1.
Lenox Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Lenox Avenue – also named Malcolm X Boulevard, both names are officially recognized – is the primary north–south route through Harlem in the upper portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. This two-way street runs from Farmers Gate at Central Park North to 147th Street and its traffic is figuratively described as Harlems heartbeat by Langston Hughes in his poem Juke Box Love Song. The IRT Lenox Avenue Line runs under the length of the street. From 119th Street to 123rd Street, Lenox Avenue is part of the Mount Morris Park Historic District, originally a part of Sixth Avenue, it was renamed in late 1887 for philanthropist James Lenox. In 1987, it was co-named Malcolm X Boulevard, in honor of the civil rights leader. The avenue was the heart of Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1930s, the street brought together African Americans, Latinos, British West Indians, and Spaniards who developed relationships over common interests such as jazz and food. In 1932, Harlem was so firmly established as the capital of jazz. Jazz flourished and grew like it could have in no other time and you might have had 15 great clubs on one block, all going at once, said the trombonist and bandleader Wycliffe Gordon. Imagine going into a joint to check out Willie The Lion Smith, Lenox Avenue is thought by some to be one of the most important streets in the world for African American culture. The Savoy Ballroom was located between 140th and 141st Streets on Lenox Avenue, other historical venues of Lenox Avenue are Sylvias Restaurant, located between 126th and 127th, and the Lenox Lounge, located between 124th and 125th. The corner of Lenox Avenue and 125th Street is mentioned in the song When the Revolution Comes by The Last Poets on their self-titled album, small Talk at 125th and Lenox is an album by Gil Scott-Heron. Lenox Avenue Breakdown is an album by alto saxophonist Arthur Blythe. Columbia Records released the album in 1979, in The Fire Next Time, James Baldwin refers to Lenox Avenue simply as The Avenue. Lenox Avenue, Midnight, a poem by Langston Hughes, is set on Lenox Avenue. The avenue is mentioned in his Juke Box Love Song and Consider Me, the avenue is featured in the first verse of the original Irving Berlin lyrics of Puttin on the Ritz. The song refers to the fad of poor but flashily dressed black Harlemites parading up and down Lenox Avenue. In the title track of his debut record Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous, Big L raps about 139th Street, there is a web series on YouTube called Lenox Avenue starring Al Thompson, who also created and produced the series. The street signs are heavily featured in the titles of the 2016 Netflix series Luke Cage
Lenox Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Row houses on Lenox Avenue between
122nd and
123rd Streets are part of the
Mount Morris Park Historic District
Lenox Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Co-signing of Lenox Avenue and Malcolm X Boulevard
Lenox Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Mosque No. 7 at
116th Street
Lenox Avenue (Manhattan)
–
The Ebenezer Gospel Tabernacle at
121st Street, formerly the Lenox Avenue Unitarian Church (1889)
2.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
3.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
4.
Hospital
–
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
Hospital
–
All India Institute of Medical Sciences in
Delhi, India
Hospital
–
The
Uniklinikum Aachen in
Germany is one of the biggest hospitals in Europe.
Hospital
–
Lehigh Valley Hospital in
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Hospital
–
McMaster University Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Canada
5.
Public hospital
–
A public hospital or government hospital is a hospital which is owned by a government and receives government funding. In some countries, this type of hospital provides medical care free of charge, in Australia, public hospitals are operated and funded by each individual states health department. The federal government also contributes funding, Services in public hospitals for all Australian citizens and permanent residents are fully subsidized by the federal governments Medicare Universal Healthcare program. Hospitals in Australia treat all Australian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, emergency Departments are almost exclusively found in public hospitals. Private hospitals rarely operate emergency departments, and patients treated at these facilities are billed for care. Some costs, however may qualify for billing under Medicare, where patients hold private health insurance, after initial treatment by a public hospitals emergency department, the patient has the option of being transferred to a private hospital. The Brazilian health system is a mix composed by public hospitals, non-profit philanthropic hospitals, the majority of low- and-medium income population uses services provided by a public hospitals run by either State or by the municipality. Since the inception of 1988 Federal Constitution, health care is a right for everyone living in Brazil, citizens, permanent residents. Also, hospitals and health clinics are built by government in all three levels, because of the limitation in the budget, those services are often unavailable in most part of the country, in exception in large metropolis like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte. Even in those metropolis, the access to some health care may take months if not completely ignored. However, patients sued the government were able to get their treatment covered by the SUS. Recently, new legislation mandate that no private hospitals should refuse accept poor or uninsured patients in case of life threat emergencies, cost of emergency care in this case is also paid by SUS. In Canada all hospitals are funded through Medicare, Canadas publicly funded health insurance system. Hospitals in Canada treat all Canadian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, in Norway, all public hospitals are funded from the national budget and run by four Regional Health Authorities owned by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. In addition to the hospitals, a few privately owned health clinics are operating. All citizens are eligible for treatment free of charge in the hospital system. According to The Patients Rights Act, all citizens have the right to Free Hospital Choices, south Africa has private and public hospitals. Public hospitals are funded by the Department of Health, the majority of the patients use public hospitals in which patients pay a nominal fee, roughly $3–5
Public hospital
–
Ben Taub General Hospital in
Houston,
Texas
6.
University
–
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
University
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
University
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
University
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
University
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
7.
Columbia University Medical Center
–
Columbia University Herbert and Florence Irving Medical Center is an academic medical center and the largest campuses of New York-Presbyterian Hospital. The campus covers several blocks – primarily between West 165th and 169th Streets from Riverside Drive to Audubon Avenue – in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, CUMC was built in the 1920s on the site of Hilltop Park, the one-time home stadium of the New York Yankees. The land was donated by Edward Harkness, who donated much of the cost of the original buildings. Built specifically to house a school and Presbyterian Hospital, it was the first academic medical center in the world. The Medical and Graduate Education Building was designed by architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro, in September 2016 the Campus was renamed for one of the Hospital and the Universitys greatest benefactors, Herbert and Florence Irving. Herbert Irving is a co-founder and former chairman of Sysco Corporation. Notes Columbia University Medical Center Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Key Events worth remembering
Columbia University Medical Center
–
Columbia University Medical Center
Columbia University Medical Center
–
Entrance to the
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Columbia University Medical Center
–
Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
Columbia University Medical Center
–
Hammer Health Science Center
8.
Emergency department
–
The emergency department is usually found in a hospital or other primary care center. In some countries, emergency departments have become important entry points for those without means of access to medical care. The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day, griswold also equipped police and fire vehicles with medical supplies and trained officers to give emergency care while en route to the hospital. Today, a hospital has its emergency department in its own section of the ground floor of the grounds. As patients can present at any time and with any complaint, triage is normally the first stage the patient passes through, and consists of a brief assessment, including a set of vital signs, and the assignment of a chief complaint. Most emergency departments have an area for this process to take place. Most patients will be assessed at triage and then passed to another area of the department, or another area of the hospital. Conversely, patients with serious conditions, such as cardiac arrest, will bypass triage altogether. The resuscitation area, commonly referred to as Trauma or Resus, is a key area in most departments, the most seriously ill or injured patients will be dealt with in this area, as it contains the equipment and staff required for dealing with immediately life-threatening illnesses and injuries. Typical resuscitation staffing involves at least one attending physician, and at least one and these personnel may be assigned to the resuscitation area for the entirety of the shift, or may be on call for resuscitation coverage. Examples of majors include chest pain, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, Advanced diagnostic testing may be conducted at this stage, including laboratory testing of blood and/or urine, ultrasonography, CT or MRI scanning. Medications appropriate to manage the condition will also be given. Depending on underlying causes of the chief complaint, he or she may be discharged home from this area or admitted to the hospital for further treatment. Patients whose condition is not immediately life-threatening will be sent to an area suitable to deal with them, such patients may still have been found to have significant problems, including fractures, dislocations, and lacerations requiring suturing. Children can present particular challenges in treatment, many hospitals have a separate area for evaluation of psychiatric problems. These are often staffed by psychiatrists and mental health nurses and social workers, there is typically at least one room for people who are actively a risk to themselves or others. Fast decisions on life-and-death cases are critical in emergency rooms. As a result, doctors face great pressures to overtest and overtreat, other common variations include emergency ward, emergency centre or emergency unit
Emergency department
–
The emergency department is often a frontline venue for the delivery of emergent medical care.
Emergency department
–
The emergency department entrance at
Mayo Clinic 's
Saint Marys Hospital. The red-and-white emergency sign is clearly visible.
Emergency department
–
An example of emergency room signage, at a California hospital
Emergency department
–
The emergency department at
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
9.
Level I trauma center
–
A trauma center is a hospital equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from major traumatic injuries such as falls, motor vehicle collisions, or gunshot wounds. A trauma center may also refer to a department without the presence of specialized services to care for victims of major trauma. Official designation as a center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their capabilities and are identified by Level designation, Level-I being the highest. Lower levels of trauma centers may only be able to provide care and stabilization of a traumatic injury. The operation of a center is extremely expensive. Some areas—especially rural regions—are under-served by trauma centers because of this expense, as there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely. A variety of methods have developed for dealing with this. A trauma center will often have a helipad for receiving patients that have been airlifted to the hospital, the trauma level certification can directly affect the patients outcome and determine if the patient needs to be transferred to a higher level trauma center. By 1947, the hospital had three teams, each including two surgeons and an anaesthesiologist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of the National Health Service on its formation in July 1948, according to the CDC, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and adults ages 1–44. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, in the United States, Drs. Robert J. Baker and Robet J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, IL on March 16,1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world, Cook County Hospital in Chicago trauma center. Dr. David R. Boyd interned at Cook County Hospital from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the United States Army. Upon his release from the Army, Dr. Boyd became the first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Boyd returned to Cook County Hospital, where he would later serve as resident director of the Cook County Trauma Unit. In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the American College of Surgeons, the different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for care in hospitals. Level I and Level II designations are also given adult and or pediatric designations, additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from the ACS
Level I trauma center
–
Typical trauma room at Level I Trauma Center.
Level I trauma center
–
This article is about the type of hospital. For the TV show, see
Trauma Center (TV series). For the video game series, see
Trauma Center (series).
10.
List of Hospitals in New York
–
This is a list of hospitals in the U. S. state of New York, sorted by hospital name. A list of hospitals in New York City is also available
List of Hospitals in New York
–
Lutheran Medical Center
List of Hospitals in New York
–
Monroe Community Hospital in Rochester
List of Hospitals in New York
–
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
List of Hospitals in New York
–
North Central Bronx Hospital
11.
Columbia University
–
Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
Columbia University
–
The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900
Columbia University
–
Columbia University
Columbia University
–
Low Memorial Library
Columbia University
–
Alma Mater
12.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
13.
