1.
Dan Fraga
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Dan Fraga is a Film Director and comic book artist. He started drawing story boards for The Hard Times of RJ Berger, I love all things animation and made it my mission to learn all that I could about the different kinds that are out there and the histories behind the masterpieces we all love. Dan Fraga began his career in the entertainment field as a storyboard artist for commercials and he has worked on many comics like Spider-Man, Wolverine and Bloodstrike. Other career highlights include working on story boards for Hersheys, Victorias Secret, during his time as a storyboard artist, Dan took on several other responsibilities including set design, visual effects supervision and 2nd unit directing. Ive always been a fan of storytelling, I work in animation which is a very rewarding field for lovers of storytelling and art. Fraga made his debut in 2009 on the MTV show The Hard Times of RJ Berger handling the animation duties for the show. There were two seasons about a 15-year-old unpopular RJ Berger who becomes infamous after an embarrassing incident, each episode featured live action intermixed with different styles of animation. He directed the second and third season of the HBO series The Ricky Gervais Show which were voiced by Ricky Gervais, Stephen Merchant, the series was an animated version of The Ricky Gervais Show using audio from previously recorded live radio shows, podcasts and audiobooks. The Grave, a web comic published a panel every day for a year, was Fraga project that started in January 2013, after a long absence from comics. As far as the last thing I worked on in comics that was in print and its been 13 and 1/2 years. The Grave follows a group of kids on a camping trip find a grave with a clothed skeleton. The boys figure out the life of the person behind the grave using clues from the items, the Grave is about the lessons in life that were supposed to learn, its about transformation within ourselves, and ultimately human nature
Dan Fraga
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2.
Bazett Fraga McRemitz
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Fate/hollow ataraxia is a Japanese visual novel game created by Type-Moon in 2005 which is the sequel to its earlier visual novel Fate/stay night. The word ataraxia in the title is a Greek term for tranquility, the game also was ported to PlayStation Vita, and it includes full-voice acting, among other enhancements. This version was released in Japan on November 27,2014, the plot of Fate/hollow ataraxia is based 6 months after the events of Fate/stay night. Like its preceding counterpart, the story is set in Fuyuki City and she and Avenger set off to fight and win the Holy Grail War. Meanwhile, Shirō Emiya lives a life with all of his friends from the Fifth Holy Grail War. After one of her experiments changes time and space, Rin Tohsaka leaves for the Mages Association in England to fix things, the Servants sense a new danger while dark creatures appear soon afterward. Shirō, as a precaution, sets off to ensure nobody is in danger and instead finds himself frequently meeting a mysterious girl, both Bazett and Shirō find themselves in time loop that lasts four days, beginning of the fourth day of the Fifth Holy Grail War. Each time they die or survive four days, they always awake on the first day of the loop, determined to end the loop, Bazett, Avenger, and Shirō fight to discover the truth behind what is causing the endless four days. Bazett Fraga McRemitz The first of the three protagonists, a mage sent from the Mages Association to fight the 5th War of the Holy Grail, born in Ireland as a descendant of old mage family of an unusual bloodline. She originally summoned Lancer, but was betrayed by her old colleague Kotomine and had her arm with its Command Seals stolen. She was left for dead before she was discovered by Avenger and she is mentioned very briefly in Fate/stay night but does not make an appearance. She is voiced by Hitomi Nabatame in Fate/tiger colosseum, Fate/unlimited codes, Carnival Phantasm, Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya, Caren Ortensia A new and central character to the story, Caren is a member of the Church and works as a priestess. She is kind and forgiving to the point that she believes her purpose in life is to help others. She never blames the person who has hurt her and blames the act on demons who caused the person to commit the sin, whenever she is at fault, she apologizes to God rather than the person. Despite her