1.
Emmanuel Macron
–
Emmanuel Macron is a French politician, senior civil servant, and former investment banker. Born in Amiens, he studied Philosophy at Paris Nanterre University and he went on to become an Inspector of Finances in the Inspectorate General of Finances before becoming an investment banker at Rothschild & Cie Banque. He resigned in August 2016 in order to launch a bid in the 2017 presidential election, in November 2016, Macron declared that he would run in the election under the banner of En Marche. A centrist movement he founded in April 2016, born in Amiens, Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron is the son of Jean-Michel Macron, Professor of Neurology at the University of Picardy, and Françoise Macron-Noguès, a physician. He was educated mostly at the Jésuites de la Providence lycée in Amiens before his parents sent him to finish his last year of school at the high school Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. He studied Philosophy at the University of Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense and he obtained a Masters degree in Public Affairs at Sciences Po, before training for a senior civil service career at the École nationale dadministration, graduating in 2004. Macron worked as an Inspector of Finances in the French Ministry of Economy between 2004 and 2008, in 2007, he served as deputy rapporteur for the Commission to improve French growth headed by Jacques Attali. While an investment banker, Macron closed a deal between Nestlé and Pfizer, which in part allowed him to amass a small fortune reportedly in the region of €2,800,000. Macron was a member of the Socialist Party from 2006 to 2009, in 2015, he stated that he was no longer a member of the PS and was now an Independent. From 2012 to 2014, he served as deputy secretary-general of the Élysée and he was appointed Minister of Economy, Industry and Digital Data in the second Valls Cabinet on 26 August 2014, replacing Arnaud Montebourg. As Minister of the Economy, Macron was at the forefront of pushing through business-friendly reforms, in February 2015, he pledged that the government would force through reforms despite opposition from the parliament. On 30 August 2016, Macron resigned from the government ahead of the 2017 presidential election and this came shortly after he founded his own progressive political movement, En Marche. An independent political party, for which he was reprimanded by President Hollande, Macron founded En Marche. in Amiens, the city of his birth. On 16 November 2016, Macron formally declared his candidacy for the French presidency after months of speculation, in his announcement speech, Macron called for a democratic revolution and promised to unblock France. He eventually laid out his 150-page formal program on 2 March, publishing it online, as well as numerous others – many of them from the Socialist Party, but also a significant number of centrist and centre-right politicians. Macron has been described by observers as a social liberal. Macron has notably advocated in favor of the market and reducing the public-finances deficit. He first publicly used the term liberal to describe himself in a 2015 interview with Le Monde and he added that he is neither right nor left and that he advocates a collective solidarity
Emmanuel Macron
–
Emmanuel Macron in 2015
2.
Claude Bartolone
–
Claude Bartolone is a French politician. He has served as President of the National Assembly since June 2012, a member of the Socialist Party, he has been elected to the National Assembly, representing the Seine-Saint-Denis department, since 1981. He served in the government as Minister for the City from 1998 to 2002 and he was born on July 29,1951 in Tunis, Tunisia. His mother was from Malta and his father from Sicily, both his parents were working-class, at the age of nine, he moved to Le Pré-Saint-Gervais in France and grew up in a council estate. After he was encouraged a teacher named Marie-Thérèse Thoullieux not to get a professional degree and he received a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics. He was a councillor of Le Pré-Saint-Gervais from 1977 to 1983. He served as Deputy Mayor of Le Pré-Saint-Gervais from 1977 to 1983, from June to October 1995, as Mayor from 1995 to 1998 and he was also municipal councillor of Les Lilas from 1983 to 1989. He served as Seine-Saint-Denis general councillor from 1979 to 1992, and has served again since 2008, from 1985 to 1992, he served as vice-president of the Seine-Saint-Denis General Council, and as president from 2008 to 2012. From 1998 to 2002, he served as councillor of Ile-de-France. He served as a member of the National Assembly for the sixth district, from 1998 to 2002, he served as Minister of the City. Since 2002, he has served as member of the National Assembly again, since 2012, he has served as President of the National Assembly of France. Thus, he lived in the Hôtel de Lassay, in April 2013, he received a menacing letter containing ammunition powder, suggesting he should stop supporting same-sex marriage. He is married, in a marriage, with Véronique Ragusa. He resides in a 320 square metre mansion on the outskirts of Paris, italy, Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Claude Bartolone
–
Claude Bartolone
3.
National Assembly (France)
–
The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The upper house is the Senate, the National Assemblys members are known as députés. There are 577 députés, each elected by a constituency through a two-round voting system. Thus,289 seats are required for a majority, the assembly is presided over by a president, normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years, however and it is guarded by Republican Guards. The Constitution of the French Fifth Republic greatly increased the power of the executive at the expense of Parliament, the President of the Republic can decide to dissolve the National Assembly and call for new legislative elections. This is meant as a way to resolve stalemates where the Assembly cannot decide on a political direction. The National Assembly can overthrow the government by a vote of no confidence. For this reason, the minister and his cabinet are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. The Government used to set the priorities of the agenda for the Assemblys sessions and this, however, was amended on 23 July 2008. Under the amended constitution, the Government sets the priorities for two weeks in a month, another week is designated for the Assemblys control prerogatives. And the fourth one is set by the Assembly, also, one day per month is set by a minority or opposition group. Members of the assembly can ask written or oral questions to ministers, the Wednesday afternoon 3 p. m. session of questions to the Government is broadcast live on television. Like Prime Ministers Questions in Britain, it is largely a show for the viewers, with members of the majority asking flattering questions, while the opposition tries to embarrass the government. Since 1988, the 577 deputies are elected by universal suffrage with a two-round system by constituency, for a five-year mandate. The constituencies each have approximately 100,000 inhabitants, however, districts were not redrawn between 1982 and 2009. As a result of population movements over that period, there were inequalities between the less populous rural districts and the urban districts, the constituencies were redrawn in 2009, but this redistribution was controversial. Among other controversial measures, it created eleven constituencies and seats for French residents overseas, albeit without increasing the overall number of seats beyond 577
National Assembly (France)
National Assembly (France)
–
National Assembly Assemblée Nationale
National Assembly (France)
–
Jacques Chaban-Delmas was three times President of the Assembly between 1958 and 1988.
National Assembly (France)
–
The
Palais Bourbon, where the National Assembly meets
4.
Nantes
–
Nantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River,50 km from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with almost 300,000 inhabitants within its limits. Together with Saint-Nazaire, a located on the Loire estuary. Nantes is the seat of the Loire-Atlantique département and of the Pays de la Loire région. Historically and culturally, Nantes belongs to Brittany, a former duchy, the fact that it is not part of the modern administrative Brittany région is subject to debate. Nantes appeared during the Antiquity as a port on the Loire and it became the seat of a bishopric at the end of the Roman era, before being conquered by the Breton people in 851. Nantes was the residence of the dukes of Brittany in the 15th century. The French Revolution was a period of turmoil resulted in an economic decline. Nantes managed to develop a strong industry after 1850, chiefly in ship building, however, deindustrialisation in the second half of the 20th century pushed the city to reorient its economy towards services. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Nantes as a Gamma- world city and it is the fourth highest ranking city in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseilles. The Gamma- category gathers other large cities such as Algiers, Orlando, Porto, Turin, Nantes has often been praised for its quality of life and it was awarded the European Green Capital Award in 2013. The settlement is mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Κονδηούινϰον and Κονδιούινϰον, during the Gallo-Roman period, this name was latinised and adapted as Condevincum, Condevicnum, Condivicnum, Condivincum, etc. Condevincum seems to be related to the Gaulish word condate meaning confluence, at the end of the Roman period, Condevincum became known as Portus Namnetum and civitas Namnetum. This phenomenon can be observed on most of the ancient cities of France throughout the 4th century, for instance, Lutecia became Paris, city of the Parisii, Darioritum became Vannes, city of the Veneti. Portus Namnetum evolved in Nanetiæ and Namnetis in the 5th century, the name of the Namnetes people could either come from the Gaulish root *nant-, from the pre-Celtic root *nanto or from the other tribe name Amnites, which could mean men of the river. The name Nantes is pronounced and the city inhabitants are called Nantais, in Gallo, the romance dialect traditionally spoken in the region around Nantes, the city is called Naunnt or Nantt, according to the various spelling systems. The Gallo pronunciation is the same as the French one, although northern speakers pronounce it with a long, in Breton language, Nantes is known as Naoned or An Naoned. The latter, meaning the Nantes, is common and reflects the fact that articles are more frequent in Breton toponyms than in French ones
Nantes
–
Place Royale
Nantes
–
The Marité
schooner anchored in the port of Nantes
Nantes
–
Île Feydeau (fr)
Nantes
–
Cours Cambronne (fr)
5.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
6.