Lenox Avenue
–
Lenox Avenue – also named Malcolm X Boulevard, both names are officially recognized – is the primary north–south route through Harlem in the upper portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. This two-way street runs from Farmers Gate at Central Park North to 147th Street and its traffic is figuratively described as Harlems heartbeat by Langston Hughes in his poem Juke Box Love Song. The IRT Lenox Avenue Line runs under the length of the street. From 119th Street to 123rd Street, Lenox Avenue is part of the Mount Morris Park Historic District, originally a part of Sixth Avenue, it was renamed in late 1887 for philanthropist James Lenox. In 1987, it was co-named Malcolm X Boulevard, in honor of the civil rights leader. The avenue was the heart of Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1930s, the street brought together African Americans, Latinos, British West Indians, and Spaniards who developed relationships over common interests such as jazz and food. In 1932, Harlem was so firmly established as the capital of jazz. Jazz flourished and grew like it could have in no other time and you might have had 15 great clubs on one block, all going at once, said the trombonist and bandleader Wycliffe Gordon. Imagine going into a joint to check out Willie The Lion Smith, Lenox Avenue is thought by some to be one of the most important streets in the world for African American culture. The Savoy Ballroom was located between 140th and 141st Streets on Lenox Avenue, other historical venues of Lenox Avenue are Sylvias Restaurant, located between 126th and 127th, and the Lenox Lounge, located between 124th and 125th. The corner of Lenox Avenue and 125th Street is mentioned in the song When the Revolution Comes by The Last Poets on their self-titled album, small Talk at 125th and Lenox is an album by Gil Scott-Heron. Lenox Avenue Breakdown is an album by alto saxophonist Arthur Blythe. Columbia Records released the album in 1979, in The Fire Next Time, James Baldwin refers to Lenox Avenue simply as The Avenue. Lenox Avenue, Midnight, a poem by Langston Hughes, is set on Lenox Avenue. The avenue is mentioned in his Juke Box Love Song and Consider Me, the avenue is featured in the first verse of the original Irving Berlin lyrics of Puttin on the Ritz. The song refers to the fad of poor but flashily dressed black Harlemites parading up and down Lenox Avenue. In the title track of his debut record Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous, Big L raps about 139th Street, there is a web series on YouTube called Lenox Avenue starring Al Thompson, who also created and produced the series. The street signs are heavily featured in the titles of the 2016 Netflix series Luke Cage
Lenox Avenue
–
Row houses on Lenox Avenue between
122nd and
123rd Streets are part of the
Mount Morris Park Historic District
Lenox Avenue
–
Co-signing of Lenox Avenue and Malcolm X Boulevard
Lenox Avenue
–
Mosque No. 7 at
116th Street
Lenox Avenue
–
The Ebenezer Gospel Tabernacle at
121st Street, formerly the Lenox Avenue Unitarian Church (1889)
14.
Harlem
–
Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
Harlem
–
Stately Harlem apartment buildings adjacent to
Morningside Park
Harlem
–
The
Apollo Theater on
125th Street, in November 2006.
Harlem
–
Rowhouse built for the African-American population of Harlem in the 1930s
Harlem
–
A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s
15.
World War
–
A world war is a war involving many of the countries of the world or many of the most powerful and populous ones. World wars span multiple countries on multiple continents, with battles fought in multiple theaters. The Oxford English Dictionary cited the first known usage in the English language to a Scottish newspaper, the term World War I was coined by Time magazine in its issue of June 12,1939. In the same article, the term World War II was first used speculatively to describe the upcoming war, the first use for the actual war came in its issue of September 11,1939. m. Speculative fiction authors had been noting the concept of a Second World War in 1919 and 1920, due to this fact, a very minute conflict between two countries had the potential to set off a domino effect of alliances, triggering a world war. The fact that the powers involved had large overseas empires virtually guaranteed that such a war would be worldwide, the same strategic considerations also ensured that the combatants would strike at each others colonies, thus spreading the wars far more widely than those of pre-Colombian times. Both world wars had also seen war crimes, the First World War had seen major use of chemical weapons despite the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 outlawing the use of such weapons in warfare. The Ottoman Empire had been considered responsible for the death of one million Armenians during the First World War. The Second World War was the first conflict in which atomic bombs had been used, nazi Germany had been responsible for multiple genocides, most notably the Holocaust, killing six million Jews. The outcome of the wars had a profound effect on the course of world history. The old European empires had collapsed or been dismantled as a result of the wars crushing costs. The United States of America had been established as the dominant global superpower, along with its ideological foe. These two superpowers exerted political influence over most of the worlds nation-states for decades after the end of the Second World War, the modern international security, economic and diplomatic system had been created in the aftermath of the wars. Institutions such as the United Nations were established to collectivize international affairs, the wars had also greatly changed the course of daily life. Technologies developed during wartime had an effect on peace-time life as well, for instance, advances in, jet aircraft, penicillin, nuclear energy. Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War, there has been a widespread and this war has been anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and explored in fiction in many countries. Concepts have ranged from purely conventional scenarios, to limited use of nuclear weapons, among these are former American, French, and Mexican government officials, military leaders, politicians, and authors, Despite their efforts, none of these wars are commonly deemed world wars. The Second Congo War involved nine nations and led to ongoing low-level warfare despite an official peace and it has often been referred to as Africas World War
World War
–
War of the Spanish Succession
16.
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
–
NYC Health + Hospitals, officially the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a benefit corporation. It is similar to an agency, but has a Board of Directors. It operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, HHCs own MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York areas largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half a million New Yorkers. Each year HHCs facilities provide about 225,000 inpatient admissions, one emergency room visits. HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room, the most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the hospital for treatment of the President of the United States. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon, the organization underwent a rebranding initiative in November 2015, shortening its name from 40 characters to 19 characters, as NYC Health + Hospitals. In 1736, HHC’s oldest hospital, Bellevue Hospital was founded as an infirmary for smallpox and other diseases on the top floor of a public workhouse. Bellevue Hospital was formally named in 1825, at the turn of the 20th century, Bellevue’s medical college merged with University Medical College into what would later become the New York University College of Medicine. In 1920, Bellevue founded the Childrens Psychiatric Service, the first program in the United States devoted to the study of child autism, Bellevue continues to provide through this day comprehensive pediatric services and renowned psychiatric services, as well as highly regarded emergency and trauma services. Bellevue remains the principal teaching hospital for its affiliated New York University School of Medicine, HHC’s other hospitals were founded in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. In 1965, Medicare and Medicaid were created and quickly accounted for 86 percent of the income received by the hospital system. Patients with private insurance opted to use hospitals and Medicaid raised its eligibility. As a consequence, New York City hospitals saw patient numbers, according to a 1967 study just two years later, the conditions and quality of care at public hospitals in New York City were deplorable. In 1969, New York City created HHC to replace its Department of Hospitals operating city hospitals, HHC was formed as a quasi public agency to enable it to benefit from private revenues and funding. HCC’s fiscal condition nevertheless has varied periodically since its formation, in 2006, a study by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ranked quality of care at HHC among the highest in New York City in the areas of heart attack, heart failure and pneumonia. On September 30,2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention awarded HHC a $10 million grant to be administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
–
Queens Hospital Center
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
–
A NYC Health and Hospital Police patch
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
–
125 Worth Street, headquarters of HHC and of the
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the
Department of Sanitation
17.
Trauma center
–
A trauma center is a hospital equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from major traumatic injuries such as falls, motor vehicle collisions, or gunshot wounds. A trauma center may also refer to a department without the presence of specialized services to care for victims of major trauma. Official designation as a center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their capabilities and are identified by Level designation, Level-I being the highest. Lower levels of trauma centers may only be able to provide care and stabilization of a traumatic injury. The operation of a center is extremely expensive. Some areas—especially rural regions—are under-served by trauma centers because of this expense, as there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely. A variety of methods have developed for dealing with this. A trauma center will often have a helipad for receiving patients that have been airlifted to the hospital, the trauma level certification can directly affect the patients outcome and determine if the patient needs to be transferred to a higher level trauma center. By 1947, the hospital had three teams, each including two surgeons and an anaesthesiologist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of the National Health Service on its formation in July 1948, according to the CDC, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and adults ages 1–44. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, in the United States, Drs. Robert J. Baker and Robet J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, IL on March 16,1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world, Cook County Hospital in Chicago trauma center. Dr. David R. Boyd interned at Cook County Hospital from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the United States Army. Upon his release from the Army, Dr. Boyd became the first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Boyd returned to Cook County Hospital, where he would later serve as resident director of the Cook County Trauma Unit. In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the American College of Surgeons, the different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for care in hospitals. Level I and Level II designations are also given adult and or pediatric designations, additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from the ACS
Trauma center
–
Typical trauma room at Level I Trauma Center.
Trauma center
–
This article is about the type of hospital. For the TV show, see
Trauma Center (TV series). For the video game series, see
Trauma Center (series).
18.
American Heart Association
–
Originally formed in New York City in 1924 as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, it is currently headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The American Heart Association is a voluntary health agency. They are known for publishing standards on basic life support and advanced life support. They are known also for operating a number of visible public service campaigns starting in the 1970s. In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry publication, elliott Antman, M. D. is president of the American Heart Association for its 2014–15 fiscal year. The American Heart Association publishes a standard for providing basic and advanced life support, the AHA offers the most widely accepted certification for basic life support. The AHA is now also a provider of training for first aid, the AHA also operates an affiliated organization, the American Stroke Association, which focuses on care, research and prevention of strokes. The American Heart Association grew out of a set of smaller precursor groups, the primary precursor was the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, formed in New York City in 1915, to study whether patients with heart disease could safely return to work. Several similar organizations formed or evolved in Boston, Philadelphia, the AHA remained small until the 1940s when it was selected for support by Procter & Gamble, via their PR firm, from a list of applicant charities. Procter & Gamble gave $1.5 million from its show, Truth or Consequences. These recommendations continued to more precise from 1957 to 1980. In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, a publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable. On October 28,2009 The American Heart Association and the Ad Council launched a hands-only CPR public service announcement, on November 30,2009, The American Heart Association announced a new cardiac arrest awareness campaign called Be the Beat. The campaigns aim is to teach 12- to 15-year-olds fun ways to learn the basics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in 2010 the AHA launched the Go Red for Women campaign. Historically men have been the subjects of heart disease and stroke research. Go Red for Women specifically targets women with information about risks, all revenues from the local and national campaigns goes to support awareness, research, education and community programs to benefit women. In May 2010, the AHA endorsed the Nintendo Wii Console, the AHA Heart Icon is featured on the box of the console as well as on the Wii Fit Plus and Wii Sports Resort titles. It also carried out a campaign in 2012 to educate people on how to carry out hands-only CPR
American Heart Association
–
A Health Promotion coordinator at Fleet Activities Sasebo, from Augusta, Ga., checks a sailor's blood pressure during a "Go Red for Women" heart disease awareness campaign in 2009.
American Heart Association
–
American Heart Association
American Heart Association
–
Jump Rope for Heart, pictured in 2014. Volunteers with the 6th Squadron, 8th Cavalry Regiment assisted the students in celebrating the end of the school's fundraising event, "Jump Rope for Heart", to raise funds for the American Heart Association.
19.
Nursing
–
Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, Nurses practice in many specialisms with differing levels of prescriber authority. Many nurses provide care within the scope of physicians. However, nurses are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings depending on training level, Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of an interdisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians. Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and independently as nursing professionals, Nursing historians face the challenge of determining whether care provided to the sick or injured in antiquity was nursing care. In the fifth century BC, for example, the Hippocratic Collection in places describes skilled care and observation of patients by male attendants, who may have been early nurses. Hence, any one desirous of acquiring a knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it. Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns, examples exist in Christian, Islamic and Buddhist traditions amongst others. Phoebe, mentioned in Romans 16 has been described in sources as the first visiting nurse. These traditions were influential in the development of the ethos of modern nursing, the religious roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. One example in the United Kingdom is the use of the sister to refer to a senior nurse. During the Reformation of the 16th century, Protestant reformers shut down the monasteries and convents and those nuns who had been serving as nurses were given pensions or told to get married and stay home. Nursing care went to the inexperienced as traditional caretakers, rooted in the Roman Catholic Church, were removed from their positions, the nursing profession suffered a major setback for approximately 200 years. Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing during the Crimean War and her Notes on Nursing became popular. Agnes Jones, who established a training regime at the Brownlow Hill infirmary, Liverpool. In turn, the modern movement began in Germany in 1836. Within a half century, there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Europe, formal use of nurses in the modern military began in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nurses saw active duty in the First Boer War, the Egyptian Campaign, hospital-based training came to the fore in the early 1900s, with an emphasis on practical experience
Nursing
–
A British nurse caring for a baby
Nursing
–
Florence Nightingale was an influential figure in the development of modern nursing. No uniform had been created when Florence Nightingale was employed during the
Crimean War. Both nursing role and education were first defined by Florence Nightingale.
