1.
WC postcode area
–
The WC postcode area, also known as the London WC postcode area, is a group of postcode districts in central London, England. It includes parts of the London Borough of Camden, City of Westminster, London Borough of Islington, the area covered is of very high density development. The current postcode districts are relatively recent, divisions WC1 and WC2 districts established only in 1917. Where the districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs. Both the WC1 and WC2 postcode districts are part of the London post town, there are no dependent localities used in the postcode districts. The numbered districts were created in 1917, before then they had been included in the WC postal district. There has been no significant recoding of the area from 1990 to 2007. There are Post Office branches in the WC1 postcode district at Grays Inn, High Holborn, Marchmont Street and Russell Square, the Western Central District Office was located on New Oxford Street, which was a stop on the London Post Office Railway. Deliveries for WC1 and WC2 now come from Mount Pleasant Mail Centre in Farringdon Road
WC postcode area
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WC postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby
EC,
N,
NW,
SE,
SW and
W postcode areas.
2.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
London Underground
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A deep-level
Central line train at
Lancaster Gate bound for
Ealing Broadway
London Underground
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London Underground
London Underground
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A larger sub-surface
Metropolitan line train at
Farringdon bound for
Aldgate
London Underground
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The Metropolitan Railway opened using GWR broad gauge locomotives
3.
Russell Square tube station
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Russell Square is a London Underground station on Bernard Street, Bloomsbury in the London Borough of Camden. The station is on the Piccadilly line, between Holborn and Kings Cross St Pancras and is in Travelcard Zone 1. Russell Square Station is not far from the British Museum, the University of Londons main campus, Great Ormond Street Hospital, the station was opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway on 15 December 1906. The station was designed by Leslie Green, the interior, while altered, features of interest survive at lower levels including tiling and directional signage. It was the last of the three used in the attacks on the underground, although another bomb later exploded on a bus. A plaque remembering the victims, identical to the one at Kings Cross St Pancras tube station, is located at the station The station is a Grade II listed building, Russell Square station has three lifts and are all fifty-passenger lifts built by Wadsworth. There are no escalators but the platforms can still be reached using a staircase with 171 steps. It is said that the signs at the station indicate a number of steps. The station has 4 payphones,7 gates, a Wifi service,5 vending machines, each station had its own unique tile pattern and colours. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 4–7 minutes between 06,06 and 00,28 in both directions, London Bus routes 10,59,68,91,168,188 and X68 and night routes N91 and N98 serve the station. Russell Square tube station was used as the location for the 1973 horror film entitled Death Line which starred Donald Plesence, Christopher Lee, British Museum University of London Great Ormond Street Hospital Russell Square Gardens Brunswick Centre Rose, Douglas. The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History, the Subterranean Railway, How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever. Archived from the original on 2011-03-03
Russell Square tube station
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Station entrance
Russell Square tube station
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Ambulances at Russell Square following the attack.
Russell Square tube station
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The distinctive platform level tilework.
4.
Holborn
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Holborn is a district in the West End, central London, forming part of the London Borough of Camden. The areas first mention is in a charter of Westminster Abbey, by King Edgar and this mentions the old wooden church of St Andrew. The name Holborn may be derived from the Middle English hol for hollow, and bourne, historical cartographer William Shepherd in his Plan of London about 1300 labels the Fleet as Hole Bourn where it passes to the east of St Andrews church. The exact course of the stream is uncertain, but according to Stow it started in one of the small springs near Holborn Bar. This is supported by a map of London and Westminster created during the reign of Henry VIII that clearly marks the street as Oldbourne, other historians, however, find the theory implausible, in view of the slope of the land. It was then outside the Citys jurisdiction and a part of Ossulstone Hundred in Middlesex, in the 12th century St Andrews was noted in local title deeds as lying on Holburnestrate—Holborn Street. The rest of the area below Bars was organised by the board of the parish of St Andrew. The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn was abolished in 1965 and its area now part of the London Borough of Camden. Holborn is also represented in the London Assembly as part of Barnet and Camden by Andrew Dismore, criminals from the Tower and Newgate passed up Holborn on their way to be hanged at Tyburn or St Giles. The theatre premièred the first full-length feature film in 1914, The World, the Flesh and the Devil, Charles Dickens took up residence in Furnivals Inn, on the site of Holborn Bars. Dickens put his character Pip, in Great Expectations, in residence at Barnards Inn opposite, staple Inn, notable as the promotional image for Old Holborn tobacco, is nearby. The three of these were Inns of Chancery, subsequently, the area diversified and become recognisable as the modern street. A plaque stands at number 120 commemorating Thomas Earnshaws invention of the Marine chronometer, at the corner of Hatton Garden was the old family department store of Gamages. Until 1992, the London Weather Centre was located in the street, the Prudential insurance company relocated in 2002. The Daily Mirror offices used to be directly opposite it, further east, in the gated avenue of Ely Place, is St Etheldredas Church, originally the chapel of the Bishop of Ely’s London palace. This ecclesiastical connection allowed the street to remain part of the county of Cambridgeshire until the mid-1930s and this meant that Ye Olde Mitre, a pub located in a court hidden behind the buildings of the Place and the Garden was subject to the Cambridgeshire Magistrates to grant its licence. St Etheldredas is the oldest church building used for Roman Catholic worship in London, however, this became so only after it ceased to be an Anglican chapel in the 19th century. Hatton Garden, the centre of the trade, was leased to a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Christopher Hatton
Holborn
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Holborn Bars, built 1879–1901, headquarters of
Prudential Assurance, at 138–142 Holborn
Holborn
–
"
Old Holborn ": Staple Inn in 1900
Holborn
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A view of Holborn in 1984.