Ecologist Party
–
A Green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as social justice, environmentalism and nonviolence. Greens believe that issues are inherently related to one another as a foundation for world peace. Green party platforms typically embrace social-democratic economic policies and forming coalitions with leftists, Green parties exist in nearly 90 countries around the world, many are members of Global Greens. There are distinctions between green parties and Green parties, any party, faction, or politician may be labeled green if it emphasizes environmental causes. Indeed, the term may even be used as a verb, Greens believe that these issues are inherently related to one another as a foundation for world peace. The best-known statement of the above Green values is the Four Pillars of the Green Party, the Global Greens Charter lists six guiding principles which are ecological wisdom, social justice, participatory democracy, nonviolence, sustainability and respect for diversity. Political parties campaigning on an environmental platform arose in the early 1970s in various parts of the world. Their use of the name Green derived from the Green Bans, the first green party in Europe was the Popular Movement for the Environment, founded in 1972 in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. The first national party in Europe was PEOPLE, founded in Britain in February 1973, which eventually turned into the Ecology Party. The first political party to use the name Green seems to have been the Lower Saxon Green List for Environmental Protection and they were founded in 1980 and have been in coalition governments at state level for some years. They were in government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany in a so-called Red-Green alliance from 1998 to 2005. In 2001, they reached an agreement to end reliance on power in Germany. This put them at odds with many Greens worldwide, in Finland, in 1995, the Finnish Green Party was the first European Green party to be part of a national Cabinet. Other Green parties that have participated in government at national level include the Groen. and Ecolo in Belgium, Les Verts in France, in the Netherlands GroenLinks was founded in 1990 from four small left-wing parties and is now a stable faction in the Dutch parliament. Around the world, individuals have formed many Green parties over the last thirty years, Green parties now exist in most countries with democratic systems, from Canada to Peru, from Norway to South Africa, from Ireland to Mongolia. There is Green representation at national, regional and local levels in countries around the world. Most of the Green parties are formed to win elections, but that does not apply universally, The Green Party of Alaska is organized along bioregional lines to practice bioregional democracy. Depending on local conditions or issues, platforms and alliances may vary, in line with the goal of democracy, neighboring ecoregions may require different policies or protections
Ecologist Party
–
In 1979,
Daniel Brélaz became the world's first green member of a national parliament (in
Switzerland).
7.
The Greens (France)
–
The Greens was a green-ecologist political party in France. The Greens had been in existence since 1984, but their spiritual roots could be traced as far back as René Dumont’s candidacy for the presidency in 1974, on 13 November 2010, The Greens merged with Europe Ecology to become Europe Ecology – The Greens. Since 1974, the environmentalist movement has been a permanent feature of the French political scene, contesting every election, when, in 1982, the Ecologist Party merged with the Ecologist Confederation, les Verts were born. Antoine Waechter ran in the 1988 presidential elections, capturing 1,150,000 ballots in the first round of voting, but the major breakthrough came the following year when - again under the leadership of Waechter - the Greens polled 10. 6% in the European parliamentary elections. However, the party faced with another ecologist party, Ecology Generation led by Brice Lalonde, environment minister of President François Mitterrand and allied with the Socialist Party. In this, if the ecologist parties benefited from the decline of the PS in the beginning of the 1990s. In the 1992 regional elections, the Greens obtained 6. 8% of votes, the next year, it scored 4. 1% in the legislative election while all of the ecologist votes represented 11%. But, without political allies in the round, they failed to gain a parliamentary seat. Waechters influence was called into question in 1994 when the Greens decided to break with his policy of non-alignment, the move prompted Waechter to leave the Greens. He went on to found the Independent Ecological Movement, component of Plural Left coalition, the Greens obtained for the first time a parliamentary representation in 1997. Dominique Voynet was to lead the party into government for the first time, joining Lionel Jospin’s Socialist Party, Voynet was rewarded with the cabinet position of Minister for the Environment and Regional Planning, before being replaced by Yves Cochet in 2001. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, a leader of the 1968 student uprising, spearheaded the party’s 1999 European campaign, obtaining 9. 7% of votes cast, mamères 5. 25% represents the strongest Green challenge for the presidency to date. However, the elections were a major disappointment, with just 4. 51% of votes cast nationally. Following the return to opposition benches in 2002, Gilles Lemaire assumed the position of national secretary and his tenure is marked by a period of internal strife in the party. Lemaire was in turn replaced by Yann Wehrling, who united a majority of the membership under a text outlining the future direction that the party hoped to pursue. He was succeeded by Cécile Duflot in 2006, who was the partys youngest National Secretary at the age of 31 and she announced her resignation in May 2012 after being appointed to the new cabinet appointed by President François Hollande. Les Verts had six MEPs elected in the 2004 European Election with 8. 43% of the vote, in the hugely divisive 2005 referendum on the European Constitution, the Greens campaigned for a Yes vote. In the French presidential election,2007, les Verts nominated Dominique Voynet and her low score of 1. 57% in the first round was the partys worst electoral result, and the French ecologists worst showing since René Dumont in the 1974
The Greens (France)
–
The Greens Les Verts
8.
Ecology Generation
–
Ecology Generation is, together with the Greens, the Independent Ecological Movement and Citizenship, Action, Participation for the 21st Century, one of the four green parties in France. It moved away from the majority in 1992, when Brice Lalonde left the cabinet. Noël Mamère was the movements vice-president from 1992 to 1994, when he was excluded from the party and founded the Ecology-Solidarity Convergence, génération Écologie has cooperated since the 2004 elections with several other movements that share its priorities. It has worked alongside various organisations, most prominently the Federalist Party, the Centre of Handicapped Democrats, France Gamerre replaced Brice Lalonde as leader and she aimed to run in the French presidential election,2007. Like her predecessor, she failed to win the 500 endorsements, in the 2009 European Parliament election, the party ran as part of the Independent Ecological Movement which won 3. 63% of the vote
Ecology Generation
–
Ecology Generation Génération écologie
9.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
Alma mater
–
The Alma Mater statue by
Mario Korbel, at the entrance of the
University of Havana in
Cuba.
Alma mater
–
John Legate's Alma Mater for Cambridge in 1600
Alma mater
–
Alma Mater (1929, Lorado Taft),
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
10.
Sciences Po
–
Sciences Po, or Paris Institute of Political Studies is a third-level education institution located in Paris, France. The institution is a member of several academic consortia and its main campus encircles Boulevard Saint Germain in the 7th arrondissement but there are also regional campuses in Reims, Dijon, Le Havre, Nancy, Poitiers or Menton. Sciences Po maintains departments in political science, economics, history, sociology, Sciences Po was created as a private institution by Émile Boutmy in 1872 to promote a new class of French politicians in the aftermath of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1871. Nowadays, it has the reputation in France of being an institution and was ranked 4th globally in Politics. However, it is strongly criticized for creating a sort of oligarchy in France and has been at the centre of a number of scandals. Many notable public figures are among its alumni, including a lot of French presidents, following defeat in the 1870 war, the demise of Napoleon III, and the Paris Commune, these men sought to reform the training of French politicians. Politically and economically, people feared Frances international stature was waning due to teaching of its political. ELSP was meant to serve as breeding ground where nearly all the major, non-technical state commissioners were trained. ”New disciplines such as International Relations, International Law, Political Economy. In August 1894, the British Association for the Advancement of Science spoke out for the need to advance the study of politics along the lines of ELSP. Sidney and Beatrice Webb used the purpose and curriculum of Sciences Po as part of their inspiration for creating the London School of Economics in 1895. As per ordinance 45-2284 issued on 9 October 1945, two entities were created from ELSP, Fondation nationale des sciences politiques or FNSP, and Institut détudes politiques de Paris or IEP Paris. Both entities were tasked by the French government to ensure “the progress, the epithet Sciences Po was applied to both entities, which inherited the reputation previously vested in ELSP. Frances Legislature entrusted FNSP with managing IEP Paris, its library, and budget, and they are not to be confounded with Sciences Pos satellite campuses. FNSP further strengthened its role as a publication center with significant donations from the Rockefeller Foundation. Sciences Po underwent various reforms under the directorship of Richard Descoings, in these years, Sciences Po introduced a compulsory year abroad component to its undergraduate degree, and began to offer a multilingual curriculum in French, English, and other languages. It was during this period that Sciences Po added its regional campuses, Sciences Po also implemented reforms in its admissions process. Previously, Sciences Po recruited its students exclusively on the basis of a competitive examination and this system was seen to favor students from prestigious preparatory high schools or those who could afford year-long preparatory courses. In March 2001, the governing council widened its admissions policy
Sciences Po
–
Sciences Po Founder, Émile Boutmy.
Sciences Po
–
Austen Chamberlain British statesman and
Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Sciences Po
–
Pierre Elliot Trudeau Prime Minister of Canada
Sciences Po
–
Raymond Aron Philosopher
11.
