexity, seen as mathematical in character by many listeners, the sound is usually dominated by guitars and drums as in traditional rock, and because of the complex rhythms, the drums section of math rock groups tend to be more salient than in other genres. It is commonplace to find guitarists in rock groups using the tapping method of guitar playing. Guitars are also played in clean tones more than in other upbeat rock songs. Lyrics are generally not the focus of math rock, the voice is treated as just another sound in the mix. Often, vocals are not overdubbed, and are positioned low in the mix, as in the style of Steve Albini. Many of math rocks most famous groups are entirely instrumental such as Don Caballero or Hella, the term math rock has often been passed off as a joke that has developed into what some believe is a musical style. An advocate of this is Matt Sweeney, singer with Chavez, the Canadian punk rock group Nomeansno have been cited by music critics as a secret influence on math rock, predating much of the genres development by more than a decade. An even more group of the same era, Massacre, featured the guitarist Fred Frith. With some influence from the energy of punk, Massacres influential music used complex rhythmic characteristics. Black Flags 1984 album My War also included unusual polyrhythms, bands such as Because of Ghosts, The Sinking Citizenship, and My Disco emerged in the early 2000s in Melbourne. The European math rock scene started in the late 90s to early 2000, including such as Adebisi Shank, Kobong, The Redneck Manifesto, Three Trapped Tigers and This Town Needs Guns. The most significant Japanese groups include Ruins, Zeni Geva, Boredoms, Aburadako, Tricot, yona-Kit is a collaboration between Japanese and U. S. musicians. Other Japanese groups which incorporate math rock in their music include Ling Tosite Sigure, Toe, Zazen Boys, Lite, skin Graft Records and Tzadik Records have released Japanese math rock albums in the United States. Bands from Washington, D. C. include The Dismemberment Plan, Shudder to Think, Hoover, Faraquet,1.6 Band, Autoclave, later Jawbox, the Richmond, VA-based Breadwinner inspired bands such as Fulflej and Lamb of God. Polvo of Chapel Hill, North Carolina is often considered math rock, in California, math rock groups from San Diego include Upsilon Acrux, Drive Like Jehu, Antioch Arrow, Tristeza, No Knife, Heavy Vegetable and Sleeping People. Northern California was the base of Game Theory and The Loud Family, the origin of Game Theorys name is mathematical, suggesting a nearly mathy sound cited as IQ rock. Bands in the late 90s and 2000s, such as This Town Needs Guns and American Football, began combining Math rock and Emo, in the mid-2000s, many math rock bands enjoyed renewed popularity
Math rock
–
Slint performing
Spiderland in its entirety at the Pitchfork Music Festival
78.
Neo-psychedelia
–
Neo-psychedelia is a diverse style of music that originated in the 1970s as an outgrowth of the British post-punk scene. Its practitioners drew from the sounds of 1960s psychedelic music. After post-punk, neo-psychedelia flourished into a widespread and international movement of artists who applied the spirit of psychedelic rock to new sounds. Neo-psychedelia may also include forays into pop, jangly guitar rock, heavily distorted free-form jams. A wave of British alternative rock in the early 1990s spawned the subgenres dream pop, neo-psychedelic acts borrowed a variety of elements from 1960s psychedelic music. Some emulated the psychedelic pop of bands like the Beatles and early Pink Floyd, others adopted Byrds-influenced guitar rock, or distorted free-form jams and sonic experimentalism of the 1960s. Some neo-psychedelia has been focused on drug use and experiences, and like acid house of the same age, projects transitory, ephemeral. Other bands have used neo-psychedelia to accompany surreal or political lyrics, in the view of author Erik Morse, The distinctions between British and American neo-psychedelia were best described as the differences between primitivism and primalism. Psychedelic rock declined towards the end of the 1960s, as bands broke up or moved into new forms of music, including heavy metal music, like the psychedelic developments of the late 1960s, punk rock and new wave in the 1970s challenged the rock music establishment. At the time, new