1.
Atmospheric theatre
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An atmospheric theatre is a type of movie palace that was popular in the 1920s in America. Rather than seating the theatre patrons in a boxlike, formal setting as passive observers of stage entertainment, a plain cerulean sky replaced the ornate dome of traditional theatre design. Wispy floating clouds produced by a projector replaced crystal chandeliers and gilt, trees, plants, vines and taxidermy birds replaced gold leaf. Arches, trellises, balconies and plaster statuary replaced marble, painted wood panels, as the entertainment was about to begin, lighting effects created the illusion of a setting sun, as colors changed from yellow to red to mauve. Small lights, arranged in the ceiling in constellation patterns, twinkled to create a sense of infinite space, the atmospheric theatre design made the theatre patron an active, comfortable resident of an imaginary time and place, not a passive, aloof occupant of an oppressive formal space. The extravagantly designed theaters of the twentieth century were expensive to build. These classically designed theaters required an elaborate ceiling, usually with one or more grand chandeliers. An atmospheric theater only required a simple, smooth dome with low-wattage lights to simulate twinkling stars and this is not to say atmospheric theaters were always simple in design. The side walls of the theaters often featured very complex elements that created an outdoor setting like being in a village, garden. The most successful promoter of the style was John Eberson and he credited the Hoblitzelle Majestic Theatre as the first. Before the end of the 1920s he designed around 100 atmospheric theatres in the U. S. John Eberson was the most successful promoter and designer of the atmospheric style. It opened as Loews Theatre and seats 5,000 people, the auditorium is designed to resemble a night in a Moorish garden. Twinkling stars and drifting clouds travel across the domed ceiling, located on Akron’s South Main Street, the theater’s entrance lobby extends over the Ohio and Erie Canal. The theater has a small multicolored terra cotta façade dominated by a large marquee, a grand full-sized Wurlitzer organ hidden beneath the stage rises to the stage level on a special elevator. The theater closed for restoration and expansion in 2001 and reopened in 2002. Indiana Theatre The Indiana Theatre has a Spanish courtyard design and was one of the first Eberson theatres to exhibit atmospheric elements, while not fully atmospheric, the Indiana Theatres original lighting system gave a blue hue to the auditorium ceiling and scattered light to simulate stars. The Majestic Theatre, constructed in 1920, was the first Eberson theatre to use a simulated outdoor sky ceiling, with a Spanish Revival courtyard design, the theatre features low voltage lighting in the ceiling to mimic stars and the original reconditioned cloud machine to simulate moving clouds. Alcoves in the theatre contain stuffed birds, including a macaw that Eberson sometimes included in his design work
Atmospheric theatre
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The Palace Theatre (Marion, Ohio). The theatre is John Eberson 's impression of a Castle courtyard in Old Spain.
Atmospheric theatre
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The Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park, Chicago. The theater's Baroque spire is a replica of one on the Royal Castle in Warsaw.
Atmospheric theatre
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The front of the Auckland Civic Theatre, with its Indian Moghul palace motifs
2.
Art deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
Art deco
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Terracotta sunburst design above front doors of the Eastern Columbia Building in Los Angeles; built 1930
Art deco
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Tamara de Lempicka, "The Musician", 1929 (oil on canvas)
Art deco
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Joseph Csaky, Deux figures, 1920, relief, limestone, polychrome, 80 cm. Exhibited Léonce Rosenberg, Galerie de L'Effort Moderne (1920), now at Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands
Art deco
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Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, by Auguste Perret, 15 Avenue Montaigne, Paris (1910-1913)
3.