National Assembly of France
–
The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The upper house is the Senate, the National Assemblys members are known as députés. There are 577 députés, each elected by a constituency through a two-round voting system. Thus,289 seats are required for a majority, the assembly is presided over by a president, normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years, however and it is guarded by Republican Guards. The Constitution of the French Fifth Republic greatly increased the power of the executive at the expense of Parliament, the President of the Republic can decide to dissolve the National Assembly and call for new legislative elections. This is meant as a way to resolve stalemates where the Assembly cannot decide on a political direction. The National Assembly can overthrow the government by a vote of no confidence. For this reason, the minister and his cabinet are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. The Government used to set the priorities of the agenda for the Assemblys sessions and this, however, was amended on 23 July 2008. Under the amended constitution, the Government sets the priorities for two weeks in a month, another week is designated for the Assemblys control prerogatives. And the fourth one is set by the Assembly, also, one day per month is set by a minority or opposition group. Members of the assembly can ask written or oral questions to ministers, the Wednesday afternoon 3 p. m. session of questions to the Government is broadcast live on television. Like Prime Ministers Questions in Britain, it is largely a show for the viewers, with members of the majority asking flattering questions, while the opposition tries to embarrass the government. Since 1988, the 577 deputies are elected by universal suffrage with a two-round system by constituency, for a five-year mandate. The constituencies each have approximately 100,000 inhabitants, however, districts were not redrawn between 1982 and 2009. As a result of population movements over that period, there were inequalities between the less populous rural districts and the urban districts, the constituencies were redrawn in 2009, but this redistribution was controversial. Among other controversial measures, it created eleven constituencies and seats for French residents overseas, albeit without increasing the overall number of seats beyond 577
National Assembly of France
National Assembly of France
–
National Assembly Assemblée Nationale
National Assembly of France
–
Jacques Chaban-Delmas was three times President of the Assembly between 1958 and 1988.
National Assembly of France
–
The
Palais Bourbon, where the National Assembly meets
12.
Loire-Atlantique
–
Loire-Atlantique is a department on the west coast of France named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean. Loire-Atlantique is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4,1790, originally, it was named Loire-Inférieure, but its name was changed in 1957 to Loire-Atlantique. The area is part of the historical Duchy of Brittany, and contains what many still consider to be Brittanys capital. However, when the system of French Regions was reviewed by the Vichy Government, whilst these administrative changes were reversed after the war, they were re-implemented in the 1955 boundary changes intended to optimise the management of the regions. There has since been a series of reflecting a strong local mood to have the department reintegrated with Brittany. Loire-Atlantique is part of the current region of Pays-de-la-Loire and is surrounded by the department of Morbihan, Ille-et-Vilaine, Maine-et-Loire, Upper Brittanys indigenous language is Gallo, a romance language related to French. The number of Gallo language speakers has been in decline since the early 20th century. The language is neither official nor taught in primary or secondary education, the Breton language, a Celtic language, native to Lower Brittany, was historically spoken in the western area of Loire-Atlantique, and up to 1920 in Batz-sur-Mer. This area has a rather Breton toponymy, for instance, Guérande originates from the Breton Gwenn Rann, the folklore and musical traditions of eastern or Lower Brittany are generally similar to those of western or Upper Brittany. The département operates the Lila network of buses, which link its villages, towns. The urban areas of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire operate their own urban transport networks, by rail, the regional trains and buses of the TER Pays de la Loire link major towns and cities of the Pays de la Loire and adjoining regions, including those of the département. Nantes is on the TGV network, with high speed trains running to Paris by the LGV Atlantique in just over 2 hours, Nantes Atlantique Airport, located 8 km to the southwest of the city of Nantes, serves the département and surrounding areas. It is the biggest airport in northwestern France, linking with several French, North African and European cities and it is currently planned that this airport will be replaced by a new Aéroport du Grand Ouest, situated 30 km to the north-west of Nantes in the commune of Notre-Dame-des-Landes. The €580 million project was approved in February 2008, with construction expected to start in 2012 and an opening date in 2015
Loire-Atlantique
–
Prefecture building of the Loire-Atlantique department, in Nantes
Loire-Atlantique
–
TGV and Interloire trains in Le Croisic
Loire-Atlantique
–
Nantes
Loire-Atlantique
–
Stained glass-window of the church of
Batz-sur-Mer
13.
Hercule de Serre
–
Pierre François Hercule de Serre was a French soldier, lawyer and politician. He was a deputy from 1815 to 1824, and was Minister of Justice in three successive cabinets from 1818 to 1821 and he sat on the center-right, but had liberal views on press freedom, direct elections and the use of juries. Pierre François Hercule de Serre was born in Pagny-sur-Moselle, Meurthe and his family originated in the Comtat Venaissin, but had become established in Lorraine. His father was François-Louis de Serre, a cavalry officer, lord of the fief of Coureol. Hercule de Serre was destined for a career in the army, during the French Revolution he emigrated and served in the Army of Condé. He did not return to France until 1802 and he studied law and was admitted to the Bar of Metz, where he distinguished himself. Napoleon appointed him Advocate General of Metz on 23 February 1811, Hercule de Serre supported the Bourbon Restoration, and was appointed First President of the Court of Colmar in January 1815. He accompanied King Louis XVIII to Ghent during the Hundred Days when Napoleon returned from exile, on 15 August 1815 he was elected deputy for Haut-Rhin. He sat with the majority, supporting the government and he proposed, unsuccessfully, an amendment to the draft law on suspension of individual liberty. He defended General André Masséna against a petition demanding action against him and he also opposed the conclusions of the report of Kergolay on the return of unsold goods to the clergy. He was closely aligned with the views of Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, de Serre was reelected on 4 October 1816 and on 20 September 1817. He sat with the majority, and in January 1817 was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies and he held this position until the end of 1818, when he was replaced by Auguste Ravez. He tended to direct elections, but opposed the requirement to reelect members appointed to permanent offices. As Speaker, he proposed a new regulation of severe penalties for interruptions, on 30 December 1818 de Serre accepted the Justice portfolio in the Ministry of Jean-Joseph Dessolles. These proposals were attacked by the royalist right, and were not passed, on the other hand, he alienated liberal opinion when he said that the Charter of 1814 applied to voters, temporary exiles could still hope to return to France, but regicides never. This extreme statement was later modified to allow that the king could grant clemency for age, de Serre retained his position in the Ministry of Élie Decazes, formed on 19 November 1819. De Serre agreed with Élie Decazes when he wanted to change the electoral law and he did not follow his colleagues in their retreat after the assassination of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry. He remained Minister of Justice in the Second ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu, after a stay in Nice to recover his health, at the end in April 1820 he resumed the struggle against the opponents of the proposed electoral law
Hercule de Serre
–
Hercule de Serre
Hercule de Serre
–
Bust of Hercule, Comte de Serre, in
Pagny-sur-Moselle, Lorraine, France
Hercule de Serre
–
Dessolles
Hercule de Serre
–
Élie, duc Decazes
14.
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
–
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard was a French statesman and philosopher, leader of the Doctrinaires group during the Bourbon Restoration. He was born at Sompuis, near Vitry-le-François, the son of Anthony Royer and his mother, Angélique Perpétue Collard, was a woman of strong character and great piety. Pierre Paul Royer was sent at twelve to the college of Chaumont of which his uncle and he subsequently followed his uncle to Saint-Omer, where he studied mathematics. At the outbreak of the French Revolution, to which he was passionately sympathetic and he was returned by his section, the Island of Saint-Louis, to the Commune, of which he was secretary from 1790 to 1792. After the revolution of 10 August in that year he was replaced by Jean-Lambert Tallien and his sympathies were now with the Gironde, and after the insurrection of the 12th Prairial his life was in danger. In 1797 he was returned by his départment to the Council of the Five Hundred and he made one great speech in the council in defence of the principles of religious liberty, but the coup détat of Fructidor drove him back into private life. It was at this period that he developed his legitimist opinions, from that time until the Restoration Royer-Collard devoted himself exclusively to the study of philosophy. He derived his opposition to the philosophy of Condillac chiefly from the study of Descartes and his followers and he was occupied with developing a system to provide a moral and political education consonant with his view of the needs of France. From 1811 to 1814 he lectured at the Sorbonne, from this time dates his long association with François Guizot. Royer-Collard himself was supervisor of the press under the first restoration, from 1815 onwards he sat as deputy for Marne in the chamber. He was the spirit of the Doctrinaires, as they were called, who met at the house of the comte de Ste Aulaire and in the salon of Madame de Staëls daughter. The leaders of the party, beside Royer-Collard, were Guizot, PFH de Serre, Camille Jordan, in 1820 Royer-Collard was excluded from the council of state by a decree signed by his former ally Serre. In 1827 he was elected for seven constituencies, but remained faithful to his native department, next year he became president of the chamber, and fought against the reactionary policy which precipitated the Revolution of July. It was Royer-Collard who in March 1830 presented the address of the 221, from that time he took no active part in politics, although he retained his seat in the chamber until 1839. In a letter to Père de Ravignan he comments upon the institution of the Jesuits as a wonderful creation and he died at his estate of Châteauvieux in the Berry, south of Blois. He had been a member of the Académie française since 1827, Royer-Collard had married in 1799 Mlle Augustine de Forges de Chateaubrun. The two daughters who survived to womanhood received an education of the utmost austerity, Royer-Collard left no considerable writings, but fragments of his philosophical work are included in Jouffroys translation of the works of Thomas Reid. The standard life of Royer-Collard is by his friend Prosper de Barante, Vie politique de M. Royer Collard and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
–
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard.