Nursing
–
A recruiting poster for Australian nurses from
World War I.
Nursing
–
Two nurses in Arizona, 1943
20.
Physician assistant
–
A physician assistant or physician associate is a healthcare professional who practices medicine as a part of a healthcare team with supervising physicians and other providers. In the United States, PAs are nationally certified and state licensed to practice medicine, a certified PA may use C at the end of his/her credentials. PAs are trained using the model and complete these qualifications in less time than a traditional medical degree. The PA education model is based on the training of doctors during World War II. PAs are concerned with preventing and treating illness and injury by providing a broad range of health care services with a supervising physician. Their scope of practice can vary according to jurisdiction and healthcare setting and they train to work in settings such as hospitals, clinics and other types of health facilities, or in academic administration, and exercise autonomy in medical decision making. PAs practice primary care or medical specialties, including medicine, surgery, cardiology. Renewal of licensure is necessary every few years, varying by jurisdiction. Dr. Eugene A. Stead, Jr. of the Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina assembled the first class of physician assistants in 1965 and he based the curriculum of the PA program on his first-hand knowledge of the fast-track training of medical doctors during World War II. And Dr. J. Willis Hurst started the Emory University Physician Assistant Program in 1967, although the PA profession has historically consisted mostly of men, by 2003 women constituted nearly 60% of physician assistants in the United States. The PA profession has expanded globally and it can now be found in Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ghana, India, Israel, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. As of October 2015, there are approximately 400 PAs working in settings in Canada. The first formally trained PAs graduated in 1984 from the Canadian Forces Medical Services School at Borden, the Canadian Medical Association recognized the PA as a health professional in 2003. The first civilian PA education programs were launched in 2008 at the University of Manitoba, in 2010, a third civilian program was launched by the Consortium of PA Education. PAs are currently practicing across Canada in the Canadian Armed Forces and are working in the health care system in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick. PAs are regulated in Manitoba and New Brunswick by the provincial college of physicians and surgeons. In both Ontario and Alberta, the profession is not regulated, however, the Ontario Minister of Health has recommended that a mandatory registry be established which would be governed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. In Alberta, a voluntary registry has been established for PAs under the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, PAs are permitted to practice, by way of delegation, under the provincial Medical Act
Physician assistant
–
Physician assistant
21.
May Edward Chinn
–
May Edward Chinn was an African-American woman physician. She was the first African-American woman to graduate from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in her private practice, she provided care for patients who would not otherwise receive treatment. She was an advocate of early cancer screening. Chinn was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts and her father, William Lafayette, was the son of a plantation slave and her owner, at the age of 11, he escaped from this Virginia plantation. Her mother, Lulu Ann, was the daughter of a slave and a Chickahominy Native American, the Tiffany family encouraged Chinns interest in music. Growing up, she attended concerts in New York City and learned to play piano. The Tiffany family also taught her the German and French languages, Chinn remained in New York City after her surgery there, but she was too poor to finish high school. Despite her lack of a diploma, she took the examination to Columbia Teachers College and passed it. Chinn studied her first love, music, until a professor mocked her race as unfit for playing classical music, at the same time, she received high praise for a scientific paper she wrote on sewage disposal, so she changed her major to science. In her senior year, she secured a position as a lab technician in clinical pathology. She proceeded to study medicine at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, becoming its first African-American woman graduate in 1926, Rockefeller Institute was prepared to offer Chinn a research fellowship until it learned of her race. Harlem Hospital was the medical institution in the city that offered Chinn an internship. Chinn was the first African-American woman to intern there and to accompany paramedics on ambulance calls, Chinn established a private practice instead, seeing patients in her office and performing procedures in their homes. This experience prompted her to earn a degree in public health from Columbia University in 1933. Upon graduation Chinn found that no hospital would allow her practicing privileges, the Rockefeller Institute had seriously considered her for a research fellowship until they discovered that she was black. With her fair skin and last name, many assumed that she was white or Chinese, in 1940, Harlem Hospital granted Chinn admitting privileges, in part due to Mayor Fiorello La Guardias push for integration in the wake of the Harlem Riot of 1935. In 1944, the Strang Clinic hired Chinn to conduct research on cancer, the Society of Surgical Oncology invited her to become a member, and in 1975, she established a society to promote African-American women to attend medical school. She maintained her practice until the age of 81
May Edward Chinn
–
May Edward Chin
22.
Bellevue Hospital Medical College
–
The New York University School of Medicine is one of the graduate schools of New York University. As of 2016, it is one of the most selective school in the United States. In 2014, New York University School of Medicine attracted over $304.5 million in research funding from the National Institutes of Health alone. The School of Medicine is part of NYU Langone Medical Center, named after Kenneth Langone and it is located at 550 First Avenue in New York City. The School of Medicine has 1,177 full-time faculty and 3,091 part-time faculty, additionally, there are 104 endowed professorships,1,078 residents/fellows,68 M. D. /Ph. D. Candidates and 400 postdoctoral fellows as of 2011, the NYU Medical Center is home to the School of Medicine, the Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, and the Charles C. Harris Skin & Cancer Pavilion. In 2016-17, NYU Langone Medical Center was also recognized on the U. S, graduates of New York University School of Medicine are accepted into competitive residency programs and leading medical centers. New York University School of Medicine has recently implemented the curriculum for the 21st century, the new curriculum consists of 18 months of basic science and two and a half years of clinical training. Students take the USMLE Step 1 exam after the clerkship year and this allows students additional time to take electives, conduct research, or go on away rotations. Other features of the curriculum include NYU3T and PLACE, the NYU School of Medicine also offers several 5-year joint degree programs, some of which can be optionally completed in 4 years. Recently, NYU School of Medicine has introduced a 3-year MD program based on the program first pioneered in Canada at McMaster University Medical School in 1965, the 3-year program can only be applied to by students accepted into the 4 year stream. 3-year program students are guaranteed a residency placement in their specialty of choice at NYU Langone Medical Center, admission to NYU School of Medicine is among the most selective in the country. For the Class of 2019, NYU received 7,807 applications, the matriculating class had a median GPA of 3.87 and a MCAT score of 36, with 33% of the incoming class being underrepresented minorities. The main NYU Langone Medical Center campus is located at the East River waterfront at 1st Ave. between 30th and 34th street and it hosts the NYU School of Medicine, Tisch Hospital and the Howard A. Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. Other NYU Langone Medical Center facilities across the city include the Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute, the NYU Cancer Center on 34th Street, and Woodhull Hospital in Brooklyn. Most recently, the NYU School of Medicine opened a new emergency simulation center at Bellevue Hospital in a joint effort with the City University of New York. Medical students, nurses, EMTs, and other medical staff will be able to practice and refine their skills on state-of-the-art mannequins, Research facilities include the Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine. New York University College of Medicine was established in 1841, the medical school merged with Bellevue Medical College in 1898 to form the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College
Bellevue Hospital Medical College
–
Smilow Research building
Bellevue Hospital Medical College
–
NYU School of Medicine
23.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
24.
Rudy Giuliani
–
Rudolph William Louis Rudy Giuliani is an American lawyer, businessman, public speaker, former mayor of New York City, and an informal adviser on cybersecurity to the White House. Politically a Democrat, then an Independent in the 1970s, Giuliani prosecuted pivotal cases against the American Mafia, and against corrupt corporate financiers. Within several years, Giuliani was widely credited for major improvements in the quality of life. While still Mayor, Giuliani ran for the U. S. Senate in 2000, however, in 2002, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, acquired and later sold Giuliani Capital Advisors, and joined a Texas firm while opening a Manhattan office for the firm renamed Bracewell & Giuliani. Giuliani was considered a candidate for New York Governor in 2010. Giuliani declined all races, and instead remained in the business sector, on January 12,2017, then President-elect Trump named Giuliani his informal cybersecurity adviser. He was raised a Roman Catholic, Harold Giuliani, a plumber and a bartender, had trouble holding a job, and was convicted of felony assault and robbery, serving time in Sing Sing. After his release he worked as an enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo DAvanzo, the family lived in East Flatbush, Brooklyn until Harold died of prostate cancer in 1981, after which time Helen moved to Manhattans Upper East Side. Helen was featured in a commercial to promote her son in the 1993 Mayoral Election. In 1951, when Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South, later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961 with an 85 percent average. Giuliani attended Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in science with a minor in philosophy. There he considered becoming a priest, Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He volunteered for Robert F. Kennedys presidential campaign in 1968 and he also worked as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s, and voted for George McGovern for president in 1972. Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. His conscription was deferred while he was enrolled at Manhattan College, upon graduation from the latter in 1968, he was classified by the Selective Service System as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected, in 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number, he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A. In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorneys Office for the Southern District of New York, in 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and became executive U. S. attorney
Rudy Giuliani
–
Rudy Giuliani
Rudy Giuliani
–
Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001.
Rudy Giuliani
–
Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new
Drug Enforcement Administration mobile museum in
Dallas, Texas in September 2003
25.
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
–
A nurse anesthetist or anesthetic nurse is a nurse who specializes in the administration of anesthesia. In the United States, a registered nurse anesthetist is an advanced practice registered nurse who has acquired graduate-level education. The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists is the association that represents more than 90% of the 45,000 nurse anesthetists in the United States. Certification is governed by the National Boards of Certification and Recertification of Nurse Anesthetists, education is governed by the Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs. Worldwide, in the UK and former commonwealth countries the term anesthetist is used for physicians only and it is the British version for a US anesthesiologist. In order to get into this program, one must obtain a BSN degree in nursing, as well as complete their boards. Graduate programs generally require individuals to have at least a 3.2 GPA in their undergraduate degree, the next step is to have two years experience in a critical care unit, for example the ICU. Nurse anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care in the United States for 150 years, according to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, nurse anesthetists are the oldest nurse specialty group in the United States. Additionally, in testament to the roots, today’s nurse anesthetists remain the primary anesthesia providers to U. S. service men and women at home. Among the first American nurses to provide anesthesia was Catherine S. Lawrence, along with other nurses, Lawrence administered anesthesia during the American Civil War. The first official nurse anesthetist is recognized as Sister Mary Bernard, the first school of nurse anesthesia was formed in 1909 at St. Vincent Hospital, Portland, Oregon. Established by Agnes McGee, the course was seven long, and included courses on anatomy and physiology, pharmacology. Within the next decade, approximately 19 schools opened, all consisted of post-graduate anesthesia training for nurses and were about six months in length. These included programs at Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Barnes Hospital, New York Post-Graduate Hospital, Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Grace Hospital in Detroit, early anesthesia training programs provided education for all levels of health providers. For example, in 1915, chief nurse anesthetist Agatha Hodgins established the Lakeside Hospital School of Anesthesia in Cleveland and this program was open to nurses, physicians, and dentists. The training was six months and the tuition was $50, a diploma was awarded on completion. In its first year, it graduated six physicians, two dentists, and 11 nurses, later, in 1918, it established a system of clinical affiliations with other Cleveland hospitals. Some nurse anesthetists were appointed to medical school faculties to train the students in anesthesia
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
–
Nurse-Anesthetist administers a local anesthetic to an injured Marine prior to surgery aboard USS Kearsarge
26.