John Eberson
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John Adolph Emil Eberson was a European born American architect best known for the development and promotion of movie palace designs in the atmospheric theatre style. John Adolf Emil Eberson was born in Czernowitz, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary and he was the son of Sigfried and Lora Eberson. He attended high school in Dresden, Saxony and studied engineering at the University of Vienna. After completing his studies in 1896, Eberson joined the Fourteenth Hussaren Regiment of the Austrian Army, Eberson immigrated to the United States in 1901, sailing on a ship that left Bremerhaven. He arrived in New York City, and traveled to settle in St. Louis and his first work there was with an electrical contracting company. Within a few years, he affiliated with Johnson Realty and Construction Company, Eberson and Johnson traveled around the eastern part of America, promoting opera houses in small towns. Once the town was persuaded to build a house, Eberson would design it. It was in this pursuit that Eberson took the title Opera House John, Eberson married Beatrice Lamb in 1903. She immigrated from Great Britain, and was an interior decorator and they had three children, Drew, Lora Mary and Elsa. In 1904, Eberson and his moved to Hamilton, Ohio. It was there that Ebersons first theatre was located, the Hamilton Jewel, the 350-seat Jewel was constructed in an existing, pre-Civil War building. While in Hamilton, Eberson designed local buildings, and continued his opera house design work, the Ebersons moved to Chicago in 1910. In Chicago, Eberson was able to increase his theatre architectural commissions, an early client was Karl Hoblitzelles Interstate Amusement Company. The first two theatres he designed for Hoblitzelle were the Fort Worth Majestic and the Austin Majestic, neither was ground-breaking in design, and neither was in the atmospheric style. He first experimented with atmospheric design at the Dallas Majestic, the Indiana Theatre and it was in the design of the Houston Majestic that Eberson created his first full atmospheric theatre. In 1926 Eberson moved to New York City and he opened an office at the Rodin Studios,200 West Fifty-seventh Street. In July 1929, he made the decision to close the Chicago office, at about the same time, he formally brought his son Drew Eberson into the business, although Drew had helped before on many sites. Drew became his partner and carried on the business after his fathers death, Eberson began his theatre design work with traditional, small town opera houses
John Eberson
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John Adolph Emil Eberson c. 1912
John Eberson
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Eberson's first atmospheric theatre, the Majestic in Houston, Texas (now razed)
John Eberson
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Palace Theatre (Marion, Ohio), an atmospheric theatre designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style by Eberson in 1928
John Eberson
4.
Gary Cooper
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Gary Cooper was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-five years, from 1925 to 1960, and he was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Coopers ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his appearing natural, the screen persona he sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as an extra and stunt rider. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms. In the postwar years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in such as The Fountainhead. In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion and he married New York debutante Veronica Balfe in 1933, and the couple had one daughter. Their marriage was interrupted by a three-year separation precipitated by Coopers love affair with Patricia Neal, Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his achievements in 1961. He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, the American Film Institute ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Frank James Cooper was born on May 7,1901, at 730 Eleventh Avenue in Helena, Montana to English immigrants Alice and his father emigrated from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and eventually a Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother emigrated from Gillingham, Kent and married Charles in Montana, in 1906, Charles purchased the 600-acre Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch about fifty miles north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River. Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses, hunt, in April 1908, the Hauser Dam failed and flooded the Missouri River valley along portions of the Cooper property, but Cooper and his family were able to evacuate in time. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena, at Dunstable, Cooper studied Latin and French, and took several courses in English history. While he managed to adapt to the discipline of an English school and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the class structure. After completing confirmation classes, Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3,1911, Coopers mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena
Gary Cooper
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Gary Cooper, 1936
Gary Cooper
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Cooper at Grinnell College (top row, second from the left), 1922
Gary Cooper
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Cooper in The Winning of Barbara Worth, 1926
Gary Cooper
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Cooper and Mary Brian in The Virginian, 1929
5.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
7.
Grand Rex
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The Grand Rex is a cinema in Paris. It is noted for its sumptuous decoration and its main auditorium. An atmospheric theatre in American parlance, the Grand Rexs main auditorium features a starred ceiling, the theatres 2800 places are the most of any in Europe, and its 300m2 screen is the largest in Paris. The cinemas external facade, out of proportion to neighboring buildings, features large neon signs, the cinema is considered to be a landmark of art deco architecture. A French government decree on 5 October 1981 listed the Cinéma Rex, its decor, roofs. The Rex, as it was known, was built for Jacques Haïk. Haïk aimed to create the most beautiful theatre in Paris. The design was by Auguste Bluysen, a French architect, with input by John Eberson, construction began in 1931, and the cinema opened its doors the following year on the evening of 8 December. During the Occupation, the Rex was requisitioned and became the Soldatenkino, in the 1950s, one of the first escalators in France was installed and inaugurated by Gary Cooper. Between 1974 and 1990, seven further screens were added in the basement, since the 1950s, the Grand Rex has specialised in major Hollywood and particularly Disney productions. Unlike most Parisian movie theatres, the Grand Rex shows most films in their French-dubbed versions, the cinema is host to the Jules Verne Adventure Film Festival each April, a six-day event that attracts more than 48,000 attendees. A December highlight is the Féerie des eaux, an event featuring 1200 on-stage jets of water
Grand Rex
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Le Grand Rex tower