15.
Casimir Pierre Perier
–
Casimir-Pierre Perier was a prominent French banker, mine owner, political leader and statesman. In politics, he was a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies throughout the Bourbon Restoration. He led the liberal-conservative Resistance Party in support of the monarchy of Louis-Philippe I. He became president of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Interior in the spring of 1831, although his ministry was brief, his strong government succeeded in restoring order at home and keeping peace abroad. He fell victim to the epidemic in France in 1832. His mother was the former Marie-Charlotte Pascal, the daughter of a prominent linens manufacturer at nearby Voiron, both his father and grandfather made their fortunes in the commerce of canvas and linen cloths. Claude added the manufacture of printed cotton cloths at the Château de Vizille, the Revolution and Napoleon opened up new opportunities for families of the wealthy bourgeoisie grenobloise such as the Periers. Claude Perier shifted the center of his business affairs to Paris, Claude Perier died on February 6,1801, leaving his remarkably large family of ten children to share his enormous estate valued at 5,800,000 francs. Casimir, who was years old at the time, inherited shares in the Anzin Company, land at Grenoble and in common with his brother Scipion. Hed had little experience in business or banking and his father had anticipated that the three eldest brothers, Augustin, Alexandre and Scipion, would carry on the family businesses at Grenoble/Vizille. Casimir himself gave no indication of a specific career choice. He was intelligent, energetic, handsome and eager to succeed, the two brothers, Casimir and Scipion, founded a bank in Paris, located at No. 8, Place Vendôme until 1809, and after year at No. Henry Flory and William Sabatier, who were former associates with their father at the Bank of France, the youngest Perier brother, Joseph, joined the bank in 1822, approximately one year after the death of Scipion. The affairs of the older Perier bank at Grenoble were by then administered mainly by younger brother. Scipion became a regent of the Bank of France in 1818 and they both became members of the influential Chamber of Commerce of Paris. The two most important clients of the Perier bank were the Anzin Coal Company and the Perier-owned iron foundry, the founder-owner of the Chaillot firm, Jacques-Constantin Perier, who was not related to the Paris bankers, was well known for having brought the Watt steam engine to France. Famously, he used a Watt engine at Chaillot to provide Paris with water pumped from the Seine, in 1802 he supplied the Anzin Company with twenty of his engines for winding and drainage at the mines
Casimir Pierre Perier
–
Casimir-Pierre Perier
Casimir Pierre Perier
–
Casimir Pierre Perier's gravesite in Paris's
Père Lachaise Cemetery, 2005.
16.
Jacques Laffitte
–
Jacques Laffitte was a leading French banker, governor of the Bank of France and liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies during the Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy. He was an important figure in the development of new banking techniques during the stages of industrialization in France. After a brief ministry of 131 days, his Party of Movement gave way before the Party of Order led by the banker Casimir-Pierre Perier, Laffitte left office discredited politically and financially ruined. The Caisse Générale did not survive the crisis caused by the Revolution of 1848. Laffitte was born in 1767 at Bayonne in southwestern France, one of four sons and six daughters of Pierre Laffitte and he apprenticed with his father for a time, but also found clerking positions with a local notary and merchant. It was a position that offered Laffitte valuable learning experiences. Perregaux was a banker with a clientele, important foreign connections. He was a shrewd, cosmopolitan businessman who prospered from the Revolution and he helped to bankroll Napoleons rise to power and became a founder of the Bank of France in 1800 and president of its directing Council of Regents. Laffitte became Perregauxs right-hand man in the bank and was promoted to a partnership in 1806. In 1807, because of Perregauxs declining health, he was named managing director, the banks name was changed to Perregaux, Laffitte and Company. Perregauxs son, Alphonse, and his sister, were sleeping partners, virginie Monnier observes, For the first time in the history of banks in France, a clerk took over his patrons position directly. When Perregaux died in 1808, Laffitte also took over his place as one of the fifteen regents of the Bank of France and he became president of the Chamber of Commerce of Paris and was appointed as a judge of the Tribunal of Commerce of the Seine. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, he was named governor of the Bank of France by the incoming Bourbon king Louis XVIII. Napoleon, when on his way into exile after Waterloo. When Napoleons estate was being contested later in 1826, Laffitte calculated his banks obligation at 3,856,121 francs, the capital resources of such early 19th century banks were limited, but they associated for underwriting major government loans and for financing promising private business ventures. Earlier, in 1816, he took the lead with Delessert in founding the Compagnie Royale dAssurances Maritimes, Laffitte was president and Casimir and Scipion Perier were among the administrators of this capital mobilizing venture. In 1818, along with fellow banker and industrialist Benjamin Delessert, Laffitte was a key figure in the establishment of the first French savings bank, the Caisse dÉpargne et de Prévoyance de Paris. Practically all of the members of the board of regents of the Bank of France, Laffitte was reaching the peak of his good fortune by 1818
Jacques Laffitte
–
Jacques Laffitte
17.
Philippe Buchez
–
Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez, more commonly called Philippe Buchez, was a French historian, sociologist, and politician. He was the founder of the newspaper LAtelier, and he served briefly, in 1848, as the president of the Constituent National Assembly, Buchez was born at Matagne-la-Petite, which is part of the town of Doische in the province of Namur, in Belgium. At the time of his birth, however, the village was part of the French département of the Ardennes and he died on 11 August 1865 in the south of France, at Rodez, in the department of Aveyron. He finished his education in Paris, and then applied himself to the study of natural science. The organization spread rapidly and widely, and made abortive attempts to foment revolution. In one of these attempts, the affair at Belfort, Buchez was gravely compromised, however, the jury that heard his case did not find sufficient evidence to warrant condemnation. Failed insurrectionary attempts of Charbonnerie in Belfort, Thouars and Saumur, in 1825 he graduated in medicine, and soon published Études de théologie, de philosophie et dhistoire. About the same time, he became a member of the Saint-Simonian Society, presided over by Bazard, Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin, Buchez also contributed to its organ, the Producteur, but he left this group because of the strange religious ideas of its Supreme Father, Enfantin. Buchez began to elaborate on his own ideas, which he characterized as Christian socialism. For the exposition and advocacy of his principles he founded a periodical called LEuropéen, in 1833 he published an Introduction à la science de lhistoire ou science du développement de lhumanité, which was received with considerable favor. Notwithstanding its prolixity, this is an interesting work, Buchez next edited, along with M. Roux-Lavergne, the Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française. This vast and conscientious publication is a store of material for the early periods of the first French Revolution. There is a review of it by Thomas Carlyle, the first two parts of whose own history of the French Revolution are mainly drawn from it, the editors strongly admired the principles of Robespierre and the Jacobins. They also espoused the belief that the French Revolution was an attempt to fulfill Christianitys promise, denying the possibility of innate ideas, he asserted that morality comes by revelation. Therefore, it is not only certain, but the real certainty possible. At the outset of the revolution of 1848, Buchez established the Revue Nationale to reach out to workers and all the democratic convictions. When the revolution of 1848 began on 24 February, Buchez, as a captain in the National Guard, took his unit to the Tuileries, in the days that followed, Buchez became maire-adjoint of Paris, and was elected to the national constituent assembly of 1848. On 15 May 1848, a popular nonviolent invasion of the assembly took place and this invasion was an attempt to express the essential needs of the working population of Paris and of the nation
Philippe Buchez
–
Philippe Buchez by Charles Bour
18.
Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)
–
Pierre Marie or Alexandre-Pierre-Thomas-Amable Marie de Saint Georges was a French politician, fought on the barricades during the revolution of July. Marie was born in Yonne on 15 February 1795 and entered public life as a lawyer under the Restoration and he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1842 and held the seat until the February Revolution. He became minister of works in the provision government in 1848. Marie was elected to the Executive Commission and became President of the National Assembly during June 1848 and he was then made minister of justice in July 1848 and held the post till December 1848. Marie retired in May 1849 and retired to life for over a decade. He returned briefly to politics in the 1860s and died on 28 April 1870
Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)
–
Pierre Marie by
Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon circa 1840-1850
Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)
Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)
–
François Arago
Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)
–
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac President of the Council
19.