wave was a term used interchangeably with the nascent punk rock explosion, in 1978, journalist Greg Shaw categorized a subset of new wave music as neo-psychedelia, citing Devo, to an extent. The new darling of the new press and opion-makers, yet nothing about it is remotely punk. Shaw wrote that in England, neo-psychedelia was known as punk, noting self-advertised psychedelic punk band. By 1978–79, new wave was considered independent from punk and post-punk, author Clinton Heylin marks the second half of year 1977 and the first half of year 1978 as the true starting-point for English post-punk. Some of the bands, including the Soft Boys, the Teardrop Explodes. The early 1980s Paisley Underground movement followed neo-psychedelia, originating in Los Angeles, the movement saw a number of young bands who were influenced by the psychedelia of the late 1960s and all took different elements of it. The term Paisley Underground was later expanded to others from outside the city. The late 1980s would see the birth of shoegazing, which, among other influences, reynolds referred to this movement as a rash of blurry, neo-psychedelic bands in a 1992 article in The Observer. With loud walls of sound, where individual instruments and even vocals were often indistinguishable, major shoegaze acts included Ride, Lush, Chapterhouse, and The Boo Radleys, who enjoyed considerable attention in the UK but largely failed to break through in the US
Neo-psychedelia
–
Pioneering neo-psychedelic band
Echo & the Bunnymen onstage in Amsterdam, in 2006
Neo-psychedelia
–
Tame Impala onstage at the V Festival in 2009
79.
New rave
–
New rave is a fusion genre that incorporates elements of electronic music, new wave, rock, indie, techno, mashup, breakbeat hardcore and electro house. The British music magazine NME is largely responsible for popularising the term throughout 2006 and 2007, the genre has connotations of being a new version of rave as well as being a play on the term new wave. The aesthetics of the new rave scene are similar to those of the rave scene. Glowsticks, neon and other lights are common, and followers of the scene often dress in extremely bright, New Rave has been defined more by the image and aesthetic of its bands and supporters, than by its music. Trash Fashion lead singer, Jet Storm, and Electro heroine Uffie, have described as the scenes very own pin ups. Nevertheless, the use of instruments, a musical fusion of rock and dance styles. Klaxons, Trash Fashion, New Young Pony Club, Hadouken, late of the Pier and Shitdisco are generally accepted as the main exponents of the genre. The term was coined by Angular Records founder Joe Daniel and was featured on the An Angular Disco flyer used to advertise Klaxonss first gig. Klaxons later declared they were not new rave, describing it as a joke thats got out of hand and that the term was originally ironic, not serious. In reaction to the overkill of the genre, Klaxons banned the use of glowsticks at their gigs in April 2007. The whole idea of new rave was to take the piss out of the media by making them talk about something that didnt exist, just for our own amusement. And theyd say, I appreciate that, but can you tell me more about new rave. I. A, the sound of the original rave style is barely discernible in the majority of bands referred to as new rave. Bands such as The Sunshine Underground, Cansei de Ser Sexy, M. I. A. has been described as a new raver before it was old. Several have publicly declared they had nothing to do with the genre, stylist Carri Mundane described it as funny, saying New Rave was Vacant in retro. I guess it was a fun time but I’m more excited about what happens now, the next level - the next generation. There’s a mood of neo-spiritualism and futurism that excites me, the new rave scene can be viewed as a media construct, largely propounded by the NME and TRAX, with other publications treating the subject as a joke. Critic John Harris has stated in The Guardian newspaper that the genre is nothing more than a piss-poor supposed youthquake that will go out of fashion in the same way as rave. In series 3 of the BBC comedy The Mighty Boosh, the song Eels sung by Noel Fielding made satirical references to new rave, Rave Dog - a documentary about Trash Fashion and new rave on the Channel 4 programme FourDocs
New rave
–
Klaxons in concert in 2007
80.