kindness, she has a love for teasing and exploiting others emotional vulnerability, upon discovery of an individuals weak spot, she enjoys bringing it out to light in front of all to witness. While this antagonizes many characters and causes much outrage and humiliation, also, in spite of being a priestess, she has deliberately chosen to wear a revealing costume with no skirt to both increase her mobility and to seduce men. As a member of the Church, Caren assists in exorcisms and her body itself possesses an unusual property, if there is a person nearby who has been possessed by a demon, she will experience the same pain as the possessed person. As a result, exorcists employ her to act as a radar of sorts to find demons and this ability is most evident whenever she comes in proximity to the Servant Avenger as her body sprouts grotesque spikes
Bazett Fraga McRemitz
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Fate/hollow ataraxia visual novel cover
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Autonomous communities of Spain
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Spain is not a federation, but a highly decentralized unitary state. Some scholars have referred to the system as a federal system in all. There are 17 autonomous communities and two cities that are collectively known as autonomies. The two autonomous cities have the right to become autonomous communities, but neither has yet used this right and this unique framework of territorial administration is known as the State of Autonomies. The autonomous communities are governed according to the constitution and their own organic laws known as Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical in nature, the scope of competences vary for each community, but all have the same parliamentary structure. Spain is a country made up of different regions with varying economic and social structures, as well as different languages. While the entire Spanish territory was united under one crown by the 16th century, the constituent territories—be it crowns, kingdoms, principalities or dominions—retained much of their former institutional existence, including limited legislative, judicial or fiscal autonomy. These territories also exhibited a variety of customs, laws. From the 18th century onwards, the Bourbon kings and the government tried to establish a more centralized regime, leading figures of the Spanish Enlightenment advocated for the building of a Spanish nation beyond the internal territorial boundaries. This culminated in 1833, when Spain was divided into 49 provinces and these were the Basque Country and Catalonia. This gave rise to peripheral nationalisms along with Spanish nationalism, therefore, economic and social changes that had produced a national cultural unification in France had the opposite effect in Spain. In a response to Catalan demands, limited autonomy was granted to Catalonia in 1913 and it was granted again in 1932 during the Second Spanish Republic, when the Generalitat, Catalonias mediaeval institution of government, was restored. During General Francos dictatorial regime, centralism was most forcefully enforced as a way of preserving the unity of the Spanish nation, peripheral nationalism, along with communism and atheism were regarded by his regime as the main threats. When Franco died in 1975, Spain entered into a phase of transition towards democracy, the then Prime Minister of Spain, Adolfo Suárez, met with Josep Tarradellas, president of the Generalitat of Catalonia in exile. An agreement was made so that the Generalitat would be restored and limited competencies would be transferred while the constitution was still being written. In the end, the constitution, published and ratified in 1979, found a balance in recognizing the existence of nationalities and regions in Spain, within the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation. The starting point in the organization of Spain was the second article of the constitution. In order to exercise this right, the established a open process whereby the nationalities
Autonomous communities of Spain
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A map of Iberia in 1757
Autonomous communities of Spain
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Galicia
Autonomous communities of Spain
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The Spanish Parliament, Congress of Deputies
Autonomous communities of Spain
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Pro-Catalan independence and pro-Spanish pertenence demonstrations in Barcelona.
5.