Adolphe Billault
–
Adolphe Augustin Marie Billault was a French lawyer and politician who played a leading role in the governments of Napoleon III. Adolphe Augustin Marie Billault was born on 12 November 1805 in Vannes, Morbihan, as a young lawyer he asked for the hand of a rich heiress, Françoise Bourgault-Ducoudray. Impressed by his determination, the woman accepted him. By 1830 he was a municipal Councillor in Nantes and he became President of the Bar of his order, and member of the General Council of the Loire-Inférieure. Billault was elected deputy on 4 November 1837 for the constituency of the Lower Loire, taking his seat on the left, as a lawyer he became the adviser of the Duke of Aumale. He was reelected on 2 March 1839 and accepted the position of Deputy Secretary of State of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, by 1838 he was a member and secretary of the Railway Commission. When the cabinet retired on 1 March 1838 Billaut returned to the opposition, Billault was reelected on 9 July 1842 and on 1 August 1846. He continued to vote with the opposition to the dynasty. After the February Revolution of 1848 he was elected on 23 April 1848 to represent Loire-Inférieure and he declared himself Republican and voted with the party led by Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. However, he began to drift towards the right and he failed to be reelected, but became active in the extra-parliamentary cabals that were to decide the fate of the Republic. After coming to fully agree with the policy of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, on the retirement of Léon Faucher he was almost given the task of forming a ministry, but could not create a working combination. Billault was a government candidate in the election of 29 February 1852. Louis-Napoléon named him president of the legislature, the Emperor appointed Billault Minister of the Interior on 19 June 1854, and made him a senator on 4 December 1854. He remained in office until the crisis caused by the attempt by Felice Orsini. When Napoleon III tried to inaugurate the liberal empire on 24 November 1860, in this role, Billault acted as an eloquent defender of imperial policy. The stress of the job damaged his health, Billault died prematurely at Nantes, Lower Loire, on 13 October 1863. The city of Nantes erected a statue of Billault in 1867
Adolphe Billault
–
Portrait of Adolphe Billault by
Charles-Louis Bazin
Adolphe Billault
20.
Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny
–
Charles Auguste Louis Joseph Demorny/de Morny, 1er Duc de Morny was a French statesman. He was the son of Hortense de Beauharnais and Charles Joseph, Comte de Flahaut, making him half-brother of Emperor Napoleon III. M. Demorny was in fact an officer in the Prussian army and his father was in fact Charles de Flahaut. His mother, Hortense de Beauharnais was the stepdaughter of Napoléon Bonaparte and he was educated by his grandmother, Adelaïde Filleul. After a brilliant school and college career the future duc de Morny received a commission in the army, and the next year he entered the staff college. The comte de Morny, as he was called by a fiction, served in Algeria in 1834–1835 as aide-de-camp to General Camille Alphonse Trezel. In these and other lucrative speculations he was helped by his mistress Françoise Mosselman, eventually there were few great commercial enterprises in Paris in which he did not have an interest. Although he sat as deputy for Clermont-Ferrand from 1842 onwards, he took at first no important part in party politics, but he was heard with respect on industrial and financial questions. His attitude was expressed by the witticism with which he is said to have replied to a lady who asked what he would do if the Chamber were swept out, range myself on the side of the broom handle, was his answer. He then resumed his financial speculations, when in 1854 the Emperor appointed him president of the Corps Législatif, a position which he filled for the rest of his life, he used his official rank to assist his schemes. His wifes connections greatly strengthened his social position, sophie was legally daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy, but may have been the illegitimate daughter of Nicholas I of Russia. In 1862, Morny was created a Duke and it is said that he aspired to the throne of Mexico, and that the French expedition sent to place Archduke Maximilian on the throne was prompted by Napoleon IIIs desire to thwart this ambition. But while he was laying the foundations of the Liberal Empire his health deteriorated and was injured by quack medicines. The emperor and the empress visited him just before his death in Paris on 10 March 1865, mornys valuable collection of pictures, including Jean-Honoré Fragonards The Swing, was sold after his death. Morny played an important role in the development of the horse racing and breeding industry in France. In 1860, he purchased the English Triple Crown champion West Australian, in 1862 Morny built the Deauville-La Touques Race Course near Deauville. The Prix Morny is named in his honor, in 1832, the Count took the French Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix with him on a diplomatic mission to Tangier, exposing the artist to life outside of cloudy, overcast Paris. He married María de la Purificación Dorticos-Marín y León, Marquesa de Marín, Auguste Charles Louis Valentin de Morny, who succeeded his father as the 2nd Duc de Morny
Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny
–
Charles de Morny
Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny
–
Tomb at the
Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
21.
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
–
Alexandre Florian Joseph, Count Colonna-Walewski, was a Polish and French politician and diplomat. Walewski was widely rumoured to be the son of Napoleon I by his mistress, Countess Marie Walewska. Walewski was born at Walewice, near Warsaw in Poland, after the Fall of Warsaw, he took out letters of French naturalization and joined the French army, seeing action in Algeria as a captain in the Chasseurs dAfrique of the French Foreign Legion. In 1837 he resigned his commission to begin writing plays and for the press and he is said to have collaborated with the elder Dumas on Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle and a comedy of his, LEcole du monde, was produced at the Theâtre Français in 1840. Later that year Thiers, also a man of letters, became patron to one of Walewskis papers, Le Messager des Chambres, under Guizots government Walewski was posted to Buenos Aires to liaise with the British ambassador, John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden. In 1855, Walewski succeeded Drouyn de Lhuys as Minister of Foreign Affairs, as foreign minister, Walewski advocated entente with Russia, opposing his emperors adventurous strategy in Italy which led to war with Austria in 1859. After leaving the Foreign Ministry in 1860 he became Frances Minister of State, alexandre Walewski died of a stroke at Strasbourg on 27 September 1868 and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He married on 1 December 1831 Lady Catherine Montagu, daughter of George, following her death, he married secondly, on 4 June 1846 in Florence, Maria Anna, daughter of the Papal Count Zanobi di Ricci by his wife Princess Isabella Poniatowski. He also fathered a son by the actress Rachel Felix in 1844 and he had seven children, two from his first marriage, four from his second marriage, and one illegitimate. By Lady Catherine Montagu, Louise-Marie Colonna-Walewska, by Maria Anna di Ricci, Isabel Colonna-Walewski. Comte Charles Walewski, married Félice Douay, no children, elise Colonna-Walewski married Félix, Comte de Bourqueney, leaving issue. Eugénie Colonna-Walewski, married Comte Frédéric Mathéus, leaving issue
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
–
Comte Walewski: photo in 1856.
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
–
Portrait of Alexandre Walewski in 1832, school of
George Hayter
22.
Louis Buffet
–
Louis Joseph Buffet was a French statesman. He was born at Mirecourt, Vosges and he was minister of agriculture from August to December 1849 and from August to October 1851. Re-elected deputy in 1863, he was one of the supporters of the Liberal Empire of Émile Ollivier and he was president of the National Assembly from 4 April 1872 to 10 March 1875, minister of the interior in 1875, and Prime Minister of France from 1875 to 1876. Having made himself obnoxious to the Republican party, he failed to secure a reëlection to the Assembly in 1876, then, elected senator for life, he pronounced himself in favour of President MacMahon failed attempt to grasp political control on 16 May 1877. Buffet had some talent, but shone most in opposition
Louis Buffet
–
Louis Buffet
Louis Buffet
23.
Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier
–
Edme-Armand-Gaston, duc dAudiffret-Pasquier, known as Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier, was a French politician and member of the Académie française, Seat 16. He was preceded in his position by Félix Dupanloup and succeeded by Alexandre Ribot and he was the grand-nephew and adopted son of Baron Etienne Denis Pasquier, an academician. He inherited the title of duke in 1844, and became auditor at the council of state in 1846, after the revolution of 1848 he retired to private life. Yet he retained the confidence of the chamber, and was its president in 1875 when the laws were being drawn up. Nominated senator for life under the new constitution, he likewise was president of the Senate from March 1876 to 1879 when his party lost the majority, henceforth he was less prominent in politics. Audiffret-Pasquier was distinguished by his moderation and uprightness, and he did his best to dissuade MacMahon from taking violent advisers, in 1878 he was elected to the Académie française, but never published anything. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Audiffret-Pasquier
Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier
–
Audiffret-Pasquier in 1870.
24.
