1.
Kennedy family
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The Kennedy family is an American family that has been prominent in American politics, public service, and business during the 20th century. Three of the four sons of Joseph, Sr. and Rose Kennedy served as senator, the first Kennedys to reside in the United States were Patrick Kennedy and Bridget Murphy, who sailed from Ireland to East Boston in 1849. Their son Patrick Joseph went into Massachusetts politics and business, P. J. s brother-in-law, Charles M. Hickey, served as mayor of Brockton, Massachusetts in 1913. Under President Franklin D. Josephs wife was Rose Fitzgerald, whose father, John F. Fitzgerald, served as a senator, member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Joseph and Rose had nine children, Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, John served as the President of the United States, while Robert and Ted both became prominent senators. Every Kennedy to hold elective office has served as a Democrat while other members of the family have worked for the Democratic Party or held Cabinet posts under Democratic administrations. Many have attended Harvard University, and the family has contributed greatly to that universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government, Joseph originally hoped for his eldest son, Joseph Jr. to become a politician and ultimately to be elected President. After Joseph Jr. was killed in World War II, Joseph Sr. s hopes transferred to his second son, during his presidency, John appointed Robert as Attorney General. Meanwhile, Ted was elected to the Senate in 1962, the family received intense publicity during Johns term as President, often emphasizing their relative youth, allure, education, and future in politics. The family suffered many tragedies, which contributed to the idea of the Kennedy curse, Kathleen, and John Jr. all died in airplane crashes. Italics denote members who married into the family, only members who held political office are shown below. P. J. Kennedy, Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1884–89, member of the Massachusetts Senate, John F. Caroline Kennedy, United States Ambassador to Japan, 2013–17. Bobby Shriver, Member of the Santa Monica, California City Council, 2004–12, maria Shriver, First Lady of California, 2003–11, married Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chairman of the Presidents Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition, 1990–93, and governor of California, 2003–11. Mark Shriver, Member of the Maryland House of Delegates, 1995–2003, Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General 1961–64, United States senator from New York, 1965–68. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant governor of Maryland, 1995–2003, Joseph P. Kennedy II, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, 1987–99. Joseph P. Kennedy III, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Jean Kennedy Smith, United States Ambassador to Ireland, 1993–98. Ted Kennedy, United States senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009, edward M. Kennedy Jr. Member of the Connecticut Senate, 2015–present. Patrick J. Kennedy, Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, 1989–93, member of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island, the Kennedys, A Family Tree, St
Kennedy family
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Members of the Kennedy family at the birthday of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. in September 1963.
Kennedy family
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Kennedy
Kennedy family
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Life
Kennedy family
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Electoral history
2.
Robert F. Kennedy
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Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts. He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was previously the 64th U. S. Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, serving under his older brother President John F. Kennedy and his successor, Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and is seen as an icon of modern American liberalism. After serving in the United States Naval Reserve as a Seaman Apprentice from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, prior to entering public office, he worked as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Joe McCarthy. Kennedy was the manager for his brother John in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed Attorney General after the election and served as the closest adviser to the president from 1961 to 1963. His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the Civil Rights Movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, after his brothers assassination, he remained in office in the Johnson administration for a few months. He left to run for the United States Senate in New York in 1964, in 1968, Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, he appealed especially to poor, African-American, Hispanic, Catholic and young voters. Robert F. Kennedy was born on November 20,1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts and his older brothers were Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. and John F. Jack Kennedy, who was elected the 35th President of the United States in 1960. His younger brother was longtime United States Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy, all four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a businessman and a leading Irish Catholic figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr. expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedys hopes fell on his son, John. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a role in the familys political ambitions. Kennedys older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John would take him for walks and regale him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, John sometimes referred to Robert as Black Robert due to his prudishness and disposition. He described his position in the hierarchy by saying, When you come from that far down
Robert F. Kennedy
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Kennedy appearing before the Platform Committee, 1964
Robert F. Kennedy
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The Kennedy family at Hyannisport in 1931 with Robert on bottom left in jacket. Ted was born the following year.
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Robert, Ted, and President John F. Kennedy outside the Oval Office in 1963.
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Kennedy speaking to a civil rights crowd in front of the Justice Department on June 14, 1963.
3.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
4.
Northwestern University
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Composed of twelve schools and colleges, Northwestern offers 124 undergraduate degrees and 145 graduate and professional degrees. Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named and its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855, women were admitted in 1869, today, the main campus is a 240-acre parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The universitys law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre campus in Chicagos Streeterville neighborhood, in 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication. In 2016, Northwestern opened its San Francisco space at 44 Montgomery St. which hosts journalism, engineering, Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program and it attracts over $650 million in sponsored research each year. Northwestern has the tenth largest university endowment in the United States, in 2017, the university accepted 9. 0% of undergraduate applicants from a pool of 37,255. Northwestern is a member of the Big Ten Conference and remains the only private university in the conference. The Northwestern Wildcats compete in 19 intercollegiate sports in the NCAAs Division I Big Ten Conference, on January 28,1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The schools nine founders, all of whom were Methodists, knelt in prayer, John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5,1855, to raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 perpetual scholarships entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Willard Residential College is named in her honor, Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874. Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917, in 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps in the 1920s, after the golden years of the 1920s, the Great Depression in the United States hit Northwestern hard. Its annual income dropped 25 percent from $4.8 million in 1930-31 to $3.6 million in 1933-34. Investment income shrank, fewer parents could pay full tuition, and annual giving from alumni, the university responded with two salary cuts of 10 percent each for all employees. It imposed a freeze, a building freeze, and slashed appropriations for maintenance, books
Northwestern University
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University Hall (1869), the second building constructed on campus, and the oldest building still standing.
Northwestern University
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Northwestern University
Northwestern University
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Deering Library (1933)
Northwestern University
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Technological Institute in 1942, after the relocation of Patten Gymnasium but before the construction of the Lakefill
5.
Ethel Skakel Kennedy
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Ethel Skakel Kennedy is an American human-rights campaigner and widow of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who was assassinated while running for nomination as Democratic presidential candidate in 1968. As Ethel Skakel, she was a classmate of Kennedys sister Jean at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart and she and Kennedy married in 1950 and had seven sons and four daughters. Their house, Hickory Hill at McLean, Virginia, was the scene of exclusive parties, soon after her husbands death, she founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights, a nonprofit charity working to realize RFKs dream of a just and peaceful world. In 2009, Ethel Kennedy was among the mourners at the funeral of her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy. In 2014, President Barack Obama awarded her a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago to businessman George Skakel and secretary Ann Brannack. She was the Skakels third daughter and sixth child, having five older siblings, Georgeann, James, George Jr. Rushton, and Patricia, George was a Protestant of Dutch descent while Ann was a Catholic of Irish ancestry. Ethel and her siblings were raised Catholic in Greenwich, Connecticut, George Skakel was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of SGLCarbon. She attended the all-girls Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, as well as the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Manhattan, in September 1945, she began her college education at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, where she was a classmate of Jean Ann Kennedy. Ethel first met Jeans brother Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy during a ski trip to Mont Tremblant Resort in Quebec in December 1945, during this trip, he began dating Ethels elder sister, Patricia. After Kennedy and Patricias relationship ended, he began dating Ethel and she campaigned for his elder brother John Fitzgerald Jack Kennedy in his 1946 campaign for the United States Congress, and wrote her college thesis on his book Why England Slept. Robert and Ethel became engaged in February 1950, and were married on June 17,1950 and her wedding dress and bridal party gowns were created by noted New York City fashion designer Mamie Conti. As newlyweds, the moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, where they lived while Robert Kennedy finished his last year at the University of Virginia Law School. The couple had children, Kathleen, Joseph, Robert Jr. David, Courtney, Michael, Kerry, Christopher, Max, Douglas. Rory was born after Senator Kennedy was assassinated, after Robert F. Kennedy graduated with his law degree, the family settled in the Washington, D. C. area and Bobby went to work for the Department of Justice. That path did not last long, as Kennedy was asked by his family to manage his brother John Kennedys successful 1952 Senate campaign in Massachusetts, throughout the 1950s, he worked for the federal government in investigatory roles for the United States Senate. In 1956, the Kennedys purchased Hickory Hill from Bobbys brother Jack and his wife and they needed a larger house, since Ethel was pregnant with their fifth child, Courtney. This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on 6 acres in McLean, Robert and Ethel Kennedy held many gatherings at their home. Whether it was a party or a formal dinner party
Ethel Skakel Kennedy
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Ethel Skakel Kennedy, c. mid 1960s
Ethel Skakel Kennedy
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Life
6.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Sr. was an American businessman, investor, and politician known for his high-profile positions in United States politics. Kennedy was married to Rose Kennedy, three of their nine children attained distinguished political positions, President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy. He was a member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community. He was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be the first chairman of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and later directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until late 1940, in the 1920s Kennedy made huge profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios, ultimately merging several acquisitions into Radio-Keith-Orpheum studios. His company, Somerset Importers, became the exclusive American agent for Gordons Gin, in addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries, a firm in Canada. He owned the largest office building in the country, Chicagos Merchandise Mart, giving his family an important base in that city, Kennedy allowed surgeons to perform a lobotomy on his daughter Rosemary Kennedy in 1941. Various reasons for the operation have been given, but it left her permanently incapacitated, Kennedy resigned under pressure shortly afterwards. In later years, Kennedy worked behind the scenes to continue building the financial and political fortunes of the Kennedy family, after a disabling stroke in 1961, Kennedy developed aphasia and lost all power of speech, but remained mentally intact. He was confined to a wheelchair until his death in 1969, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of businessman and politician Patrick Joseph P. J. Kennedy. He had a younger brother Francis, and two sisters, Mary and Margaret. All four of Joes grandparents had immigrated to Massachusetts in the 1840s to escape the Irish famine and he was born into a highly sectarian society, where Irish Catholics were excluded by upper-class Boston Brahmins. Boston Irish thus became active in the Democratic Party, which included P. J. P. J. Kennedy followed in the footsteps of older cousins by attending Harvard College. He focused on becoming a leader, working energetically to gain admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club. While at Harvard he joined the Delta Upsilon International fraternity and played on the baseball team, in 1937, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University. On October 7,1914, Kennedy married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald, honey Fitz Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine Josie Hannon. The marriage joined two of the citys most prominent political families, as Kennedys business success expanded, he and his family kept homes in the Boston area, suburban New York City, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, and Palm Beach, Florida
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Kennedy yearbook photo from Boston Latin School
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Rose (shown with Joe Jr.) married Joe Sr. after college.
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The family at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, 1931. Rosemary Kennedy is seated on the far right.
7.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
John F. Kennedy
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John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
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The Kennedy family at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
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Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the PT-109, 1943.
8.
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
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Kathleen Hartington Kennedy Townsend is an American attorney who was the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1995 to 2003. She ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Maryland in 2002, in 2010 Townsend became the chair of the non-profit American Bridge, an organization whose focus is to raise funds for Democratic candidates and causes. She is a member of the Kennedy family and she was named after her aunt, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington. It was not assumed that the girls in the politically oriented Kennedy family would run for office or become public persons, while she was growing up. However, after her uncle President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, her father wrote her saying, be kind to others and work for your country. Her family gave her the nicknames Clean Kathleen, the Nun, over the summer of 1964, Kennedy won four blue ribbons for her excellence in horsemanship. On August 29,1965, the fourteen-year-old Kennedy was somersaulted by her horse while competing at Sea Flash Farms in West Barnstable and she was left unconscious and bleeding internally and was rushed to Cape Cod Hospital, located fifteen miles away. Her family was en route to Hyannis Port at the time of the incident and was not located for another three hours and she was sixteen when her father was assassinated. She spent most of her childhood in McLean, Virginia, and attended Stone Ridge School in nearby Bethesda and she graduated from The Putney School in Vermont. She attended Radcliffe College, receiving her bachelors degree in history and she then studied at the University of New Mexico School of Law, receiving her Juris Doctor degree in 1978. For several years, she worked as an attorney in New Haven, Connecticut and she also worked on her uncle Ted Kennedys 1980 presidential campaign, stumped for local Democrats, and was a policy analyst for the Massachusetts governors office in the early 1980s. The family moved to Maryland, her husbands home state, in 1984, incumbent Republican Helen Delich Bentley defeated her 59% to 41%. She then went to work for the government of Maryland. In 1994, Parris Glendening was running for Governor in a contested primary against then-Lt. Governor Melvin A. Steinberg when he selected her as his running mate, experts did not believe she would be an asset, but her name recognition and her fund-raising skills, helped him to win. In the general election, Glendening and Townsend beat Republican candidate Ellen Sauerbrey in one of Marylands closest and most controversial gubernatorial elections. After unofficial results indicated that Sauerbrey had lost the election by a narrow margin, the official vote tally declared Glendening the winner by 5,993 votes out of 1.4 million. Sauerbrey hired an election specialist known for aggressive tactics then filed a lawsuit alleging that 50,000 votes had been cast illegally
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
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Townsend in 2001
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
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Life
9.
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
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Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. is an American radio host, environmental activist, author and attorney specializing in environmental law. He is an Irish American, son of Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, Kennedy is President of the Board of Waterkeeper Alliance, a non-profit focused on grass-roots efforts to protect and enhance waterways worldwide. He currently co-hosts Ring of Fire, a nationally syndicated American radio program, Kennedy has written three political books and two childrens books. Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C and he is the third of eleven children born to Senator Robert F. Kennedy and socialite Ethel Skakel Kennedy, and a nephew of World War II casualty Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Jr. President John Fitzgerald Jack Kennedy, and longtime Senator Edward Moore Ted Kennedy, Kennedy was 9 years old when his uncle John F. Kennedy was assassinated while serving as president. Kennedy remembered crying with his father upon seeing him after hearing of his uncles assassination and he had been informed by his mother of President Kennedys death. He was 14 years old when his father was assassinated while running for president in the 1968 election and he spoke and read excerpts from his fathers speeches at the Mass commemorating his death at Arlington National Cemetery. Following his fathers death, Kennedy had difficulty coping and got in trouble at home and with the law, getting arrested for loitering, at 15, Kennedy was expelled from Millbrook School in New York state because of his bad behavior and poor grades. He went on to earn a J. D. from the University of Virginia, in 1983, Kennedy was hired by New York County District Attorney and longtime family friend Robert M. Morgenthau to be an office assistant. In July 1983, after his attempt, Kennedy passed the bar examination in the State of New York. Less than a later he was disbarred and fired from the District Attorneys office for drug abuse. He was readmitted to the bar in 1985, in September 1983, Kennedy was charged with heroin possession in South Dakota when he became ill in the lavatory of an airplane that stopped in Rapid City, South Dakota. In February 1984, he pleaded guilty to a charge of possessing heroin. He was sentenced to community service after being sent to rehab, in 1984, Kennedy joined the Riverkeeper organization to satisfy the 1,500 hours community service to which he was sentenced. Riverkeeper was founded in 1966 by a group of fishermen and residents from New York with the goal of maintaining the purity of New York City drinking water, while there, Kennedy worked with the group to sue alleged polluters of the Hudson River. After his 1,500 hours were complete, the group hired Kennedy as its chief attorney, Robert Boyle, Riverkeepers founder and former president, fired Wegner but Kennedy re-hired him. Eight members of the Riverkeeper board, as well as Boyle, walked out of the meeting in protest of Kennedys actions. Kennedy also founded and is the current chairman of the umbrella organization Waterkeeper Alliance, today there are 191 waterkeeper programs worldwide operating under the trademarked Riverkeeper, Lakekeeper, Baykeeper, or Coastkeeper names
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
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Kennedy in October 2014
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
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Kennedy during a 2007 speech in Urbana, Illinois
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
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Life
10.
David A. Kennedy
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David Anthony Kennedy was the fourth of eleven children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. David Anthony Kennedy, born on June 15,1955 in Washington, D. C. was the child of Robert F. Kennedy. As a child, David was shy, introverted and sensitive, Kennedy had been knocked over by a wave and was trapped on the bottom by the undertow. His father dove under the water and rescued him, scraping and bruising his own forehead in the process, frankenheimer gave Senator Kennedy theatrical makeup to hide the bruise, as he would be appearing on television hours later. The event left a scar on David and he began recreational drug use shortly thereafter. A1973 Jeep accident left Kennedys then girlfriend, Pamela Kelley and his oldest brother, Joseph Kennedy II, had been driving the Jeep and was charged with reckless driving. Kennedy sustained a fractured vertebra and became addicted to the painkillers he was given in the hospital and he began using heroin intravenously that autumn in his final year at Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. Kennedy spent two years as a student at Harvard College, pursuing a major in American history before dropping out in 1976 and he had ambitions of becoming a journalist and spent several months as an intern for a Tennessee newspaper in 1974. Some staff there were impressed with his aptitude, in 1974 Kennedy and his siblings were the target of kidnap threats, and were given Secret Service protection. He was frequently seen in Manhattan discos with a succession of attractive women and his most notable involvement was with British actress Rachel Ward, whom he met in one such establishment in 1979. Kennedy was diagnosed twice with bacterial endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart often associated with the use of intravenous drugs, as well as experiencing drug overdoses in 1976 and 1978, he also had some skirmishes with the law, including speeding offenses and a Driving under the influence~DUI. In the spring of 1984, Kennedy completed a stay at St. Marys Hospital. On April 19, he flew down to Palm Beach, Florida for Easter, Kennedy checked into Room 107 of the Brazilian Court Hotel and spent the next few days partying. On April 25, staff went to check on his welfare at the insistence of concerned family members, he was dead on the floor of his suite from an overdose of cocaine, Demerol. He was interred on April 27 in the plot at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline. David was the first of four of Joseph Kennedys young adult grandchildren to die prematurely and he was later followed in death by his younger brother Michael and cousins John, Jr. and Kara. RFK, A Candid Biography of Bobby Kennedy by C. David Heymann,1998 Searching For The Impossible, the Kennedys, An American Drama by Peter Collier and David Horowitz,1984
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Kennedy in 1968
David A. Kennedy
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Life
11.