Noise rock
–
Noise rock is a diverse style of experimental rock that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s. Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth, while the music had been around for some time, the term noise rock was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach. An archetypal album is the Velvet Undergrounds White Light/White Heat, treblezines Joe Gross credits the cult classic with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, perhaps it’s an obvious starting point, but it’s also the starting point. Sonic Youths Thurston Moore explained, Noise has taken the place of punk rock, people who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the folk scene have replaced it. Starting in the 1990s, noise punk developed mostly as a form of party music, with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island
Noise rock
–
Steve Albini
Noise rock
–
Melt-Banana
Noise rock
–
Lightning Bolt
Noise rock
–
Comparative Anatomy
81.
Pagan rock
–
Pagan rock is music created by adherents of one of the many Neopagan and occult traditions that emerged in the middle to late 20th century. In some cases this definition is stretched to include bands embraced by modern Pagans, bands in this genre will often use pagan and occult imagery and deal with pagan themes. The term Pagan rock differentiates the genre from new-age music, and from the folk music found at many Neopagan events. In many ways, the label of Pagan rock carries with it the same complexities, like contemporary Christian music, it is more an umbrella term than a cohesive musical genre. Since the appearance of Inkubus Sukkubus, many rock and darkwave bands have emerged with Neopagan members. Aesma Daeva Arcana Ataraxia Ava Inferi Babylon Whores Black Sun Prophets Blood Ceremony Boiled in Lead Cantata Sangui Cauda Pavonis Cheshire Moon Chronilus Coil Coven Corvus Corax T
Pagan rock
–
Candia Ridley of
Inkubus Sukkubus.
82.
Pop punk
–
Pop punk is a punk rock music genre and a fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with elements of pop music. Pop punk typically combines fast punk rock tempos, power chord changes and loud, distorted guitars with pop-influenced melodies. Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a style that was stylistically similar to power pop. By the mid-1980s, several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new, faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty, Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s. Pop punk particularly thrived in California, where independent record labels adopted a do it approach to releasing music. By the mid-1990s, a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive radio and television airplay. By 1994, pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity, the late 1990s, exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182s Enema of the State, represented the genres mainstream peak, although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s. In the mid-2000s, emo pop, a genre combining emo and pop punk. By the end of the 2000s, the pop sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity. Pop punk typically merges upbeat pop melodies with catchy hooks, catchy choruses, harmonies, speedy tempos, punk rock power chord changes and loud, distorted electric guitars. About. com has described second-wave pop punk bands as having a radio friendly sheen to their music, club, pop punk often pits sweet harmonies against bratty, rowdy riffs. Lyrical topics that are common in pop punk include love, lust, drunkenness, adolescence, cartoonish violence, some pop punk lyrics focus on jokes and humor. Some pop punk music features elements of rock, power pop. According to Ryan Cooper of About. com, pop punk is a style that more to the Beatles. It is not clear when the pop punk was first used. Protopunk and power pop bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s helped lay the groundwork for the pop punk sound, the Beatles, the Kinks and the Beach Boys all paved the way for pop punk. With their love of the Beach Boys and late 1960s bubblegum pop, the Ramones loud and fast melodic minimalism differentiated them from other bands in New York Citys budding art rock scene, but pop punk was not considered a separate subgenre until later. An early use of the pop punk appeared in a 1977 New York Times article, Cabaret
Pop punk
–
The
Ramones performing in Norway in 1980.
Pop punk
–
The
Descendents "wrote almost surfy, Beach Boys–inspired songs about girls and food and being young(ish)".
Pop punk
–
Green Day frontman
Billie Joe Armstrong performing in 1994.
Pop punk
–
Blink-182 's
Enema of the State (1999) "marked a complete shift in how music television, radio and the world at large viewed [pop punk]."
83.