Holborn
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Former Pearl Assurance building
5.
London Borough of Camden
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The London Borough of Camden /ˈkæmdən/ is a borough in north west London, and forms part of Inner London. The southern reaches of Camden form part of central London, the local authority is Camden London Borough Council. The borough was created in 1965 from the area of the metropolitan boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn, and St Pancras. The borough was named after Camden Town, which had gained its name from Charles Pratt, the transcribed diaries of William Copeland Astbury, recently made available, describe Camden and the surrounding areas in great detail from 1829–1848. There are 162 English Heritage blue plaques in the borough of Camden representing the diverse personalities that have lived there. The area is in the part of the city, reaching from Holborn. Neighbouring areas are the City of Westminster and the City of London to the south, Brent to the west, Barnet and Haringey to the north and Islington to the east. It covers all or part of the N1, N6, N7, N19, NW1, NW2, NW3, NW5, NW6, NW8, EC1, WC1, WC2, W1 and it contains parts of central London. Camden Town Hall is located in Judd Street in St Pancras, Camden London Borough Council was controlled by the Labour Party continuously from 1971 until the 2006 election, when the Liberal Democrats became the largest party. In 2006, two Green Cllrs, Maya de Souza and Adrian Oliver, were elected and were the first Green Party councillors in Camden, Camden was the fourth to last council to drop out of the campaign, doing so in the early hours of 6 June. Borough councillors are elected every four years, between 2006 and 2010 Labour lost two seats to the Liberal Democrats through by-elections, in Kentish Town and Haverstock wards. A Labour Councillor in Haverstock ward also defected to the Liberal Democrats in February 2009, at the local elections on 6 May 2010 the Labour party regained full control of Camden council. The new council is made up of 30 Labour,13 Liberal Democrats,10 Conservatives, at the Councils AGM, Labours Nasim Ali took office as Camdens first leader from the Bengali community. Labour Councillor Jonathan Simpson was elected the Mayor of the Borough, the organisations staff are led by the Chief Executive who is currently Mike Cooke. Each directorate is divided into a number of divisions headed by an assistant director and they in turn are divided into groups which are themselves divided into services. This is a model to most local government in London. Pancras in the south, represented by Labours Keir Starmer, in 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough were already developed and had a total population of 96,795. This continued to rise throughout the 19th century as the district became built up
London Borough of Camden
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Camden Town market (2011)
London Borough of Camden
London Borough of Camden
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Santander UK head office
London Borough of Camden
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View of the railway bridge over Camden High St. which carries the
North London Line
6.
Guilford Street
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Guilford Street is a road in Bloomsbury in central London, England, designated the B502. From Russell Square it extends east-northeast to Grays Inn Road, note that it is not spelt the same way as Guildford in Surrey. It is, in fact, named after Frederick North, Lord North, a former Prime Minister, the nearest tube station is Russell Square. The street contains the entrance to Goodenough College, an international residential centre for postgraduates studying or training in London. It has the entrance to Corams Fields, a park containing extensive facilities for children. Unusually access is reserved for those under 16, adults are allowed entry if accompanying a child. On the junction with Russell Square is the Hotel Russell and it was built in 1898 by the architect Charles Fitzroy Doll. It is distinctively clad in decorative thé-au-lait terracotta and was based on the Château de Madrid on the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Its restaurant, which was named after the architect but has since been renamed Tempus, is said to be almost identical to the RMS Titanics dining room which he also designed, media related to Guilford Street at Wikimedia Commons
Guilford Street
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Looking west along Guilford Street
Guilford Street
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Hotel Russell
Guilford Street
–
Statues of British Queens on the Hotel Russell by
Henry Charles Fehr
Guilford Street
–
Buildings
7.