Aragon
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Aragon is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces, Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel, the current Statute of Autonomy declares Aragon a nationality of Spain. Aragons northern province of Huesca borders France and is positioned in the middle of the Pyrenees, within Spain, the community is flanked by Catalonia to the east, Valencia and Castile–La Mancha to the south, and Castile and León, La Rioja, and Navarre to the west. Aragon is home to many rivers—most notably, the river Ebro, Spains largest river in volume and it is also home to the Aneto, the highest mountain in the Pyrenees. As of 2015, the population of Aragon was 1,317,847, with more than half of it living in Zaragoza. As of 2015, half of Aragons population,50. 45%, Huesca is the only other city in the region with a population greater than 50,000. The majority of Aragonese citizens,71. 8%, live in the province of Zaragoza,17. 1% in Huesca and 11. 1% in Teruel, the population density of the region is the second lowest in Spain, only 26, 8/km2, after Castilla La Mancha. Only four cities have more than 20,000 inhabitants, Zaragoza 700,000, Huesca 50,000, Teruel 35,000 and Calatayud 20,000. Spanish is the language in most of Aragon, and it is the only official language, understood. The strip-shaped Catalan-speaking area in Aragon is often called La Franja, with such a low population density large areas of Aragon remain wild and relatively untouched. It is a land of natural contrasts, both in climate and geologically, from the green valleys and snow-capped peaks of the Pyrenees to the dry plains. Aragons Pyrenees include splendid and varied mountain landscapes with soaring peaks, deep canyons, dense forests and its rugged peaks include the Aneto, the highest in the range, the misty Monte Perdido, Perdiguero, Cotiella and many others. The park is one of the last sanctuaries of birds of prey in the range. Many beautiful mountain butterflies and flowers can be seen in the summer, the principal valleys in the mountains include those of Hecho, Canfranc, Tena, Benasque and others. The green valleys hide pretty villages with nice Romanesque churches and typical Pyrenean houses with flowers on the balconies, the oldest Romanesque cathedral in Spain is located in the medieval town of Jaca in the very northern part of Huesca Province. In the Pyrenean foothills, or pre-Pyrenees, the Mallos de Riglos are a natural rock formation. Ancient castles nestle on lonely hills, the most famous being the magnificent Loarre Castle, further south, the Ebro valley, irrigated by the river Ebro, is a rich and fertile agricultural area covered with vast fields of wheat, barley and other fruit and vegetable crops. Many beautiful and little-known settlements, castles and Roman ruins dot the landscape here, some of the most notable towns here include Calatayud, Daroca, Sos del Rey Catolico, Caspe and others
Aragon
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Loarre, one of the most important Romanesque castles in Europe
Aragon
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Flag
Aragon
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View from Ordesa valley in the Aragonese Pyrenees
Aragon
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Circo de Soaso in Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
6.
Provinces of Spain
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Spain and its autonomous communities are divided into fifty provinces. The layout of Spains provinces closely follows the pattern of the division of the country carried out in 1833. The only major change of provincial borders since that time has been the sub-division of the Canary Islands into two rather than one. Historically, the provinces served mainly as transmission belts for policies enacted in Madrid, the importance of the provinces has declined since the adoption of the system of autonomous communities in the period of the Spanish transition to democracy. They nevertheless remain electoral districts for national elections and as references, for instance in postal addresses. A small town would normally be identified as being in, say, Valladolid province rather than the community of Castile. The provinces were the building-blocks from which the communities were created. Consequently, no province is divided more than one of these communities. Only two capitals of autonomous communities—Mérida in Extremadura and Santiago de Compostela in Galicia—are not also the capitals of provinces, seven of the autonomous communities comprise no more than one province each, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Cantabria, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, and Navarra. These are sometimes referred to as uniprovincial communities, the table below lists the provinces of Spain. For each, the city is given, together with an indication of the autonomous community to which it belongs. The names of the provinces and their capitals are ordered according to the form in which they appear in the main Wikipedia articles describing them. Unless otherwise indicated, their Spanish-language names are the same, locally valid names in Spains other co-official languages are indicated where they differ
Provinces of Spain
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Provinces of Spain
7.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
8.
List of postal codes in Spain
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Postal codes were introduced and standardized in Spain in 1985, when Correos introduced automated mail sorting. The first two digits of the postal code correspond to one of the fifty provinces of Spain, plus the two cities on the African coast. Some codes are reserved for use at the province capital,070 for official use by Correos. 071 to address state agencies at the given province,080 for P. O. boxes and mail lists. Large cities such as Madrid and Barcelona, were divided into postal districts similar to the arrondissement system in Paris, Plaza de España,18 Madrid 8 Travessera de Gràcia,56, 4rt 1a. Barcelona 6 These former postal districts were incorporated into the postal codes, Plaza de España,1828008 Madrid Travessera de Gràcia,56
List of postal codes in Spain
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2-digit postcode areas Spain(defined through the first two postcode digits)
9.