Henri Brisson
–
Eugène Henri Brisson was a French statesman, Prime Minister of France for a period in 1885-1886 and again in 1898. He was born at Bourges, and followed his father’s profession of advocate, having made his mark in opposition during the last days of the empire, he was appointed deputy-mayor of Paris after the government was overthrown. He was elected to the Assembly on 8 February 1871, as a member of the extreme Left, while not approving of the Commune, he was the first to propose amnesty for the condemned, but the proposal was voted down. He strongly supported compulsory primary education, and was firmly anti-clerical, as a leader of the radicals he actively supported, the ministries of Waldeck-Rousseau and Combes, especially concerning the laws on the religious orders and the separation of church and state. In 1899 he was a candidate for the presidency but lost to Felix Faure, in May 1906 he was elected president of the chamber of deputies by 500 out of 581 votes. Charles Demôle succeeds Carnot as Minister of Public Works,9 November 1885 - Pierre Gomot succeeds Mangon as Minister of Agriculture. Lucien Dautresme succeeds Legrand as Minister of Commerce, jules Godin succeeds Tillaye as Minister of Public Works. 25 October 1898 - Édouard Locroy succeeds Chanoine as interim Minister of War, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Brisson, Eugène Henri
Henri Brisson
–
Henri Brisson
Henri Brisson
–
Brisson early in his career.
25.
Charles Floquet
–
Charles Thomas Floquet was a French statesman. He studied law in Paris, and was called to the bar in 1851, the coup détat of that year aroused the strenuous opposition of Floquet, who had, while yet a student, given proof of his republican sympathies by taking part in the fighting of 1848. He made his name by his brilliant and fearless attacks on the government in a series of political trials, when the tsar Alexander II visited the Palais de Justice in 1867, Floquet was said to have confronted him with the cry Vive la Pologne, monsieur. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly by the département of the Seine, during the Commune he formed the Ligue d’union républicaine des droits de Paris to attempt a reconciliation with the government of Versailles. When his efforts failed, he left Paris, and was imprisoned by order of Thiers and he became editor of the Republique Française, was chosen president of the municipal council, and in 1876 was elected deputy for the eleventh arrondissement. He took a prominent place among the radicals, and became president of the group of the Union républicaine. In 1882 he held for a time the post of prefect of the Seine. In 1885 he succeeded Henri Brisson as president of the chamber and this difficult position he filled with such tact and impartiality that he was re-elected the two following years. Heated debates in the chamber culminated on 13 July in a duel between Floquet and Boulanger in which the latter was wounded, in the following February the government fell on the question of revision, and in the new chamber of November Floquet was re-elected to the presidential chair. See Discours et opinions de M. Charles Floquet, edited by Albert Faivre and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Floquet, Charles Thomas. Media related to Charles Floquet at Wikimedia Commons
Charles Floquet
–
Charles Floquet
26.
Jean Casimir-Perier
–
Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier was a French politician, sixth President of the French Third Republic. He was born in Paris, the son of Auguste Casimir-Perier and he entered public life as secretary to his father, who was Minister of the Interior under the presidency of Thiers. In spite of the traditions of his family, Casimir-Perier joined the group of Republicans on the Left and he refused to vote the “expulsion of the Princes” in 1883, and resigned as Deputy upon the enactment of the law because of his personal connections with the family of Orléans. On 17 August 1883 he became Under-Secretary of State for War, from 1890 to 1892 he was Vice President of the Chamber, then in 1893 President. On 3 December he became President of the Council, holding the department of Foreign Affairs, resigned in May 1894, and was re-elected President of the Chamber. On 24 June 1894, after the assassination of President Carnot and his presidency lasted only six months. The resignation of the Dupuy ministry on 14 January 1895 was followed the day by that of the President. As of 2016, of all Presidents of France through its history, from that time he completely abandoned politics, and devoted himself to business — especially mining. At the trial of Alfred Dreyfus at Rennes, Casimir-Periers evidence, ernest Boulanger succeeds Marty as Minister of Colonies. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Casimir-Périer. Media related to Jean Casimir-Perier at Wikimedia Commons
Jean Casimir-Perier
–
Jean Casimir-Perier
Jean Casimir-Perier
–
First Republic (1792–1804)
27.
Charles Dupuy
–
Charles Alexandre Dupuy was a French statesman, three times prime minister. He was born in Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, Auvergne, where his father was a minor official, after a period as a professor of philosophy in the provinces, he was appointed a school inspector, thus obtaining a practical acquaintance with the needs of French education. In 1885 he was elected to the chamber as an Opportunist Republican, after acting as reporter of the budget for public instruction, he became minister for the department, in Alexandre Ribots cabinet, in 1892. In April 1893 he formed a ministry himself, taking as his office that of minister of the interior, but resigned at the end of November, and on 5 December was elected president of the chamber. In May 1894 he again became premier and minister of the interior and he then stood for the presidency, but was defeated, and his cabinet remained in office till January 1895, under this government, Alfred Dreyfus was arrested and condemned. During Dupuys time as minister, a number of progressive reforms were carried out. In addition, a law passed that same month set out the role of the state-owned Caisse des depots “in the construction and this arbitrary act, though adopted by the chamber, was construed as a fresh attempt to maintain the judgment of the first court-martial. In the interim, President Félix Faure died, and the accession of Émile Loubet helped placate the public, the whole court of cassation decided that there must be a new court-martial, and Dupuy at once resigned. In June 1900 he was elected senator for the Haute Saône and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Jean Monestier succeeds Krantz as Minister of Public Works
Charles Dupuy
–
Charles Dupuy
Charles Dupuy
–
First Republic (1792–1804)
28.
Auguste Burdeau
–
Auguste-Laurent Burdeau was a French politician. He was the son of a laborer at Lyon, forced from childhood to earn his own living, he was enabled to secure an education by bursarships at the Lycée at Lyon and at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In 1870 he was at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, but enlisted in the army, in 1874 he became professor of philosophy, and translated several works of Herbert Spencer and of Schopenhauer into French. His extraordinary aptitude for work secured for him the position of chef de cabinet under Paul Bert, in 1885 he was elected deputy for the département of the Rhône, and distinguished himself in financial questions. He was several times minister, and became minister of finance in the cabinet of Casimir-Perier, on the 5 July 1894 he was elected president of the chamber of deputies. He died on the 12 December 1894, said to be out with overwork. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Burdeau
Auguste Burdeau
–
Auguste Burdeau.
29.
Paul Deschanel
–
Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel was a French statesman. He served as President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920. Paul Deschanel, the son of Émile Deschanel, professor at the Collège de France and senator, was born in Brussels and he is one of only two French Presidents who were born outside France. Paul Deschanel studied law, and began his career as secretary to Deshayes de Marcère, in October 1885, he was elected deputy for Eure-et-Loir. From the first, he took an important place in the chamber, in January 1896, he was elected vice-president of the chamber, and henceforth devoted himself to the struggle against the Left, not only in parliament, but also in public meetings throughout France. In June 1898, he was elected president of the chamber, and was re-elected in 1901, nevertheless, he came forward brilliantly in 1904 and 1905 as a supporter of the law on the separation of church and state. He also gained a position on the Committee of Foreign Affairs and he was re-elected deputy in 1910, and on May 23,1912 was chosen to be the Presidency of the Chamber. In this role he played a part during World War I as the national orator. He served until he was elected President of France on 17 January 1920 by an overwhelming majority, having beaten Georges Clemenceau in the preliminary party ballot. Deschanel aspired to a more active role as president than had been de rigueur under the Third Republic. As president, his behaviour caused some consternation, on one occasion, after a delegation of schoolgirls had presented him with a bouquet. On another occasion he received the British Ambassador to France naked except for the decorations of his office. Soon afterwards, Deschanel walked out of a meeting, straight into a lake. His resignation was offered on 21 September 1920, and he was placed in an institution, nevertheless, he was narrowly elected to the senate in January 1921, serving until his death. He was the only French head of state during whose term in office no persons in France were executed until the penalty was abolished in 1981. Deschanel himself was a death penalty opponent
Paul Deschanel
–
Paul Deschanel
Paul Deschanel
–
First Republic (1792–1804)
30.