Mecklenburgh Square
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Mecklenburgh Square is a Grade II listed square located in the Kings Cross area of central London. The Square and its garden were part of the Foundling Estate, the Square was named in honour of King George III’s Queen, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. It was begun in 1804, but was not completed until 1825 and it is notable for the number of historic terraced houses that face directly onto the square and the Mecklenburgh Square Garden. Access to the garden is permitted to resident keyholders, except when it is open to all visitors for Open Garden Squares Weekend. The garden was out and planted between 1809 and 1810 as the centrepiece of the newly developed Mecklenburgh Square, buildings on the eastern side were designed by architect Joseph Kay. The 2 acres garden is made up of formal lawns, gravel paths, mature plane trees and it contains a childrens playground, and a tennis court. The east side of the garden is planted with plants native to New Zealand, to the west is Corams Fields, a playground for children, and to the east is Grays Inn Road, a major thoroughfare for the area. Goodenough College is a residence and educational trust on the north and south sides of the square. Russell Square tube station is located to the south-west of the square, samuel Parkes died here on 23 December 1825. Karl Pearson lived at no.40 as a child from 1866 to 1875, at no.21 there is a blue plaque for R. H. Tawney, historian. In the same doorway is a plaque for Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. At no.44 there is a plaque for H. D. the American poet, virginia Woolf lived at no.37 from 1939 to 1940. The house was bombed in a German air raid in 1940, in Dorothy L. Sayers last novel but one, entitled Gaudy Night, the lead character, Harriet Vane, has an apartment on Mecklenburgh Square. She had moved there from a presumably smaller flat on Doughty Street
Mecklenburgh Square
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Corner of Mecklenburgh Square and Mecklenburgh Street
Mecklenburgh Square
Mecklenburgh Square
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Plaque on number 44
Mecklenburgh Square
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Buildings
8.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
Georgian architecture
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Late Georgian; the west curve of
Park Crescent, London, by
John Nash
Georgian architecture
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Massachusetts Hall at
Harvard University
Georgian architecture
–
Palladian Stowe House, by
William Kent
Georgian architecture
–
Sutton Lodge,
Sutton, London, once used by the Prince Regent,
George IV of the United Kingdom
9.
London Post Office Railway
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Inspired by the Chicago Tunnel Company, it operated from 1927 until 2003. Part of the railway will be opened to visitors in mid-2017, the line ran from Paddington Head District Sorting Office in the west to the Eastern Head District Sorting Office at Whitechapel in the east, a distance of 6.5 miles. It had eight stations, the largest of which was underneath Mount Pleasant, the contract to build the tunnels was won by John Mowlem and Co. Construction of the started in February 1915 from a series of shafts. Most of the line was constructed using the Greathead shield system, the main line has a single 9-foot diameter tube with two tracks. Just before stations, tunnels diverge into two single-track 7-foot diameter tunnels leading to two parallel 25-foot diameter station tunnels, the main tube is at a depth of around 70 feet. Stations are at a shallower depth, with a 1-in-20 gradient into the stations. The gradients assist in slowing the trains when approaching stations, there is also less distance to lift mail from the stations to the surface. At Oxford Circus the tunnel close to the Bakerloo line tunnel of the London Underground. During 1917 work was suspended due to the shortage of labour, by June 1924 track laying had started. In February 1927 the first section, between Paddington and the West Central District Office, was available for training. The line became available for the Christmas parcel post in 1927, in 1954 plans were developed for a new Western District Office at Rathbone Place, which required a diversion, opening in 1958. It was not until 3 August 1965 that the new station and office were opened by the Postmaster General, the disused section was used as a store tunnel, some parts of it still have the track in place. A Royal Mail press release in April 2003 said that the railway would be closed and mothballed at the end of May that year, Royal Mail had earlier stated that using the railway was five times more expensive than using road transport for the same task. Despite a report by the Greater London Authority in support of continued use, in April 2011 an urban exploration group called the Consolidation Crew published accounts to illicit access to the tunnels. Detailed photography and text revealed that the railway is still largely in good condition, digital cameras, fibre optic deformation sensors, laser scanners and other low-cost instruments, reporting in real time, have been installed in the vacated tunnel. As well as providing information about the behaviour of the old construction materials the scheme can also provide a warning if the new tunnel bores are creating dangerous soil movement. In October 2013 the British Postal Museum & Archive announced it intends opening part of the network to the public
London Post Office Railway
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A station on the railway with sight-seeing train
London Post Office Railway
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Map of the Post Office Railway
London Post Office Railway
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1930 Stock Car No. 803 at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
10.
Charles Dickens
–
Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
Charles Dickens
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Dickens in New York, 1867
Charles Dickens
–
Charles Dickens's birthplace, 393 Commercial Road, Portsmouth
Charles Dickens
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2 Ordnance Terrace,
Chatham, Dickens's home 1817 – May 1821
Charles Dickens
–
Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to the
Marshalsea, published in the 1892 edition of Forster's Life of Dickens
11.
Dickens family
–
The Dickens family are the descendants of John Dickens, the father of the English novelist Charles Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Royal Navy Pay Office and had eight children from his marriage to Elizabeth Barrow, two were from previous wives, having had ten children overall. John Dickens was according to his son Charles a jovial opportunist with no sense and was the inspiration for Mr Micawber in David Copperfield. Catherine Elizabeth Macready Dickens, artist, married Charles Allston Collins, Charles Edward Perugini,1 child by, walter Savage Landor Dickens, officer in the British Indian Army 5. Francis Jeffrey Dickens, member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police 6, alfred DOrsay Tennyson Dickens, emigrated to Australia, lecturer on his fathers life,2 daughters 7. Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens a Royal Navy officer 8
Dickens family
–
The Dickens Family (and friends) in 1864 - (l-r)
Charles Dickens, Jr.,
Kate Dickens,
Charles Dickens, Miss Hogarth,
Mary Dickens,
Wilkie Collins,
Georgina Hogarth
12.