Courtney Kennedy Hill
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Mary Courtney Kennedy-Hill is the fifth of the eleven children of Robert Francis Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. Through her job at the Childrens Television Workshop, she met ABC sports producer Jeffrey Robert Ruhe, son of Robert Ruhe, the couple married on June 14,1980, in Washington, D. C. and were divorced in 1990. She married Paul Michael Hill on June 26,1993, on a boat in the Aegean Sea, Hill is an Irishman who was wrongly imprisoned for 15 years after being convicted of several bombings carried out by the IRA. However, he was found to have been convicted unjustly. Kennedy and Hill were reportedly introduced by her mother, the couple have one daughter, Saoirse Roisin Hill. The couple lived in Ireland from 2002 to 2006, in February 2006, they legally separated. Courtney Hill was formerly a representative for the United Nations AIDS Foundation
Courtney Kennedy Hill
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Life
12.
Michael LeMoyne Kennedy
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Michael LeMoyne Kennedy was the sixth of eleven children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C and he was 5 years old when his uncle, President of the United States John F. Kennedy, was assassinated and 10 years old when his father, presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy, also was assassinated. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard College in 1980, Kennedy was the head of his brother Joes non-profit organization, Citizens Energy Corporation. He also helped organize his uncle Ted Kennedys re-election campaign against Mitt Romney in 1994, Kennedy married Victoria Denise Gifford, daughter of former pro-football player and sportscaster Frank Gifford and Maxine Avis Ewart, on March 14,1981, in New York City. They had one son, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy, Jr. and two daughters, Kyle Francis Kennedy, Rory Gifford-Kennedy, and resided in Cohasset, Massachusetts, until his death in December 1997. In 2014, his son Michael, Jr. and wife Mary gave birth to a son, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy III and later a daughter in 2016, Kyle and her husband Liam Kerr had three children, two sons Conor and Declan. A daughter, Josie, who was Conors twin, died in infancy in 2014, in 1997 the news broke that Michael, Sr. was having an affair with the familys former babysitter. Allegations were reported that the affair had begun three years before, when the babysitter was 14 years old. Kennedy took and passed three lie detector tests claiming he had not had sex with the Cohasset teen until she was 16 years old, Kennedy was placed under investigation for statutory rape. The babysitter, however, did not cooperate with prosecutors, shortly after the scandal began, Kennedy and his wife separated. After the affair, he checked himself into a Maryland rehab center for alcoholics, Kennedy died on December 31,1997, in a skiing accident in Aspen Mountain, Colorado. He was playing football while on skis with several members of the Kennedy family when at approximately 4,15 p. m. he hit a tree. Kennedy was not wearing a helmet or other safety equipment, some have stated that the family had been previously warned by the ski patrol to cease the activity. Others have stated that the ski patrol issued no such warnings, following the accident Kennedy was taken to Aspen Valley Hospital where he was pronounced dead at 5,50 p. m. He was interred on January 3,1998, in the plot at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline. Kennedy family tree Kennedy Curse List of skiing deaths Michael LeMoyne Kennedy at the Internet Movie Database Michael Kennedy at Find a Grave
Michael LeMoyne Kennedy
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Life
13.
Max Kennedy
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Matthew Maxwell Taylor Max Kennedy is an American author and the ninth child of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy, and a member of the Kennedy family. Kennedy was born in New York City, and baptized by Monsignor William McCormack in Manhattans St. Patricks Cathedral and he is named after General Maxwell D. Taylor, then serving as the American Ambassador to Vietnam, who did not attend the baptism. Kennedy attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, graduating from Harvard College where he majored in American history, Max was a member of the Spee Club of Harvard University, a Final Club. He married Victoria Anne Strauss, the granddaughter of Maurice Moe Strauss on July 13,1991 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, both he and his wife graduated in 1992 from the University of Virginia School of Law, where he was elected president of the Student Legal Forum. Both his father and his uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy had served as presidents of the Student Legal Forum, Kennedy wrote the national best-selling book titled Make Gentle the Life of This World, The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy and the Words That Inspired Him. He is also the author of Dangers Hour, The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her, the book garnered praise from filmmaker Ken Burns, journalist Tom Brokaw, and historians Walter Isaacson, Doris Kearns Goodwin, and Stanley Karnow. Collaborating with Harvard documentary filmmaker Randolph Bell, he is writing, producing and his articles have appeared in DoubleTake Magazine, Conde Nast Traveller, and Escape Magazine. He began his law career in July 1992 by serving for three years as an assistant district attorney in Philadelphia, serving as a Director of the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial, Mr. Kennedy has led human rights missions to Haiti, South Africa, and Kenya. He co-founded the Urban Ecology Institute at Boston College – where he taught in the Biology, an avid civil rights and environmental rights advocate, Mr. Kennedy spoke at the Loyola Marymount University Bellarmine Forum in 2006 on the importance of urban ecology. Mr. Kennedy is working with the Pearl Coalition to build a museum of remembrance, while at Georgetown University, he concentrated on Latin-American history, and has made dozens of trips through Central and Latin America, spending time in nearly every country in South America. He joined a Venezuelan mapping team to attempt to create the first detailed maps of the reaches of the Rio Caroni. Max Kennedy partially financed and produced two Venezuelan historical long featured films about Manuela Saenz in 2000 and Francisco de Miranda in 2005 and his name appears on the credits of both films and other Venezuelan films to which he has contributed. Kennedy has toured the Venezuelan Barrios, and was involved in the fundraising of donations from the U. S. to the homeless children’s shelter run by Fundación Atenea in Caracas. He is currently a fellow at the John Carter Brown Library for Advanced Research in History. Although Kennedy has never run for office, he has shown a consistent interest in public affairs. Kennedy began working as an organizer for the first congressional campaign of Joseph Kennedy in 1986. Later, he managed the campaign for Senator Edward M. Kennedy in 2000. In 2001 the Boston and New York media touted Kennedy as a candidate for Massachusettss 9th congressional district
Max Kennedy
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Life
14.
Douglas Harriman Kennedy
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Douglas Harriman Kennedy is the tenth child of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, named in honor of W. Averell Harriman, a family friend and former governor of New York. Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C and he married Molly Elizabeth Stark, daughter of John Sherwood Stark and Sharon Ellen Wing, on August 22,1998 in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Kennedy graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School and Brown University and began his career as a print journalist with The Nantucket Beacon and he joined Fox News Channel as a general assignment reporter in August 1996 and hosts a bi-weekly program on the network, Douglas Kennedy’s American Stories. While at Fox News, he covered the Presidential elections of 1996,2000 and he said that in Irwins case, it would be really unnecessary and in very poor taste
Douglas Harriman Kennedy
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Life
15.
McLean, Virginia
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McLean is a census-designated place in Fairfax County in Northern Virginia. McLean is home to diplomats, businessmen, members of Congress, and high-ranking government officials partially due to its proximity to Washington, D. C. It is the location of Hickory Hill, the home of Ethel Kennedy. It is also the location of Salona, the home of Light-Horse Harry Lee. The community had a total population of 53,673 in 2015. It is located between the Potomac River and the town of Vienna, McLean is known for its luxury homes and its high-end shopping destinations, the Tysons Corner Center and the Tysons Galleria. The two McLean zip codes -22101 and 22102 - are among the most expensive ZIP Codes in Virginia, McLean named a railroad station costing $1,500, of which $500 was raised locally, after himself where the rail line crossed the old Chain Bridge Road. The community itself was founded in 1910, when the communities of Lewinsville, McLean is located at 38°56′03″N 77°10′39″W at an elevation of 285 feet. Located on the Capital Beltway in Northern Virginia, central McLean is 8 miles northwest of downtown Washington, D. C. and 9 miles northeast of Fairfax, the community lies in the Piedmont upland on the west bank of the Potomac River. The river forms the northern and eastern borders, and a number of its smaller tributaries flow north. From west to east, these include Bull Neck Run, Scott Run, Dead Run, Turkey Run, and Pimmit Run. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 24.88 square miles of which 24.79 square miles is land and 0.09 square miles is water. As a suburb of Washington, D. C, McLean is a part of both the Washington Metropolitan Area and the larger Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 census, there were 48,115 people,17,063 households, the population density was 1,940.9 people per square mile. There were 17,756 housing units at a density of 716.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 79. 3% White,14. 9% Asian,1. 8% African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 8% from other races, hispanics and Latinos of any race were 4. 9% of the population. Of all households,18. 0% were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.80, and the average family size was 3.17. The median age was 45.1 years
McLean, Virginia
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Hickory Hill in McLean
McLean, Virginia
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The Central Intelligence Agency headquarters
McLean, Virginia
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Langley High School is one of two high schools within the McLean CDP
16.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
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Clockwise from top left: Smithsonian Institution Building, Rock Creek Park, National Mall (including the Lincoln Memorial in the foreground), Howard Theatre and the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the retrocession
Washington, D.C.
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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
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Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool during the 1963 March on Washington
17.
North Bethesda, Maryland
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North Bethesda is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It borders the city of Rockville, as an unincorporated area four miles northwest of Washington, D. C. North Bethesdas boundaries are not officially defined, according to the United States Census Bureau, the North Bethesda CDP has a total area of 8.9 square miles. Significant through-roads in North Bethesda include Interstates 270 and 495 and Maryland State Highways 187,355, the Twinbrook, White Flint, and Grosvenor-Strathmore Washington Metro stations all serve the area, as does the Ride On bus system. That region continues to bear the name, and is the location of the headquarters of the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, a government agency that oversees nuclear regulation, major shopping centers include Congressional Plaza, Pike & Rose, Montrose Crossing, Federal Plaza, and Wintergreen Plaza. White Flint Mall, demolished in 2016, was also a shopping center. Other landmarks in the area are Walter Johnson High School, the Georgetown Preparatory School, archaeological evidence suggests that Paleo, Archaic, and Woodland Native Americans lived nearby, along the banks of the Potomac River. These peoples traveled along an ancient route known as the Seneca Trail, like many ancient roads, the Seneca Trail followed a ridge line – in this case, the high ground between the Potomac River and Rock Creek. Much later, development would spring up along this route, the recorded history of the area commences with the colonial era. Settlements formed along Rock Creek and the Seneca Trail in the 17th Century, with recorded land grants in area known originally as “Dan” and “Leeke Forest. ”In the early 19th century, much of the area was part of a 3. One of the Rileys slaves, Josiah Henson, is thought by historians to be the inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, in 1806, the Washington Turnpike Company was chartered to improve the old Seneca route, by then known as the Georgetown-Frederick Road. The road was opened in 1828, but had washed away by 1848. The Riley plantation house was located on road, and the plantation houses kitchen still stands near the course of this road. By the late 19th century, the area was privileged with stops along a train route, during this time, development bloomed around train and trolley stops, and a number of wealthy families, including those of Captain James Frederick Oyster and Charles I. Corby, lived or summered in the area, nonetheless, the area remained sparsely populated through the 1920s. The arrival of the automobile eventually transformed the area into a suburb of Washington. By the 1950s, the area had sprouted a number of developer-conceived neighborhoods with tract houses for the middle-class, today, the area remains largely a commuter suburb, with most residents traveling an average of 29 minutes to their workplace
North Bethesda, Maryland
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The Riley plantation house and kitchen, located in the Tilden Woods neighborhood on Old Georgetown Road
North Bethesda, Maryland
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Location of North Bethesda, Maryland
18.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
Maryland
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Western Maryland: known for its heavily forested mountains. A panoramic view of Deep Creek Lake and the surrounding Appalachian Mountains in Garrett County.
Maryland
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Flag
Maryland
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Dramatic example of Maryland's fall line, a change in rock type and elevation that creates waterfalls in many areas along the Southwest to Northeast geological boundary that crosses the state. Great Falls, cliffs and rapids.
Maryland
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Typical freshwater river above the tidal zone. The Patapsco River includes the famous Thomas Viaduct and is part of the Patapsco Valley State Park. Later, the river forms the Inner Harbor as it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.
19.
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Chestnut Hill is an affluent New England village located six miles west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Like all Massachusetts villages, Chestnut Hill is not a municipal entity. Chestnut Hills borders are defined by the 02467 ZIP Code. Chestnut Hill is not a designation, the name refers to several small hills that overlook the 135-acre Chestnut Hill Reservoir rather than one particular hill. Chestnut Hill is best known as the home of Boston College, part of the Boston Marathon route, because of the significance of its landscape and architecture, the National Register of Historic Places, in 1986, designated parts of Chestnut Hill as historic districts. Examples of Colonial, Italianate, Shingle, Tudor Revival, and Victorian architectural styles are evident in the country estates. The Boston College campus is itself an example of Collegiate Gothic architecture. Hammond Pond Reservation, an extensive forest preserve and protected wetlands, goes through Chestnut Hill, kennard Park and Conservation Area This is a post-agricultural forest grown up on 19th century farmland. The mixed and conifer woodlands reveal colonial stone walls, a red maple swamp with century-old trees, and a sensitive fern marsh. )The Mall at Chestnut Hill The Street at Chestnut Hill Chestnut Hill Square The Shops At Putterham Chestnut Hill is served by three branches of the Green Line of the MBTA, Bostons light rail system. Stations include, B Line, Chestnut Hill Avenue, South Street, Boston College C Line, Cleveland Circle D Line, Reservoir, Boston College Main Campus Historic District—140 Commonwealth Ave. Chestnut Hill Historic District—roughly bounded by Middlesex Rd. Reservoir Ln, there are also a number of private schools including Mount Alvernia Academy, Brimmer and May School and The Chestnut Hill School. Children may opt to attend school in neighboring villages or in Boston, Chestnut Hill is home to Boston College and Pine Manor College. Fessenden House in Chestnut Hill is a US National Landmark as well as a US Historic Place
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Boston College 's Gasson Hall building across the Chestnut Hill Reservoir
20.
Catholic Theological Union
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It was founded in 1968, when three religious institutes united their separate theology programs to form one school. Its distinguished Catholic faculty also includes scholars from the Protestant, Jewish, and over the years CTU’s programs have expanded to address the intercultural needs of the Church in an increasingly global society. CTU alums now number more than 4,000 serving the Church across the United States and they work in parishes, homeless shelters, prisons, hospitals, schools, colleges and universities, gang ministry, hospices, social service organizations, and myriad other ministry settings. CTU is also home to The Bernardin Center for Theology and Ministry, in addition, CTU is home to the Biblical Study and Travel Programs, the Hesburgh Sabbatical Program, the Institute of Religious Formation, and the Summer Institute. The faculty is composed of a variety of affiliations, Catholic, Jewish, Protestant. The student body is multi-ethnic and international in composition, and graduates of the minister in a large variety of ways throughout the world. Additionally, the school has continuously accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States. The school also offers certificates in a variety of theological and ministerial areas. Finally, many of the programs are available in a distance learning format for those students in parts of the country or the world. Scholar of systematic theology John Jefferson Gros, F. S. C. scholar of Christian ecumenical studies John T. Pawlikowski, O. S. M
Catholic Theological Union
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Seal of Catholic Theological Union
21.
Knoll (company)
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Knoll, Inc is a design firm that produces office systems, seating, files and storage, tables and desks, textiles, and accessories for the office, home, and higher education settings. The company manufactures furniture for the home by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Harry Bertoia, Florence Knoll, Frank Gehry, Maya Lin, over 40 Knoll designs can be found in the permanent design collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The company was founded in New York City in 1938 by Hans Knoll, production facilities were moved to Pennsylvania in 1950. After the death of Hans in 1955, his wife Florence Knoll took over as head of the company, the company is headquartered in East Greenville, Pennsylvania and has manufacturing sites in North America and Italy. In addition, the company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and trades under the symbol, in 2011, Knoll received the National Design Award for Corporate and Institutional Achievement from the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Many noteworthy designers have done work for Knoll, including, Many of the product are included in museum collections, such as the Cooper-Hewitt. In 1956 the company commissioned Eero Saarinen to design the Tulip chair for production, in 1953 the company was accorded exclusive manufacturing and sales rights to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe furniture, including the Barcelona chair designed for the 1929 Barcelona Pavilion. The company holds production rights to the Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer, in 1947 Knoll acquired exclusive U. S. production rights of the Hardoy chair by Jorge Ferrari-Hardoy. Knoll took legal action in 1950, in the end losing theír claim of copyright infringement, Knoll sponsors exhibitions, scholarships, and other activities related to Modernist architecture and design. In 2006, Knoll and the World Monuments Fund, a New York-based non-profit organization, launched Modernism at Risk, the World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize is awarded every two years to projects that preserve Modernist architecture. The school, built between 1928 and 1930, was a project of the Bauhaus design school, the architects were Hannes Meyer, then director of the Bauhaus, and Hans Wittwer. The 2010 prize went to the founders of DOCOMOMO, Hubert-Jan Henket and Wessel de Jonge, for the restoration of a 1920s sanatorium in Zonnestraal in Hilversum, The Netherlands. The 2012 prize was given to a consortium of Japanese architects and academics for the restoration of the 1950s Hizuchi Elementary School on Shikoku island, ergoCentric Herman Miller Vitra USM Modular Furniture Lumiy Knoll Knoll International World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism Prize 2008 brochure
Knoll (company)
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The Tulip chair, designed for Knoll by Eero Saarinen in 1956
Knoll (company)
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The Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer
Knoll (company)
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Many of the company's products are on permanent display at MOMA in NYC.