Riot grrrl
–
Riot grrrl is an underground feminist punk movement that originated in the early 1990s in Washington state and the greater Pacific Northwest. It also had origins in Washington, D. C and it is a subcultural movement that combines feminist consciousness and punk style and politics. It is often associated with feminism, which is sometimes seen as its starting point. Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as rape, domestic abuse, sexuality, racism, patriarchy, in addition to a music scene and genre, riot grrrl is a subculture involving a DIY ethic, zines, art, political action, and activism. Riot grrrls are known to hold meetings, start chapters, and support, during the late 1970s and early and mid-1980s there were a number of female punk and rock musicians that later influenced the riot grrrl ethos. The 1980s also featured a number of folk singers from New York whose lyrics were realistic and socio-political. In 1987, the magazine Sassy premiered and dealt with subjects that conventional magazines aimed at teenage girls did not. An article Women, sex and rock and roll published by Puncture in 1989 became the first manifesto of the movement, in 1991, a radio program hosted by Lois Maffeo entitled Your Dream Girl aimed at angry young women debuted on Olympia, Washington radio station KAOS. During the early 1990s the Seattle/Olympia Washington area had a sophisticated do it yourself infrastructure, young women involved in underground music scenes took advantage of this to articulate their feminist thoughts and desires through creating punk-rock fanzines and forming garage bands. The political model of collage-based, photocopied handbills and booklets was already used by the movement as a way to activate underground music, leftist politics. There was a discomfort among many women in the movement who felt that they had no space for organizing. Many women found that while they identified with a larger, music-oriented subculture, Women at the punk-rock shows saw themselves as girlfriends of the boys, so they took it upon themselves to represent their own interests by making their own fanzines, music and art. Young feminist voices were heard through multiple protests, actions, and events such as the opening night of the International Pop Underground Convention. Uses and meanings of the riot grrrl developed slowly over time. Bratmobile member Jen Smith, used the phrase girl riot in a letter to Allison Wolfe describing the atmosphere among women in the city. Riot grrrls took a double or triple r, placing it in the word girl. Although theyre known for frequently denying exclusive credit for the movement, Kathleen Hanna had been studying at The Evergreen State College in Olympia. She participated in a collective art gallery called Reko Muse
Riot grrrl
–
Allison Wolfe,
Anna Oxygen and
Jen Smith at a 2011 conference
Riot grrrl
–
Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill in 1996
Riot grrrl
–
Carrie Brownstein of Excuse 17 and Sleater-Kinney
84.
Anorak (slang)
–
Anorak /ˈænəræk/ is a British slang which refers to a person who has a very strong interest, perhaps obsessive, in niche subjects. This interest may be unacknowledged or not understood by the general public, the term is sometimes used synonymously with geek or nerd, or the Japanese term otaku, albeit referring to different niches. Roy Cropper, a character from the popular British soap opera Coronation Street, is a portrayal of an anorak. Former British Prime Minister John Major, derided by many for perceived dullness, was described by Anthony Seldon as an obsessive political anorak, indie pop band Another Sunny Day released a single called Anorak City in 1988 on Sarah Records. The anoraks described in the lyrics are independent pop fans, Marillion titled their twelfth studio album Anoraknophobia, referring to the long running in-joke that Marillion fans are sometimes called freaks or anoraks. The album cover, tour edition releases, and related press materials feature cartoon graphics of a boy wearing a rain parka, and holding a wire coat hanger by its hook. Inside the liner notes for the edition of the album, there is a photograph of each of the band members posed in a similar manner. In the 2011 Ernest Cline novel Ready Player One, Anorak is the name of James Hallidays avatar, the 2006 BBC TV detective drama series Mayo featured a crime scene expert nicknamed Anorak. Her character combined relish for her work with a quick flippancy and this provided a gentle balance with the electric repartee of her three colleagues, including the pedantic, sardonic Mayo. Mayo was an anorak in a different field - grammar, Anorak of Fire is a 1998 TV movie about a teenaged trainspotter. Michaela Simon saw a connection between geeks and high-functioning autism. Simons article exhibits one of the uses of anorak as a synonym of nerd or spotter in the German language. Tony Attwood went as far as to write a book called Confessions of an Autism Anorak and he explains further connections between autism as such and the anorak status in general, based on the extreme male brain theory of Simon Baron-Cohen
Anorak (slang)
–
French steam anoraks in jackets
85.