Pediatrics
–
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18-21 years of age. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, the word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children, they derive from two Greek words, παῖς and ἰατρός. Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians. Pediatrics is known as a new modern medicine in the society today, hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen, understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment, Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent. Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in Ancient India where childrens doctors were called kumara bhrtya, sushruta Samhita an ayurvedic text, composed during the sixth century BC contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is Kashyapa Samhita, a second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine physicians Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, islamic writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially Haly Abbas, Serapion, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian scholar and doctor al-Razi published a treatise on diseases among children. The first book about pediatrics was Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium 1472 and he was born in Germany, where he received his medical training, but later practiced in New York City. The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, in 1852 Britains first pediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Streets. The first Childrens hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh, in the US, the first similar institutions were the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Childrens Hospital. The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes, the smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply little adults, the clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses. A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most jurisdictions and with certain exceptions, the issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world, depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years, and has been usual in the Commonwealth, entrants to graduate-entry courses, usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences
Pediatrics
–
A doctor examines a newly born baby.
Pediatrics
–
Part of
Great Ormond Street Hospital in
London,
United Kingdom, which was the first paediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.
27.
Psychiatry
–
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders. These include various abnormalities related to mood, behaviour, cognition, initial psychiatric assessment of a person typically begins with a case history and mental status examination. Physical examinations and psychological tests may be conducted, on occasion, neuroimaging or other neurophysiological techniques are used. The fifth edition of the DSM was published in 2013, assertive community treatment, community reinforcement, and supported employment. Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or on aspects of the disorder in question. The term psychiatry was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808, a medical doctor specializing in psychiatry is a psychiatrist. Psychiatry refers to a field of medicine focused specifically on the mind, aiming to study, prevent and it has been described as an intermediary between the world from a social context and the world from the perspective of those who are mentally ill. People who specialize in psychiatry often differ from most other health professionals. The discipline studies the operations of different organs and body systems as classified by the subjective experiences. Psychiatry treats mental disorders, which are divided into three very general categories, mental illnesses, severe learning disabilities, and personality disorders. While the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically, since the late 20th century the field of psychiatry has continued to become more biological and less conceptually isolated from other medical fields. Psychiatrists can therefore counsel patients, prescribe medication, order laboratory tests, order neuroimaging, like other purveyors of professional ethics, the World Psychiatric Association issues an ethical code to govern the conduct of psychiatrists. The psychiatric code of ethics, first set forth through the Declaration of Hawaii in 1977, has expanded through a 1983 Vienna update and, in 1996. The code was revised during the organizations general assembblies in 1999,2002,2005. Discredited psychiatrists who operated outside the norms of medical ethics include Harry Bailey, Donald Ewen Cameron, Samuel A. Cartwright, Henry Cotton, Psychiatric illnesses can be conceptualised in a number of different ways. The biomedical approach examines signs and symptoms and compares them with diagnostic criteria, Mental illness can be assessed, conversely, through a narrative which tries to incorporate symptoms into a meaningful life history and to frame them as responses to external conditions. The notion of a model is often used to underline the multifactorial nature of clinical impairment. In this notion the word model is not used in a scientific way though
Psychiatry
–
The word psyche comes from the
ancient Greek for
soul or
butterfly. The fluttering insect appears in the
coat of arms of Britain's
Royal College of Psychiatrists
Psychiatry
–
NIMH federal agency patient room for Psychiatric research, Maryland, USA.
Psychiatry
–
Dr. Philippe Pinel at the Salpêtrière, 1795 by
Tony Robert-Fleury. Pinel ordering the removal of chains from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women.
28.
Radiology
–
Radiology is a specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases seen within the body. Interventional radiology is the performance of medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies, the acquisition of medical images is usually carried out by the Radiographer, often known as a Radiologic Technologist. Depending on location, the Diagnostic Radiologist, or Reporting Radiographer, then interprets or reads the images and produces a report of their findings and this report is then transmitted to the Clinician who requested the imaging, either routinely or emergently. Radiographs are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient, the X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector, an image is formed based on which rays pass through versus those that are absorbed or scattered in the patient. Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8,1895 and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery in 1901, in film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays, which is aimed at the patient. The film is then developed chemically and an image appears on the film, film-screen radiography is being replaced by computed radiography but more recently by digital radiography and the EOS imaging. In the two latest systems, the X-rays strike sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information, in digital radiography the sensors shape a plate, but in the EOS system, which is a slot-scanning system, a linear sensor vertically scans the patient. Plain radiography was the imaging modality available during the first 50 years of radiology. Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to other modalities, also despite the large amount of data in CT scans, MR scans and other digital-based imaging, there are many disease entities in which the classic diagnosis is obtained by plain radiographs. Examples include various types of arthritis and pneumonia, bone tumors, fractures, congenital skeletal anomalies, mammography and DXA are two applications of low energy projectional radiography, used for the evaluation for breast cancer and osteoporosis, respectively. Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and this allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast agent. Two radiocontrast agents are presently in common use, barium sulfate is given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Iodine, in multiple forms, is given by oral, rectal, intra-arterial or intravenous routes. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in areas more or less than in normal tissues. CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image the body, in CT, an X-ray tube opposite an X-ray detector in a ring-shaped apparatus rotate around a patient, producing a computer-generated cross-sectional image. CT is acquired in the plane, with coronal and sagittal images produced by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Although radiographs provide higher resolution, CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays
Radiology
–
A radiologist interprets medical images on a modern
picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstation. San Diego, CA, 2010.
Radiology
–
Madura foot X-ray
Radiology
–
Radiography of knee in DR-machine at Sandnessjøen Hospital, Norway.
Radiology
–
Image from a
CT scan of the brain
29.
Surgery
–
An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply surgery. In this context, the verb means to perform surgery. The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery, e. g. surgical instruments or surgical nurse, the patient or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal. A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and an assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance. A surgical team is made up of surgeon, surgeons assistant, anesthesia provider, circulating nurse, Surgery usually spans minutes to hours, but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, Surgery is a technology consisting of a physical intervention on tissues. As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a patients tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound, surgical procedures are commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation. Based on timing, Elective surgery is done to correct a condition, and is carried out at the patients request, subject to the surgeons. A semi-elective surgery is one that must be done to avoid permanent disability or death, emergency surgery is surgery which must be done promptly to save life, limb, or functional capacity. Based on purpose, Exploratory surgery is performed to aid or confirm a diagnosis, therapeutic surgery treats a previously diagnosed condition. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the appearance of an otherwise normal structure. By type of procedure, Amputation involves cutting off a part, usually a limb or digit. Resection is the removal of all or part of an organ or part of the body. Replantation involves reattaching a severed body part, reconstructive surgery involves reconstruction of an injured, mutilated, or deformed part of the body. Excision is the cutting out or removal of an organ, tissue, transplant surgery is the replacement of an organ or body part by insertion of another from different human into the patient. Removing an organ or body part from a human or animal for use in transplant is also a type of surgery. By body part, When surgery is performed on one system or structure. Examples include cardiac surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, and orthopedic surgery, by contrast, an open surgical procedure such as a laparotomy requires a large incision to access the area of interest
Surgery
–
Operations
Surgery
Surgery
–
Plates vi & vii of the
Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian surgical treatise
Surgery
–
Sushruta, the author of
Sushruta Samhita, one of the oldest texts on surgery
30.
Works Progress Administration
–
In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
Works Progress Administration
–
Typical plaque on a WPA project
Works Progress Administration
–
Poster summarizing
Federal Art Project employment and activities as of November 1, 1936
Works Progress Administration
–
The WPA legacy includes public recreation buildings. WPA canoe house,
University of Iowa campus, 1937.
Works Progress Administration
–
Nancy Blair, state supervisor of the
South Carolina WPA Library Project, inspecting a model of a
bookmobile.
31.
Charles Alston
–
Charles Henry Alston was an African-American painter, sculptor, illustrator, muralist and teacher who lived and worked in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. Alston was active in the Harlem Renaissance, Alston was the first African-American supervisor for the Works Progress Administrations Federal Art Project, Alston designed and painted murals at the Harlem Hospital and the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building. In 1990 Alstons bust of Martin Luther King, Jr. became the first image of an African American displayed at the White House. Charles Henry Alston was born on November 28,1907, in Charlotte, North Carolina, to Reverend Primus Priss Alston and Anna Elizabeth Miller Alston, only three survived past infancy, his sister Rousmaniere, and his brothers Wendell and Charles. He was described as a man, an African American who dedicated his skills to the furtherance of the black race. Reverend Alston met his wife when she was a student at his school, Charles was nicknamed Spinky by his father, and kept the nickname as an adult. In 1910, when Charles was three, his father died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage, locals described him in admiration as the Booker T. Washington of Charlotte. In 1913 Anna Alston married Harry Bearden, through the marriage, the future artist Romare Bearden became Charles’ cousin. The two Bearden families lived across the street from each other, the friendship between Romare and Charles would last a lifetime, as a child Alston was inspired by his older brother Wendells drawings of trains and cars, which the young artist copied. Charles also played with clay, creating a sculpture of North Carolina, as an adult he reflected on his memories of sculpting with clay as a child, I’d get buckets of it and put it through strainers and make things out of it. I think thats the first art experience I remember, making things and his mother was a skilled embroiderer and took up painting at the age of 75. His father was good at drawing, wooing Alstons mother with small sketches in the medians of letters he wrote her. In 1915 the family moved to New York, as many African-American families did during the Great Migration, Alstons step-father, Henry Bearden, left before his wife and children to secure a job overseeing elevator operations and the newsstand staff at the Bretton Hotel in the Upper West Side. The family lived in Harlem and was considered middle-class, during the Great Depression, the people of Harlem suffered economically. The stoic strength seen within the community was later expressed in Charles’ fine art, at Public School 179 in Manhattan, the boys artistic abilities were recognized and he was asked to draw all of the school posters during his years there. Alston graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School, where he was nominated for excellence and was the art editor of the schools magazine. He was a member of the Arista - National Honor Society and also studied drawing, in high school he was given his first oil paints and learned about his aunt Bessye Beardens art salons, which stars like Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes attended. After graduating in 1925, he attended Columbia University, turning down a scholarship to the Yale School of Fine Arts, Alston entered the pre-architectural program only to lose interest upon seeing the lack of success many African-American architects had in the field
Charles Alston
–
Charles Alston in 1939
Charles Alston
–
Pvt. Alston with his art student and cousin,
Romare Bearden (right), discussing one of his paintings, Cotton Workers, in 1944. Both were members of the
372nd Infantry Regiment stationed in New York City.
Charles Alston
–
Carter G. Woodson illustration for the Office of War
Charles Alston
–
Modern Medicine (1936) at the
Harlem Hospital
32.