22.
Law degree
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A law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law. Such degrees are generally preparation for careers, but while their curricula may be reviewed by legal authority. The first academic degrees were all law degrees- and the first law degrees were doctorates, the foundations of the first universities in Europe were the glossators of the 11th century, which were schools of law. The first European university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the school in that city. It is from history that it is said that the first academic title of doctor applied to scholars of law. The degree and title were not applied to scholars of other disciplines until the 13th century, the rising of the doctor of philosophy to its present level is a modern novelty. At its origins, a doctorate was simply a qualification for a guild—that of teaching law, the University of Bologna served as the model for other law schools of the medieval age. In the medieval Islamic madrasahs, there was a doctorate in the Islamic law of the Sharia, the type of law degree conferred differs according to the jurisdiction. Some examples include, Bacharel em Direito or Bacharel em Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais, the abbreviation for Bachelor is Bel. Bachelor of Laws also referred to as a B. A. in Law or an LL. B. in the United Kingdom, Master of Laws in the United Kingdom and various current or former Commonwealth countries. Also referred to as an LL. M. from its Latin name and it is an advanced academic degree pursued by those holding a professional law degree or a degree in a relevant field. Laurea di Dottore in Giurisprudenza for graduates before the Bologna Process reforms, or Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza after the Bologna Process reforms, in Italy. It is a masters degree, however all graduates of Italian universities. Erstes Juristisches Staatsexamen is the equivalent to the law degree, since the part is the German equivalent to the Bar exam in the U. S. At some universities you either become a Lizentiat des Rechts, a Magister iuris or a Diplom-Jurist, Juris Doctor in the United States and Japan. It is a doctorate degree. Legum Doctor is in some jurisdictions the highest academic degree in law and is equivalent to a Ph. D. Doctor of Juridical Science is a research doctorate in law awarded mostly in the United States and Canada. Lizentiat der Rechtswissenschaften / Licence en droit until 2004 and Master of Law since 2004 in Switzerland and it is a masters level degree
Law degree
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A typical Juris Doctor diploma from the United States, here from Suffolk University Law School in 2008.
23.
Sidley & Austin
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Sidley Austin LLP, formerly known as Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LLP, is the sixth-largest U. S. -based corporate law firm with 1900 lawyers and annual revenues of more than one billion dollars. The firm is one of the highest paying companies in the U. S. and it has offices in 20 cities worldwide and it is a full-service law firm, with broad experience in transaction and litigation matters. Its original predecessor firm was founded in 1866 and had former first lady Mary Todd Lincoln, then the widow of President Abraham Lincoln, among its earliest clients. The firm was formed as the result of the merger of two firms, the Chicago-based Sidley & Austin, founded in 1866, and the New York-based Brown & Wood, the merger was completed in May 2001. The firms headquarters is at One South Dearborn in Chicagos Loop, in each year since the surveys inception, Sidley has received more First-Tier National Rankings than any other U. S. law firm in the Best Law Firms Survey by U. S. News & World Report. The 2015 US News Survey also named Sidley as the Law Firm of the Year in International Trade, as of 2014, it was the 13th largest law firm in the world by revenue. The firm that was to become Sidley Austin was formed in Chicago in 1866 by Norman Williams, One of the nascent firms first clients was the Pullman Company, the manufacturer of specialty sleeping railway cars. Other early clients included Western Union Telegraph Company, which moved its Midwest headquarters from Cleveland to Chicago in 1869, after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the firm represented numerous insurance companies including Equitable Life Assurance Society. In 1892, William Pratt Sidley joined the firm after having earned an LLB from Union College of Law, by 1913, the firms name was changed to Holt, Cutting & Sidley, although Sidley would be the guiding personality for the Chicago firm through the 20th century. Three years later—the firm then fifty years old—had four partners, four clerks, buffeted by the Great Depression, the firm experienced a dramatic fall in revenues until the New Deal in the 1930s reinvigorated the capital markets. The firm represented Halsey, Stuart & Co. a Chicago-based underwriter in one of the first transactions under the Securities Act of 1933, in 1944, the name was changed to Sidley, Austin, Burgess & Harper and shortened to Sidley & Austin in 1967. After the Second World War, Sidley & Austin began expanding beyond its Chicago roots as many of its clients entered new markets, the firm developed strengths in antitrust and the representation of clients in front of the Federal Trade Commission. Such legal work was profiled in the book by Ralph Nader and Wesley J. Smith, No Contest, Corporate Lawyers, Sidley & Austin expanded tremendously in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1972, the merged with the 50 lawyers of Chicago firm Leibman, Williams, Bennett. Offices were established in London, Los Angeles, Singapore and New York in short order, in 2001, the firm merged with Brown & Wood, a New York-based law firm established in 1914 with 400 attorneys additional domestic offices in Washington, D. C. San Francisco and Los Angeles and overseas branches in London, Beijing and Hong Kong, Brown & Wood was known for its securities, structured finance and securitization practices. The firms well-regarded publication, Accessing the U. S, capital Markets, An Introduction to United States Securities Law, continues to be updated annually today. Brown & Wood had offices in the World Trade Center, the firm was known as Sidley Austin Brown & Wood until the name was rebranded as Sidley Austin in 2006
Sidley & Austin
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Sidley Austin LLP
24.
Mark Shriver
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Shriver’s career fighting for social justice in advocacy and service organizations, as well as elected office, has focused on advancing the right of every child to a safe and vibrant childhood. Shriver married Jeanne Eileen Ripp on June 26,1992 and they have three children, Shriver was born in Washington, D. C. He is part of the Kennedy political family, since his mother was Eunice Mary Kennedy, mark Shriver has written a memoir about his father, A Good Man, Rediscovering My Father, Sargent Shriver. In 2013, Shriver won a Christopher Award for the book, in 2016, he wrote a second book, Pilgrimage, My Search for the Real Pope Francis. His sister, Maria Shriver, is a former journalist and the former First Lady of California, Shriver attended high school at the Georgetown Preparatory School, North Bethesda, Maryland. Afterward, he earned a degree from the College of the Holy Cross in 1986. Shrivers godfather is former professional tennis player Donald Dell, from 1989 to 1994, he was a member of the Maryland Juvenile Justice Advisory Council. Starting in 1991, he served on the Board of Directors of the Public Justice Center. From 1991 to 1992, he served on the Maryland Governors Task Force on Alternative Sanctions to Incarceration, from 1994 to 1995, he served on the Maryland Governors Commission on Service. In 1994, he was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, the house of the Maryland state legislature, representing Montgomery County, Maryland, District 15. He did not seek reelection in 2002 and was succeeded in that post by Brian Feldman and he was a Founder and Executive Director of The Choice Program, an at-risk youth intervention project of the Shriver Center at University of Maryland, Baltimore County established in 1987. He then served on the Advisory Board on After-School Opportunity Programs from 1999 to 2003, from 2000 to 2001, he served on the Judith P. Hoyer Blue Ribbon Commission on Early Child Care and Education. Representative from the 8th Congressional District of Maryland, despite innovative technology measures, Shriver was defeated in the Democratic primary by Chris Van Hollen, the eventual winner. Shriver joined Save the Children in 2003, serving as Senior Vice President for U. S, in that capacity, he created and oversaw the agency’s early childhood education, literacy, health, and emergency preparedness and response programs in the United States. Shriver told The Washington Post in 2016, We’re actually engaged in elections, and we’re going to try and defeat those who aren’t. So we want to be the NRA for kids and we want to be a movement, but we want to have political juice as well. Honorary Doctorate, La Roche College,2016, honorary Doctorate, College of the Holy Cross,2010. Honorary Doctorate, Loyola College in Maryland,1994, Legislative Sponsor Award, Maryland Childrens Action Network,1999,2000,2001
Mark Shriver
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Shriver in January 2013
25.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama
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Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
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Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
26.
Trustee
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Trustee is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, can refer to any person who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. A trustee can also refer to a person who is allowed to do certain tasks, in all cases, the trustee may be a person or company, whether or not they are a prospective beneficiary. However, a trustee may act otherwise than in accordance with the terms of the trust if all beneficiaries, being sui juris and together absolutely entitled, direct the trustee to do so. If any question arises as to the constriction of the provisions of the trust, account for actions and keep beneficiaries informed, these include a duty to inform beneficiaries as to their entitlements under the trust and other matters concerning the trust. As trustees as not under a duty to disclose their reasoning in applying a trust power, protection of confidentiality has been described as one of the most important limitations on the right to disclose of trust documents. Memoranda or letter of wishes do not necessarily need to be disclosed to a beneficiary if they are of a number of potential beneficiaries, corporate trustees, typically trust departments at large banks, often have very narrow duties, limited to those the trust indenture explicitly defines. A trustee carries the responsibility and liability to use the trust assets according to the provisions of the trust instrument. The trustee may find himself liable to claimants, prospective beneficiaries and it is common for lawyers to draft will trusts so as to permit such payment, and to take office accordingly, this may be an unnecessary expense for small estates. In an exception to the duties outlined above, sabbatical officers of unions who are also trustees of these organisations they work for do have the right to a salary. This is an exception explicitly granted in the 1993 act The broadest sense of the term applies to someone held to a fiduciary duty similar in some respects to that of a trustee proper. For example, the directors of a bank may be trustees for the depositors, directors of a corporation are trustees for the stockholders, many corporations call their governing board a board of trustees, though in those cases they act as a board of directors. Many UK charities are also limited liability companies registered with Companies House, in case the trustees are also directors of the company. This is the model if the charity owns property or employs people. The law on this in England changed considerably with the Charities Act of 2006, an account of the main changes can be found in Charities Act 2006 A guide to the new law by Michael King and Ann Phillips. One of the key changes made was that it introduced the Charitable Incorporated Organisation which is basically a limited liability charity, there are thus now two main aspects of corporate management of charities. One is the way in which a corporation is a corporate trustee of a given charity. The second is the new way, in which the charity itself is incorporated as a CIO, the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods is a complicated matter. According to King and Philips, many of the advantages of incorporating as a CIO are obtained if the trustees are not individuals but a corporate entity
Trustee
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Chart of a trust
27.
Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)
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The Gold Coast Historic District is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois. Part of Chicagos Near North Side community area, it is bounded by North Avenue, Lake Shore Drive, Oak Street. The Gold Coast neighborhood grew in the wake of the Great Chicago Fire, in 1882, millionaire Potter Palmer moved to the area from the Prairie Avenue neighborhood on the citys south side. He filled in an area which later became Lake Shore Drive, and built the Palmer Mansion. Other wealthy Chicagoans followed Potter into the neighborhood, which one of the richest in Chicago. In the late 1980s, the Gold Coast and neighboring Streeterville comprised the second most-affluent neighborhood in the United States, today, the neighborhood is a mixture of mansions, row houses, and high-rise apartments. Highlights include the Astor Street District and the James Charnley House, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The mayors office map extends the Gold Coast south to the area of Northwestern Universitys Chicago campus, the Consulate-General of Poland in Chicago is located at 1530 North Lake Shore Drive, right next to the International Museum of Surgical Science. As of 2011, Gold Coast ranks as the 7th richest urban neighborhood in America with a household income of $153,358. Chicago Public Schools operates public schools serving the community, Ogden International School of Chicago has its East Campus, which houses elementary school, in the Gold Coast. Residents of the Gold Coast are zoned to Ogden School for grades K-8, while for high school they are zoned to Lincoln Park High School
Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)
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Gold Coast Historic District
Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)
Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)
Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)
28.
John W. Rogers, Jr.
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John Washington Rogers Jr. is an investor who founded Ariel Capital Management in 1983. He is chairman and CEO of the company, which is the United States largest minority-run mutual fund firm and he has been a regular contributor to Forbes magazine for most of the last decade. Active in the 2008 Barack Obama presidential campaign, Rogers was a leader of the 2009 Inauguration committee, Rogers was appointed as the Board President of the Chicago Park District for six years in the 1990s. In 2007, Rogers was honored with the Woodrow Wilson Award from Princeton University for the breadth and depth of his service to many organizations, while a student at Princeton, he was captain of the 1979–80 Ivy League co-champion Princeton Tigers mens basketball team. Rogers was raised in the Hyde Park community area of Chicagos South Side, at the age of 12 his father started giving him dividend-paying stocks. He was a basketball teammate of Craig Robinson, and he served as captain of the 1979–80 Ivy League co-champion Princeton Tigers mens basketball team. He had a habit of perusing business journals and calling his broker from stadium payphones, Rogers credits Pete Carril, his basketball coach, as his greatest college influence because Carril stressed precision and teamwork. After graduating in 1980, he worked for William Blair & Company in Chicago, a few years later, and with the financial backing of family and friends, he opened his own firm, starting with the Municipal Employees Annuity & Benefit Fund of Chicago as his first account. He is the son of Jewel Lafontant and John Rogers. His mother Jewel was the first African American woman to graduate from the University of Chicago Law School in 1946 and she became a prominent Republican lawyer, and she nominated Richard Nixon, who won the Republican Party Presidential Nomination, at the 1960 Republican National Convention. His father was a Tuskegee airman pilot with over 100 combat missions of service during World War II and his parents divorced in 1961 and his mother died in 1997. Rogers was three years old when his parents divorced and he had a daughter, Victoria, with his former wife Desirée Rogers. One of Rogers great-grandfathers owned the Stratford Hotel in Greenwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma, the hotel was destroyed in the Tulsa race riot. Rogers helped finance Before They Die, a documentary detailing some survivor accounts, and made a brief appearance in the film. On December 28,2002, Rogers married Sharon Fairley who was also a divorcee, at the time of her 2002 wedding announcement in The New York Times, Fairley, who is also a Princeton alumna, was the Executive Director of Consumer Marketing and Trademark Development at Pharmacia. Currently, Fairley is the City of Chicagos new leader for the Independent Police Review Authority, previously, she worked for Chicagos Office of the Inspector General as First Deputy Inspector General and General Counsel and as an Assistant United States Attorney in Chicago for eight years. Rogers has an overnight delivery subscription with BusinessWeek that is delivered via Federal Express so it is received a day earlier than the regular public. He still does not use computers or e-mail, Rogers is known for wearing gray pinstripe business suits to work
John W. Rogers, Jr.
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John W. Rogers, Jr.
29.
Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau
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In 2016, Chicago, Illinois set a visitation record of 54.1 million visitors, a 2.9 percent increase from 2015. The prior record, set just the year before in 2015, estimated 50.1 million visitors, which was a 4.5 percent increase from 2014. From 2010 through 2014, the tourism and hospitality industries have added 9,800 jobs, generating $13.7 billion in spending by visitors. Major conventions are held at McCormick Place, the historic Chicago Cultural Center serves as the citys Visitor Information Center. Tourists will find sites of interest in Grant Park which contains Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Parks Cloud Gate sculpture and fountains two towers incorporate LED facial images. Events such as the Grant Park Music Festival take place in the city, Chicago performing arts venues include the Harris Theater for Music and Dance and the Chicago Opera Theater. Navy Pier, east of Streeterville, contains retail, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and its 15 story Ferris wheel is among the most visited landmarks with about 8 million visitors each year. The citys Museum Campus, holds, the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Museum Campus accesses the Art Institute of Chicago in Grant Park. The Museum of Science and Industry is also a leading attraction, about one-third of Chicagos tourists enjoy the citys entertainment venues including McCormick Place and the Chicago Theatre. Choose Chicago is the official organization for the city. In January 2012, Mayor Emanuel launched Chicagos new tourism organization, the Mayors vision was to restructure all tourism sales and marketing activities under a single, streamlined agency, and outline clear and measurable objectives to track these efforts. It handles convention sales for McCormick Place and Navy Pier, the former Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau was founded in 1970 with the merger of the Chicago Convention and Visitors Bureau and the Tourism Council of Greater Chicago. The Chicago North Shore Convention and Visitors Bureau serves Evanston, Glenview, Northbrook, the offices of the CNSCVB are located in downtown Skokie, Illinois. The Chicago Southland Convention & Visitors Bureau serves the 62 south and their office is in Lansing, Illinois
Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau
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Montrose Beach in Chicago
Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau
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Choose Chicago
Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau
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Old Navy Pier
Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau
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The Magnificent Mile shopping, restaurants, and the landmark Chicago Water Tower
30.
Convention (meeting)
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A convention, in the sense of a meeting, is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest. The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession, professional conventions focus on issues of concern to the profession and advancements in the profession. Such conventions are organized by societies or communities dedicated to promotion of the topic of interest. Fan conventions usually feature displays, shows, and sales based on pop culture, science fiction conventions traditionally partake of the nature of both professional conventions and fan conventions, with the balance varying from one to another. Conventions also exist for various hobbies, such as gaming or model railroads, Conventions are often planned and coordinated, often in exacting detail, by professional meeting and convention planners, either by staff of the conventions hosting company or by outside specialists. Most large cities will have a center dedicated to hosting such events. The term MICE—meetings Incentives Conventions and Exhibitions—is widely used in Asia as a description of the industry, the Convention is one of the most dynamic elements in the M. I. C. E. The industry is regulated under the tourism sector. In the technical sense, a convention is a meeting of delegates or representatives, the 1947 Newfoundland National Convention is a classic example of a state-sponsored political convention. This also applies to a convention, though in modern times the common issues are limited to selecting a party candidate or party chairman. In this technical sense, a congress, when it consists of representatives, is a convention, the British House of Commons is a convention, as are most other houses of a modern representative legislature. The National Convention or just Convention in France comprised the constitutional, the governing bodies of religious groups may also be called conventions, such as the General Convention of the Episcopal Church USA and the Southern Baptist Convention. Many sovereign states have provisions for conventions besides their permanent legislature and this process has never occurred, save for the original drafting of the constitution, although it almost happened in several cases. The US Constitution also has provisions for amendments to be approved by state conventions of the people. This occurred to ratify the constitution and to adopt the twenty-first amendment. Con is an abbreviation for convention, and some conventions use it in their names. When two or more conventions are held at the place and time they are co-located. Co-located conventions are usually in related industries, academic conference Annual general meeting Business travel Caucus Convention center Delegate Event planning Forum Summit Symposium Seminar Workshop Event Convention Congress
Convention (meeting)
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Metro Toronto Convention Centre, late 2004
31.