Catalan language
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Catalan is a Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands. It also has status in the commune of Alghero, situated on the northwestern coast of the island of Sardinia. All these territories are often called Catalan Countries. 4% with Catalan and 47. 5% only Spanish, in order to integrate newcomers, the Generalitat de Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories. Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Middle Ages around the eastern Pyrenees, during the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century, 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the official status of the language during the Second Spanish Republic. However, the Francoist dictatorship banned the use of Catalan in schools and in the public administration, there is no parallel in Europe for such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community. Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible and they are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms Catalan and Valencian are two varieties of the same language, there are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in the Valencian Community. Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages, thus, the similarities are naturally most notable with eastern Occitan. Nouns have two genders, and two numbers, pronouns additionally can have a neuter gender, and some are also inflected for case and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, in terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages. The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology, in English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain. It is attested a language name since at least 1652, Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/. The endonym is pronounced /kə. təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, in the Valencian Community, the term valencià is frequently used instead. The names Catalan and Valencian are two names for the same language, see also status of Valencian below. By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south
Catalan language
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Homilies d'Organyà (12th century)
Catalan language
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Catalan
Catalan language
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Fragment of the Greuges de Guitard Isarn (ca. 1080–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan, predating the famous Homilies d'Organyà by a century
Catalan language
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Official Decree Prohibiting the Catalan Language in France
10.
Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
Census
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Census taker visits a Romani family living in a caravan, Netherlands 1925
11.
Battle of Fraga
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The Battle of Fraga was a battle of the Spanish Reconquista that took place on 17 July 1134 at Fraga, Aragon, Spain. The battle resulted in an Almoravid victory, the Aragonese monarch Alfonso I died shortly after the battle. Specifically, they targeted the low lands around the Segre and Cinca Rivers all the way to the mouth of the Ebro, the most important towns in this region were Lleida, Mequinenza, Fraga, and Tortosa. In July 1134, King Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler, known by the Muslims as Ibn Rudmir or al-Farandji, the Almoravid response was swift and decisive. The Emir of Cordoba, son of the caliph, equipped a force of 2,000 knights, the Enur if Murcia and Valencia put together 500 knights, once these forces were joined together, they marched to the relief of Fraga. On 17 July 1134 brought the arrival of a Almohad relief force, led by the governor of Lérida, seeing reinforcements, the besieged Fragans sallied out, however Alfonso I, still confident in his numerical and tactical advantage, rallied his troops. His entourage clashed with the cavalry of the emir of Murcia, the Almoravid cavalry decimated the Aragonese soldiers. Upon seeing this, the townspeople, most of whom were of Arab origin, exited the city and they made off with all of the Aragonese armys provisions and took them back into the city of Fraga. At this moment, the emir of Cordoba launched a final attack stroke with his cavalry, having lost a majority of his soldiers, Alfonso I the Battler was obliged to flee and made for Zaragoza. He would die 7 September 1134, the Aragonese toll at Fraga was significant. Amongst the dead or captured were many members of Aragonese society. Guy of Lescar fought with the Christian forces and he was captured by the Almoravid forces and imprisoned at Balensiyya. Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours, the Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain, 1031-1157. La frontière et les hommes, le peuplement musulman au nord de lEbre et les débuts de la reconquête aragonaise
Battle of Fraga
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Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler.
12.