Georgette Seabrooke
–
Georgette Seabrooke, was an American muralist, artist, illustrator, art therapist, non-profit chief executive and educator. She is best known for her 1936 mural, Recreation in Harlem at Harlem Hospital in New York City, which was restored and put on public display in 2012 after being hidden from view for many years. Early Life and Education Seabrooke was born in Charleston, South Carolina, the child of George and Anna Seabrooke. George died when Georgette was a young child and her mother was a domestic housekeeper, and Georgette worked with her while quite young, but she did well in school and graduated from Washington Irving High School. She also studied with James Lesesne Wells at the Harlem Art Workshop, Cooper Union denied Seabrooke her diploma in 1937 for what it said at the time was incomplete work, but six decades later, in 1997, it invited Seabrooke back to its campus to honor her achievements. In 2008 Cooper Union presented Seabrooke with an achievement award. She was the youngest artist so chosen and the only female, the mural she painted, Recreation in Harlem, is nearly 20 feet long and depicts daily life in Harlem in the 1930s, including women chatting through a window and children performing in a choir. The hospitals management was not pleased with her depiction of an all-black Harlem community as they did not want to be known as a Negro hospital. Seabrooke added eight white characters to the mural, but obscured their race in some cases, Seabrooke also received a WPA commission to paint a mural at Queens General Hospital, now known as Queens Hospital Center, in Jamaica, Queens, New York. Later Years and Legacy Seabrooke married Dr. George Wesley Powell in 1939 and they remained married until 1959 and had three children. During this period she illustrated calendars and magazines, and she studied design at Fordham University. Seabrooke moved to Washington, D. C. in 1959, in 1970, she founded Operation Heritage Art Center, now known as Tomorrows World Art Center. In 1972 she became an art therapist, and the following year earned her Bachelor of Fine Arts from Howard University. She was very active in combining art with mental health therapy, teaching at the Tomorrows World Art Center, near the end of her life, Seabrooke moved to Palm Coast, Florida. Though she became too ill to continue making art, she remained involved in art therapy and art fundraising until her death, due to cancer, seabrookes work appeared in 72 major exhibitions between 1933 and 2003 in the United States, Senegal, Venezuela, and Nigeria. Her works hang in distinguished collections around the United States. C, Library of Congress - Washington D. C. Baltimore Museum of Art - Baltimore, Maryland Chicago Public Library - Chicago, Illinois Center for African American History and Culture - Washington D. C. 1935, Cooper Union School of Fine Arts - Silver medal for painting 2001, commission on the Arts 2002, D. C. C. 1995, Art Changes Things - Smithsonian Institution - Anacostia Museum List of Federal Art Project artists Farrington, - Creating Their Own Image, The History of African-American Women Artists
Georgette Seabrooke
–
Seabrooke, 1939
33.
Elba Lightfoot
–
Elba Lightfoot was an African-American artist known for her work on the WPA murals at Harlem Hospital. She was born in Evanston, Illinois and she was among the artists who took part in the Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro, connected with the American Negro Exposition, at the Tanner Art Galleries in Chicago. Elba Lightfoot appears in a photograph of the artists of the WPA Art Center at 306 W. 141st St. An 1988 oral history interview of Elba Lightfoot is in the Camille Billops, toy Parade by Elba Lightfoot Hatch, James V. and Leo Hamalian, eds. Artist and Influence Vol.8, The Cornucopia, new York, Hatch-Billops Collection, Inc.1989. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Works Progress Administration
Elba Lightfoot
–
Elba Lightfoot working on
Mother Goose Rhymes, 1938
WPA mural at
Harlem Hospital, New York, NY. From the collection of the
Archives of American Art.
34.
City of New York
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
City of New York
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
City of New York
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
City of New York
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
City of New York
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
35.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
36.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
New York Daily News
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The August 21, 2014 front page
New York Daily News
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February 5, 1921 front page
New York Daily News
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Daily News Building,
John Mead Howells and
Raymond Hood, architects, rendering by
Hugh Ferriss. The landmark building housed the paper until the mid-1990s.
New York Daily News
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Former headquarters at 450 West 33rd Street
37.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
38.
Ruth Egri
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Ruth Egri was an American artist, painter, muralist, educator, and illustrator who worked in the Federal Art Project and in the WPA New Reading Materials Program during the New Deal. She is known for her mural at Lincoln Hospital, and for teaching painting at the Spokane Art Center. Egri studied at the National Academy of Design, the Art Students League of New York, egris parents were Ilona and playwright Lajos Egri and she had multiple brothers. Egri was most interested in making art that primarily expressed the female figure, egris art works that have been discovered upon her death include,2 sketchbooks 14 loose sketches 21 drawings 13 watercolors She also painted an exhibit in Taos, New Mexico with her brother Ted Egri. Her illustrations appeared in three childrens books, photo essay on murals with medical themes in hospitals by Eric Mose and Ruth Egri, and Rudolph Crimi. Cover photograph of Mose at work, painting by Ruth Egri This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Works Progress Administration
Ruth Egri
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Ruth Egri, photographed for the
Works Progress Administration, New York, NY. From the collection of the
Archives of American Art.
39.
Queens Hospital Center
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NYC Health + Hospitals, officially the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a benefit corporation. It is similar to an agency, but has a Board of Directors. It operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, HHCs own MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York areas largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half a million New Yorkers. Each year HHCs facilities provide about 225,000 inpatient admissions, one emergency room visits. HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room, the most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the hospital for treatment of the President of the United States. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon, the organization underwent a rebranding initiative in November 2015, shortening its name from 40 characters to 19 characters, as NYC Health + Hospitals. In 1736, HHC’s oldest hospital, Bellevue Hospital was founded as an infirmary for smallpox and other diseases on the top floor of a public workhouse. Bellevue Hospital was formally named in 1825, at the turn of the 20th century, Bellevue’s medical college merged with University Medical College into what would later become the New York University College of Medicine. In 1920, Bellevue founded the Childrens Psychiatric Service, the first program in the United States devoted to the study of child autism, Bellevue continues to provide through this day comprehensive pediatric services and renowned psychiatric services, as well as highly regarded emergency and trauma services. Bellevue remains the principal teaching hospital for its affiliated New York University School of Medicine, HHC’s other hospitals were founded in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. In 1965, Medicare and Medicaid were created and quickly accounted for 86 percent of the income received by the hospital system. Patients with private insurance opted to use hospitals and Medicaid raised its eligibility. As a consequence, New York City hospitals saw patient numbers, according to a 1967 study just two years later, the conditions and quality of care at public hospitals in New York City were deplorable. In 1969, New York City created HHC to replace its Department of Hospitals operating city hospitals, HHC was formed as a quasi public agency to enable it to benefit from private revenues and funding. HCC’s fiscal condition nevertheless has varied periodically since its formation, in 2006, a study by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ranked quality of care at HHC among the highest in New York City in the areas of heart attack, heart failure and pneumonia. On September 30,2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention awarded HHC a $10 million grant to be administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Queens Hospital Center
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Queens Hospital Center
Queens Hospital Center
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New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
Queens Hospital Center
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A NYC Health and Hospital Police patch
Queens Hospital Center
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125 Worth Street, headquarters of HHC and of the
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the
Department of Sanitation
40.
Gouverneur Health
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Gouverneur Health is a municipally owned healthcare facility affiliated with the New York University School of Medicine. It is located at 227 Madison Street in Lower Manhattan, the facility offers comprehensive healthcare services, including outpatient, specialty, and skilled nursing care. It primarily serves residents of Manhattan, Brooklyn and Queens and it originally opened in 1885, and moved to its current location in 1972. A multi-year modernization project was completed in 2014, expanding the facility dramatically, the facility is a member of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. Gouverneur Health is Medicare and Medicaid certified, and has a 295-bed nursing facility with 24-hour care and it is one of the largest institutions in Lower Manhattan, and the largest freestanding ambulatory care center in New York State. It serves approximately 50,000 patients a year, predominantly Hispanic and it also provides interpreter services for non-English speakers and immigrants. It is affiliated with the NYU Rusk Institute of Rehabilitative Medicine, specialty services include prenatal care, rehabilitation, and a new 16-chair dental suite. The building is glass and steel, wrapped around red brick, since the mid-1970s, Gouverneur has had an academic affiliation with the New York University Medical School. Since 1991, Gouverneur has been an outpatient and teaching center for NYUs Primary Care Internal Medicine Residency Program, Gouverneur also has three community health centers below 14th Street in Manhattan, and offers mobile medical and dental vans to bring assistance directly to those with difficulty accessing services. Gouverneur Hospital opened in 1885, in a building in Manhattans Financial District. It was New York Citys 19th municipal hospital, serving residents of the Lower East Side and it was the first public hospital in the United States to create a tuberculosis clinic, and the first to employ a female ambulance surgeon, Dr. Emily Dunning Barringer. When the hospital opened in 1885, its intent was to treat accident cases. Any patient needing to stay overnight was sent to nearby Bellevue Hospital and this soon changed – about two years after opening, the hospital had 40 beds in use. An 1894 article in the New York Times stated that Gouverneur did not have the resources or the space to serve the growing community. On May 12,1897, construction began on a new and improved $200,000 four-story hospital nearby, Gouverneur Hospital moved to the new building at 621 Water Street in 1901. This building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29,1982, the health care plan HIP has its origins in Gouverneur Hospital. In 1940, Gouverneurs Dr. George A. Baehr organized a medical plan for low-income patients. In 1959, Gouverneur lost its accreditation, and the hospital closed about a decade later and it was replaced by a new Gouverneur Hospital at 227 Madison Street, which formally opened on September 21,1972
Gouverneur Health
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Gouverneur Health
Gouverneur Health
Gouverneur Health
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The main lobby at Gouverneur Health
Gouverneur Health
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Dental care at Gouverneur Health
41.
Metropolitan Hospital Center
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Metropolitan Hospital Center is a hospital in East Harlem, New York City. It has been affiliated with New York Medical College since it was founded in 1875, MHC is part of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, the largest municipal hospital and healthcare system in the country. Metropolitan is located in an area where East Harlem merges with the Upper East Side, the physical plant extends from First to Second Avenues and from East 97th to East 99th Streets. The hospital caters to a wide spectra of patient population and disease pathology, the Second Avenue Subways 96th Street station, one block from the hospitals entrance, serving the New York City Subways N Q trains. In addition, the New York City Bus routes M15, M15 SBS, M96, M98, M101, M102, M103, Metropolitan Hospital Center was founded in September 1875 as the Homeopathic Hospital. It was established by the New York City Department of Public Charities and it was later known as the Wards Island Hospital. In 1894, the moved to Blackwells Island. It occupied the former New York City Asylum for the Insane and was renamed Metropolitan Hospital, the hospital moved into two newly constructed buildings at its present location in East Harlem in 1955. In 1966, the hospital added its Mental Health Building, an adjoining 14-story pavilion housing the hospital’s psychiatric services, in the 1980s, the hospital was threatened with closure due to funding cuts. Metropolitan Hospital Center is the first hospital in East Harlem designated as a center by the New York State Department of Health. Stroke centers have the equipment, expertise and staffing available to diagnose stroke patients quickly enough to administer potentially lifesaving drugs and it also offers education and outreach for the public and emergency workers, as well as a stroke rehabilitation program. The hospital is a Level II Trauma Center and it has also been designated as a Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Center of Excellence by the New York State Department of Health. Official website Internal Medicine Residency Program at Metropolitan Hospital Center
Metropolitan Hospital Center
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MHC Entrance
42.