City Club of Chicago
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The City Club of Chicago is a nonpartisan, nonprofit membership organization intended to foster civic responsibility, promote public issues, and provide a forum for open political debate. Founded in 1903, it is the public policy forum in Chicago. When the City Club began, it operated amidst adverse social, Chicago had the dubious honor of being labeled a notorious city in terms of politics. The City Club took a role in initiating political change in Chicago by establishing committees to investigate and report on aspects of local government. One of the most notable probes conducted by the City Club was its 1904 Piper Report, by 1913, membership included more than 2,400 individuals. Membership increased shortly thereafter, upon merging with the Womens City Club of Chicago, former White House Chief of Staff and Current Chairman of Center for National Policy Leon Panetta, U. S. Representative Hon. Henry Hyde and Speaker of the House Hon. J. Dennis Hastert, the national import of these speakers, coupled with media outreach efforts, has garnered national media attention, including coverage on WLS-7, WGN-9, C-SPAN and WTTW-11. The City Club of Chicagos crusading spirit inspired the founding of unaffiliated City Clubs in other cities, including Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Seattle. Official website Womans City Club of Chicago
City Club of Chicago
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (January 2009)
32.
Chlorofluorocarbon
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A chlorofluorocarbon is an organic compound that contains only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. They are also known by the DuPont brand name Freon. The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane, many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents. As in simpler alkanes, carbon in the CFCs bonds with tetrahedral symmetry, because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other, the methane-derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry. The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number, in general they are volatile, but less so than their parent alkanes. The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the halides, thus, methane boils at −161 °C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between −51.7 and −128 °C. The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride, because of their polarity, the CFCs are useful solvents, and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants. The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes, in general the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides. CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes, the chlorine atom, written often as Cl. behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule. The radical Cl. is long-lived in the atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O2. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of high energy radiation to reach the Earths surface. Bromine atoms are more efficient catalysts, hence brominated CFCs are also regulated. Applications exploit the low toxicity, low reactivity, and low flammability of the CFCs and HCFCs, every permutation of fluorine, chlorine, and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized. Furthermore, many examples are known for higher numbers of carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine, uses include refrigerants, blowing agents, propellants in medicinal applications, and degreasing solvents. Billions of kilograms of chlorodifluoromethane are produced annually as precursor to tetrafluoroethylene, chlorofluorocarbons, when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4−m and C2ClmF6−m, where m is nonzero. Hydrofluorocarbons, when derived from methane, ethane, propane, and butane, these compounds have the respective formulae CFmH4−m, C2FmH6−m, C3FmH8−m, and C4FmH10−m, a numbering system is used for fluorinated alkanes, prefixed with Freon-, R-, CFC-, and HCFC-. The rightmost value indicates the number of atoms, the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1. Thus, Freon-12 indicates a methane derivative containing two fluorine atoms and no hydrogen, another, easier equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC/R/Freon class compounds is this to take the numbering and add 90 to it
Chlorofluorocarbon
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NASA projection of stratospheric ozone, in Dobson units, if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned. Animated version.
Chlorofluorocarbon
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Contents
33.
Clinton Foundation
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The Clinton Foundation, and from 2013 to 2015, briefly renamed the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation) is a nonprofit corporation under section 501 of the U. S. tax code. Its offices are located in New York City and Little Rock, through 2016 the foundation had raised an estimated $2 billion from U. S. corporations, foreign governments and corporations, political donors, and various other groups and individuals. The acceptance of funds from wealthy donors has been a source of controversy, the foundation has won accolades from philanthropy experts and has drawn bipartisan support. Charitable grants are not a focus of the Clinton Foundation. This foundation is an organization to which anyone may donate and is distinct from the Clinton Family Foundation. According to the Foundations website, neither Bill Clinton nor his daughter, Chelsea Clinton, when Hillary Clinton was a board member she, too, received no income from the Foundation. The origins of the foundation go back to 1997, when then-president Bill Clinton was focused mostly on fundraising for the future Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Bill founded the William J. Clinton Foundation in 2001 following the completion of his presidency. Longtime Clinton advisor Bruce Lindsey became the CEO in 2004, later, Lindsey moved from being CEO to being chair, largely for health reasons. Other Clinton hands who played an important early role included Doug Band, additional Clinton associates who have had senior positions at the foundation include John Podesta and Laura Graham. Most of the successes came from Bills worldwide fame and his ability to bring together corporate executives, celebrities. Similarly, the areas of involvement have often corresponded to whatever Bill suddenly felt an interest in. Preceding Barack Obamas 2009 nomination of Hillary Clinton as U. S. Accordingly, by 2011, Chelsea Clinton was taking a dominant role in the foundation and had a seat on its board. To raise money for the Foundation, she gave paid speeches, in 2013, Hillary Clinton joined the foundation following her tenure as Secretary of State. She planned to focus her work on issues regarding women and children, Accordingly, at that point, it was renamed the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation. Extra attention was paid to the due to the 2016 United States presidential election. In July 2013, Eric Braverman was named CEO of the foundation and he is a friend and former colleague of Chelsea Clinton from McKinsey & Company. At the same time, Chelsea Clinton was named chair of the foundations board. The foundation was also in the midst of a move to two floors of the Time-Life Building in Midtown Manhattan, Chelsea Clinton moved the organization to an outside review, conducted by the firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
Clinton Foundation
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Former U.S. President Bill Clinton
Clinton Foundation
Clinton Foundation
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President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff opens Clinton Global Initiative Latin America in Rio de Janeiro, 2013
Clinton Foundation
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Former U.S. President Bill Clinton with Alonzo Mourning during CGI University Day of Service in Miami, Florida.
34.
Hospital
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A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
Hospital
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All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi, India
Hospital
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The Uniklinikum Aachen in Germany is one of the biggest hospitals in Europe.
Hospital
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Lehigh Valley Hospital in Allentown, Pennsylvania
Hospital
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McMaster University Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Canada
35.
Senior citizen
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Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the human life cycle. Terms and euphemisms for old people include, old people, seniors, senior citizens, older adults, the elderly, Old people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease, syndromes, and sickness than younger adults. The organic process of ageing is called senescence, the study of the aging process is called gerontology. The elderly also face other social issues around retirement, loneliness, Old age is a social construct rather than a definite biological stage, and the chronological age denoted as old age varies culturally and historically. In 2011, the United Nations proposed a human rights convention that would specifically protect older persons, definitions of old age include official definitions, sub-group definitions, and four dimensions as follows. Old age comprises the part of life, the period of life after youth. At what age old age begins cannot be defined because it differs according to the context. Most developed-world countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years as a definition of elderly or older person, the United Nations has agreed that 60+ years may be usually denoted as old age and this is the first attempt at an international definition of old age. However, for its study of old age in Africa, the World Health Organization set 50 as the beginning of old age. At the same time, the WHO recognized that the world often defines old age, not by years. Most developed Western countries set the age of 60 to 65 for retirement, being 60–65 years old is usually a requirement for becoming eligible for senior social programs. However, various countries and societies consider the onset of old age as anywhere from the mid-40s to the 70s, the definitions of old age continue to change especially as life expectancy in developed countries has risen to beyond 80 years old. Gerontologists have recognized the different conditions that people experience as they grow older within the years defined as old age. In developed countries, most people in their 60s and early 70s are still fit, active, however, after 75, they will become increasingly frail, a condition marked by serious mental and physical debilitation. Therefore, rather than lumping together all people who have defined as old. One study distinguishes the young old, the old. Another study’s sub-grouping is young-old, middle-old, and oldest-old, a third sub-grouping is “young old”, “old”, and old-old. Delineating sub-groups in the 65+ population enables an accurate portrayal of significant life changes
Senior citizen
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Old Woman Dozing by Nicolaes Maes (1656). Royal Museums of Fine Arts, Brussels
Senior citizen
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An image of an elderly man being guided by a young child accompanies William Blake 's poem London. This image is a digital repercussion of his hand-painted 1826 print from Copy AA of Songs of Innocence and Experience. The item is currently in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum.
Senior citizen
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An elderly Somali woman.
Senior citizen
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An elderly Khmer woman.
36.
Cook County, Illinois
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Cook County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is the second-most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County, as of 2015, the population was 5,238,216. Its county seat is Chicago, the largest city in Illinois, more than 40% of all residents of Illinois live in Cook County. Cook Countys population is larger than that of 29 individual U. S. states, there are 135 incorporated municipalities partially or wholly within Cook County, the largest of which is Chicago, which is home to approximately 54% of the population of the county. That part of the county which lies outside of the Chicago city limits is divided into 29 townships, geographically, the county is the sixth-largest in Illinois by land area. It shares the states Lake Michigan shoreline with Lake County, including its lake area, the county has a total area of 1,635 square miles, the largest county in Illinois, of which 945 square miles is land and 690 square miles is water. Land-use in Cook County is mainly urban and densely populated, Cook County is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is surrounded by what are known as the five collar counties, Cook County was created on January 15,1831, out of Putnam County by an act of the Illinois General Assembly. It was the 54th county established in Illinois and was named after Daniel Cook and he served as the second U. S. Representative from Illinois and the states first Attorney General, in 1839, DuPage County was carved out of Cook County. Cook County is the home rule county in Illinois. The Cook County Code is the codification of Cook Countys local ordinances, Cook Countys current County Board president is Toni Preckwinkle. The Circuit Court of Cook County, which is a State agency funded, in part, by Cook County, the Cook County Department of Corrections, also known as the Cook County Jail, is the largest single-site jail in the nation. The Cook County Juvenile Detention Center, under the authority of the Chief Judge of the State court, is the first juvenile center in the nation, the Cook County Law Library is the second-largest county law library in the nation. In the 1980s, Cook County was ground zero to an extensive FBI investigation called Operation Greylord, ninety-two officials were indicted, including 17 judges,48 lawyers,8 policemen,10 deputy sheriffs,8 court officials, and a state legislator. The Bureau of Health Services administers the public health services and is the third-largest public health system in the nation. Three hospitals are part of system, John H. Stroger. Hospital of Cook County, Provident Hospital, and Oak Forest Hospital of Cook County, the Cook County Department of Transportation is responsible for the design and maintenance of roadways in the county
Cook County, Illinois
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The century-old, neoclassical County and City Hall building (left) in the Chicago Loop houses the County Board chambers and administrative offices
Cook County, Illinois
Cook County, Illinois
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Major city
37.
Wolf Point, Chicago
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Wolf Point is the location at the confluence of the North, South and Main Branches of the Chicago River in the present day Near North Side, Loop, and Near West Side community areas of Chicago. This fork in the river is important in the development of early Chicago. This was the location of Chicagos first three taverns, its first hotel, Sauganash Hotel, its first ferry, its first drug store, its first church, and the first bridges across the Chicago River. The name is said to derive from a Native American Chief whose name translated to wolf. Historically, the west bank of the river at the fork was called Wolf Point, but in the 1820s and 1830s it came to denote the entire area, the origin of the name, Wolf Point, is unknown. In her 1856 memoir Wau-Bun, Juliette Kinzie states that the place was then called Wolf Point, from its having been the residence of an Indian named Moa-way, the first non-indigenous settler at Wolf Point may have been a trader named Guarie. Hubbard wrote that De Champs had shown him evidence of a trading house, james Kinzie, the son of early settler John Kinzie, built a tavern on the west bank of the river at Wolf Point in 1828. By 1829 this tavern was operated for Kinzie by Archibald Caldwell who was granted a license on December 8 of that year. Caldwell left Chicago early in 1830 and Elijah Wentworth became the landlord of the tavern and he was in turn succeeded by Charles Taylor and William Walters. The tavern became known as the Wolf Point Tavern or Wolf Tavern, in about 1829, Samuel Miller and his brother John opened a store on the north bank of the river at the forks. In 1830, they enlarged their store and began to operate it as a tavern in competition with the Wolf Point Tavern, on June 2,1829 Samuel Miller and Archibald Clybourn had been authorized to operate the first ferry across the Chicago River. Clybourn was the man, crossing the North Branch of the river between Millers tavern and the Wolf Point Tavern. In 1831 John Miller built a log house near his brothers tavern that he used as a tannery, Samuel Miller sold the tavern and moved away following the death of his wife in 1832. Mark Beaubien opened the Eagle Exchange Tavern in a log cabin on the bank in 1829. In 1831 Beaubien added an addition and opened the Sauganash Hotel. Immediately adjacent to the public bar was Chicagos first drug store. Beaubien left the Sauganash Hotel in 1834, but the hotel continued in operation until it was destroyed by a fire in 1851. The site of the Sauganash Hotel was redeveloped as the Wigwam in 1860, james Kinzie built the Green Tree Tavern at the northeastern corner of Canal and Lake Streets in 1833
Wolf Point, Chicago
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Map depicting Wolf Point (area owned by the Kennedy family in black, with approximate area of the historical Wolf Point settlement in red)
Wolf Point, Chicago
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View of Wolf Point from the south in the Chicago Loop
Wolf Point, Chicago
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View of Wolf Point from the south as it might have appeared in 1830 (published in 1884); the Wolf Point Tavern is on the left, the Miller Tavern is on the right
Wolf Point, Chicago
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Wolf Point from a similar viewpoint in 2009; among the buildings and structures shown are (left to right) Left Bank at K Station (300 North Canal), 333 North Canal, Kinzie Street railroad bridge, 350 West Mart Center, Merchandise Mart, 300 North LaSalle, Franklin Street Bridge and part of 333 Wacker Drive
38.
Daily Illini
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The Daily Illini, commonly known as the DI, is a student-run newspaper that has been published for the community of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign since 1871. Weekday circulation during fall and spring semesters is 20,000, the paper is published by Illini Media Company, a not-for-profit corporation which also prints other U of I publications, and also and operates WPGU107.1 FM, a student-run commercial radio station. While the IMC has no ties to the university, university professors and others in the academic community serve on its board of directors. The newspapers staff has both professionals and amateur students. The paper is printed as a broadsheet, but downsizes during the months as a tabloid. The editorial, business and production departments are staffed by students who are enrolled in a variety of degree programs. Several full-time professionals, including the publisher and the advertising. Some students are paid for their jobs in reporting, editing, production and advertising, the Daily Illini staff completely changes once per year, known as turnover in the DI offices. Turnover means the current group of editors finish their tenure at the DI in their current editing position, the new editor-in-chief is chosen by some members of the IMC, and then the editor-in-chief chooses all of the other editors that will work under him/her. At the beginning of fall and spring semester, the DI hires new reporters. All University of Illinois students, regardless of major, are encouraged to apply, the DI regularly receives awards such as the Columbia Scholastic Press Association Gold and Silver Crowns and the Associated College Press Pacemaker Award. In February 2010, The Daily Illini was awarded the General Excellence award by the Illinois Collegiate Press Association and their Web site, www. dailyillini. com has been named the best college newspaper Web site in the state for the past four years. The newspapers offices are located on Green Street in Champaign. In May 2006, the newspaper, along with the other IMC entities, in doing so, the company consolidated the offices of WPGU, which had been in a separate location, with the offices of the rest of the IMC entities. Jenner, Jr. columnist Robert Novak, Coast to Coast Live radio host Ian Punnett, advice columnist Dan Savage, film critic Gene Shalit, the editors responded by defending their right to publish it. Critics noted that the publishing of this letter was not surprising to them after The Daily Illinis history of publishing articles that appeared to be anti-Semitic. Previous letters published in The Daily Illini have accused Israel of being guilty of genocide, moreover, while The Daily Illini apologized when it published a photo thought to be demeaning to black students, it refused to apologize for publishing a letter claiming that Jews manipulate America. In December 2003, the published an article by Miriam Sobh called Stop Turning a Blind Eye that contained a quote attributed to Ariel Sharon that was fabricated
Daily Illini
39.
The Chronicle of Higher Education
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The Chronicle of Higher Education is a newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and Student Affairs professionals. A subscription is required to some articles. The Chronicle, based in Washington, D. C. is a news service in United States academic affairs. It is published every weekday online and appears weekly in print except for every week in June, July, and August. In print, The Chronicle is published in two sections, section A with news and job listings, and section B, The Chronicle Review, Corbin Gwaltney was the founder and had been the editor of the alumni magazine of the Johns Hopkins University since 1949. In 1957, he joined in with editors from magazines of other colleges and universities for an editorial project to investigate issues in higher education in perspective. The meeting occurred on the day the first Sputnik circled the Earth, October 4,1957, the college magazine editors promised 60 percent of one issue of their magazine to finance the supplement. The first Moonshooter Report was 32 pages long and titled American Higher Education,1958 and they sold 1.35 million copies to 15 colleges and universities. By the projects third year, circulation was over three million for the supplement and he realized that higher education would benefit from a news publication. He and other members of EPE met to plan a new publication which would be called The Chronicle of Higher Education. The Chronicle of Higher Education was officially founded in 1966 by Corbin Gwaltney. originally, it didnt accept any advertising and didnt have any staff-written editorial opinions. It was supported by grants from the Carnegie Foundation and the Ford Foundation, later on in its history, advertising would be accepted, especially for jobs in higher education, and this would allow the newspaper to be financially independent. By the 1970s, the Chronicle was attracting enough advertising to become self-sufficient, EPE sold the Chronicle to the editors for $2,000,000 in cash and $500,000 in services that Chronicle would provide to EPE. Chronicle went from a legal status to a for-profit company. This sale shifted the focus of non-profit EPE to K-12 education, inspired by the model established by the Chronicle, and with the support of the Carnegie Corporation and other philanthropies, EPE founded Education Week in September 1981. In 1993, the Chronicle was one of the first newspapers to appear on the Internet and it released an iPad version in 2011. The Chronicle grossed $33 million in advertising revenues and $7 million in revenues in 2003. Over the years, the paper has been a finalist and winner of journalism awards
The Chronicle of Higher Education
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September 18, 2009 front page of The Chronicle
40.
Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine
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Robert F. Kennedy visited the British Mandate of Palestine in 1948, one month before Israel declared its independence. Twenty-two years old at the time, he was reporting on the situation in the region for The Boston Post. During his stay, he grew to admire the Jewish inhabitants of the area and he later became a strong supporter of Israel, this was later cited as Sirhan Sirhans motivation for assassinating him on the first anniversary of the start of the Six-Day War on June 5,1968. Sirhan happened to see a documentary about Kennedy in Palestine in 1948, later in his murder trial, Sirhan Sirhan testified, I hoped he will win Presidency until that moment. But when I saw, heard, he was supporting Israel, sir, not in 1968, author Robert Blair Kaiser points out a discrepancy in the timing of Sirhans decision. In Sirhans diary, the entry in which he decided to kill Robert Kennedy was made on May 18, the documentary in question was first shown on TV in the Los Angeles area on May 20. When asked to explain, Sirhan said that he did not recall writing the journal, following his graduation from Harvard, Kennedy was encouraged by his father to travel overseas. Ignoring his fathers warning to avoid trouble, Kennedy took a flight from Cairo to Lydda Airport, while in Palestine, Kennedy visited Tel-Aviv, Jerusalem, and a kibbutz, and spoke with various locals. The area was unsafe at the time, the Jewish convoy that followed Kennedys from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem was, in Kennedys words. While touring Jerusalem, he was arrested, blindfolded, and brought to the Haganah headquarters, at the time of Kennedys visit, a four-year-old Sirhan Sirhan resided in Musrara, Jerusalem. He interviewed members of the Irgun, a former Soviet Army major, and he wrote that the Jews have an undying spirit and said, They will fight, and fight with unparalleled courage. He wrote about Jews and Arabs working together in the fields as a sign for the future of the region. He talked to a Haganah soldier who had shot his sister upon learning that she was not going to leave her British boyfriend and he wrote that Arabs told him that they were going to poison Jerusalems water supply. He was impressed with the new Jews he discovered in Palestine and he wrote, The Jewish people in Palestine who believe in and have been working toward this national state have become an immensely proud and determined people. It is already a great modern example of the birth of a nation with the primary ingredients of dignity. Israel declared its independence on May 14,1948, the dispatches that Kennedy wrote in Palestine were published in The Boston Post on June 3–6,1948. The first one, titled British Hated by Both Sides, immediately attracted attention to the reports, the following are quotes from Kennedys dispatches, The Arabs are most concerned about the great increase in the Jews in Palestine,80,000 in 1948. They are determined that the Jews will never get the toehold that would be necessary for the fulfillment of that policy
Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine
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Life
41.
Freedom Riders
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The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D. C. on May 4,1961, Boynton outlawed racial segregation in the restaurants and waiting rooms in terminals serving buses that crossed state lines. The ICC failed to enforce its ruling, and Jim Crow travel laws remained in force throughout the South, the Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating. The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement and they called national attention to the disregard for the federal law and the local violence used to enforce segregation in the southern United States. The Congress of Racial Equality sponsored most of the subsequent Freedom Rides, the Supreme Courts decision in Boynton supported the right of interstate travelers to disregard local segregation ordinances. Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be criminal, in some localities, such as Birmingham, Alabama, the police cooperated with Ku Klux Klan chapters and other white people opposing the actions and allowed mobs to attack the riders. Like the Freedom Rides of 1961, the Journey of Reconciliation was intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned discrimination in interstate travel. The first Freedom Ride began on May 4,1961, led by CORE Director James Farmer,13 riders left Washington, DC, on Greyhound and Trailways buses. Their plan was to ride through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, ending in New Orleans, Louisiana, most of the Riders were from CORE, and two were from SNCC. Many were in their 40s and 50s, some were as young as 18. The rest of the team would sit scattered throughout the rest of the bus, one rider would abide by the Souths segregation rules in order to avoid arrest and to contact CORE and arrange bail for those who were arrested. Only minor trouble was encountered in Virginia and North Carolina, but John Lewis was attacked in Rock Hill, some of the Riders were arrested in Charlotte, North Carolina, Winnsboro, South Carolina, and Jackson, Mississippi. The Birmingham, Alabama, Police Commissioner, Bull Connor, together with Police Sergeant Tom Cook, the pair made plans to bring the Ride to an end in Alabama. They assured Gary Thomas Rowe, an FBI informer and member of Eastview Klavern #13, the plan was to allow an initial assault in Anniston with a final assault taking place in Birmingham. On May 14, Mothers Day, in Anniston, a mob of Klansmen, some still in church attire, the driver tried to leave the station, but was blocked until KKK members slashed its tires. The mob forced the bus to stop several miles outside of town. As the bus burned, the mob held the doors shut, sources disagree, but either an exploding fuel tank or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver caused the mob to retreat, and the riders escaped the bus. The mob beat the riders after they got out, Only warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented the riders from being lynched
Freedom Riders
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Freedom Rider plaque in Birmingham
Freedom Riders
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Some freedom riders were incarcerated in the Mississippi State Penitentiary
42.
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant, was convicted of Kennedys murder and is serving a life sentence for the crime. The shooting was recorded on tape by a freelance newspaper reporter. Kennedys body lay in repose at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral Mass was held on June 8 and his body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery. His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service, Hubert Humphrey later went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency, but ultimately lost the election to Republican Richard Nixon. As with his brother Johns death, Kennedys assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of conspiracy theories, Kennedy remains one of only two sitting United States Senators to be assassinated, the other being fellow Democrat Huey Long in 1935. Kennedy visited the British Mandate of Palestine in 1948 and wrote dispatches at the time for the Boston Post about his trip, during his stay, he wrote that he grew to admire the Jewish inhabitants of the area. As a Senator, he became a strong supporter and advocate for Israel. Kennedy was United States Attorney General from January 1961 until September 3,1964 and he took office as Senator from New York on January 3,1965. The run up to the 1968 presidential election saw the incumbent president, Johnson, serving during a period of social unrest. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4,1968 led to riots across the US. Two weeks later, a demoralized Johnson announced he was no longer seeking re-election, one month later, Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced he would seek the presidency. Humphrey did not participate in any primaries but he did obtain the support of many Democratic Party delegates, following the California primary, Kennedy was in second place with 393 delegates compared to Humphreys 561 and McCarthys 258. The 1968 presidential primary elections in California were held on Tuesday, the statewide results gave Kennedy 46% and McCarthy 42%. Four hours after the closed in California, Kennedy claimed victory in the states Democratic presidential primary. He spoke by phone with South Dakota Senator George McGovern, at approximately 12,10 a. m. PDT on June 5, he addressed his campaign supporters in the Ambassador Hotels Embassy Room ballroom, in the Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. At the time, the government provided Secret Service protection for incumbent presidents, Kennedys only security was provided by former FBI agent William Barry and two unofficial bodyguards, former professional athletes. During the campaign, Kennedy had welcomed contact with the public, Kennedy had planned to walk through the ballroom when he had finished speaking, on his way to another gathering of supporters elsewhere in the hotel. However, with deadlines fast approaching, reporters wanted a press conference, Campaign aide Fred Dutton decided that Kennedy would forgo the second gathering and instead go through the hotels kitchen and pantry area behind the ballroom to the press area
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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Boris Yaro's photograph of Robert F. Kennedy lying wounded on the floor immediately after the shooting. Kneeling beside him is 17-year-old Juan Romero, who was shaking Kennedy's hand when Sirhan Sirhan fired the shots.
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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Robert Kennedy campaigns in Los Angeles (photo by Evan Freed).
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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Robert Kennedy's grave in Arlington National Cemetery
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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Life
43.
Sirhan Sirhan
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Sirhan Sirhan is a Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship who was convicted of the 1968 assassination of U. S. He is currently serving a sentence at the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County. Sirhan was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine to an Orthodox Christian family and is an opponent of Israel. Some scholars believe that the assassination was the first major incident of violence in the United States stemming from the Arab–Israeli conflict in the Middle East. Sirhan was born into a Palestinian family in Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, when he was 12 years old his family emigrated, moving briefly to New York and then to California. In Altadena, he attended Eliot Junior High School, followed by John Muir High School and Pasadena City College, Sirhans father, Bishara, was characterized as a stern man who often beat his sons harshly. Shortly after the move to California, Bishara returned alone to the Middle East. Sirhan never became an American citizen, retaining instead his Jordanian citizenship, as an adult, Sirhan changed church denominations several times, joining Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist churches. Then in 1966, he joined the occult organization Ancient Mystical Order of the Rose Cross, commonly known as Rosicrucians. Around 12,15 a. m. PDT on June 5,1968 and he died nearly 26 hours later. Despite Sirhans admission of guilt, recorded in a confession made while in custody on June 9. The court judge did not accept his confession and denied his request to withdraw his not guilty plea so that he could plead guilty. On February 10,1969, Sirhans lawyers made a motion in chambers to enter a plea of guilty to murder in exchange for life imprisonment. Sirhan announced to the judge, Herbert V. Walker. He also asked that his counsel dissociate themselves from this case completely, when the judge asked him what he wanted to do about sentencing, Sirhan replied, I will ask to be executed. Judge Walker denied the motion and stated, This court will not accept the plea, the judge also denied Sirhans request for his counsel to withdraw, when his counsel entered another motion to withdraw from the case of their own volition, Walker denied this motion as well. Judge Walker subsequently ordered that the record pertaining to the motion be sealed, the trial proceeded, and opening statements began on February 12. The lead prosecutor in the Sirhan case was Lynn Buck Compton, the prosecutions opening statement, delivered by David Fitts, was replete with examples of Sirhans deliberate preparations to kill Kennedy
Sirhan Sirhan
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Life
Sirhan Sirhan
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Mug shot of Sirhan Sirhan, taken on May 23, 1969
44.
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building is the Washington, D. C. headquarters of the United States Department of Justice. It is located west of the National Archives Building, east of the Internal Revenue Service Building, north of the National Mall, the building is owned by the General Services Administration. It comprises seven floors and 1,200,000 sq ft and it houses Department of Justice offices, including the office of the United States Attorney General. Completed in 1935, it was renamed after the 64th Attorney General of the United States, Robert F. Kennedy, the Office of the Attorney General was created by the 1st United States Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1792, the Congress made the Attorney General a Cabinet-level post, in 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill creating the Department of Justice. While plans to provide the Department with its own building were developed as early as 1910, in 1908 and in 1928, Congress authorized the purchase of land in what is now known as the Federal Triangle for departmental offices. In 1930, Congress appropriated $10 million for the construction of a permanent Department of Justice headquarters in the Federal Triangle, the building was constructed from 1931 to 1934. Upon completion in 1935, the building provided a headquarters for the Attorney General. From 1935 to 194168 murals were painted in the building, in 1966, the Department of Justice building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site. In 1978, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court was established after the passage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, from March 1998 to January 2006, major renovations to the building took place, including work on plumbing, electrical wiring, heating and cooling, and elevators. The project included replication of original lighting for the buildings corridors, a new $3.1 million conference center and data room were built, the main library and executive suites were restored, and a new mechanical, electrical and plumbing system was installed. F. The Gilbane Building Company established a rule to halt construction when hazardous material was discovered. An additional complication was security concerns, because of sensitive and classified information in the building, the extensive murals, sculptures, and plaster reliefs in the building were protected with shields during the construction, and temperature, humidity, and dust controls were installed. The cost of the renovations was $142 million, but the project came in $4.2 million under budget, design consultants decided to renovate courtyard plaza and garage structures instead of demolishing them, using 95 percent of existing materials. Cobblestone blocks in the courtyard were removed, cleaned, refurbished, further, only the concrete of questionable integrity around the facilitys garage beams was repaired, instead of having all the concrete replaced. For the plaza deck, the integrity of the structure was tested. Some sections were found to be repairable, preventing them from being rebuilt, finally, the original foundation and structure building was preserved, which saved 110 tons of waste material and decreased the risk of penetrating a sensitive waterproofing membrane system. Ultimately close to $1 million was returned to the GSA, senator from New York and presidential candidate until his assassination in 1968
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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South front of the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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10th. St. NW facade of the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building from Constitution Avenue.
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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President George W. Bush renames Justice Department building in honor of Robert Kennedy
45.
Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award
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The Robert F. Kennedy Awards for Excellence in Journalism is journalisms award named after Robert F. Kennedy and awarded by the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. The annual awards are issued in several categories and were established in December 1968 by a group of reporters who covered Kennedys campaigns, winners are judged by more than 50 journalists each year, led by a committee of six independent journalists. The awards honor reporting on issues that reflect Robert F. Kennedys concerns, including human rights, social justice, entries include insights into the causes, conditions and remedies of injustice and critical analysis of relevant public policies, programs, attitudes and private endeavors. The awards are known as the poor peoples Pulitzers in media circles, the 45th annual award winners, The 43rd Annual Awards were awarded in 2011 for coverage in 2010. Award winners were, The 41st Annual Awards were awarded in 2009 for coverage in 2008, award winners were, The 40th Annual Awards were awarded in 2008 for coverage in 2007. Award winners were, The 39th Annual Awards were awarded in 2007 for coverage in 2006, award winners were, The 38th Annual Awards were awarded in 2006 for coverage in 2005. Award winners were, The 37th Annual Awards were awarded in 2005 for coverage in 2004, award winners were, The 36th Annual Awards were awarded in 2004 for coverage in 2003. Award winners were, The 35th Annual Awards were awarded in 2003 for coverage in 2002, award winners were, The 34th Annual Awards were awarded in 2002 for coverage in 2001. Award winners were, The 33rd Annual Awards were awarded in 2001 for coverage in 2000, award winners were, The 32nd Annual Awards were awarded in 2000 for coverage in 1999. Award winners were,1999 Domestic Radio Broadcast, Beyond Affliction, The Disability History Project, National Public Radio 1998 Daniel A
Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award
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Life
46.
Landmark for Peace Memorial
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The Landmark for Peace is a memorial sculpture in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Park on the northside of Indianapolis. It honors the contributions of the slain leaders Martin Luther King Jr. the memorial, which features King and Kennedy reaching out to each other, was designed and executed by Indiana artist Greg Perry. The bronze portraits were created by Indianapolis sculptor Daniel Edwards, on April 4,1968, Robert Kennedy flew to Indianapolis for a planned inner-city rally promoting his presidential campaign, and was informed upon landing about Kings assassination. Instead of a stump speech, he delivered a five-minute improvised statement informing the crowd of Kings death. No riots took place in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of Kennedys speech, the idea to create the Landmark for Peace was originally suggested by Indiana Democratic politico Larry Conrad. Before his death Conrad befriended Steve Mannheimer, an Indianapolis Star art critic and they once spoke at length about the need to commemorate the events of April 4,1968, and Robert Kennedys speech to a crowd gathered near the corner of 17th and Broadway streets in Indianapolis. Conrad suggested that should a memorial be created, the Simon family would offer its support, in 1994 Donnie Walsh, president and CEO of the Indiana Pacers, owned by the Simon brothers, decided to start the Pacers Foundation to support worthy community initiatives. Walsh discussed his plans with Mannheimer, who recounted to Walsh the earlier conversation with Conrad, Walsh immediately seized on the idea of a memorial as an ideal project to launch the Foundation and asked Mannheimer to work with Pacers executive Kathryn Jordan on the project. Together Mannheimer and Jordan developed a plan to hold a design competition to create a memorial to Martin Luther King Jr. The Pacers and the Pacers Foundation led community fundraising efforts for the project, jurors for the competition included Bret Waller, director of the Indianapolis Museum of Art, and Harry Robinson, professor of architecture at Howard University. From a national field of over 50 entries, the selected the proposal by designer Greg Perry. Perrys design featured two half-figures—one of King, the other of Kennedy—emerging from solid walls flanking a pathway to reach each other. Before the actual construction of the memorial began, a groundbreaking was held on May 14,1994. As the memorial construction got underway, the jury suggested modifications to make Perrys original design more open and these included shortening and some physical piercing of the walls to allow greater visual penetration of the entire structure. Perry worked with Mannheimer and Daniel Edwards, who sculpted and oversaw casting of the figures of King and Kennedy, to relieve the monolithic solidity of the steel walls, the three conceived the idea of openings contoured to suggest shadows cast by the half-figures. The total cost of creating and installing the memorial, including two markers with plaques, approached $200,000. One of the plaques contains the text of Kennedys speech, parts of which were inscribed on his own memorial at Arlington National Cemetery after the senators assassination later that year. The contest required the confiscated weapons to be used in the memorials design, the City of Indianapolis contributed significantly to the project by completely redesigning the southern half of King Memorial Park where the sculpture would stand
Landmark for Peace Memorial
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Landmark for Peace Memorial
Landmark for Peace Memorial
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Life
47.