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
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Ramon Berenguer IV, sometimes called the Saint, was the Count of Barcelona who brought about the union of his County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the Crown of Aragon. Ramon Berenguer IV inherited the county of Barcelona from his father Ramon Berenguer III on 19 August 1131, on 11 August 1137, at the age of about 24, he was betrothed to the infant Petronilla of Aragon, aged one at the time. He was the last Catalan ruler to use Count as his title, starting with his son Alfonso II of Aragon the counts of Barcelona styled themselves, in the first place. Both realms would preserve their laws, institutions and autonomy, remaining legally distinct, historians consider this arrangement the political masterstroke of the Hispanic Middle Ages. Both realms gained greater strength and security and Aragon got its much needed outlet to the sea. On the other hand, formation of a new entity in the north-east at the time when Portugal seceded from León in the west gave more balance to the Christian kingdoms of the peninsula. In the middle years of his rule, Ramon Berenguer turned his attention to campaigns against the Moors, in October 1147, as part of the Second Crusade, he helped Castile to conquer Almería. He then invaded the lands of the Almoravid taifa kingdoms of Valencia and Murcia, in December 1148, he captured Tortosa after a five-month siege with the help of Southern French, Anglo-Norman and Genoese crusaders. The next year, Fraga, Lleida and Mequinenza in the confluence of the Segre, the reconquista of modern Catalonia was completed. Ramon Berenguer also campaigned in Provence, helping his brother Berenguer Ramon, during the minority of Ramon Berenguer II, the Count of Barcelona also acted as the regent of Provence. In 1151, Ramon signed the Treaty of Tudilén with Alfonso VII of León, the treaty defined the zones of conquest in Andalusia as an attempt to prevent the two rulers from coming into conflict. Also in 1151, Ramon Berenguer founded and endowed the monastery of Poblet. In 1154, he accepted the regency of Gaston V of Béarn in return for the Bearnese nobles rendering him homage at Canfranc and he changed his name to Alfonso as a nod to his Aragonese lineage, and became Alfonso II of Aragon. Ramon Berenguer IVs younger son Pere inherited the county of Cerdanya and lands north of the Pyrenees and he was handsome in appearance, with a large body and very well-proportioned limbs. Villegas-Aristizabal, Lucas, Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148-1180, Crusades 8, pp. 63–129
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
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Ramon Berenguer IV in the Liber feudorum maior
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
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Signature
13.
Province of Huesca
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Huesca, officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. Positioned just south of the central Pyrenees, Huesca borders France, within Spain, Huescas neighboring provinces are Navarre, Zaragoza and Lleida. Covering a primarily mountainous area of 15,626 km², the province of Huesca has a population of 228,566. The low population density,14. 62/km², has meant that Huescas lush valleys, rivers, popular with mountaineers, spelunkers, paragliders, and white water rafters it is also a popular snow skiing destination with notable resorts in Candanchú, Formigal, Astún, Panticosa and Cerler. The Romans colonised the province of Huesca, which formed the part of Hispania Tarraconensis. As a mountainous region, it was difficult to dominate. The modern day province comprises 10 comarcas and 202 municipalities, the following comarcas having their capital in Huesca Province include municipal terms within Zaragoza Province, Bajo Cinca, Mequinenza. Hoya de Huesca, Murillo de Gállego and Santa Eulalia de Gállego, jacetania, Artieda, Mianos, Salvatierra de Esca and Sigüés. Monegros, La Almolda, Bujaraloz, Farlete, Leciñena, Monegrillo, in the easternmost areas of the province, varieties of the Catalan language are spoken, with a few transitional dialects difficult to classify as Aragonese or Catalan. List of municipalities in Huesca Diputación Provincial de Huesca
Province of Huesca
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The Marboré lake with the Monte Perdido and the Cilindro de Marboré in the background
Province of Huesca
Province of Huesca
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"The Egg of Morrano " or the " Peña Falconera " rock formation (Spanish: El Huevo de Morrano).
14.