Paul Doumer
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Joseph Athanase Gaston Paul Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination. He was born in Aurillac, in the Cantal département, in France on 22 March 1857, alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. He became a professor of mathematics at Mende in 1877, in 1878 he married Blanche Richel, whom he had met at college. They had eight children, five of whom were killed in the First World War, from 1879 until 1883 he was professor at Remiremont, before leaving on health grounds. He then became editor of Courrier de lAisne, a French regional newspaper. Initiated into Freemasonry in 1879, at LUnion Fraternelle lodge, he became Grand Secretary of Grand Orient de France in 1892 and he made his debut in politics as chef de cabinet to Charles Floquet, when Floquet was president of the chamber in 1885. In 1888, Doumer was elected Radical deputy for the department of Aisne, defeated in the general elections of September 1889, he was elected again in 1890 by the arrondissement of Auxerre. He was briefly Minister of Finance of France when he tried without success to introduce an income tax and he was Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902. Upon his arrival the colonies were losing millions of francs each year, determined to put them on a paying basis he levied taxes on opium, wine and the salt trade. The Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians who could or would not pay taxes, lost their houses and land. He established Indochina as a market for French products and a source of investment by French businessmen. The Long Bien Bridge was built during his term as Governor-General and was named for him and it became a well-known landmark and target for US pilots during the Vietnam War. After returning from French Indochina, Doumer was elected by Laon to the chamber as a Radical and he refused, however, to support the ministry of Émile Combes, and formed a Radical dissident group, which grew in strength and eventually caused the fall of the ministry. He then served as President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1902 to 1905 and he became Minister of Finance of France again in 1925 when Louis Loucheur resigned. He then served as President of the French Senate from 1927 until the 1931 presidential election and he was elected President of the French Republic on 13 May 1931, defeating the better known Aristide Briand, and replacing Gaston Doumergue. On 6 May 1932, Paul Doumer was in Paris at the opening of a fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild. Suddenly several shots were fired by Paul Gorguloff, a mentally unstable Russian émigré, two of the shots hit Doumer, at the base of the skull and in the right armpit, and he fell to the ground. Claude Farrère wrestled with the assassin before the police arrived, Doumer was rushed to hospital in Paris, where he died at 04,37 AM on 7 May
Paul Doumer
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Paul Doumer
Paul Doumer
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First Republic (1792–1804)
31.
Vincent Auriol
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Vincent Jules Auriol was a French politician who served as the first president of the Fourth Republic from 1947 to 1954. Auriol was born in Revel, Haute-Garonne, as the child of Jacques Antoine Auriol, a baker nicknamed Paul. His great-grandmother, Anne Auriol, was a first cousin of English engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel and he earned a law degree at the Collège de Revel in 1904 and began his career as a lawyer in Toulouse. A committed socialist, Auriol co-founded the newspaper Le Midi Socialiste in 1908, in 1914, Auriol entered the Chamber of Deputies as a Socialist Deputy for Muret, a position he retained until 1942. He also served as Mayor of Muret from 3 May 1925 to 17 January 1947, in December 1920, after the breakup of the SFIO, Auriol refused to join the newly created SFIC and became one of the leaders of the new SFIO, along with Léon Blum. Auriol became the leading spokesman on financial issues. He chaired the Finance Committee in the Chamber of Deputies from 1924-1926, Édouard Daladiers conservative–Radical government formed on 10 April 1938 returned Auriol to the Chamber of Deputies. Auriol was one of the 80 deputies who voted against the powers given to Prime Minister Philippe Pétain on 10 July 1940 that brought about the Nazi-backed Vichy government. As a result, he was placed under house arrest until he escaped to the French Resistance in October 1942, Auriol fled to London in October 1943. He represented the Socialists at the Free French Consultative Assembly, in July 1944, he represented France at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. After World War II, Auriol served as Minister of State in de Gaulles provisional government and he was a member of the Constituent Assemblies which drafted the constitution of the short-lived French Fourth Republic, and was President of the Assemblies. He lobbied for a force between Communism and Gaullism. Auriol led the French delegation to the United Nations and was Frances first representative on the United Nations Security Council in 1946 and he served as a Deputy for Haute-Garonne in the National Assembly from 1946 until 31 December 1947. As president, Auriol pursued a relatively weak presidency like the office under the Third Republic and he attempted to reconcile political factions within France and warm relations between France and its allies. He was criticized for Frances ailing economy and political turmoil in the period. A series of debilitating strikes were waged across France in 1947, the strikes escalated into violence in November of that year, leading, on 28 November, to the government deploying 80,000 French Army reservists to face the insurrection. The Communist Party, who supported the strikes, were expelled from the legislature in early December. The strikes ended on 10 December, but more would come in 1948, apart from the inconclusive war in Indochina, Frances colonial empire decayed under Auriols presidency
Vincent Auriol
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Auriol in 1927, aged 43.
Vincent Auriol
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Vincent Auriol
Vincent Auriol
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First Republic (1792–1804)
32.
Jacques Chaban-Delmas
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Jacques Chaban-Delmas was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1969 to 1972 and he was the Mayor of Bordeaux from 1947 to 1995 and a deputy for the Gironde département. Jacques Chaban-Delmas was born Jacques Michel Pierre Delmas in Paris and he studied at the Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux, before attending the École Libre des Sciences Politiques. In the resistance underground, his final nom de guerre was Chaban, after World War II, as a general of brigade in the resistance, he took part in the Parisian insurrection of August 1944, with general de Gaulle. He was the youngest French general since François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, during the First French Empire, a member of the Radical Party, he finally joined the Gaullist Rally of the French People, which opposed the Fourth Republics governments. In 1947, he became mayor of Bordeaux, which was for 48 years his electoral fief, as a member of the National Assembly, he sat with the RPF. In 1953, when the RPF group split, Chaban-Delmas became head of the Union of Republicans for Social Action and he tied up with centre-left parties and joined Pierre Mendès-Frances cabinet one year later as Minister of Public Works. He took part in the centre-left coalition Republican Front, which won the 1956 legislative election and he was Frances Defence Minister in 1957–1958. His governmental participation during the Fourth Republic inspired the distrust of de Gaulle, following Gen. de Gaulles return to power in 1958, Chaban-Delmas agreed to the advent of the French Fifth Republic and the new Constitution. He took part in the foundation of the Union for the New Republic and was elected, against de Gaulles will and he kept this function until the end of de Gaulles presidency in 1969. Unlike some Gaullists, for instance, Jacques Soustelle, he supported de Gaulles policy to end the Algerian War of Independence, during the 1959 UNR Congress, he was the first politician to evoke a reserved presidential domain, composed chiefly of defence and diplomacy. This interpretation of the Constitution of 1958 has survived, in 1969, when Georges Pompidou acceded to the presidency, he chose Chaban-Delmas, who had concluded that the May 68 crisis was the consequence of a strained and conflicted society, as prime minister. Chaban-Delmas tried to promote what he called a new society, based on dialogue between the different social forces in French society, in addition, regular increases were made to the minimum wage which prevented greater wage disparities. A new legal aid scheme was introduced, along with a number of new social welfare benefits, as a result of his social policies, Chaban-Delmas was viewed as too progressive by the conservative wing of the Gaullist movement. He was suspected of wanting to tie up again with the centre-left, indeed, his advisers who inspired the new society programme were considered as close to the centre-left. Besides, a latent conflict opposed Chaban-Delmas to President Pompidou and the presidential circle and they accused him of trying to weaken the presidency in favour of himself. The satirical paper Le Canard Enchaîné accused him of breaking the law through tax evasion and in 1972 and he did obtain this, but the President still managed to force his resignation. Two years later, following the death in office of President Pompidou and he was supported by the lords of gaullism, but 43 personalities close to the late president, led by Jacques Chirac, published the Call of the 43 in favour of the candidacy of Valéry Giscard dEstaing
Jacques Chaban-Delmas
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Jacques Chaban-Delmas
33.
Louis Mermaz
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Louis Mermaz is a French politician. He became an ally of François Mitterrand in the late 1950s, in 1967, he was elected Deputy of Isère for the first time. In 1981, he was appointed Minister of Transport in the first government of socialist Pierre Mauroy and he served in this office to 1986. He served as Minister of Agriculture from 1990 to 1992, and he is also Governments spokesperson in the same cabinet. From 2001 to 2011, he was senator of Isère
Louis Mermaz
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Louis Mermaz
34.