Triborough Bridge
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The Triborough Bridge, known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge since 2008, and sometimes referred to as the RFK Triborough Bridge, is a complex of three separate bridges in New York City. The bridges connect the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands and these are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randalls and Wards Islands and 14 miles of support roads. Also part of the complex is a grade-separated T-interchange on Randalls Island, the bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II, and has been called the biggest traffic machine ever built. The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986, the bridge is owned and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Plans for connecting Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx were first announced by Edward A. Byrne, chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures, in 1916. Construction began on October 25,1929 – Black Friday –, by the spring of 1932, the project was moribund. The project was resurrected by Robert Moses, who pushed the legislature to create the Triborough Bridge Authority to fund, build. Moses solved this problem in typical fashion by proposing new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge, which would connect it to the existing ones he had already built. The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens, an extension to the East River Drive in Manhattan, and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx. While reformers embraced Moses plans, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, Ickes, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, over which Moses almost lost his job. The other major source of funding was from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority itself and these bonds were secured by future toll revenue. The scale of the Triborough Bridge project, including its approaches, was such that hundreds of apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it. The structure used concrete from factories from Maine to the Mississippi, to make the formwork for pouring the concrete, a forests worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down. Robert Caro, the biographer of Moses, said about it, Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, lehman, Public Works Administrator Ickes, Postmaster General James A. Farley and Moses, who acted as master of ceremonies. Due to the conflicts between himself and Moses, the attendance of Roosevelt was not certain until the last minute. The ceremonies were broadcast via a radio connection. Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA, which also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public. In the first year of the operation it generated $2.72 million in tolls – the equivalent of $46.4 million in 2015 – produced by 9.65 million vehicles
Triborough Bridge
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Aerial view of the Queens - Wards Island span of the Triborough Bridge, over the East River; Queens is in the foreground
Triborough Bridge
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Art Deco saddle housing
Triborough Bridge
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The East River suspension bridge
Triborough Bridge
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The Harlem River lift bridge
48.
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
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Crisis, Behind a Presidential Commitment is a 1963 cinéma vérité documentary film directed by Robert Drew. The film centers on the University of Alabamas Stand in the Schoolhouse Door integration crisis of June 1963, the film first aired on ABC television four months after the incident. In 2011, it was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress and they come up with a plan to quickly federalize the Alabama National Guard and return later the same day, if Wallace indeed refuses to step out of the way despite the court order. The plan works, Wallace steps aside under orders from General Henry V. Graham, president Kennedy later gives a speech on equality on national television, and a third black student, Dave McGlathery, enrolls without incident. Although opinions on Crisis, Behind a Presidential Commitment were sharply divided after the October 1963 broadcast, it is now considered among the films of cinéma vérité. Peter von Bagh rated it ahead of Drews earlier work Primary, considering it the most touching and intimate portrait of the Kennedy brothers on film. Fred Kaplan, in a review of the films 2009 DVD release for The New York Times and he dubbed it the first movie that Barack Obama should watch in the White House screening room. In 2011, this film was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, the Academy Film Archive preserved Crisis, Behind a Presidential Commitment in 1999. List of American films of 1963 Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy African-American Civil Rights Movement in popular culture Crisis, Behind a Presidential Commitment at the Internet Movie Database
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
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Life
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
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Academics
49.
Kennedy (miniseries)
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Kennedy is a 1983 American-British five-hour television miniseries written by Reg Gadney and directed by Jim Goddard. The miniseries is a biography of the 1961-1963 presidency of John F. Kennedy, the series was originally broadcast on NBC, and was also sold to 50 countries, with 27 of them broadcasting the series simultaneously. The series was nominated for 3 Golden Globes and 4 BAFTA, in the scene before Jackie goes into labor with baby Patrick, she mentions Marilyn Monroe performing at Jacks birthday gala in New York, but the year is 1963. Monroe had already been dead for over a year by then, in another scene before baby Patrick is born, Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his I Have a Dream speech, which the Kennedy family see on TV. In reality that event did not occur until two weeks and five days after the death of baby Patrick, who died prematurely on August 9, in the movie it is the other way around. The moon-shots happened before the racial tensions in reality, the Kennedys The Kennedys Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy Kennedy at the Internet Movie Database
Kennedy (miniseries)
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DVD cover
Kennedy (miniseries)
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Life
50.
Thirteen Days (film)
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Thirteen Days is a 2000 American historical political thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson, dramatizing the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, seen from the perspective of the US political leadership. It is the second docudrama made about the crisis, the first being 1974s The Missiles of October, the 2000 film contains some newly declassified information not available to the earlier production, but takes greater dramatic license, particularly in its choice of ODonnell as protagonist. In October 1962, U-2 aerial surveillance photos reveal that the Soviet Union is in the process of placing intermediate-range ballistic missiles carrying nuclear weapons in Cuba, President John F. Kennedy and his advisers must come up with a plan of action to prevent their activation. Kennedy is determined to show that the United States will not allow a missile threat, the Joint Chiefs of Staff advise immediate U. S. military strikes against the missile sites followed by an invasion of Cuba. However, Kennedy is reluctant to attack and invade because it would likely cause the Soviets to invade Berlin. War appears to be almost inevitable, the Kennedy administration tries to find a solution that will remove the missiles but avoid an act of war. They settle on a less than a blockade, which is formally regarded as an act of war. They settle on what they describe as a quarantine. They announce that the U. S. naval forces will stop all ships entering Cuban waters, the Soviet Union sends mixed messages in response. Off the shores of Cuba, the Soviet ships turn back from the quarantine lines, secretary of State Dean Rusk says, Were eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just blinked. John A. S. that it will never invade Cuba, a long message in the same tone as the informal communication from Fomin, apparently written personally by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, is received. This is followed by a second, more hard line cable in which the Soviets offer a deal involving U. S removal of its Jupiter missiles from Turkey. The Kennedy administration interprets the second as a response from the Politburo, offensive missile is also carried out without the Presidents knowledge. An Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane is sent over Cuba to gather intelligence for the attack, bobby reiterates the demand that the Soviets remove their missiles from Cuba, and in return promises not to invade or assist in the invasion of Cuba. Dobrynin insists that the U. S. must also remove all Jupiter missiles from Turkey, the Soviets announce on Sunday that they will remove their missiles from Cuba, averting a war that could have escalated to the use of nuclear weapons. Bruce Greenwood as President John F. Kennedy Steven Culp as Attorney General Robert F. Johnson Christopher Lawford as RF-8 Crusader pilot, Commander William Ecker, the Department of Defense cooperated to some extent, allowing the producers to film on several bases. In order to keep the film in period filming took place on ships from the time of the crisis that still existed in the active fleet, aircraft that still exist from the period were refurbished to appear operational as well. The RF-8 Crusader plus the scenes of Cuba were shot in the Philippines, at the time of the shooting, the F-8 was still in the inventory of the Philippine Air Force, but no longer operational
Thirteen Days (film)
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Theatrical release poster
Thirteen Days (film)
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Life
51.
Bobby (2006 film)
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The screenplay is a fictionalized account of the hours leading up to the June 5,1968, shooting of U. S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles following his win of the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primary in California and it uses an ensemble plot device similar to that employed in the 1932 film Grand Hotel, and by Robert Altman in Nashville. In Bobby, The Making of an American Epic, screenwriter/director Emilio Estevez discusses the problems he had developing his script, suffering from writers block, he checked into a motel in Pismo Beach where he hoped, free from interruption, he could make some headway with his writing. While talking to the woman working at the front desk, he discovered she had been in the Ambassador Hotel on the evening Kennedy was shot, Estevez used her experience to mold the character of Diane, and the rest of the story fell into place. The only other character based on a person is busboy José, who represents Juan Romero. Drysdale did in fact achieve his sixth shutout on June 4,1968, also, a newly recorded version of Louie Louie was performed in character by Demi Moore for the film. The soundtrack album Bobby features The Supremes, Shorty Long, Hugh Masekela, The Moody Blues, playing on two screens, it grossed $69,039 during its opening weekend. It eventually earned $11,242,801 in North America, Bobby has an approval rating of 46% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 169 reviews, the average score is 5.6 out of 10. The film also has a score of 54 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 31 critics, a. O. Scott of The New York Times said, Emilio Estevez. Sets himself a large and honorable task and it is important to appreciate this in spite of his movies evident shortcomings. Intentions do count for something, and Mr. Estevezs seem to me entirely admirable, the actors seem more like very special guest stars than like real, 1968-vintage Americans, and their period-appropriate get-ups. are more distracting than convincing. Some of the stories feel too obviously melodramatic, while others are vague to the point of inscrutability, in the Vietnam- and drug-related plots, the point is hammered home too hard. While other narratives wind toward no discernible point at all, nonetheless the ambition behind Bobby is large and serious. Steve Persall of the St. Petersburg Times graded the film C, calling it a jumble of too much fiction, few facts and zero speculation. Michael Medved, who was in the Ambassador ballroom the night Kennedy was shot and he added, Emilio Estevez gets most of the feelings of the occasion right. But, the melodramatic, multi-character format proves somewhat uneven and distracting, richard Roeper said, Estevez writes and directs with lots of passion, not so much subtlety. Wants the movie to be on the level of a Robert Altman film like Nashville, peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star and called it trite fiction and a work of insipid ineptitude. He ranked it among the worst films of 2006, as did Lou Lumerick of the New York Post, who dubbed it an ambitious, parkland, a 2014 film commemorating the 50th anniversary of the JFK assassination
Bobby (2006 film)
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Theatrical release poster
Bobby (2006 film)
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Christian Slater - who played Daryl Timmons in the film - at TIFF for Bobby 's North American debut.
Bobby (2006 film)
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Life
52.
RFK Must Die
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RFK Must Die, The Assassination of Bobby Kennedy is an investigative documentary by Irish writer and filmmaker Shane OSullivan released in 2007. The title comes from a page of writing found in assassin Sirhan Sirhans notebook after the shooting. Running on a ticket, Kennedy had just won the California Democratic primary and was confident he would challenge Richard Nixon for the White House. As he walked through the kitchen pantry, shots rang out and he fell to the floor, fatally wounded by a bullet to the brain. Twenty-four-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan was convicted of murder as the lone assassin, the film investigates claims that witnesses placed Sirhan several feet in front of Kennedy and for forty years he claims he has never been able to remember the shooting. Diamond testified that Sirhan was in a state at the time of the shooting and FBI agent William Bailey saw extra bullet holes in the pantry. The film features interviews with Sirhans younger brother, Munir, where he talks about his brothers upbringing, RFK Must Die, Epilogue goes into detail about a recent audio analysis that concludes that 13 shots were fired and suggests the possibility of a second shooter. After a three-year investigation, RFK Must Die was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 16 May 2008 and in New York on 5 June 2008, in November 2006, BBC Televisions Newsnight aired a twelve-minute screening of the documentary. Several people who had known Morales, including family members, were adamant that he was not the man who OSullivan said was Morales, in response, OSullivan stated that the man on the video may have used Campbells name as an alias. OSullivan stood by his allegations stating that the Bulova watch company was a well-known CIA cover, official website RFK Must Die at the Internet Movie Database
RFK Must Die
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DVD Cover
RFK Must Die
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Life
53.
United States Senate election in New York, 1964
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The 1964 United States Senate election in New York was held on November 3,1964. Senator Kenneth Keating ran for re-election to a term, but was defeated by Robert F. Kennedy. The Socialist Labor state convention met on March 29 and nominated John Emanuel, the Republican state convention met on August 31, and re-nominated the incumbent U. S. The Conservative state convention met on August 31 at Saratoga Springs, New York, the Democratic state convention met on September 1, and nominated U. S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on the first ballot with 968 votes against 153 for Congressman Samuel S. Stratton. The Liberal Party met on September 1, and endorsed the Democratic nominee, the Socialist Workers Party filed a petition to nominate candidates on September 7. John English, a Nassau County leader who helped John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election, at the time, Samuel S. Stratton, a member of the United States House of Representatives from New Yorks 35th congressional district, was considered the most likely Democratic candidate. After President Kennedys assassination, Robert Kennedy remained as Attorney General for Lyndon B. Johnson, Kennedy decided to run for the Senate in New York in August, and resigned from the Cabinet on September 3,1964. During the campaign, Kennedy was frequently met by large crowds, Keating accused Kennedy of being a carpetbagger. If its going be selected on whos got the best New York accent, but I think if its going be selected on the basis of who can make the best United States senator, I think Im still in the contest. Campaign help from President Lyndon B, Johnson, as well as the Democratic landslide after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, helped carry Kennedy into office, as Kennedy polled two million votes less in New York than Johnson did. For Total Votes, the Democratic and Liberal votes for Kennedy are combined
United States Senate election in New York, 1964
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Nominee
United States Senate election in New York, 1964
United States Senate election in New York, 1964
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Life
54.
Boiler Room Girls
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The Boiler Room Girls were the female members of Senator Robert F. Kennedys 1968 presidential campaign staff. The boiler room contained desks divided by regions of the country, i. e. Northeast, each girl was assigned a regional desk and was responsible for daily communication in and out of the Washington campaign headquarters to each state director in their region. Issues and problems were discussed daily and at the end of the day a book was compiled and sent to the candidate. Decisions were reached on each issue and the following morning those decisions came out from the regional desk officer to the state director. So if there was an issue with labor, or abortion rights or there werent enough bumper stickers, also as each state primary was held, the desk officers kept track of the delegate count - both for RFK, McCarthy and Humphrey - leading up to the convention. Thus at any moment, the boiler room became the heartbeat of the campaign. C. Whos who at the Kennedy inquest - time. com, September 5,1969
Boiler Room Girls
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Life
Boiler Room Girls
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Electoral history
55.
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
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Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. is an American radio host, environmental activist, author and attorney specializing in environmental law. He is an Irish American, son of Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, Kennedy is President of the Board of Waterkeeper Alliance, a non-profit focused on grass-roots efforts to protect and enhance waterways worldwide. He currently co-hosts Ring of Fire, a nationally syndicated American radio program, Kennedy has written three political books and two childrens books. Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C and he is the third of eleven children born to Senator Robert F. Kennedy and socialite Ethel Skakel Kennedy, and a nephew of World War II casualty Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Jr. President John Fitzgerald Jack Kennedy, and longtime Senator Edward Moore Ted Kennedy, Kennedy was 9 years old when his uncle John F. Kennedy was assassinated while serving as president. Kennedy remembered crying with his father upon seeing him after hearing of his uncles assassination and he had been informed by his mother of President Kennedys death. He was 14 years old when his father was assassinated while running for president in the 1968 election and he spoke and read excerpts from his fathers speeches at the Mass commemorating his death at Arlington National Cemetery. Following his fathers death, Kennedy had difficulty coping and got in trouble at home and with the law, getting arrested for loitering, at 15, Kennedy was expelled from Millbrook School in New York state because of his bad behavior and poor grades. He went on to earn a J. D. from the University of Virginia, in 1983, Kennedy was hired by New York County District Attorney and longtime family friend Robert M. Morgenthau to be an office assistant. In July 1983, after his attempt, Kennedy passed the bar examination in the State of New York. Less than a later he was disbarred and fired from the District Attorneys office for drug abuse. He was readmitted to the bar in 1985, in September 1983, Kennedy was charged with heroin possession in South Dakota when he became ill in the lavatory of an airplane that stopped in Rapid City, South Dakota. In February 1984, he pleaded guilty to a charge of possessing heroin. He was sentenced to community service after being sent to rehab, in 1984, Kennedy joined the Riverkeeper organization to satisfy the 1,500 hours community service to which he was sentenced. Riverkeeper was founded in 1966 by a group of fishermen and residents from New York with the goal of maintaining the purity of New York City drinking water, while there, Kennedy worked with the group to sue alleged polluters of the Hudson River. After his 1,500 hours were complete, the group hired Kennedy as its chief attorney, Robert Boyle, Riverkeepers founder and former president, fired Wegner but Kennedy re-hired him. Eight members of the Riverkeeper board, as well as Boyle, walked out of the meeting in protest of Kennedys actions. Kennedy also founded and is the current chairman of the umbrella organization Waterkeeper Alliance, today there are 191 waterkeeper programs worldwide operating under the trademarked Riverkeeper, Lakekeeper, Baykeeper, or Coastkeeper names
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
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Kennedy in October 2014
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
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Kennedy during a 2007 speech in Urbana, Illinois
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
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Life
56.
Joseph P. Kennedy III
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy III is an American lawyer and politician, serving as the U. S. Representative for Massachusettss 4th congressional district since 2013 and he is a Democrat whose district extends from the western suburbs of Boston to the states South Coast. Representative Joseph P. Kennedy II, he worked as a Peace Corps volunteer and as an assistant district attorney in the Cape and Islands, a member of the Kennedy family, Kennedy is the grandson of former U. S. Attorney General Robert F. Born in Brighton, Massachusetts, Kennedy was raised in the Boston area with his twin brother, after attending Stanford University he spent two years in the Dominican Republic as a member of the Peace Corps, and earned his law degree at Harvard Law School in 2009. He resigned as a prosecutor in early 2012 to run for the seat held by retiring Congressman Barney Frank and he easily won the Democratic nomination and went on to defeat Republican candidate Sean Bielat. He was sworn into office in January 2013 and sits on the U. S. House Committee on Energy, Kennedy was born October 4,1980 in Brighton, a neighborhood of Boston, to Sheila Brewster and Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy II. He was born eight minutes after his twin brother, Matthew. He and Matt are the eldest grandsons of Senator Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, Kennedy was raised in Brighton and in the coastal town of Marshfield, also spending summers on Cape Cod. From birth, Kennedy was engulfed in politics, in 1980, Senator Ted Kennedy, the boys great-uncle. Kennedys father was elected to Congress in 1986, the pressures of political life strained Joseph and Sheilas marriage, and they divorced in 1991. The twins spent the years moving between Brighton and Cambridge. After graduating from the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge, Kennedy along with his brother enrolled in Stanford University, Kennedys reputation as a teetotaler earned him the college nickname Milkman, as his teammates on the club lacrosse team would jocularly order him glasses of milk at bars. While at Stanford, Kennedy roomed with future NBA player Jason Collins and he reorganized the group with some outside backing, directing the guides to rebuild parts of the park and develop skills to make the operation more attractive to tourists. We basically created a union, said Kennedy, who reported that the groups efforts won higher wages for employees while improving revenue for the tour companies, in April 2006, Kennedy returned to Massachusetts, where he and his brother co-chaired Ted Kennedys re-election campaign. That fall, Kennedy enrolled in Harvard Law School, while in school, Kennedy worked for the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, providing legal aid to low-income tenants with foreclosure cases in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. Kennedy worked as an editor for the Harvard Human Rights Journal, on a staff with his classmate and future wife. In 2007 he and Birchfield co-founded Picture This, Justice and Power and he began an internship at the Cape and Islands District Attorneys Office in 2008. After receiving his J. D. degree from Harvard Law School in 2009, Kennedy was hired at the Cape and he considered running for the Cape-based U. S. House seat held by retiring Rep. Bill Delahunt in early 2010, but decided against it
Joseph P. Kennedy III
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Joseph P. Kennedy III
Joseph P. Kennedy III
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Kennedy speaking at the 50th Anniversary of the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (2011)
Joseph P. Kennedy III
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Kennedy (l–r) campaigning with Elizabeth Warren and his predecessor Barney Frank in November 2012
Joseph P. Kennedy III
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Life
57.