Britpop
–
The most successful bands associated with the movement are Oasis, Blur, Suede and Pulp, those groups would come to be known as its big four. The timespan of Britpop is generally considered to be 1993-1997, with 1994-1995, an influence they shared in particular was the Smiths. These bands were joined by others including Oasis, Pulp, The Verve, Supergrass, Cast, Placebo, Space, Sleeper. Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia, the Battle of Britpop brought Britpop to the forefront of the British press in 1995. By 1997, however, the movement began to slow down, many began to falter. The popularity of the pop group the Spice Girls snatched the spirit of the age from those responsible for Britpop. Although its more popular bands were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement largely fell apart by the end of the decade. Britpop bands show elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music, attitude, and clothing. Specific influences vary, Blur and Oasis drew from the Kinks, regardless, Britpop artists project a sense of reverence for British pop sounds of the past. Alternative rock acts from the scene of the Eighties and early Nineties were the direct ancestors of the Britpop movement. The influence of the Smiths is common to the majority of Britpop artists, local identity and regional British accents are common to Britpop groups, as well as references to British places and culture in lyrics and image. Stylistically, Britpop bands use catchy hooks and lyrics that were relevant to young British people of their own generation, Britpop bands conversely denounced grunge as irrelevant and having nothing to say about their lives. Damon Albarn of Blur summed up the attitude in 1993 when after being asked if Blur were a band he said, Well. If punk was about getting rid of hippies, then Im getting rid of grunge, in spite of the professed disdain for the genres, some elements of both crept into the more enduring facets of Britpop. The imagery associated with Britpop was equally British and working class, a rise in unabashed maleness, exemplified by Loaded magazine and lad culture in general, would be very much part of the Britpop era. The emphasis on British reference points made it difficult for the genre to achieve success in the US, journalist John Harris has suggested that Britpop began when Blurs single Popscene and Suedes The Drowners were released around the same time in the spring of 1992. He stated, f Britpop started anywhere, it was the deluge of acclaim that greeted Suedes first records, all of them audacious, successful and very, very British. Suede were the first of the new crop of guitar-orientated bands to be embraced by the UK music media as Britains answer to Seattles grunge sound and their debut album Suede became the fastest-selling debut album in the history of the UK
Britpop
–
The Stone Roses playing live.
Britpop
–
Cover of the 12 August 1995 issue of NME advertising the "British Heavyweight Championship" battle between Oasis and Blur
Britpop
–
Oasis playing live.
86.
Industrial metal
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Founding industrial metal acts include Ministry, Godflesh, and KMFDM. Industrial metal developed in the late 1980s, as industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre, in the early years of the 21st century, groups from the black metal scene began to incorporate elements of industrial music. Industrial metal did well in the early 1990s, particularly in North America, the industrial metal movement began to fade in the latter half of the 1990s. Though electric guitars had used by industrial artists since the early days of the genre. British post-punk band Killing Joke pioneered the crossing over between styles, and was an influence on industrial metal bands such as Ministry, Godflesh. Another pioneer industrial rock group, Big Black, also impacted some later groups, by the late 1980s industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre, with Godfleshs self-titled EP and Ministrys The Land of Rape and Honey at the forefront. Godflesh was founded by former Napalm Death guitarist Justin Broadrick, though not a top-seller, Godflesh nonetheless became an influential act, their name mentioned by Korn, Metallica, Danzig, Faith No More, and Fear Factory. Ministry emerged from the scene surrounding Wax Trax, Records, a Chicago label dedicated to industrial music. Ministrys initial foray into guitar rock happened during a session of The Land of Rape and Honey on Southern Studios. The bands frontman, the Cuban-born Al Jourgensen, explained this transition, after the release of Land, he recruited guitarist Mike Scaccia from Texas thrashers Rigor Mortis. On one occasion, Jourgensen told the press that Sepultura was his favorite band and he also expressed the desire to produce a Metallica album. German band KMFDM was another seminal industrial metal group, although not a metal fan, KMFDM leader Sascha Konietzkos infatuation with ripping off metal licks stemmed from his experiments with E-mus Emax sampler in late 1986. He told Guitar World that, A Swiss trio, The Young Gods, brushed with the style on their second album, the rivethead subculture also developed at this time, along with the so-called coldwave subgenre, which encompassed Chemlab,16 Volt, and Acumen Nation. Some electro-industrial groups adopted industrial metal techniques in this period, including Skinny Puppy, british band Pitchshifter, formed in 1989 by brothers Jon and Mark Clayden, also started as an industrial metal band. The band later included elements of drum and bass, frontman JS mentions Industrial metals popularity led a number of successful thrash metal groups, including Megadeth, Sepultura, and Anthrax, to request remixes by industrial artists. Some musicians emerging from the metal scene, such as Fear Factory, Nailbomb. Fear Factory, from Los Angeles, were influenced by the Earache roster. The German band Oomph. after their debut album Sperm started to play Industrial metal combined with elements of death metal, Sepultura singer Max Cavaleras Nailbomb, a collaboration with Alex Newport, also practiced a combination of extreme metal and industrial production techniques
Industrial metal
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Al Jourgensen with Revolting Cocks
Industrial metal
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Rammstein Live at Madison Square Garden.