Oliver Twist
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Oliver Twist, or The Parish Boys Progress, is the second novel by English author Charles Dickens and was first published as a serial 1837–39. The story is of the orphan Oliver Twist, who starts his life in a workhouse and is sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. He escapes from there and travels to London, where he meets the Artful Dodger, Oliver Twist is notable for its unromantic portrayal by Dickens of criminals and their sordid lives, as well as for exposing the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century. The alternate title, The Parish Boys Progress, alludes to Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress, as well as the 18th-century caricature series by William Hogarth, A Rakes Progress and A Harlots Progress. In this early example of the novel, Dickens satirizes the hypocrisies of his time, including child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals. The novel may have inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe. It is likely that Dickenss own youthful experiences contributed as well, Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous adaptations for various media, including a highly successful musical play, Oliver. and the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture. Disney also put its spin on the novel with the movie called Oliver & Company in 1988, the novel was originally published in monthly installments in the Magazine Bentleys Miscellany from February 1837 to April 1839. It was originally intended to form part of Dickenss serial, The Mudfog Papers, george Cruikshank provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each installment. It included 24 steel-engraved plates by Cruikshank, the first edition was titled, Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boys Progress. Oliver is brought up with food and few comforts. Around the time of Olivers ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble, Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots, the loser must ask for another portion of gruel. The task falls to Oliver, who at the next meal tremblingly comes up forward, bowl in hand, the board of well-fed gentlemen who administer the workhouse hypocritically offer £5 to any person wishing to take on the boy as an apprentice. Mr. Gamfield, a chimney sweep, almost claims Oliver. However, when he begs not to be sent away with that dreadful man. Later, Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker employed by the parish and he treats Oliver better and, because of the boys sorrowful countenance, uses him as a mourner at childrens funerals. In trying to bait Oliver, Noah insults Olivers biological mother, calling her a regular right-down bad un. Oliver flies into a rage, once Oliver is sent to his room for the night, he breaks down and weeps, upset at the events which he had faced
Oliver Twist
–
Frontispiece and title page, first edition 1838 Illustration and design by
George Cruikshank
Oliver Twist
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Cover, first edition of serial, entitled "The Adventures of Oliver Twist" January 1846 Design by
George Cruikshank
Oliver Twist
–
Mr. Bumble by
Kyd (Joseph Clayton Clarke)
Oliver Twist
–
George Cruikshank original engraving of the
Artful Dodger (centre), here introducing
Oliver (right) to
Fagin (left)
13.
Charles Dickens Museum, London
–
The Charles Dickens Museum is an authors house museum at 48 Doughty Street in Holborn, London Borough of Camden. It occupies a typical Georgian terraced house which was Charles Dickenss home from 25 March 1837 to December 1839, a new addition to the household was Dickenss younger brother Frederick. Also, Catherines 17-year-old sister Mary moved with them from Furnivals Inn to offer support to her married sister. It was not unusual for a womans unwed sister to live with, Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837. She inspired characters in many of his books, and her death is fictionalized as the death of Little Nell, Dickens had a three-year lease on the property. He would remain here until 1839 after which he moved on to grander homes as his wealth increased, however, this is his only surviving London house. The two years that Dickens lived in the house were extremely productive, for here he completed The Pickwick Papers, wrote the whole of Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby and worked on Barnaby Rudge. The building at 48 Doughty Street was threatened with demolition in 1923, but was saved by the Dickens Fellowship, founded in 1902, the house was renovated and the Dickens House Museum was opened in 1925, under the direction of an independent trust, now a registered charity. Perhaps the best-known exhibit is the portrait of Dickens known as Dickenss Dream by R. W. Buss and this unfinished portrait shows Dickens in his study at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many of the characters he had created. Dickens family Dickens World Tavistock House Official website Charles Dickens Museum on The National Virtual Museum List of art works at the museum The Museum on the Dickens Fellowship website
Charles Dickens Museum, London
–
Charles Dickens Museum London
Charles Dickens Museum, London
–
"Dickens' Dream" by
Robert William Buss
Charles Dickens Museum, London
–
Dickens' living room
Charles Dickens Museum, London
–
Dickens' chair
14.
Edmund Yates
–
Edmund Hodgson Yates was a British journalist, novelist and dramatist. He was born in Edinburgh to the actor and theatre manager Frederick Henry Yates and was educated at Highgate School in London from 1840-1846 and his first career was a clerk in the General Post Office, before entering journalism, working on the Court Journal and then Daily News. In 1854 he published his first book My Haunts and their Frequenters, after which followed a succession of novels, as a contributor to All The Year Round and Household Words, he gained the high opinion of Charles Dickens. The World, which was perceived as a newspaper chronicling upper class London Society, was a pioneer in personal journalism, such as the interview, in 1884 he was sentenced to four months imprisonment for libelling Lord Lonsdale. But in later life enjoyed a career as a county magistrate. Yates was also the author of and performed in Invitations at Egyptian Hall, London, the work was a highly successful comedy in which he and Harold Littledale Power posed as hosts to a variety of singers and actors. Power also performed songs and imitations, Edmund Yates wrote his autobiography titled Edmund Yates, His Recollections and Experiences, the first edition of which was published by Richard Bentley and Son in 1884. He was a friend of Charles Dickens, and in the 1850s, Yates lived at No.43 Doughty Street, London,48, which is now the Charles Dickens Museum. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, London, J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource Works by or about Edmund Yates at Internet Archive Yates, cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day
Edmund Yates
–
Edmund Yates, 1865
15.