Barbastro
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Barbastro is a city in the Somontano county, province of Huesca, Spain. The city is at the junction of the rivers Cinca and Vero, an ancient Celtiberian city called Bergidum or Bergiduna, in Roman times Barbastro was included in the Hispania Citerior region, and later of Hispania Tarraconensis. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was part of the Visigoth kingdom. Barbastro and the Barbitaniya area were overtaken by Musa bin Nusair in 717, as part of the Ummayad push to conquer northern states of the Marca Hispanica and the name Madyar was given to the town. It was later settled by the Banu Jalaf who made it the capital of the Emirate of Barbineta and Huesca until 862, and was known as the Emirate of Brabstra until 882. In 1064, Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragón, and his Frankish Christian forces, led by William VIII of Aquitaine and Le Bon Normand, invaded the city and this attack was known as the Siege of Barbastro. Contemporary sources state that 50,000 people died in the attack, the following year, however, it was reconquered by the Moors. In 1101 it was conquered by Peter I of Aragon, who made it a bishopric seat, Barbastro since then followed the history of Aragon and Spain. During the Spanish Civil War 51 Claretians were executed in Barbastro by militiamen of the Popular Front, numerous socialist, republican and communist activists were jailed and executed in the following years by the Fascist regime of Francisco Franco. Barbastros economy flourished until the 20th century, when a period of decline began, bartolomé and Lupercio de Argensola, brothers, historians and poets who were part of the Spanish siglo de oro, a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain. Antonio Ricardos Carrillo de Albornoz, was a general of the Spanish army. Josemaría Escrivá, founder of Opus Dei, an institution of the Roman Catholic Church, saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne Barbastro Cathedral Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. article name needed. The Historic Atlas of Iberia Media related to Barbastro at Wikimedia Commons Barbastro travel guide from Wikivoyage History of Entremuro Places, people and events about citys old quarter
Barbastro
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Barbastro
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Bielsa
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Bielsa is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census, the municipality has a population of 463 inhabitants, the Bielsa tunnel under the Pyrenean mountains connects Bielsa and Aragnouet in France. It was first opened in 1970, in 2002, the French government unilaterally decided to close the tunnel to heavy-goods vehicles over 3.5 tonnes, a decision which caused serious concern in Aragon
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Bielsa
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Biescas
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Biescas is a municipality of northeastern Spain close to the border with France, in the midst of the Pyrenees in the province of Huesca. The name seems to provide from the term bizka, which means hill in a Proto-Indo-European language, the town of Biescas is located at 875 meters altitude on the banks of the Gállego river. The municipality extends along a plain and includes the canyon to access to the Tena Valley. At 72 km north of the main city Huesca, Biescas is a hub between the regions of Jacetania and Sobrarbe. The town is located to crossing the Gállego river, as a link between the valleys of Tena and Ara. The municipality extends over an area of 189.09 km², the economic activities in Biescas have historically been traditional farming of cereals and of fodder for livestock, logging of forests, and bovine cattle and sheep for local consumption. At the beginning of the century, Biescas highlighted in the region for its wool traditional textile industry, specialized in blankets. Since the beginning of the nineties of the century, tourism has replaced the traditional economy of the town. Residents have been gradually leaving farming and agriculture to engage in construction, currently Biescas constitutes an important touristic point in the central Pyrenees, both in summer and winter. The oldest pieces of evidence from human presence in the Biescas municipality are Neolithic cists from the plain of Santa Engracia, one of them has been restored. Biescas began to form as a village in the Middle Ages, the first document of its existence is a citation in the Cartulary of San Juan de la Peña, between 1020 and 1030 AC. In a document of 1391 it appears cited with the name of Biescas Sobirón, Biescas has always been a town endowed with royal privileges and had two ecclesiastical parishes, San Salvador and San Pedro. Although in the old ages it also had two temples, the San Torcuato and St. Stephen churches. It is also documented that the hermitage of Santa Elena was reconstructed by King James I in 1253 and endowed with privileges by King Ferdinand in 1484 and King Charles V in 1525. In the sixteenth century, King Philip II ordered to fortify the Santa Elena canyon to protect his kingdoms of possible threats from beyond the Pyrenees. To this end, The Castle of San Pedro was built in neighboring Jaca together with other defenses still visible in the valleys of the Aragon and Gállego rivers. In this context, on 6 and 7 February 1592 eight hundred people from Béarn invaded and occupied Biescas, during the Spanish Civil War Biescas was almost razed. At the beginning of the conflict the town was conquered by the rebel side and was involved in the Battle of Sabiñánigo
Biescas
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Gállego river in Biescas
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Canfranc