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Lollapalooza
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Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ is an annual music festival featuring popular alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and EDM bands and artists, dance and comedy performances and craft booths. It has also provided a platform for non-profit and political groups, conceived and created in 1991 by Janes Addiction singer Perry Farrell as a farewell tour for his band, Lollapalooza ran annually until 1997, and was revived in 2003. From its inception through 1997 and its revival in 2003, the festival toured North America, in 2004, the festival organizers decided to expand the dates to two days per city, but poor ticket sales forced the 2004 tour to be cancelled. In 2011, the company Geo Events confirmed the Brazilian version of the event, the music festival hosts more than 160,000 people over a two or three day period. Lollapalooza is broadcast live and globally on Red Bull TV and its earliest known use was in 1896. In time the term came to refer to a large lollipop. Farrell, searching for a name for his festival, liked the euphonious quality of the term upon hearing it in a Three Stooges short film. Paying homage to the double meaning, a character in the festivals original logo holds one of the lollipops. The word has caused a slang suffix to appear in event-planning circles as well as in news and opinion shows that is used synonymously with other suffixes like a-go-go, o-rama. The suffix palooza is often used to imply that an event or crowd was made over that term, e. g. Parks-apalooza, Nipple-apalooza. Another key concept behind Lollapalooza was the inclusion of non-musical features, performers like the Jim Rose Circus Side Show, an alternative freak show, and the Shaolin monks stretched the boundaries of traditional rock culture. There was a tent for display of art pieces, virtual reality games and it was at Lollapalooza where Farrell coined the term Alternative Nation. Punk rock standbys like mosh pits and crowd surfing became part of the canon of the concerts, after 1991, the festival included a second stage for up-and-coming bands or local acts. Attendee complaints of the festival included high ticket prices as well as the high cost for food, grunge band Nirvana was scheduled to headline at the festival in 1994, but the band officially dropped out of the festival on April 7,1994. Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobains body was discovered in Seattle the next day, Cobains widow, Courtney Love, made guest appearances at several shows, including the Philadelphia show at FDR Park, speaking to the crowds about the loss, then singing a minimum of two songs. In 1996, Farrell, who had been the soul of the festival, decided to focus his energy to produce his new project, ENIT. Moreover, festival cofounder Farrell felt that Metallicas macho image violated his peaceful vision for the festival, Farrell quit the tour in protest. Responding to the controversial Metallica tour, Lollapalooza made efforts to revive its relevance to audiences, the festival booked eclectic acts such as country superstar Waylon Jennings in 1996, and emphasized heavily electronica groups such as The Orb and The Prodigy in 1997
Lollapalooza
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Lollapalooza 2011.
Lollapalooza
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Nine Inch Nails frontman
Trent Reznor during the 1991 Lollapalooza festival.
Lollapalooza
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Lady Gaga performed first at the festival in 2007 with
Lady Starlight before she was famous. (left) She returned three years later in 2010 with the
Semi Precious Weapons as an internationally known singer. (right)
Lollapalooza
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Features and attractions
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