NYU Langone Medical Center
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NYU Langone Medical Center is one of the premier academic medical centers in the United States, located in New York City, New York, United States, affiliated with New York University. NYU Langone Medical Center also operates over thirty ambulatory facilities in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens and Long Island. In early 2016, NYU Langone had approximately 25,000 employees, the main campus of NYU Langone Medical Center overlooks the East River. The hospital was originally named NYU Medical Center, which was changed in 2008 after a $200 million gift from Kenneth, Kenneth Langone is the chairman of the board of trustees. In November 2008, $150 million donation was given for the construction of a new patient pavilion in honor of the real estate developer. It was placed on the Honor Roll of U. S. News & World Report Best Hospitals in the nation for 2012-2015, in the 2016-2017 rankings, NYU Langone claimed the number 10 spot, overtaking Barnes-Jewish Hospital of Washington University in St. Louis. The hospitals emergency generators failed during Hurricane Sandy on October 30,2012, degree, and the NYU Post-Graduate Medical School, offering continuing medical education courses to physicians and other biomedical health professionals. NYU School of Medicine enrolls approximately 700 students, including about 70 in the M. D. /Ph. D, training program, and over 1,100 residents and fellows. Its total faculty numbers over 4,500, both full- and part-time, NYU School of Medicine has four recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine among their alumni and former faculty. The faculty also includes six Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, eight Institute of Medicine members, ten are fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and eight are members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Tisch Hospital is a 725-bed acute care hospital, serves some 37,000 inpatients annually. Combined, the hospitals perform over 15,000 inpatient surgical procedures annually, in 2010, there were over 1 million physician office visits. NYU Langone Medical Center consistently ranks among the nation’s top 50 hospitals in leading annual surveys, in addition, the medical center was ranked #2 in the New York Metropolitan Region on the U. S. News Best Regional Hospitals 2010-2011 list. More than 120 of its physicians are included on the 2011 list of New York magazines Best Doctors
NYU Langone Medical Center
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NYU Langone Medical Center
NYU Langone Medical Center
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From the
East River (2014)
NYU Langone Medical Center
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NYU Langone Medical Center at 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
NYU Langone Medical Center
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NYU Langone at Columbus Medical (Rego Park, Queens)
43.
Lenox Hill Hospital
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It was founded in 1857 as the German Dispensary. It currently consists of ten buildings and has occupied the present site in Manhattan since 1905, the hospital is located on a city block bounded on the north and south by East 77th and East 76th Streets, and on the west and east by Park Avenue and Lexington Avenue. The New York City Subways 77th Street station is on the same block, in 2007, the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital was incorporated into Lenox Hill Hospital. The hospitals Executive Director is Dennis Connors, on January 19,1857, the German Dispensary was founded. On May 28,1857, the facility opened to the public at 132 Canal Street, in 1862, the German Dispensary moved to larger quarters at 8 East Third Street to accommodate the 10,000 patients it treated each year. The hospital continued to grow, and in 1884 moved to 137 Second Avenue, at East 8th Street, the new three-story building was a gift of Anna Ottendorfer and Oswald Ottendorfer, who ran the German-language newspaper New Yorker Staats-Zeitung. By 1887, the German Hospital and Dispensary was treating 28,000 patients annually, mostly from the local Little Germany neighborhood around First, the hospital opened its nurses training school in 1887 with four young German-American women forming the first class. Until then, nursing attendants and charge nurses had been brought over from Germany, the site remained mostly unused until a four-story building was constructed there in December 1888 in order to add to the capacity from its downtown location. A five-story training school for nurses was added in February 1894 at East 77th Street, the New York Times noted in an 1899 editorial, to be a graduate nurse of the German Hospital is a distinction and recommendation for good nursing. New York City deeded the square block on to the hospital for $5,000 in 1907, the building on Second Avenue was sold to another medical charity, the German Polyklinik, founded in 1883, which later changed its name to Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital. A movement in 1925 to restore the hospital to its former name and it was said at the time that about 95 percent of the doctors, nurses and other employees of the hospital spoke German. The hospital rejected a merger with Columbia University in February 1919. The pioneering childrens division, founded by Dr. Abraham Jacobi, was housed on the 11th floor, with patient rooms on the fourth through ninth floors. Another two-story building, containing a ward service, lecture hall and swimming pool, was added next to the building on the 76th Street side in 1936. By 1939, the hospital had annually treated 12,115 patients with bed care, adding accident room patients, the hospital treated over 53,000 people in 1939. Because some care was given for free or part-pay, the hospital ran a operating deficit, just as it did in 1939. The hospitals operating loss grew to $284,692 in 1945, the new building, named the Wollman Pavilion, also housed a mental health unit, and an entire floor was allocated for research on speech and hearing disorders, epilepsy and hemophilia. In 1964, the Charles R. Lachman Community Health Center was added on the side of East 77th Street
Lenox Hill Hospital
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East
77th Street entrance to hospital
Lenox Hill Hospital
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Lenox Hill Hospital, 1868
Lenox Hill Hospital
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The entrance to the Sherman and Gloria H. Cohen Plaza and Gallery at 125 East 76th Street
Lenox Hill Hospital
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The Lenox Hill Hospital sidewalk clock on Lexington Avenue
44.
Lower Manhattan Hospital
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New York-Presbyterian / Lower Manhattan Hospital is a not-for-profit, acute care, teaching hospital in New York City and is one of the few hospitals in Lower Manhattan south of Greenwich Village. It is part of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System and one of the campuses of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. The Lower Manhattan Hospital operates 170 beds, and offers a range of inpatient and outpatient services, as well as community outreach. It is also a leader in the field of emergency preparedness, the Hospital serves the area’s diverse neighborhoods including Wall Street, Battery Park City, Chinatown, SoHo, TriBeCa, Little Italy, and the Lower East Side. It is the closest acute care facility to the Financial District, to the seat of the City government, the name and location of the hospital have gone through several changes since Elizabeth Blackwell founded the New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children in 1853. In 1857 she opened the hospital under the name of New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children at East 7th Street near the present day Tompkins Square Park, as the hospital required more space it moved in 1858 to Stuyvesant Square. One of the administrators, Anne Daniel, who headed the hospital from about 1894 to 1944 wrote a history of the hospital in the 1930s. Finally in 1981, merging with the Beekman Downtown Hospital, it relocated to its present site in Lower Manhattan under the name of New York Infirmary-Beekman Downtown Hospital, in 1991, the hospital was renamed New York Downtown Hospital. In 1997, after three years of affiliation with NYU Medical Center, the name was changed to NYU Downtown Hospital, in 2005 the affiliation with the NYU Medical Center ceased and the hospital reverted to the name New York Downtown Hospital. Following a full merger in 2013 with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, it was renamed New York-Presbyterian/Lower Manhattan Hospital, in 2005 the hospital discharged nearly 12,000 inpatients. The hospital, an affiliate of Weill Cornell Medical College, provides approximately 100,000 outpatient visits and 6,000 surgical procedures annually. In addition, as Lower Manhattan’s only emergency department, the hospital treats 32,000 patients annually in its emergency department, in 2006 the hospital introduced a new decontamination unit built as part of the $25 million Lehman Brothers Emergency Room. The project was begun after the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, before construction of the new facility the hospitals small decontamination unit could handle about 20 patients an hour. The new unit can treat between 500 and 1,000 patients an hour, the design is based on the decontamination unit at Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem
Lower Manhattan Hospital
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Lower Manhattan Hospital in 2011
Lower Manhattan Hospital
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Staff residence building
45.
Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital
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Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital is a specialty hospital in New York City that was founded in 1869 and is currently located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan at 210 East 64th Street. MEETI is recognized in medical circles for its history of contributions in developing the fields of ophthalmology, otolaryngology. MEETI provides thousands of patients a year with treatment in its ambulatory surgery facilities, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital was granted a charter from the New York Legislature to found a voluntary, non-profit Eye and Ear hospital on May 9,1869. The hospital was founded based on the purpose to alleviate the suffering of the poor, the founders of this institution included prominent citizens of the time and pioneers in the field of medicine and surgery, a group of 17 men, including 14 laymen and 3 physicians. They hoped to help those afflicted by impaired vision and hearing, on October 15,1869, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital was opened in a rented brownstone at 233 East 34th Street. The Hospital, which had 13 beds and an outpatient clinic, was supported primarily through charitable donations, patients were asked to pay what they could, if they could, and most of them were not able to pay anything. However, the space was not adequate to accommodate the number of patients seeking medical help there. In the first 14 months of its existence, the hospital treated 1,717 patients, efforts were initiated almost immediately to raise funds for a larger, more suitable and permanent facility. The first permanent facility of Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital was located on Park Avenue, with the number of patients increasing substantially each year, it was not long before the facilities of Manhattan Eye and Ear on Park Avenue became overburdened. On November 1,1906, the Hospital moved to new quarters at 210 East 64th Street, the seven story building, which served as the Hospitals primary inpatient facility for the next 76 years, is still in use, currently housing the outpatient department and administrative offices. The Annex on 63rd Street was completed in 1917, increasing the Hospitals working capacity by 30%, in 1925, three floors were added to the main hospital building on East 64th Street. In the ensuing years, many projects were undertaken to upgrade. In addition to replacing the Hospitals inpatient facilities and surgical suites. Many world-renowned physicians have been associated with MEETH, including its founders Cornelius Agnew, st. John Roosa, Charles Kelman, Lawrence Yannuzzi, David Gilbert Yates. In 1999 the Board of Directors of MEETH adopted a plan to sell the estate on East 64th Street, terminate its residency program. The Supreme Court of New York County denied the petition associated with this plan, finding instead that the closure was not proper, subsequently, in 2000 the MEETH instead affiliated with Lenox Hill Hospital in a merger in which no money was exchanged according to press reports. In January,2004 Olivia Goldsmith, a novelist, died at MEETH after elective facial surgery and in February,2004, both incidents attracted national attention at the time. Today, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital is a center for training of ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists
Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital
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Facade
46.
Manhattan Psychiatric Center
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The Manhattan Psychiatric Center is a New York-state run psychiatric hospital on Wards Island in New York City. As of 2009, it was licensed for 509 beds, the current building is 17-stories tall. The building strongly resembles that of the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center in Queens, the hospitals roots date to 1848 when Wards Island was designated the reception area for immigrants. Some additional structures were part of Blackwells Island Lunatic Asylum. The New York City Asylum for the Insane opened in 1863, the building was significantly enlarged in 1871, and a Kirkbride Plan style building was built. After the immigration entry shifted to Ellis Island in 1892, the took it over from Manhattan in 1899 and expanded it even further. At the time, it had 4,400 beds and was the largest psychiatric hospital in the world, at the time, it was one of two psychiatric hospitals for residents of Manhattan that had been taken over by the state. The other psychiatric hospital would become the Central Islip Psychiatric Center in Central Islip, both hospitals were referred to as Manhattan State Hospital. It later became the Manhattan Psychiatric Center, the facility is run and operated by the New York State Office of Mental Health. The site is surrounded by Wards Island Park, which is administered by the New York City Department of Parks, wilhelm Steinitz, the first undisputed world chess champion, was hospitalized with mental illness possibly caused by syphilis, and died there on August 12,1900. Mabel Boll, The Queen of Diamonds died of a stroke at the facility in April 1949 at the age of 54, on October 21,1954, Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke at the Al Smith Dinner to the staff of the hospital. Wards Island Park Social Work in a State Psychiatric Center - A Bridge to Recovery
Manhattan Psychiatric Center
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The Manhattan Psychiatric Center, shown behind the ramp to the
Triborough Bridge, and just to the left of the Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center in the foreground
47.
Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)
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Mount Sinai Hospital, founded in 1852, is one of the oldest and largest teaching hospitals in the United States. In 2011–2012, Mount Sinai Hospital was ranked as one of Americas best hospitals by U. S. News & World Report in 12 specialties, Mount Sinai Hospital was ranked number 16 on the U. S. News & World Report 2014–15 Best Hospitals Rankings Honor Roll. It was ranked number 15 on U. S. News & World Report 2016-2017 Best Hospitals Rankings Honor Roll, the hospital is also affiliated with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, which opened in September 1968. In 2013, the Mount Sinai Hospital joined with the Continuum Health Partners in the creation of the Mount Sinai Health System. The system encompasses the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and seven campuses in the New York metropolitan area, as well as a large. As U. S. cities grew more crowded in the mid-19th century and it was the second Jewish hospital in the United States. At the time of its founding in 1852, other hospitals in New York City discriminated against Jews by not hiring them, four years later, it was unexpectedly filled to capacity with soldiers from the Civil War. The Jews Hospital felt the effects of the escalating Civil War in other ways, as doctors and board members were called into service. The Draft Riots of 1863 again strained the resources of the new hospital, as draft inequities, as the Jews Hospital struggled to tend to the many wounded, outside its walls over 100 men, and children were killed in the riots. More and more, the Jews Hospital was finding itself a part of the general community. In 1866, to reflect this role, it changed its name. In 1872, the hospital moved uptown to the east side of Lexington Avenue, the hospital established a school of nursing in 1881. Created by Alma deLeon Hendricks and a group of women. In 1923, the name was changed to the Mount Sinai Hospital School of Nursing and this school closed in 1971 after graduating 4,700 nurses—all women except one man in the last class. The early 20th century had the population of New York City explode and that, coupled with many new discoveries at Mount Sinai, meant that Mount Sinais pool of doctors and experts was in increasing demand. A $1.35 million expansion of the 1904 hospital site raced to keep pace with demand, the opening of the new buildings was delayed by the advent of World War I. Mount Sinai responded to a request from the United States Army Medical Corps with the creation of Base Hospital No.3. This unit went to France in early 1918 and treated 9,127 patients with 172 deaths,54 surgical and 118 medical, two decades later, with tensions in Europe escalating, a committee dedicated to finding placements for doctors fleeing Nazi Germany was founded in 1933
Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)
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Buildings of Mount Sinai seen from
Central Park
Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)
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The hospital, from a postcard sent in 1920
Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)
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The Icahn Medical Institute at 1425 Madison Avenue was built in 1997
48.
Beth Israel Medical Center
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Mount Sinai Beth Israel is an 825-bed, full-service tertiary teaching hospital in New York City. Originally dedicated to serving immigrant Jews living in the tenement slums of the Lower East Side, now it serves the diverse population of lower Manhattan including Manhattans lower east side, Chinatown, Gramercy, West Village, Chelsea, as well as many neighborhoods in Brooklyn. The main hospital building is known as the Petrie Division, located at First Avenue, other campuses included Mount Sinai Beth Israel Brooklyn and Phillips Ambulatory Care Center at Union Square. It is an affiliate of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The hospital recruited specialists to expand services in heart disease, cancer, neurology, other medical specialties include gastrointestinal disease, chemical dependency, psychiatric disorders, pain management and palliative care, and HIV/AIDS research and treatment. The hospital also has advanced its commitment to community-based ambulatory care and expanding patient access to primary. Mount Sinai Beth Israel has one of the nations largest networks of methadone treatment programs, Mount Sinai Beth Israel is a member of the Mount Sinai Health System, a nonprofit health system formed by the merger of Continuum Health Partners and The Mount Sinai Medical Center in September 2013. Beth Israel is Hebrew for House of Israel, Beth Israel was incorporated in 1890 by a group of 40 Orthodox Jews on the Lower East Side each of whom paid 25 cents to set up a hospital serving New Yorks Jewish immigrants, particularly newcomers. At the time New Yorks hospitals would not treat patients who had been in the city less than a year and it initially opened a dispensary on the Lower East Side. In 1891 it opened a 20-bed hospital and in 1892 expanded again, in 1929 it moved into a 13-story, 500-bed building at its current location at the corner of Stuyvesant Square. It purchased its neighbor the Manhattan General Hospital in 1964 and renamed the complex Beth Israel Medical Center, located at First Avenue, by the 1980s it had long extended beyond its Jewish base. In 1988 it had the largest network of heroin-treatment clinics in the United States with 7,500 patients and 23 facilities, the Mount Sinai Health System of which Beth Israel is a member, provides resident trainees with subsidized housing and a competitive salary. Mount Sinai Beth Israel also has a department of Chiropractics, Music Therapy, on November 22,2013 the official name of Beth Israel Medical Center was changed to Mount Sinai Beth Israel, as a part of the merger with Mount Sinai to form the Mount Sinai Health System. On May 25,2016, Mount Sinai announced a significant restructuring of the downtown campus and this would occur over four years, after which the main hospital on 16th street would be closed. Media related to Beth Israel Medical Center at Wikimedia Commons Official website Nursing school
Beth Israel Medical Center
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Linsky Pavilion of the Petrie Division on
First Avenue and
16th Street in Manhattan. This façade has appeared in many sitcoms, including
Friends
Beth Israel Medical Center
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Mount Sinai Beth Israel
Beth Israel Medical Center
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Beth Israel Medical Center - New York City
49.
Rockefeller University Hospital
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The Rockefeller University is a center for scientific research, primarily in the biological and medical sciences, providing doctoral and postdoctoral education. Rockefeller is one of the most prestigious institutes for research in the world. Of a 78 person faculty,38 are members of the National Academy of Sciences,18 are members of the National Academy of Medicine,8 are Lasker Award recipients, Rockefeller is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue. Richard P. Lifton—previously the executive director of the Center for Human Genetics and Genomics at Yale University—became the universitys president on September 1,2016. The Rockefeller University Press publishes the Journal of Experimental Medicine, the Journal of Cell Biology, the Rockefeller Foundation, a philanthropic organization, founded in 1913, is a separate entity, but had close connections mediated by prominent figures holding dual positions. The first director of laboratories was Simon Flexner, who supervised the development of capacity at the Institute, whose staff made major discoveries in basic research. Flexner retired in 1935 and was succeeded by Herbert Gasser and he was succeeded in 1953 by Detlev Bronk, who broadened The Rockefeller Institute into a university that began awarding the PhD degree in 1954. In 1965 The Rockefeller Institutes name was changed to The Rockefeller University, the Rockefeller Hospitals first director Rufus Cole retired in 1937 and was succeeded by Thomas Milton Rivers. As director of The Rockefeller Institutes virology laboratory, he established virology as an independent field apart from bacteriology, Rockefeller has a remarkable history of research breakthroughs especially given the size of the institution. Discovery of the cell, the sentinel of the immune system Identification of a genetic defect associated with atherosclerosis. Others attained eminence before being drawn to the university, joshua Lederberg, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958, served as president of the university from 1978 to 1990. Paul Nurse, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2001, in all,24 Nobel Prize recipients have been associated with the University. In the mid-1970s, the University attracted a few prominent academicians in the humanities, urged by Rockefeller Jr, his only son, who was enthusiastic about the Institute, Rockefeller Sr visited but once. Rockefeller Jrs youngest son David would visit with his father, to foster an interdisciplinary atmosphere among its 79 laboratories, the university assigns a faculty member to one of six interconnecting research areas. D. and M. D. -Ph. D. Students 1,178 alumni Award affiliations taken from The Rockefeller University » Nobel Laureates, David Albert, physicist and philosopher David Baltimore, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine in 1975 for the discovery of reverse transcriptase. Has served as president of both the Rockefeller University and the California Institute of Technology, michael Bratman, Durfee Professor of philosophy at Stanford University. Gerald Edelman, recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, barbara Ehrenreich, social commentator and author of the 2001 book Nickel and Dimed, On Getting By In America. Nef Distinguished Service Professor in the Committee on Social Thought and professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, recipient of Prince of Asturias Award in 1994
Rockefeller University Hospital
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Founder's Hall
Rockefeller University Hospital
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The Rockefeller University
Rockefeller University Hospital
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The
Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive runs under the campus
50.
Hospital for Special Surgery
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Hospital for Special Surgery is a hospital in New York City that specializes in orthopedic surgery and the treatment of rheumatologic conditions. Founded in 1863 by James Knight, HSS is the oldest orthopedic hospital in the United States and is considered one of the top hospitals in the world for joint replacement, the hospital also performs the most knee replacement surgeries of any hospital in the United States. Todd Albert, M. D. serves as the Medical Director and Surgeon-in-Chief and Louis Shapiro serves as its President, additional areas of expertise at HSS include spine surgery and sports medicine. HSS physicians with a subspecialty training in the field of spine surgery focus on patients who suffer from congenital or acute spinal disorders as well as chronic back pain. The sports medicine services at HSS treat athletic injuries of the system with a special focus on shoulder, elbow. HSS also offers professional medical education programs, including continuing medical education lecture series, conferences, the hospital has 327 active medical staff. Current clinical trials focus on issues related to lupus and arthritis, in addition to clinical trials, HSS has several research programs that center on the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases. The Hospital for Special Surgery is affiliated with the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System through the affiliation with Weill Cornell Medical College. The hospital is affiliated with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, HSS is built over the Franklin D. Roosevelt drive, currently HSS has 205 beds and 29 operating rooms. HSS recently completed the construction of a new, ninth floor that adds 85,000 square feet of new space and 100,000 square feet of re-engineered and re-designed space. It opened its doors to the first patient, a boy with paralysis. There were 28 beds available, all for children, in 1870 it moved to a newly constructed 200-bed building on the corner of 42nd street and Lexington Avenue. There was no operating room until 1888 after a hospital fire, at the turn of the century, it became the target for efforts to expand Grand Central Terminal and negotiations were led by Cornelius Vanderbilt, II, a member of the Board of Managers of the hospital. In 1912, the moved to a six-story building on 42nd Street between First Avenue and Second Avenue that is now the home of the Ford Foundation. The hospital moved to its present location in 1955, Knight 1887 - Virgil P. Gibney 1925 - William Bradley Coley 1933 - Eugene H. Crow Notable alumni include, Oheneba Boachie-Adjei, M. D. attending orthopaedic surgeon, associate Scientist, Director of Bioengineering, and Chief of Prosthetics & Orthotics, HSS Albert H Burstein, Ph. D. Coleman, MD, PhD, resident in Orthopedic Surgery and fellow in Sports Medicine, HSS John Insall, M. D. attending orthopaedic surgeon, Director of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HSS John L. Marshall, D. V. M
Hospital for Special Surgery
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Hospital for Special Surgery
51.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn
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Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn
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Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
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A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
52.
Brooklyn Hospital Center
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The Brooklyn Hospital Center was founded in 1845, and is a 464 licensed bed, full-service community teaching hospital located in Downtown Brooklyn. The hospital is affiliated with the Mount Sinai Health System, the hospital serves a diverse population from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds. The hospital was founded in May 1845 as Brooklyn City Hospital, public fund collection meetings were arranged to financially sustain the hospital. Soon the hospital started developing and growing, and by the start of the century it had several buildings for providing services to the burgeoning population. In 1883, the name was changed from Brooklyn City Hospital to The Brooklyn Hospital. In 1925, William H. Field and Edwin P. Maynard, extensive modernization of the hospital took place after World War II. Several mergers occurred, adding to the increasing size of the facility. In 1990, the name was changed to The Brooklyn Hospital Center, in 1998, the hospital became a corporate member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System. In 2014 it left the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System and affiliated with the Mount Sinai Health System, Health priorities of the initiative include the Prevention of Chronic Diseases such as Heart Disease, Cancer, Respiratory Disease, Diabetes, and the Reduction of Childhood Obesity. In 2013, the National Council of Quality Association recognized The Brooklyn Hospital Center for providing excellent diabetic care with good outcomes, the NCQA’s Diabetes Physician Recognition Program was awarded to TBHC’s Family Medicine Center and six family medicine physicians. In September of 2014 The Brooklyn Hospital Center ended its affiliation with the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System in favor of affiliating with the Mount Sinai Health System, the Brooklyn Hospital Center is also a designated Clinical Center for St. Georges University medical students. The center is approved for training by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. It also sponsors fellowships in Gastroenterology, Hematology/Oncology, and Pulmonary Medicine, the hospital jointly sponsors a Cardiology fellowship with NYP. There are approximately 250 residents and fellows in the program, partnerships The hospital has a number of partnerships with Community Based Organization, private Brooklyn practices, nursing homes and Federally Qualified Health Centers. The Community Advisory Board helps assess and identify local needs and offers guidance regarding the scope. Community Health Planning Workgroup, formed by The Brooklyn Hospital Center in 2012, is a group of 15 community-based Brooklyn organizations, the Brooklyn Hospital Center is located at 121 DeKalb Avenue in Brooklyn,2 blocks east of Flatbush Avenue. The hospital is on the west side of Fort Greene Park and near the intersection of Ashland Place, the Brooklyn Hospital Center Brooklyn Hospital Facebook Brooklyn Hospital Twitter Brooklyn Hospital YouTube
Brooklyn Hospital Center
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The Brooklyn Hospital Center
53.