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Jr. was a United States Navy lieutenant. He was killed in action while serving as a patrol bomber pilot in World War II and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. He was the eldest of nine born to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Joe Sr. had plans for Joe Jr. to become President. However, Joe Jr. was killed participating in a top-secret mission in 1944, and the high expectations of the father then fell upon Joe Jr. s younger brother John. Kennedy was born in Hull, Massachusetts and he first attended the Dexter School in Brookline, Massachusetts, with his brother, John. He graduated from The Choate School in 1933 in Wallingford, Connecticut and he then entered Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, graduating in 1938. Kennedy participated in football, rugby, and crew, and he served on the student council, Kennedy then spent a year studying under the tutelage of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics before enrolling in Harvard Law School. From a very young age, Kennedy was groomed by his father, when he was born, his grandfather John F. Fitzgerald, then Mayor of Boston, told the news, This child is the future President of the nation. He often boasted that he would be president even without help from his father and he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Kennedy planned to run for Massachusettss 11th congressional district in 1946, Kennedy expressed approval of Adolf Hitler. His father sent him to visit Nazi Germany in 1934. He wrote to his father, praising Hitler’s sterilization policy as “a great thing” that “will do away with many of the specimens of men. ”He explained that Hitler is building a spirit in his men that could be envied in any country. Kennedy left before his year of law school at Harvard to enlist in the U. S. Naval Reserve on June 24,1941. He entered flight training to be a Naval Aviator, and after training and he was assigned to Patrol Squadron 203 and then Bombing Squadron 110. In September 1943, he was sent to Britain and became a member of Bomber Squadron 110, Special Air Unit ONE and he piloted land-based PB4Y Liberator patrol bombers on anti-submarine details during two tours of duty in the winter of 1943–1944. Kennedy had completed 25 combat missions and was eligible to return home and he instead volunteered for an Operation Aphrodite mission. Kennedy was appointed a lieutenant on July 1,1944, after the U. S. Army Air Forces operation missions were drawn up on July 23,1944, Lieutenants Wilford John Willy and Kennedy were designated as the first Navy flight crew
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
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Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. as Ensign, U.S. Navy (c. 1942)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
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Memorial for Joseph Kennedy Jr. inside the fortress of Mimoyecques (France)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
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Life
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
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Electoral history
58.
Rosemary Kennedy
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Rose Marie Rosemary Kennedy was the oldest daughter born to Joseph, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, and the sister of President John F. Kennedy, and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. Rosemary displayed behavioral problems, resulting in less academic and sporting ability than her siblings and her father arranged one of the first prefrontal lobotomies for her at the age of 23, but it failed and left her incapacitated permanently. Rosemary spent the rest of her life in an institution in Jefferson, Wisconsin and her condition may have inspired her sister, Eunice, to initiate the Special Olympics during 1962. Rose Marie Kennedy was born at her parents home in Brookline and she was the third child and first daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald. She was named after her mother, and commonly called Rosemary or Rosie, during her birth, the doctor was not immediately available and the nurse ordered Rose Kennedy to keep her legs closed, forcing the baby’s head to stay in the birth canal for two hours. The action resulted in a loss of oxygen. By Massachusetts state law, the Binet intelligence test was given to her before first grade, Rose Kennedy sent Rosemary to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, at age 15, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level and she studied but may have felt she disappointed her parents, whom she wanted to please. During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother John to accompany her to a tea-dance, thanks to him, she appeared not different at all during the tea-dance. According to Henry H. Goddard, Rosemary had personally suffered intellectual disabilities and she was deemed to have an IQ between 60 and 70. Younger sister Eunice surmised from various doctors visits to their home that Rosemary was both ill and epileptic. James Roosevelt took us in to see his father, President Roosevelt and he said, Its about time you came. How can I put my arm around all of you, have a fitting at 10,15 Elizabeth Arden. Played Ping-Pong with Ralphs sister, also another man. Walked with Peggy. also went to races with her, and bet and won a dollar. Went to the English Movie at five, went to the lounge with Miss Cahill and Eunice and retired early
Rosemary Kennedy
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Rosemary Kennedy in 1938, prior to her lobotomy, ready to be presented at Court.
Rosemary Kennedy
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Life
Rosemary Kennedy
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Electoral history
59.
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
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Dame Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver, DSG was a member of the Kennedy family, she was the sister of President John F. Kennedy and senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. Her husband, Sargent Shriver, was the United States Ambassador to France during the Lyndon Johnson presidency, in 1962, she founded Camp Shriver, which started on her Maryland farm known as Timberlawn, and evolved into the Special Olympics in 1968. Eunice Mary Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, she was the fifth of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and she was educated at the Convent of The Sacred Heart, Roehampton, London and at Manhattanville College in Upper Manhattan. After graduating from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology in 1943 and she eventually moved to the U. S. Justice Department as executive secretary for a project dealing with juvenile delinquency. In 1969, Shriver moved to France and pursued her interest in intellectual disability there, Shriver actively campaigned for her elder brother, John, during his successful 1960 U. S. presidential election. Although Shriver was a Democrat, she was a supporter of the pro-life movement. In 1990, Shriver wrote a letter to The New York Times denouncing the misuse of a quotation by President Kennedy used out of context by a pro-choice group. During Bill Clintons 1992 Democratic U. S. presidential campaign, casey of Pennsylvania, and Bishop Austin Vaughan of New York – who signed a letter to The New York Times protesting the Democratic Partys pro-choice plank in its platform. Shriver was a supporter of several organizations, Feminists for Life of America. Anthony List, and Democrats for Life of America, a lifelong Democrat, she supported her Republican son-in-law Arnold Schwarzeneggers successful 2003 Governor of California election. On January 28,2008, Shriver was present at American University in Washington, D. C. when her brother, senator Edward M. Kennedy, announced his endorsement of Barack Obamas 2008 Democratic U. S. presidential campaign. She has also helped to establish numerous other university programs, government initiatives, health-care facilities, in 1982, Shriver founded the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring at University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The Community is a grades K-12, whole school, comprehensive character education program with a focus on disabilities, adopted by almost 1,200 schools nationwide and in Canada. She was awarded the nations highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 1984 by U. S. President Ronald Reagan, in 1990 Shriver was awarded the Eagle Award from the United States Sports Academy. The Eagle Award is the Academys highest international honor and was awarded to Shriver for her significant contributions to international sport, in 1992, Shriver received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. For her work in nationalizing the Special Olympics, Shriver received the Civitan International World Citizenship Award and her advocacy on this issue has also earned her other awards and recognitions, including honorary degrees from numerous universities. She is the second American and only woman to appear on a US coin while still living and her portrait is on the obverse of the 1995 commemorative silver dollar honoring the Special Olympics. On the reverse is the quotation, As we hope for the best in them, in addition to the Teddy recognition, she was selected in 2006 as part of the NCAA Centennial celebration as one of the 100 most-influential individuals in its first century, she was listed ninth
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
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Dame Eunice Kennedy Shriver DSG
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
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Life
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
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Electoral history
60.
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Jean Ann Kennedy Smith is an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 1993 to 1998. She is the eighth of nine born to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald. Her siblings include President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, longtime Senator Ted Kennedy, Smith is the founder of Very Special Arts, an internationally recognized non-profit dedicated to creating a society where those with disabilities can engage with the arts. In 2011, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor, by President Barack Obama for her work with VSA, as Ambassador to Ireland, Smith was instrumental to the Northern Ireland peace process as President Bill Clintons representative in Dublin. Irish President Mary McAleese conferred honorary Irish citizenship on Smith in 1998 in recognition of her service to the country, Jean Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on her elder sister Kathleens eighth birthday. She has been described as the shyest and most guarded of the Kennedy children, on May 19,1956, she married Stephen Edward Smith in a small chapel of the Roman Catholic Saint Patricks Cathedral in New York City. The Smiths maintained a profile than some other members of the extended Kennedy family. During the early 1960s, they settled in New York City, Jean gave birth to two sons, Stephen Edward Smith, Jr. S. In 1974, Kennedy Smith founded Very Special Arts, now simply as VSA the international organization on art. VSA is a affiliate of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts which is headquartered in Washington. It is dedicated to creating a society where people with disabilities learn through, participate in, VSA annually serves over 7 million people across American and in 52 countries. Smith has traveled throughout the world on behalf of VSA to advocate for greater inclusion in the arts for people with disabilities. Her book, Chronicles of Courage, Very Special Artists, co-written with George Plimpton, was published by Random House in April 1993. In 2011, Smith was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor, by President Barack Obama for her work with VSA, as ambassador, she played a pivotal role in the peace process in Northern Ireland for almost five years before retiring the post. She successfully advocated for the U. S. government to grant a visa to Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams, which directly led to the IRA declaring a ceasefire in 1994. As a demonstration of her views, on at least one occasion she received communion in a cathedral of the Church of Ireland. Irish President Mary McAleese conferred honorary Irish citizenship on Smith in 1998 in recognition of her service to the country, during a ceremony, McAleese praised Smiths fixedness of purpose. Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern told Smith, You have helped bring about a life for everyone throughout Ireland
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Kennedy Smith with Victoria Reggie Kennedy in 2008
Jean Kennedy Smith
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c.1953
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Life
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Electoral history
61.
John F. Fitzgerald
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John Francis Honey Fitz Fitzgerald was an American politician, father of Rose Kennedy and maternal grandfather of President John F. Kennedy. Fitzgerald, born to Irish immigrants, was a Democratic congressman who went on to win two terms as mayor of Boston, and made unsuccessful runs for Governor of Massachusetts. He made major improvements to the port, and became a patron of the team now known as the Boston Red Sox. He maintained a profile in the city, with his theatrical style of campaigning. His daughter Rose married Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. the son of his political rival P. J. Kennedy, in old age, Fitzgerald helped his grandson John F. Kennedy to win his first seat in congress. John Francis Fitzgerald was born in the North End of Boston to Irish businessman/politician Thomas Fitzgerald of Bruff, County Limerick and he was the fourth of twelve children. Both of his sisters, Ellen and Mary, and his eldest brother, Michael, Fitzgeralds brother Joseph had severe brain damage from malaria and barely functioned. Only three of the children survived in good health, Fitzgeralds mother died when he was sixteen. His father wished for him to become a doctor to help prevent future tragedies of the sort that had marred the Fitzgerald family. Accordingly, after being educated at Boston Latin School and Boston College, he enrolled at Harvard Medical School for one year, Fitzgerald later became a clerk at the Customs House in Boston and was active in the local Democratic Party. Fitzgerald was a member of the Royal Rooters, a supporters club for Bostons baseball teams, particularly its American League team. At one point, he was the chairman, and threw out the ceremonial opening pitch in Fenway Parks inaugural game. His great-granddaughter Caroline Kennedy threw out the first pitch for Fenway Parks 100th anniversary on April 20,2012, Fitzgerald was elected to Bostons Common Council in 1891. In 1892, he became a member of the Massachusetts Senate and these early victories came about with support from the powerful boss of Bostons 8th ward, Martin Lomasney. In 1906, Fitzgerald was elected Mayor of Boston, becoming the first American-born Irish-Catholic to be elected to that office, in the process, he made an enemy of the powerful Lomasney, who had fielded one of his lieutenants for the office. Fitzgerald served as mayor of Boston from 1906 to 1908, was defeated for re-election, of his stylish manner, Robert Dallek wrote, He was a natural politician—a charming, impish, affable lover of people. His warmth of character earned him yet another nickname, Honey Fitz, a pixie-like character with florid face, bright eyes, and sandy hair, he was a showman who could have had a career in vaudeville. But politics, with all the brokering that went into arranging alliances, a verse of the day ran, Honey Fitz can talk you blind / on any subject you can find / Fish and fishing, motor boats / Railroads, streetcars, getting votes
John F. Fitzgerald
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John F. Fitzgerald
John F. Fitzgerald
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The "Bigger, Busier and Better Boston" campaign, 1907.
62.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Kennedy at the White House in 1961
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Bouvier at age six.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Kennedy at Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island on her wedding day, September 12, 1953
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline campaigning with her husband in Appleton, Wisconsin, in March 1960
63.
Sargent Shriver
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Robert Sargent Sarge Shriver Jr. was an American politician and activist. As the husband of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, he was part of the Kennedy family, serving in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. During the 1972 U. S. presidential election, he was George McGoverns running mate as the Democratic Partys nominee for Vice President, replacing Thomas Eagleton, who had resigned from the ticket. Shriver was born in Westminster, Maryland, the son of Robert Sargent Shriver Sr. and his wife Hilda. Sarges elder brother was Thomas Herbert Shriver, of partial German ancestry, Shriver was a descendant of David Shriver, who signed the Maryland Constitution and Bill of Rights at Marylands Constitutional Convention of 1776. He spent his school years at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. He was on Canterburys baseball, basketball, and football teams, became the editor of the schools newspaper, after he graduated in 1934, Shriver spent the summer in Germany as part of The Experiment in International Living, returning in the fall of 1934 to enter Yale University. He received his bachelors degree in 1938 in American Studies, having been a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he was chairman of the Yale Daily News. Shriver then attended Yale Law School, earning an LL. B. degree in 1941. S, President Gerald Ford and Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, that tried to keep the U. S. out of the European war. Nevertheless, Shriver volunteered for the U. S. Navy before the attack on Pearl Harbor and he spent five years on active duty, mostly in the South Pacific, serving aboard the USS South Dakota, reaching the rank of lieutenant. He was awarded a Purple Heart for wounds he received during the bombardment of Guadalcanal, Shrivers relationship with the Kennedys began when he was working as an assistant editor at Newsweek after his discharge from the Navy. Shriver was later hired to manage the Merchandise Mart, part of Kennedys business empire, in Chicago, after a seven-year courtship, Shriver married Eunice Kennedy on May 23,1953, at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City. She was the daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. A devout Catholic, Shriver attended daily Mass and always carried a rosary of wooden beads. What America needs are policies that protect and advance the interest of mothers and their children. He appointed to and served as president of the Chicago Board of Education, when brother-in-law John F. Kennedy ran for president, Shriver worked as a political and organization coordinator in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries. During Kennedys presidential term, Shriver founded and served as the first director of the Peace Corps, after Kennedys assassination, Shriver continued to serve as Director of the Peace Corps and served as Special Assistant to President Lyndon Johnson. Under Johnson, he created the Office of Economic Opportunity with William B. Mullins and he is known as the architect of the Johnson administrations War on Poverty
Sargent Shriver
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Shriver, c. 1962
Sargent Shriver
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Shriver and JFK at the White House in August 1961.
64.
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is an American author, attorney, and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the surviving child of President John F. Kennedy. The following year, Caroline, her mother, and brother settled on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Kennedy graduated from Radcliffe College and worked at Manhattans Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She went on to receive a J. D. degree from Columbia Law School, most of Kennedys professional life has spanned law and politics, as well as education reform and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her familys legacy, congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand ultimately replaced Clinton as the junior New York Senator. In 2013, President Obama appointed her as ambassador to Japan, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27,1957, at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan to John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. A year before Carolines birth, her parents had a daughter named Arabella. Caroline had two brothers, John Jr. who was born just before her third birthday, and Patrick. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. during the first three years of her life, when Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the White House when her father was sworn in as President of the United States. Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, one such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his Top Ten hit song, Sweet Caroline—which he revealed when he performed it for her 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, historians described Carolines childhood personality as a trifle remote and a bit shy at times yet remarkably unspoiled. Shes too young to realize all these luxuries, her grandmother, Rose Kennedy. She probably thinks its natural for children to go off in their own airplanes, but she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence and that evening, the children were brought back to the White House, and while Caroline was in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the children, on December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline and the children moved out of the White House, back to Georgetown. Their new home became a popular tourist attraction and they moved from Washington to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan the following year. In 1967, Caroline christened the U. S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a sentimental journey to Ireland
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Kennedy
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline with her father aboard the yacht Honey Fitz off the coast of Hyannis, Massachusetts at age five.
Caroline Kennedy
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2008 United States presidential election
Caroline Kennedy
65.
John F. Kennedy Jr.