Vera Brittain
–
Vera Mary Brittain was an English Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse, writer, feminist, and pacifist. Her best-selling 1933 memoir Testament of Youth recounted her experiences during the First World War, born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Brittain was the daughter of a well-to-do family who owned paper mills in Hanley and Cheddleton. She was the daughter of a manufacturer, Thomas Arthur Brittain and his wife. She had an uneventful childhood with her brother her closest companion. At 18 months, her moved to Macclesfield, Cheshire. From the age of 13, she attended boarding school at St Monicas, Kingswood and her fiancé Roland Leighton, close friends Victor Richardson M. C. and Geoffrey Thurlow, and her brother Edward Brittain M. C. were all killed during the war. Their letters to each other are documented in the book Letters from a Lost Generation, in one letter Leighton speaks for his generation of public school volunteers when he writes that he feels the need to play an active part in the war. Returning to Oxford after the war to read History, Brittain found it difficult to adjust to life in the postwar generation and she met Winifred Holtby, and a close friendship developed, both aspiring to become established on the London literary scene. The bond lasted until Holtbys death from renal failure in 1935, other literary contemporaries at Somerville included Dorothy L. Sayers, Hilda Reid, Margaret Kennedy, and Sylvia Thompson. Their daughter, born 1930, is the former Labour Cabinet Minister, now Liberal Democrat peer, Brittains first published novel, The Dark Tide, created scandal as it caricatured dons at Oxford, especially at Somerville. Vera Brittain wrote from the heart, basing many of her novels on actual experiences, Brittains diaries from 1913–17 were published in 1981 as Chronicle of Youth. Some critics have argued that Testament of Youth differs greatly from the literature Brittain wrote during the war, afterwards Sheppard invited her to join the Peace Pledge Union. Following six months careful reflection, she replied in January 1937 to say she would, later that year, Brittain also joined the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Her newly found pacifism came to the fore during World War II and she was vilified for speaking out against saturation bombing of German cities through her 1944 booklet Massacre by Bombing. In 1945, the Nazis Black Book of nearly 3,000 people to be arrested in Britain after a German invasion was shown to include her name. From the 1930s onward, Brittain was a contributor to the pacifist magazine Peace News. She eventually became a member of the editorial board and during the 1950s and 1960s was writing articles against apartheid and colonialism. In November 1966, she suffered a fall in a badly lit London street while on the way to a speaking engagement and she fulfilled the engagement, but afterwards found she had suffered a fractured left arm and broken little finger of her right hand
Vera Brittain
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Vera Brittain Promenade in Hamburg, Germany
Vera Brittain
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Plaque at 52
Doughty Street, London
Vera Brittain
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Tombstone of Edward Brittain, Granezza British Cemetery,
Asiago Plateau
Vera Brittain
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A Promenade bears the name of Vera Brittain in Hamburg-Hammerbrook
16.
Winifred Holtby
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Winifred Holtby was an English novelist and journalist, now best known for her novel South Riding, which was posthumously published in 1936. Holtby was born to a farming family in the village of Rudston. Her father was David Holtby and her mother, Alice, was afterwards the first alderwoman on the East Riding County Council, Holtby was educated at home by a governess and then at Queen Margarets School in Scarborough. In 1919, she returned to study at the University of Oxford where she met Vera Brittain, other literary contemporaries at Somerville College included Hilda Reid, Margaret Kennedy and Sylvia Thompson. After graduating from Oxford, in 1921, Winifred and Vera moved to London, Holtbys early novels – Anderby Wold, The Crowded Street and The Land of Green Ginger – met with moderate success. She also wrote a weekly column for the trade union magazine The Schoolmistress. Her books during this period included two novels, Poor Caroline, Mandoa, a critical study of Virginia Woolf and a volume of short stories, Truth is Not Sober. Holtby was, together with Brittain, an ardent feminist, socialist and pacifist and she lectured extensively for the League of Nations Union and was a member of the feminist Six Point Group. She was active in the Independent Labour Party and was a campaigner for the unionisation of black workers in South Africa. Holtby began to suffer from blood pressure, recurrent headaches and bouts of lassitude. Her doctor gave her two years to live. Aware of her death, Holtby put all her remaining energy into what became her most important book. Winifred Holtby died on 29 September 1935, aged 37 and she never married, though she had an unsatisfactory relationship with a man named Harry Pearson, who proposed to her on her deathbed. She also wrote poetry, including poems about Vera Brittains dead brother, Holtby is best remembered for her novel, South Riding, edited by Vera Brittain and published posthumously in March 1936, which received high praise from the critics. The book won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for 1936 and has never been out of print. In 1938, it was made into a directed by Victor Saville, in 1974 it was adapted by Stan Barstow for Yorkshire Television and in 2011. There have also several radio adaptations, the most recent for BBC Radio Four in 2005. Vera Brittain wrote about her friendship with Holtby in her book Testament of Friendship and in 1960 and their letters, along with many of Holtbys other papers, were donated in 1960 to Hull Central Library in Yorkshire and are now held at the Hull History Centre
Winifred Holtby
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Pencil sketch of Winifred Holtby
Winifred Holtby
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Plaque at 52 Doughty Street, London
17.