Laurent Fabius
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Laurent Fabius is a French Socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986. Fabius was 37 years old when he was appointed and is, so far, later, Fabius was President of the National Assembly from 1988 to 1992, and again from 1997 to 2000. Fabius served in the government as Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2002, Fabius was born in the wealthy 16th arrondissement of Paris, the son of Louise and André Fabius. He is the brother of Catherine Leterrier and François Fabius. Fabius parents were from Ashkenazi Jewish families, and converted to Catholicism and he has three sons, David with his partner Ch dIzarny Gargas, Thomas and Victor with his spouse Francoise Castro. Fabiuss secondary education was at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Fabius was a graduate of institutions that are training grounds for academics, and senior civil servants and executives. After his studies, Fabius became an auditor for the Council of State, a member of the Socialist Party since 1974, Fabius was first elected to the National Assembly in 1978 for the fourth constituency of Seine-Maritime. Fabius quickly gained entry to the circle of François Mitterrand, the leader of the party, when Mitterrand was elected as President of France in 1981, Fabius was nominated as Minister of the Budget. Two years later, Fabius became Minister of Industry, and pursued the policy of industrial restructuration, in 1984, a government shake up by Mitterrand led Fabius to be appointed as Prime Minister at the age of 37. Fabius advocated a new kind of French socialism, which accepted the market economy, the allowable income for recipients of the young child allowance was increased for families with three or more children. The Fabius Government also sought to reduce penalties on families with working mothers by substantially increasing the income ceiling for dual-income families receiving the young child allowance. In 1985, as a means of upholding the rights of homosexuals, in November 1984, an allowance was introduced if the parent concerned had been employed for two or more years. Known as the “allocation parentale d’education, ” this allowance provided 1,000 francs per month for parents who decided to take two years of leave after the birth of their first child. Payment was to continue after this period for 8 out of 10 families for a further 32 months on a means-tested basis, in effect, this created a benefit for the first child in lower income families. The government, however, reduced the daily maternity allowance from 90% to 84% of the basic wage, in June 1985, a law was passed allowing first offenders who had committed petty crimes to serve sentences of six months or less in public-service jobs. A July 1985 law tripled the amount of aid for victims of crimes, legislation was introduced later that year to restrict the use of preventive detention, and ensure that the rights of suspects were better protected. A special 1985 holiday programme was introduced, directed particularly at young people outside the traditional circuits of organised leisure activities, the right to maternity leave was also extended to the father, in the event of the death of the mother in child-birth. The father was entitled to leave and could claim an allowance under the maternity insurance scheme
Laurent Fabius
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Laurent Fabius
35.
Henri Emmanuelli
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Henri Emmanuelli was a French politician. A member of the French Socialist Party, he has been deputy for Landes from 1978 to 1981, from 1986 to 1997, Emmanuelli was born in Eaux-Bonnes in the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques. He grew up with a background and lost his father at a very young age. He studied at Sciences Po in Paris and he joined in 1969 the Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild. In 1971, he was appointed to the management of company, becoming a senior banking executive. He continued his career at the Rothschild Bank until he was elected at the French National Assembly at age 32 in 1978. He joined the Socialist Party in 1971, on the request of François Mitterrand he was, at the age of 27, a candidate in the legislative elections of March 1973 in the second circonscription of Lot-et-Garonne. But it was on March 19,1978 that he was elected for the first time as the deputy for the electoral district of Landes. In 1982, he was elected for the first time as the President of the General Council of Landes, between January 1992 and April 1993, he was chairman of the National Assembly. He was then elected First Secretary of the Socialist Party in June 1994, however, he was defeated by Lionel Jospin in the race to represent the Socialist Party in the 1995 presidential election. Jospin also took on the role of First Secretary of the party in October 1995, one year later, Emmanuelli was convicted for the illicit financing of the party when he was its treasurer. He believed that the treaty was an away from the idea of a Federal Europe. He is followed by his supporters, one of which is Michel Vergnier. In 2000, he took part in the Congress of Grenoble of the Socialist Party and was a campaigner for a Socialist Party which was clearly aligned to the left. For the Congress of Mans in November 2005, he associated himself with the New Socialist Party motion of Arnaud Montebourg, elected in 1978, reelected in 1981,1986,1988,1993,1997,2000,2002,2007,2012. Regional Council Regional councillor of Aquitaine, 1986–88 General Council President of the General Council of Landes, reelected in 1985,1988,1992,1994,2001,2004,2008,2011. General councillor of Landes, elected in the canton of Tartas-Ouest, them from 1994 for the canton of Mugron, reelected in 1988,1994,2000,2001,2008. Political function First Secretary of the Socialist Party, 1994–95, elected in 1994, Emmanuelli died on 21 March 2017 at a medical center in Bayonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques from complications of acute bronchitis at the age of 71
Henri Emmanuelli
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Henri Emmanuelli
36.
Raymond Forni
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Raymond Forni was a French Socialist politician. Son of an Italian immigrant from Piedmont, Forni was born in Belfort and his father died when he was 11. At 17, he had to stop studying, and he started to work as a worker in Peugeot factories. He finally graduated high school at 21 and started law studies in Strasbourg. He became a lawyer at the age of 27 years, member of the Socialist Party, his political career started in 1971 when he became municipal council. In 1973, he was elected as deputy of Territoire de Belfort département and he got reelected four times consecutively, until 2002. He was President of the National Assembly from 2000 to 2002 and he was president of the Franche-Comté regional council from April 2,2004, until his death. He died in Paris on 5 January 2008, at the age of 66 and he got married two times and had 5 sons. He was awarded Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, National Assembly of France President of the National Assembly of France, 2000-2002. Vice President of the National Assembly, 1991-1993 / 1998-2000, President of Law Committee in the National Assembly, 1981-1985. Member of the National Assembly of France for Territoire de Belfort, Regional Council President of the Regional Council of Franche-Comté, 2004-2008. General Council General councillor of the Territoire de Belfort, 1976-1982 / 1987-2001, elected in 1976, reelected in 1987,1988,1994. Municipal Council Mayor of Delle, 1991-2004, 1st deputy-mayor of Delle, 1989-1991 / 2004-2008. Un enfant de la République, in 2002
Raymond Forni
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Raymond Forni
37.
Patrick Ollier
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Patrick Ollier is a French MP for the UMP party and the Mayor of Rueil-Malmaison. He was briefly the President of the National Assembly in 2007 and he is the partner of Michèle Alliot-Marie, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs in the government of François Fillon. He was elected on 16 June 2002, representing the Hauts-de-Seine and he is president of the French National Assemblys committee on Economic Affairs, the Environment, and Territory. He is interested in renewable energies, and Africa, being head of the French-Libyan friendship group in the National Assembly, on 14 January 2007 he announced that he would be candidate to the presidency of the National Assembly, replacing Jean-Louis Debré, who would join the Constitutional Council. He ended up as the candidate, as the opposition refused to take part in the vote. He is also the partner of Michèle Alliot-Marie, who was the French minister of Foreign, mr Ollier is an Honorary member of the Rotary Club of Rueil Malmaison and a public officer. At the same time Ollier is Mayor in the city of Rueil Malmaison, Rueil is a high-class suburb of Paris. He is also, since March 2007, the President of the Parliamentary Chamber in France, Ollier, following General de Gaulles social positions, is the inventor of the Works dividend who has been taken back in many Government decisions and parliamentary works. In 2005, during a debate on energy law, Patrick Ollier presented an amendment on wind power known as the Ollier Amendment and this caused an outcry from various environmental organizations. When faced with opposition, the amendment was withdrawn. M. Ollier constantly worked to amend the SRU law of December 2000, ending January 2006, the SRU law was decreased by the National Assembly of the French Parliament by the adoption of a Patrick Ollier and Gérard Hamels amendment, in first lecture on a law project. This amendment Ollier-Hamel allowed to consider some real-estate operation to social accession to property as some social apartments, the French Senate suppressed these measures on April 2006. Patrick Ollier is head of the France-Libya friendship group of the French Parliament and he made several visits in that country, sometimes for the Élysée or the Quai dOrsay. Patrick Olliers relations with Arab regimes, particularly with General Muammar Gaddafi are denounced in February 2011 by the French press, in its 24 February edition of the newspaper Libération assert that Patrick Ollier served as an intermediary for the sale of arms between the France and Libya. He has been officially visiting other Arab countries like Tunisia, in the Clearstream affair 2, his name has been cited in the meeting of the 9 janvier 2004 between Dominique de Villepin, Philippe Rondot and Jean-Louis Gergorin in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Jean-Louis Gergorin cited then «excessives links» of Patrick Ollier with Arab countries, le général Philippe Rondot aurait délibérément caché au ministre de la Défense que le nom de son conjoint avait été mentionné. Selon son témoignage, il avait reçu comme consigne de Dominique de Villepin de «ne rien communiquer au ministère de la Défense», toutefois, il semble que son nom ne figurait pas dans les listings truqués de Clearstream. Patrick Ollier sest constitué partie civile dans ce dossier, Patrick Ollier took often clear position, signature of the anti-PACS petition, opposition to the reform in 2000
Patrick Ollier
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Patrick Ollier
38.
Bernard Accoyer
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Bernard Accoyer is a French politician who was President of the National Assembly of France from 2007 to 2012. He is also the Mayor of Annecy-le-Vieux, Accoyer, a doctor by profession, has served as Mayor of Annecy-le-Vieux since March 1989, he also served as a member of the General Council of Haute-Savoie from March 1992 to March 1998. He is a deputy for the first constituency of Haute-Savoie and was first elected to the National Assembly in the March 1993 parliamentary election and he was President of the Union for a Popular Movement group in the National Assembly of France from 2004 to 2007. In 2007, he was selected as the candidate of the UMP group and he became the President of the National Assembly on 26 June 2007
Bernard Accoyer
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Bernard Accoyer
39.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
40.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
