Cosimo II de' Medici
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Cosimo II de' Medici was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1609 until his death. He was the elder son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Christina of Lorraine.
Cosimo II after Justus Sustermans
Cristofano Allori: Cosimo II
Portrait of Cosimo II de' Medici, 17th century, National Museum in Kraków
Dedication to Medici in volume I of "Opere di Galileo Galilei" (1718)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants.
Cosimo I de' Medici
The Grand Duke Ferdinando I.
Maria Maddalena, Cosimo II and Ferdinando II, painting after Justus Sustermans
The Grand Duke Cosimo III in old age