Sydney Smith
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Sydney Smith was an English wit, writer and Anglican cleric. Born in Woodford, Essex, England, Smith was the son of merchant Robert Smith and Maria Olier, who suffered from epilepsy. His father, described as a man of ingenuity and activity, very clever, odd by nature. Smith himself attributed much of his own personality to his French blood. He was the second of four brothers and one sister, all remarkable for their talents. Two of the brothers, Robert Percy and Cecil, were sent to Eton, but he was sent with the youngest to Winchester College, where he rose to be captain of the school. He and his brother so distinguished themselves that their school-fellows signed a round-robin refusing to try for the college if the Smiths were allowed to contend for them any more. In 1789, Smith became a scholar of New College, Oxford and he planned to read for the bar, but his father disagreed and he was reluctantly compelled to take holy orders. He was ordained at Oxford in 1796 and became curate of the village of Netheravon, Smith did much for the inhabitants, providing the means for the rudiments of education and thus making better things possible. The squire of the parish, Michael Hicks-Beach, invited the new curate to dine and it was arranged that they should go to the University of Weimar in Germany, but war prevented them and in stress of politics said Smith, we put into Edinburgh in 1798. While his pupil attended lectures, Smith studied moral philosophy under Dugald Stewart as well as medicine and he also preached in the Episcopal chapel, attracting large audiences. In 1800, Smith published his first book, Six Sermons, preached in Charlotte Street Chapel, Edinburgh and they settled at 46 George Street, Edinburgh, where Smith made numerous friends, among them the future Edinburgh Reviewers. Towards the end of his five years residence in Edinburgh, in a house in Buccleuch Place, I was appointed editor, he says in the preface to the collection of his contributions, and remained long enough in Edinburgh to edit the first number of the Edinburgh Review. The motto I proposed for the Review was Tenui musam meditamur avena. —We cultivate literature on a little oatmeal. But this was too near the truth to be admitted, and so we took our present grave motto✱ from Publius Syrus, of whom, none of us, I am sure, had ever read a single line. He continued to write for the Review for the quarter of a century. Smith left Edinburgh for good in 1803, and settled in London, where he became known as a preacher, a lecturer. His success as a preacher was such there was often not standing-room in Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair
Sydney Smith
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Sydney Smith.
18.
The Spectator
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The Spectator is a weekly British conservative magazine. It was first published on 6 July 1828 and it is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay who also own The Daily Telegraph newspaper, via Press Holdings. Its principal subject areas are politics and culture and its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party, although regular contributors include some outside that fold, such as Frank Field, Rod Liddle and Martin Bright. The magazine also contains arts pages on books, music, opera, in late 2008, Spectator Australia was launched. This offers 12 pages of Unique Australian Content in addition to the full UK contents, the Spectator’s founding editor, the Dundonian reformer Robert Stephen Rintoul, launched the paper on 5 December 1828. Almost certainly he revived the title from the 1711 publication by Addison & Steele, the Spectator’s political outlook in its first thirty years reflected Rintoul’s liberal-radical agenda. Despite its political stance it was regarded and respected for its non-partisanship. Under Rintoul The Spectator came out strongly for the Great Reform Act of 1832, coining the phrase, The Bill. And There does not appear to be much glory gained in a contest so unequal that hundreds are killed on one side, what honour is there in going to shoot men, certain that they cannot hurt you. The cause of the war, be it remembered, is as disreputable as the strength of the parties is unequal, the war is undertaken in support of a co-partnery of opium-smugglers, in which the Anglo-Indian Government may be considered as the principal partner. Rintoul died in April 1858 and the magazine, whose circulation was falling, was sold, thereafter, it went into an accelerated period of decline. Records are scarce but it appears that it was owned by a Mr Scott. McHenry was a businessman and Moran was an Assistant Secretary to the ambassador, George M. Dallas, the editor was Thornton Hunt, a friend of Moran who had also worked for Rintoul. Hunt was also nominally the purchaser, having given the necessary monies in an attempt by McHenry. Circulation declined with this loss of independence and inspirational leadership, and the views of James Buchanan, within weeks, the editorial line followed Buchanans pronouncements in being. neither pro-slavery nor pro-abolitionist. The Spectator now would publicly support that policy and this set it at odds with most of the British press but gained it the sympathy of ex-patriate Americans in the country. Richard Fulton notes that from then until 1861, the Spectators commentary on American affairs read like a Buchanan administration propaganda sheet. And that this represented a volte-face, on 19 January 1861, The Spectator was bought by a journalist, Meredith Townsend, for £2000
The Spectator
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The Spectator 18 September 2010 cover
19.