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. often referred to as JFK Jr. or John John, was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the surviving son of former President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. His father was assassinated three days before his third birthday, from his early childhood onwards, Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny, and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for four years, in 1995, he launched George magazine, using his political and celebrity status to publicize it. Kennedy died along with his wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and her elder sister Lauren in the crash of a plane he was piloting. Kennedy had intended to drop off Lauren at Marthas Vineyard before continuing to the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy in Hyannis Port, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was born at Georgetown University Hospital on November 25,1960, two weeks after his father was elected president. His parents had a daughter named Arabella four years before John Jr. s birth. John Jr. had a sister, Caroline, and an infant brother, Patrick. His putative nickname, John-John, came from a reporter who misheard JFK calling him John twice in quick succession, John Jr. lived in the White House during the first three years of his life, and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. His father was assassinated on November 22,1963, and the funeral was held three days later on John Jr. s third birthday. In a moment that became an image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward. The family continued with their plans for a party, to demonstrate that the Kennedys would go on despite the death of their father. Following his fathers assassination, Kennedy moved to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City with his mother and sister, where he grew up. In 1967, his mother took him and his sister Caroline on a sentimental journey to Ireland. After his uncle Robert was assassinated in 1968, his mother took him and his out of the United States, saying, If theyre killing Kennedys. I want to get out of this country, the same year, she married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and the family went to live on his private island of Skorpios. Kennedy is said to have considered his stepfather a joke, in 1971, Kennedy returned to the White House with his mother and sister for the first time since the assassination. President Richard Nixons daughters gave Kennedy a tour that included his old bedroom, when Onassis died in 1975, he left Kennedy $25,000, though Jacqueline was able to renegotiate the will, and acquired $20 million for herself and her children
John F. Kennedy Jr.
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Kennedy greets invited guests at the HBO and Imagine Entertainment premiere held at the Kennedy Space Center in 1998.
John F. Kennedy Jr.
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JFK Jr. at age two, with his father at the White House
John F. Kennedy Jr.
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Family
66.
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
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Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was the last child of United States President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. His birth weight was 4 pounds 10 1⁄2 ounces, shortly after birth, he developed symptoms of hyaline membrane disease, now called infant respiratory distress syndrome. He was transferred to Boston Childrens Hospital where he died two days later, following treatment in a hyperbaric chamber. At that time, all that could be done for a baby with hyaline membrane disease was to make efforts to keep the blood chemistry as close to normal as possible. A funeral mass was held on August 10,1963, in the chapel of Cardinal Richard Cushing in Boston. The child was buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts. The First Lady and the President were deeply affected by the death, upon their departure from Otis Air Force Base, the couple – seldom publicly affectionate – were seen holding hands. Secret Service agent Clint Hill recalled the couple having a closer relationship that was visible following Patricks death. Press secretary Pierre Salinger believed that while the President and First Lady had been brought closer by the White House, preterm birth Kennedy family Kennedy family tree President John F. Kennedy on the Death of His Infant Son Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
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Gravestone in the Kennedy family plot in Arlington National Cemetery
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
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Family
67.
Maria Shriver
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Maria Owings Shriver is an American journalist, activist, author of six best-selling books, and former First Lady of California. She has received a Peabody Award and was co-anchor for NBCs Emmy-winning coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, as executive producer of The Alzheimers Project, Shriver earned two Emmy Awards and an Academy of Television Arts & Sciences award for developing a television show with a conscience. She is a member of the Kennedy family, Shriver is currently a special anchor and correspondent for NBC News. Shriver was born in Chicago, Illinois, Shriver is the niece of United States President John F. Kennedy, U. S. Attorney General and U. S. Senator Ted Kennedy and six other siblings, Shriver attended Westland Middle School in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D. C. and graduated in 1973 from Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in Bethesda. She attended Manhattanville College for two years, then transferred and went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree in American studies from Georgetown University in Washington, vice presidential race, calling these orders the best thing that ever happened to me. Shriver also served as anchor on Saturdays, from 1989–1990. She was an anchor on Dateline NBC from 1992 until 2004. In August 2003, Shriver took a leave of absence from NBC News when her husband became a candidate in the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election. Following her husbands November 17,2003, inauguration as the 38th Governor of California and she then returned to reporting, making two more appearances for Dateline NBC. She appeared as herself in the film Last Action Hero and she also played a minor role as herself in Be Prepared, a 2006 episode of the television series Thats So Raven promoting a Preparedness Plan. On March 23,2007, Shriver returned to television news as substitute host of talk show Larry King Live on CNN with musician Sheryl Crow. Shriver announced that she not return to the news media after the excessive media coverage of the death of Anna Nicole Smith. In 2008, Shriver executive-produced American Idealist, The Story of Sargent Shriver, the documentary originally aired on PBS on January 21,2008. The film chronicled the life, accomplishments and vision of her father, Shriver has been a lifelong advocate for people with intellectual disabilities. She is a member of the International Board of Special Olympics and she is also on the advisory board of Best Buddies, a one-to-one friendship and jobs program for people with intellectual disabilities. In addition, Shriver serves as Chair of the Audi Best Buddies Challenge, Hearst Castle, as First Lady, Shriver has been instrumental in the hiring of individuals with intellectual disabilities in the capitol and in various state offices through her WE Include program. In February 2008, Shriver launched an ice cream company called Lovin Scoopful with her brother, twenty-five percent of the proceeds from Lovin Scoopful benefits the Special Olympics
Maria Shriver
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Shriver in October 2010
Maria Shriver
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Shriver with her husband Arnold Schwarzenegger at the 2007 Special Olympics in Shanghai, China
Maria Shriver
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Shriver in April 2013
68.
Cheryl Hines
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Cheryl Ruth Hines is an American actress, comedian, producer and director, known for her role as Larry Davids wife Cheryl on HBOs Curb Your Enthusiasm, for which she was nominated for two Emmy Awards. She also starred as Dallas Royce on the ABC sitcom Suburgatory, in 2009, she made her directorial debut with Serious Moonlight. She is also a poker enthusiast with career winnings totaling $50,000, Hines was born Cheryl Ruth Hines in Miami Beach, Florida, a daughter of James and Rosemary Hines. Part of her family came from Frostproof, Florida, but she grew up in Tallahassee, Hines also attended Lively Technical Center and Tallahassee Community College in Tallahassee. She was raised Catholic and has two brothers and a sister and she attended West Virginia University and Florida State University before graduating from the University of Central Florida. Though Reiner did not play a role in her career. She has had guest appearances on shows such as Swamp Thing. Hines began her career by doing improvisational comedy at The Groundlings Theater. Among the people she studied with was Lisa Kudrow and she also learned to write comedy sketches, which served her well when working on HBOs Curb Your Enthusiasm as Larry Davids fictional wife, Cheryl. The show is using the retroscripting technique, in which the plot outlines are generally and loosely drawn. When the show first came out, people from Tallahassee thought, Well, maybe Cheryl got married, sometimes, I do feel like I live two lives. Hines received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on Curb Your Enthusiasm in 2003 and 2006, speaking about being cast on the show, Hines has said that Until Curb, I’d done small roles, really small roles. They wanted to cast an unknown actress and it worked in my favor that I hadn’t done anything. In movies, she was one of the stars of RV opposite Robin Williams, Waitress with Keri Russell, and the 2008 mockumentary comedy The Grand and her 2009 directorial debut Serious Moonlight stars Meg Ryan with a script by the late Adrienne Shelly, Hiness co-star in Waitress. In 2009, Hines starred in the ABC sitcom In the Motherhood and it was loosely an adaptation to the web series. The series was short-lived lasting 5 out of 7 episodes due to low ratings, during the 2009-2010 season of Brothers and Sisters, she guest-starred as Kitty Walker McCallisters campaign manager, Buffy. It was announced in July 2010 that Hines would be joining the cast of the new Nickelodeon films based on their series The Fairly OddParents, A Fairly Odd Movie and she played Wanda, the main characters godmother. Hines serves as the producer for the 2010 reality series School Pride
Cheryl Hines
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Hines at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011
Cheryl Hines
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Hines and Meg Ryan at the premiere of Serious Moonlight, Hines' directorial debut
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Hines, Grand Marshal of the Springtime Tallahassee Grand Parade, providing autographs and pictures for residents of Tallahassee on April 6, 2013
69.
William Kennedy Smith
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William Kennedy Smith is an American physician whose work focuses on landmines and the rehabilitation of landmine victims. William Kennedy Smith is the second of four children of Stephen Edward Smith and his mother is the youngest daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He is the nephew of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and he is the biological brother of Stephen Edward Smith, Jr. and the brother of adopted sisters Kym and Amanda. Smith married Anne Henry, a fundraising consultant, in May 2011 at Tilghman Island, Maryland. The couple has two children, India Rose born in 2012 and Stephen born in 2013, william Kennedy Smith was born on September 4,1960 in Brighton, Massachusetts. Smith spent the first years of his life in Washington D. C. while his father worked at the Pentagon during the Kennedy Administration, later, the family returned to New York, where Smith spent most of his childhood. Smith attended boarding school at Salisbury School in Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1992, after receiving his M. D. from Georgetown, Smith went to work in Somalia with the International Medical Corps. In 1996, Dr. Smith founded Physicians Against Land Mines, the goal of PALM was to permanently ban the sale and use of antipersonnel and land mines. PALM served as a partner alongside the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, and in 1997. The CIR also engaged in initiatives and the development of prosthetics technology to improve rehabilitation care for amputees in war-torn areas. By engineering and disseminating new technologies in prosthetics and orthotics, the RERC was able to improve access to mobility aids for landmine survivors. In 2001, under Smiths leadership, the CIR developed one of the worlds first distance learning program in prosthetics, orthotics and amputee care. Harnessing the power of the Internet, the CIR was able to deliver medical education to workers in clinics, in 2005, Dr. Smith and CIR staff collaborated with engineer Ralf Hotchkiss of Whirlwind Wheelchair International to design a new wheelchair appropriate for rugged environments. In the summer of 2005, the team conducted a research study in Kabul. Local medical professionals received hands-on training in wheelchair assembly and user assessment, when the workshop concluded, participants assembled 100 CIR-Whirlwind Wheelchairs, which were distributed to local users. Also in 2005, Smith formally launched the International Disability and Education Alliance Network website through the CIR, iDEAnet is a global collaboration of individuals and institutions that provide medical services and humanitarian relief. Like the CIR, it has a focus on disability in low-income. Its mission is to foster collaborative efforts to use distributed learning and telemedicine to address health disparities and foster effective, in 2008, CIR introduced its newest initiative, iCons in Medicine
William Kennedy Smith
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Dr. William Kennedy Smith
70.
Kara Kennedy
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Kara Anne Kennedy Allen was a member of the American political dynasty, the Kennedy family. She was the oldest of the three children of U. S, Senator Ted Kennedy from Massachusetts and Joan Bennett Kennedy, and a niece of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Kara Kennedy served on the boards of charities and was a filmmaker. Kara Anne Kennedy was born in 1960 to Joan and Ted Kennedy in Bronxville, in his book True Compass, Senator Kennedy wrote about his joy at her birth, I had never seen a more beautiful baby nor been more happy. Her siblings are Edward Moore Kennedy, Jr. and Patrick Joseph Kennedy II and she spent her early years in Virginia and Cape Cod. She attended the National Cathedral School in Washington, D. C. and Trinity College, Kennedy graduated from Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. After graduating from the National Cathedral School in 1978, Kennedy worked on her fathers 1980 Presidential campaign before matriculating at Tufts University, following the receipt of her degree in 1983, she pursued a career in television, working at Fox News in New York. She also was a producer for the television program Evening Magazine at station WBZ-TV in Boston, Kennedy co-managed her fathers successful 1988 re-election campaign with her brother Ted. Kennedy produced films for VSA arts, formerly known as Very Special Arts, one of Kennedys best known projects was a film she produced on Chris Burke, the actor with Down syndrome who starred in the television series Life Goes On. She revealed that the project had as much of a positive impact on her as it did on the viewing audience. In 1990, Kennedy married architect and real estate developer Michael Allen of Jamestown, when their first child, Grace, was born in September 1994, she made the decision to be a full-time mother and homemaker. Her son Max was born in 1996, Kennedy also gave her time to Sibley Hospital, and to the women of the N Street Village in Washington, D. C. She served as a member of the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate where she co-produced a film about the Institute that was shown at its inaugural groundbreaking event. Kennedy was a tutor and was preparing to join the Board of Reading Partners at the time of her death. Kennedy was on the National Advisory Board of the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, when she married, Kennedy dropped her middle name Anne and replaced it with her maiden name Kennedy as her new middle name. They had two children, Grace Kennedy Allen and Max Greathouse Allen and they were divorced after 11 years of marriage. In 2002, at age 42, Kennedy was diagnosed with lung cancer, the operation was successful, and she resumed an active life that included regular running and swimming. On August 12,2009, Kennedy accepted the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama on behalf of her father at a ceremony in Washington and her father died 13 days later, he had been diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2008
Kara Kennedy
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Electoral history
Kara Kennedy
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Kara Kennedy Allen
71.
Patrick J. Kennedy
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Patrick Joseph Kennedy II is an American politician and mental health advocate. From 1995 to 2011 he served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Islands 1st congressional district. A member of the Kennedy family, he is the son of the long-time Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy and is a nephew of former U. S. President John F. Kennedy. At the time of his fathers 2009 death, he was the last remaining member of the Kennedy family to serve in an office in Washington. This persisted until 2013, when Joseph P. Kennedy III, Patrick Kennedy was born in Brighton, Massachusetts. He is the youngest of three born to Senator Edward Moore Ted Kennedy and musician/socialite/former model Virginia Joan Bennett. His sister Kara was a television and film producer while his brother Ted Jr. is a lawyer and member of the Connecticut State Senate, Patrick was named after his patrilineal great-grandfather, businessman and politician Patrick Joseph P. J. Kennedy. Kennedy graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1986, while a junior at Providence College, Kennedy defeated five term incumbent John F. Skeffington Jr. for the Democratic nomination in District 9. Kennedy became the youngest member of the Kennedy family to hold elected office in 1988 and he served two terms in the House representing District 9 in Providence, Rhode Island. He chose not to run for a term, and was succeeded by Anastasia P. Williams. In 1994 Kennedy was elected as a Democrat to represent the 1st Congressional District of Rhode Island and he was reelected seven times, and served from January 3,1995, to January 3,2011. In the House Kennedy served on the Armed Services and Natural Resources Committees before being appointed to the Appropriations Committee, Kennedy was a founder of the Congressional Down Syndrome and 21st Century Healthcare Caucuses, and a vice chairman of the Native American Caucus. He was a founder of the Rhode Island Chapter of the National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, during his tenure as DCCC chairman, Kennedy became a headliner at Democratic political events and fundraisers around the country. Representative Ronald Machtley in the 1994 Rhode Island 1st congressional district election and he won the election, defeating Republican candidate Kevin Vigilante. S. He was reelected two years from 1996 until 2008, and did not run for reelection in 2010. In 2000 Kennedy considered running against Republican Lincoln Chafee in the U. S. Senate election in Rhode Island, Kennedy had recently won appointment to the House Appropriations Committee, a high-profile assignment that caused him to pass up the Senate race. He again considered running against Chafee in 2006, but instead chose to run for reelection, Kennedy did not run for reelection in 2010, and completed his final term in January 2011. He finished his 8th term at the completion of the 111th United States Congress, Kennedy was a vocal advocate for health care reform
Patrick J. Kennedy
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Patrick J. Kennedy
Patrick J. Kennedy
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Earlier official Congressional photo of Kennedy.
Patrick J. Kennedy
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Kennedy embraces President Obama at his father's funeral.
Patrick J. Kennedy
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Electoral history
72.
Christopher G. Kennedy
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Christopher George Chris Kennedy is a Chicago businessman and chairman of Joseph P. Kennedy Enterprises, Inc. He is the son of former U. S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and is a member of the Kennedy family, Kennedy formerly served as chairman of the Board of Trustees for the University of Illinois from 2009 to 2015. Until April 2012, he was president of Merchandise Mart Properties. On February 8,2017, Kennedy announced his candidacy as a Democrat for the 2018 Illinois governors race, Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Robert Francis Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, the eighth of their eleven children. He is one of four grandchildren of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy born during the administration of his uncle U. S. President John F. Kennedy. His siblings are, He grew up at his home, Hickory Hill, in McLean, Virginia. He transferred to Georgetown Preparatory School in North Bethesda, Maryland, also a suburb of Washington, while in high school, he volunteered at a home for runaway youth. Kennedy graduated from Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in science in 1986. In 1994, he graduated with a master of business degree from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in Evanston. Kennedy is chairman of the Kennedy family investment firm Joseph P Kennedy Enterprises and he is a member of the mutual fund board of trustees for Ariel Investments. Kennedy was the president of Merchandise Mart Properties in Chicago, Illinois, the property was originally owned by the Kennedy family until it was sold to Vornado Realty Trust, a real estate investment trust. The Mart spans two city blocks and rises twenty-five stories for a total of 4, in May 2012, Kennedy started the Chicago-based non-profit Top Box Foods. The organization was created as a way to get discounted groceries to families who live in areas that either lack grocery stores or have an abundance of fast food, Kennedy initially invested $150,000 to get Top Box started, and subsequently designed the organization to be self-sustaining. Top Box as an organization purchases food, boxes it in various combinations and delivers it monthly to churches and organizations in mostly low-income neighborhoods. The food items in the box change from month to month and include a variety of fruits, vegetables, meats. The boxes can be ordered online or through the organizations where the boxes are delivered, Kennedy met Sheila Sinclair-Berner, an Illinois native, while attending Boston College. After graduating from college in 1986, Kennedy moved to Illinois, the couple had four children, Katherine Berner-Kennedy, Christopher George Kennedy, Jr
Christopher G. Kennedy
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Life