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Canfranc is a municipality in the Aragon Valley of north-eastern Spain consisting of two towns. Comarca of Jacetania province of Huesca autonomous community of Aragón The name of the village is from Campus Franci and it was founded between 1080–90 by Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragón. Canfranc was also a command post, protecting the borders and controlling taxes, on 29 October 1288, the treaty of Canfranc mediated by Edward I of England was signed here, providing for the release of Charles II of Naples from his imprisonment by Peter III of Aragon. The village, which lies in the valley of the Aragón River covers an area of 71.6 km² and is situated at an altitude of 1040 m. The remains to be seen include a Romanesque pilgrims bridge and two churches of interest, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción with four Baroque retablos, and la Trinidad. The town was obliterated by fire in 1617 and again in 1944 and this small village was largely created due to the inauguration of a railroad crossing the Pyrenees on 18 July 1928. Canfranc Estación is most well known due to its huge abandoned railway station, the French side of the railway station is a forsaken place since an accident destroyed the bridge at nearby LEstanguet. There are rumours of German gold arriving here during World War II, also, British espionage smuggled information and people from Vichy France to the consulate in San Sebastián through Canfranc since the nearer Irún bordered with occupied France. The railway station is the highlight of the village and was used during the filming of Doctor Zhivago, the abandoned railways Tunnel of Somport is now used as an emergency lane for the motorways Tunnel of Somport and is also used for the Laboratorio subterráneo de Canfranc. Canfranc-Pueblo celebrates the Assumption of the Virgin Mary on 15 August, web dedicated to the history of Canfranc Pyrenees crossing - snow and cognac Travel experience in 1971 after the accident 27 mars,1970 — laccident The Estanguet bridge accident
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Canfranc town hall.
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Abandoned French side of the Canfranc train station in 1994
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Castiello de Jaca
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Castiello de Jaca is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census, the municipality has a population of 198 inhabitants and it is serviced by the Jaca-Astun bus. Recent developments have seen the size of the town increase greatly
Castiello de Jaca
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Flag
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Graus
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Graus is a village in the Spanish province of Huesca, located in the Pyrenees at the confluence of rivers Esera and Isabena. It is the capital of the region. It is one of the areas of Aragon in which is preserved the Aragonese language. The Battle of Graus took place here, and Spanish philosopher Baltasar Gracián y Morales was exiled here, during the Spanish Civil War, the village of Graus served as a fairly important local commercial center with 2,600 inhabitants around 1936. It was a stronghold and a centre of collectivization at that time. There are also uninhabited villages, Bafaluy, Cancer, Erdao, Fantova, Grustán, Pano, the first population in Graus is dated from the Paleolithic as is evidenced by the remains found at the site of Las Forcas close to the Morral Rock. After this battle, Graus was ceded to the monastery of St. Victorian of Asan, being responsible for rebuilding and repopulate the town, giving important privileges to those who populate Graus. In 1223, Peter II of Aragon granted the town with the title of Very Noble and Very Old Village of Graus, in 1415 the Dominican friar St. Vincent Ferrer visited the village being invited by Berenguer de Bardaxi. Both were commissioners three years earlier in Caspe, resolving the problem of succession of the Crown of Aragon, the Valencian saint was preaching here with great success, giving in appreciation of all done by the town a crucifix which is preserved and venerated in the local church. The main festivities of the town are dedicated to Vincent Ferrer, centuries later, in 1588, Philip II of Spain set a weekly market every Monday that has lasted until now. Lately, in 1681 Charles II of Spain added the Santa Lucia fair every May, in these centuries is also built the most important monument of the town, the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rock. In the 1920s, Graus incorporates the towns of Barasona and Benavente de Aragón, in the 1960s, Graus incorporates the towns of Aguinalíu, Panillo, Puebla de Fantova and Torruella de Aragon. And finally, in the 1970s, the village absorbs the towns of Chuseu, Güell and this dance has a structure consisting of three different musical fragments, known as Cardelina, Taninaná and Culebreta. It is danced by five groups with a total of twenty dancers, dressed in different outfits, the most striking is that used by the middle frame, whose dancers wears pompous lace, stockings, gloves, necklaces and flowered hats. The explanation for this costume can be found in trying to incorporate the element in a male dance that, originally, was in honour of strength. It is more modern than the one, because his music is a traditional grausina polka introduced in the second half of the 19th century and is played with orchestra. This polka was played on bagpipes before, and was known as the old polka, the dancers dance holding a ribbons around a large pole decorated with ribbons and flowers, representing an ancestral fertility celebration. Previously, it was danced by men until the 1960s
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Main Square, Graus
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La Fueva
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La Fueva is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, western Spain. As of 2010, the municipality has a population of 619 inhabitants, the main settlement, and municipal seat, is the village of Tierrantona. The ruins of the Real Monasterio de San Victorián are located in La Fueva municipal term, Real Monasterio de San Victorián Peña Montañesa Official website Muro de Roda in the Sobrarbe tourist portal
La Fueva
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Landscape in La Fueva.