Travers Humphreys
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Humphreys was educated at Shrewsbury School and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1889. He was called to the Bar from the Inner Temple in 1889 and entered the chambers of E. T. E. Besley, where he concentrated on practice in the criminal courts. On 1 March 1895 Oscar Wilde, Lord Alfred Douglas and Robbie Ross approached Charles Octavius Humphreys with the intention of suing the Marquess of Queensberry, Douglas father, Humphreys applied for a warrant for Queensberrys arrest and approached Sir Edward Clarke and Charles Willie Mathews to represent Wilde. Travers Humphreys appeared as a Junior Counsel for the prosecution in the subsequent case of Wilde vs Queensbury, on 28 May 1896 Humphreys married the actress Zoë Marguerite, the daughter of Henri Philippe Neumans, an artist from Antwerp. In 1895 she had appeared in An Artists Model with Marie Tempest, Marie Studholme, Letty Lind, in 1902 Humphreys held a junior brief under H. F. Dickens KC for the defence of Emma Kitty Byron, who was charged with the murder of Arthur Reginald Baker, although Byron was convicted, Dickenss defence was so spirited that she was given a reduced prison sentence due to public petition. He appeared for the prosecution at the Old Bailey in 1915 with Archibald Bodkin and Cecil Whiteley against George Joseph Smith, in 1916 he was one of the team who prosecuted Sir Roger Casement for treason. At the Central Criminal Court in 1922 he successfully prosecuted Horatio Bottomley for fraudulent conversion, also in 1922 he appeared for the Crown, led by the Solicitor-General Sir Thomas Inskip, against Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters, who were jointly charged with the murder of Thompsons husband. After appointments as Recorder of Chichester, Recorder of Cambridge and Deputy Chairman of London Sessions in 1926, although Humphreys had a long career at the Bar, it was unusual for someone whose experience was confined to criminal work to be appointed a High Court Judge. His attitude while on the bench seemed fierce and intimidating, although Humphreys was popular among legal colleagues, during the 1940s and early 1950s Humphreys sat in the Court of Criminal Appeal. After World War II, he sat in this capacity with Lord Chief Justice Lord Goddard and Mr Justice Lynksey to hear William Joyces appeal against his conviction for treason during the war. He also presided at the treason trial of John Amery, a British fascist who had set up the British Free Corps. In 1949, Humphreys presided over the trial of John George Haigh, the Acid Bath Murderer and he was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1925 and a Privy Counsellor in 1946. He retired in 1951 as the senior and oldest Kings Bench judge, coincidentally, this was the hotel occupied about four years before by John George Haigh and his victim Mrs Durand-Deacon. A Book of Trials, William Heinemann Criminal Days, Hodder & Stoughton Browne, Sir Travers Humphreys, A Biography Felstead, C. Sir Richard Muir, – A Memoir of a Public Prosecutor Humphreys, a Book of Trials Humphreys, T. The Life and Cases of Mr Justice Humphreys Roberts, B, Sir Travers Humphreys, His Career and Cases Humphreys on DrCrippen. co. uk
Travers Humphreys
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Travers Humphreys in about 1928
Travers Humphreys
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Humphreys soon after being called to the Bar c.1890
20.
British Thoracic Society
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The British Thoracic Society was formed in 1982 by the amalgamation of the British Thoracic Association and the Thoracic Society. It is a charity and a company limited by guarantee. BTS is an organization, with nearly 3000 members from the respiratory health sector. These include doctors, nurses, respiratory physiotherapists, scientists and other professionals with an interest in respiratory disease and it is situated a few hundred metres east of Great Ormond Street Hospital, off Grays Inn Road. The Society also works in partnership with a range of organisations to achieve its objectives and these partners include other respiratory health professional groups, organisations representing patients and carers, medical and surgical Royal Colleges and other specialist societies. BTS currently has eight members of staff and a number of associates who deal with the day-to-day running of the Society, including a Chief Executive. BTS is managed by its Trustees, who are the officers and members of the Executive Committee, the President and President-elect are elected annually by the membership. The other officers serve for three years and nominations for these posts are sought from the membership, BTS has five established Standing Committees, the chairs of which each sit on the Executive Committee. These Committees are, Standards of Care Committee Science and Research Committee Professional & Organisational Standards Committee Education, in addition, the BTS has newly created a Public Liaison Committee to help the Society to place citizens and those with respiratory disease at the centre of their work. The Chair of this Committee will be a Trustee of the Society, BTS has a network of Specialist Advisory Groups which are made up of specialist professionals and provide expert support opinion. Guidelines are produced by groups working under the auspices of the Society’s Standards of Care Committee. The British Guideline for the Management of Asthma, produced jointly by BTS and SIGN, other recent Guidelines include the BTS Guideline for Emergency Oxygen Use in Adult Patients, and the BTS/ACPRC Guideline for Physiotherapy Management of the Adult Spontaneously Breathing Patient. Copies of all BTS guidelines are available on the BTS website and these Meetings bring together medical professionals with an interest in respiratory medicine. The Summer Meeting is the main annual event, with clinical updates. There is also a programme of short courses. Young Investigators and Medical Students are encouraged to put forward abstracts, american College of Chest Physicians BTS
British Thoracic Society
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Thoracic anatomy
21.
Fulbright Commission
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The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. It is one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world, the Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study, advanced research, university lecturing, and classroom teaching. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education and it operates in over 160 countries around the world. The U. S. Department of States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an appropriation from the U. S. Congress. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from governments, foundations, corporations. In each of 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers, in countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program, the Public Affairs Section of the U. S. Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began, fifty-four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes, eighty-two have won Pulitzer Prizes. In 1945, Senator J. William Fulbright proposed a bill to use the proceeds from selling surplus U. S. government war property to international exchange between the U. S. and other countries. The bill devised a plan to forgo the debts foreign countries amassed during the war and it was through the belief that this program would be an essential vehicle to promote peace and mutual understanding between individuals, institutions and future leaders wherever they may be. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. On August 1,1946, President Harry S. Truman signed the bill into law, since it began, the program has operated on a bi-national basis, each country active in the Fulbright Program has entered into an agreement with the U. S. government. The first countries to sign agreements were Cuba in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, Educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing as no other form of communication can to the humanizing of international relations. The Fulbright Program works two ways, U. S. citizens may receive funding to go to a foreign country, citizens may come to the U. S. Fulbright grants are offered in almost all academic disciplines except clinical medical research involving patient contact. Fulbright grantees fields of study span the arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, natural and physical sciences. Student Program offers fellowships for U. S. graduating seniors, graduate students, young professionals and artists to research, study, the Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to conduct research and study in the United States. Some scholarships are renewed after the year of study. This program is currently on hiatus, the Fulbright-mtvU Fellowships award up to four U. S. students the opportunity to study the power of music as a cultural force abroad. Fellows conduct research for one year on projects of their own design about a chosen musical aspect
Fulbright Commission
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James William Fulbright
Fulbright Commission
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2008 conference booth
22.
The London Encyclopaedia
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The London Encyclopaedia, first published in 1983, is a 1100-page historical reference work, on the United Kingdoms capital city, London. The encyclopaedia covers the Greater London area and it has around 5,000 articles, supported by two indices - one general and one listing people, each of about 10,000 entries - and is published by Macmillan. In 2012, an app was developed by Heuristic-Media, and released as London—A City Through Time. Toby Evetts and Simon Reeves, partners in Heuristic-Media, discussed the development of the app with The Guardian in 2013, the encyclopaedia builds on a number of earlier publications, including, Survey of London by John Stow,1598. Handbook for London by Peter Cunningham,1849, London Past and Present by Wheatley and Peter Cunningham,1891. The Encyclopaedia of Oxford, also edited by Christopher Hibbert, a general encyclopaedia published in London in 1829. The Survey of London at British History Online
The London Encyclopaedia
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ca. 1891, nurse and patient in the accident ward of the Royal Free Hospital
23.
Macmillan Publishers
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Macmillan Publishers Ltd is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. It has offices in 41 countries worldwide and operates in more than thirty others, Macmillan was founded in 1843 by Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, two brothers from the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Alfred Tennyson joined the list in 1884, Thomas Hardy in 1886, other major writers published by Macmillan included W. B. Chaudhuri, Seán OCasey, John Maynard Keynes, Charles Morgan, Hugh Walpole, Margaret Mitchell, C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and Ram Sharan Sharma. Beyond literature, the company created such enduring titles as Nature, Macmillan established an office in New York City. It sold its American division in 1896, which published as the Macmillan Company, Macmillan Publishers re-entered the American market in 1954 under the name St. Martins Press. After retiring from politics in 1964, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan became chairman of the company and he had been with the family firm as a junior partner from 1920 to 1940, and from 1945 to 1951 while he was in the opposition in Parliament. The company was one of the oldest independent publishing houses until 1995, Holtzbrinck purchased the remaining shares in 1999, ending the Macmillan familys ownership of the company. Even with the split of the American company from its parent company in England, George Brett, Jr. and he came to the United States with his family in the service of Macmillans of England and built up a business of approximately $50,000 before he died. By my father, who eventually incorporated The Macmillan Company of New York, I succeeded my father, and we currently doing a business of approximately $12,000,000. So then, the name of Brett and the name of Macmillan have been and are synonymous in the United States, pearson acquired the Macmillan name in America in 1998, following its purchase of the Simon & Schuster educational and professional group. Holtzbrinck purchased it from them in 2001, mcGraw-Hill continues to market its pre-kindergarten through elementary school titles under its Macmillan/McGraw-Hill brand. The US operations of Georg von Holtzbrinck are now known as Macmillan, one of the leading companies is Macmillan, that started by selling British English dictionaries and textbooks that were adapted for Russian readers. Their site website provides Russian teachers and students with an access for tests, competitions, contests and information on scheduled online seminars. By some estimates, as of 2009 e-books account for three to five per cent of total sales, and are the fastest growing segment of the market. Following the announcement of the Apple iPad on 27 January 2010—a product that comes with access to the iBookstore—Macmillan gave Amazon, in the latter case, Amazon. com would receive a 30 per cent commission. Amazon responded by pulling all Macmillan books, both electronic and physical, from their website, on 31 January 2010, Amazon chose the agency model preferred by Macmillan. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, Macmillan, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law
Macmillan Publishers
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2008 conference booth
Macmillan Publishers
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This logo appeared in
Leslie Stephen's biography of
Alexander Pope, published by Macmillan & Co in 1880.
24.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
25.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
Internet Archive
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Since 2009, headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in
San Francisco, a former
Christian Science Church
Internet Archive
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Internet Archive
Internet Archive
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Mirror of the Internet Archive in the
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Internet Archive
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From 1996 to 2009, headquarters were in the
Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base
26.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
Russell Square