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Labuerda
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Labuerda is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2009 data from INE, the municipality has a population of 172 inhabitants, Labuerda, the main town San Vicente de Labuerda, which includes the municipalitys main attraction, the church of San Vicente. The building has a 12th-century Romanesque nucleus, including the nave, presbytery, in the 16th century the side chapels, the sacristy and the bell tower were added, and in the 18th century another chapel and a portico. Cadeilhan-Trachère, France Media related to Labuerda at Wikimedia Commons
Labuerda
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Church of San Vicente.
Labuerda
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Exconjuratory in San Vicente de Labuerda with the massive Peña Montañesa towering behind it
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Plan, Huesca
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Plan is a municipality located in the Sobrarbe comarca, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2010 census the municipality has a population of 336 inhabitants, the Ibón de Plan or Basa de la Mora lake is located within its municipal term. In 1985, Plan made Spanish news since local bachelors organized a caravan of women watching the American 1951 Western Westward the Women. At the moment there were over forty men and just one single women. Most of the women had emigrated. An advertisement in the calling for women between 20 and 40 with marriage intentions for Pyrenees village resulted in 33 marriages, revitalizing Plan
Plan, Huesca
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View of Plan
Plan, Huesca
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View of Ibon de Plan lake with Peña de las Once in the background
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Santa Cilia
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Santa Cilia is a municipality located in Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is 14 km from the town of Jaca between the River Aragon and the national highway N-240, Santa Cilias history is linked to the Royal Monastery de San Juan de la Peña as far back as the 10th century. In 1336 the town was deserted and destroyed by the instability, death, at about the same time the present layout of the old town was created, consisting of a nearly six blocks, though its straight streets are reminiscent of a Roman camp. The church was rebuilt, replacing a church with the addition of a bell-tower in 1646. Walls to protect the church from flooding were added in the 18th century, the old medieval bridge is now broken, but once stretched 160m with eight spans and was an important toll bridge over the River Aragon. Santa Cilia became a municipality in 1834 and attained its greatest population in 1920 with 520 inhabitants, however emigration, mainly to Argentina, France and Barcelona reduced its size to the present day level. Population data for Santa Cilia between 1842 and 2007, Its airfield is a popular with pilots who wish to explore the nearby Pyrenees. Santa Cilia Somanés is a hamlet with 14 inhabitants that has part of the municipality since 1969. It has a baroque 18th-century parish church dedicated to San Ramon,30 April 15 May 8 September Official website Tourist attractions
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Santa Cilia airfield and Rio Aragon valley
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Sesa
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Sesa is a municipality located in the Hoya de Huesca comarca, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2010 census the municipality has a population of 225 inhabitants, there is an ancient Iberian archaeological site at a place known as El Portillo, located within Sesas municipal term. In the Middle Ages there was an important castle in Sesa, Sesa official Site Information on Sesa
Sesa
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Sesa
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
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Fraga
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Fraga is the major town of the comarca of Bajo Cinca in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is located by the river Cinca, according to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 14,926 inhabitants. King Alfonso I of Aragon died at its walls in 1134 while trying to conquer it during the Battle of Fraga and it was conquered from the Moors by the Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona in 1149. The local dialect, called Fragatí, is a variant of Catalan, Historical pictures Historical pictures Historical pictures Historical pictures Bajo Cinca/Baix Cinca Grace Fraga Fraga on Diputación de Huesca
Fraga
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Fraga
Fraga
Fraga
Fraga
Spain
Aragón
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