Coney Island Hospital
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NYC Health + Hospitals/Coney Island, formerly known as Coney Island Hospital, is a public hospital located in the Coney Island neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It is owned by NYC Health + Hospitals, a benefit corporation of the city. The hospital is home to FDNY-EMS Station 43, formerly NYC-EMS Station 31, the hospital was renamed in November 2015 as a reflection of its parent organizations rebranding. In 1875, Coney Island Hospital began as a first aid station on the oceanfront beach near West Third Street, most cases were feet cut by broken bottles. On May 12,1902, a wooden building, one and one half stories high. It was called the Sea Breeze Hospital but officially known as Reception Hospital and it had 20 beds and facilities for emergency treatment. Patients requiring more were taken to Kings County Hospital, about seven miles away, rapid population growth in South Brooklyn called for a large and permanent hospital. In 1908, construction of a 100-bed hospital was started, north of Coney Island Creek, with the help of Robert W. Hebberd, Coney Island Hospital was dedicated on May 18,1910, then a six-building complex. Population growth continued and so in 1954 the two brick towers that make up the current hospital were opened. In Spring 2006, Coney Island Hospital opened a new inpatient bed tower, by 2011, the hospital became the biggest employer in southern Brooklyn. Hurricane Irene resulted in the hospitals first full-scale evacuation, since the buildings are located in Flood Zone A, the hospital has been recognized for clinical innovations in Primary Care, Adolescent Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Emergency Services. Interpreter services can be provided day or night in over 130 languages, changing demographics has resulted in challenges for staff. At 371 beds, Coney Island Hospital is the medical service provider in southern Brooklyn with over 16,000 discharges. The hospitals emergency department was renovated after Superstorm Sandy
Coney Island Hospital
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Coney Island Hospital
Coney Island Hospital
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Behavioral Health Clinic
54.
Maimonides Medical Center
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Maimonides Medical Center is a non-profit, non-sectarian hospital located in Borough Park, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, in the U. S. state of New York. Maimonides is both a treatment facility and academic center with 711 beds, and more than 70 primary care. As of August 1,2016 Maimonides Medical Center is an adult and pediatric trauma center, the institution was founded in 1911 as the New Utrecht Dispensary. Several small dispensaries merged with Utrecht in 1919 to form the Israel Hospital of Brooklyn, in 1920 it merged with Zion hospital and became United Israel Zion Hospital, later renamed to Israel Zion Hospital. The United Israel Zion Hospital and Beth Moses Hospital merged in 1947 to give rise to the Maimonides Medical Center, the institution is named after Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, a 12th century Jewish philosopher. In 1993, a faulty respirator supplying oxygen to a woman exploded, killing her. Investigators said that a fault in the machine had caused it to ignite. The fire created a blast fed by oxygen, which sent a fireball through a seventh-floor window. Fire officials said that two patients were burned to death, and a patient across the hall, died of smoke inhalation. The faulty respirator was manufactured by Puritan Bennett, barry M. Spero, the hospitals president at the time, said that biomedical engineers routinely checked the equipment according to specifications by the manufacturer. He referred to the incident as, truly a catastrophic disaster, the Maimonides Medical Center last expanded its emergency department in 1997 with the opening of the Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Emergency Center. In 2015 Maimonides Medical Center broke ground on 3.4 million square feet of office space. The Maimonides Medical Center was the place of several innovations in clinical science, in 1961, the commercial pacemaker was developed in the Maimonides Research Laboratory. The same laboratory was co-developer of Intra-aortic balloon pump in 1970, implantation of first partial mechanical heart was performed in the hospital in 1966. In the following year, the human heart transplant in the world was performed in the medical center by Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz. In 2010, Maimonides received the HealthGrades Distinguished Hospital Award for Clinical Excellence, Maimonides was also listed among the top 5 individual hospitals in New York State for cardiology services, coronary interventional procedures, stroke treatment, and gastrointestinal medical services. Maimonides Medical Center is a pioneer in implementing health information technology, and is consistently ranked one of the Most Wired Hospitals. The Cancer Center Maimonides Infants & Children’s Hospital of Brooklyn, here, at the The Stella and Joseph Payson Birthing Center, Maimonides handles more births than any other hospital in New York State
Maimonides Medical Center
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10th Avenue
55.
Mount Sinai Beth Israel
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Mount Sinai Beth Israel is an 825-bed, full-service tertiary teaching hospital in New York City. Originally dedicated to serving immigrant Jews living in the tenement slums of the Lower East Side, now it serves the diverse population of lower Manhattan including Manhattans lower east side, Chinatown, Gramercy, West Village, Chelsea, as well as many neighborhoods in Brooklyn. The main hospital building is known as the Petrie Division, located at First Avenue, other campuses included Mount Sinai Beth Israel Brooklyn and Phillips Ambulatory Care Center at Union Square. It is an affiliate of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The hospital recruited specialists to expand services in heart disease, cancer, neurology, other medical specialties include gastrointestinal disease, chemical dependency, psychiatric disorders, pain management and palliative care, and HIV/AIDS research and treatment. The hospital also has advanced its commitment to community-based ambulatory care and expanding patient access to primary. Mount Sinai Beth Israel has one of the nations largest networks of methadone treatment programs, Mount Sinai Beth Israel is a member of the Mount Sinai Health System, a nonprofit health system formed by the merger of Continuum Health Partners and The Mount Sinai Medical Center in September 2013. Beth Israel is Hebrew for House of Israel, Beth Israel was incorporated in 1890 by a group of 40 Orthodox Jews on the Lower East Side each of whom paid 25 cents to set up a hospital serving New Yorks Jewish immigrants, particularly newcomers. At the time New Yorks hospitals would not treat patients who had been in the city less than a year and it initially opened a dispensary on the Lower East Side. In 1891 it opened a 20-bed hospital and in 1892 expanded again, in 1929 it moved into a 13-story, 500-bed building at its current location at the corner of Stuyvesant Square. It purchased its neighbor the Manhattan General Hospital in 1964 and renamed the complex Beth Israel Medical Center, located at First Avenue, by the 1980s it had long extended beyond its Jewish base. In 1988 it had the largest network of heroin-treatment clinics in the United States with 7,500 patients and 23 facilities, the Mount Sinai Health System of which Beth Israel is a member, provides resident trainees with subsidized housing and a competitive salary. Mount Sinai Beth Israel also has a department of Chiropractics, Music Therapy, on November 22,2013 the official name of Beth Israel Medical Center was changed to Mount Sinai Beth Israel, as a part of the merger with Mount Sinai to form the Mount Sinai Health System. On May 25,2016, Mount Sinai announced a significant restructuring of the downtown campus and this would occur over four years, after which the main hospital on 16th street would be closed. Media related to Beth Israel Medical Center at Wikimedia Commons Official website Nursing school
Mount Sinai Beth Israel
–
Linsky Pavilion of the Petrie Division on
First Avenue and
16th Street in Manhattan. This façade has appeared in many sitcoms, including
Friends
Mount Sinai Beth Israel
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Beth Israel Medical Center - New York City
56.
New York Methodist Hospital
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New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital is located in Park Slope in Brooklyn, New York, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on Sixth Street. The hospital is a 651-bed and provides services to some 42,000 inpatients each year, in addition, approximately 500,000 outpatient visits and services are logged annually. NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital is affiliated with Weill Cornell Medicine and is a member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Regional Hospital Network, in 2011, a drug ring composed of NY Methodist residents was broken up by the DEA. In September 2013, NYM agreed to implement a program to settle civil claims under the Controlled Substances Act. This related to NYM medical residents prescriptions for the drug Adderall without a medical purpose. NYM also paid a penalty of $70,000. In November 2013, a $25 million judgment was levied against NY Methodist Hospital in the case of a child who was not properly treated for a severe case of jaundice. In January 2017, NYM became part of the NewYork-Presbyterian Regional Hospital network and the name was changed the NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital
New York Methodist Hospital
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An early well-visit clinic
New York Methodist Hospital
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Surgery in the New York Methodist-Cornell Heart Center.
57.
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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SUNY Downstate Medical Center, located in central Brooklyn, New York, is the only academic medical center for health education, research, and patient care serving Brooklyn’s 2.5 million residents. As of Fall 2011, it had a student body of 1,738 and approximately 8,000 faculty. Downstate Medical Center comprises a College of Medicine, Colleges of Nursing and Health Related Professions, Schools of Graduate Studies and Public Health and it also includes a major research complex and biotechnology facilities. SUNY Downstate ranks eighth nationally in the number of alumni who are on the faculty of American medical schools, more physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate than from any other medical school. With 1,040 residents, Downstates residency program is the 16th largest in the country, SUNY Downstate Medical Center is the fourth largest employer in Brooklyn. Eighty-six percent of its employees are New York City residents,68 percent live in Brooklyn, the medical centers total direct, indirect, and induced economic impact on New York State is in excess of $2 billion. SUNY Downstate Medical Center attracted close to $60 million in research funding in 2011. It ranks fourth among SUNY campuses in grant expenditures, and second among SUNYs academic health centers, in 2010 SUNY Downstate celebrated its sesquicentennial, commemorating the year that the Long Island College Hospital first opened its doors to students. Yet Downstate traces its roots back even further when a group of physicians set up a free dispensary in Brooklyn to care for poor immigrants. Known as the German General Dispensary, its aim was to care for indigent Germans living in Brooklyn. In 1857 it was reorganized as an institution and renamed The St. John’s Hospital—the first of many name changes. In 1860 the school opened its doors to 57 students. It was one of only 11 medical schools to admit African American students, the first faculty included many distinguished physicians, such as Dr. Austin Flint, Sr. remembered for his role in introducing the stethoscope into standard medical practice in this country. Dr. Flint delivered the commencement address on July 24,1860, in the following decades The Long Island College Hospital greatly expanded both its facilities and medical school curriculum. By the time of the First World War, admission was opened to women, in 1930 the college and hospital were separated from one another so that each would be under its own governing board. The following year, the school was rechartered as the Long Island College of Medicine, in 1945, the college purchased a large tract of land that would become the site of the future Downstate Medical Center. The “Downstate” era began on April 5,1950, with the signing of a contract between the State University of New York and the Long Island College of Medicine. The medical center came to be known as Downstate to distinguish it from the SUNY medical center in Syracuse, New York, in 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the Basic Sciences Building
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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2010 was SUNY Downstate's sesquicentennial, celebrating 150 years in medical education. Sesquicentennial Site
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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SUNY Downstate Medical Center
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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University centers
58.
Wyckoff Heights Medical Center
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Wyckoff Heights Medical Center is a 350-bed teaching hospital located in the Wyckoff Heights section of Bushwick, Brooklyn in New York City. The hospital is an affiliate of the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University. The primary goal of the center is to train future physicians that are qualified medically and personably, Wyckoff Heights Medical Center is a New York State designated stroke center and level III perinatal center. The American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association awarded the hospital with a Silver Performance Achievement Award in 2011, surgeons at Wyckoff Medical Center were the first in the state and surrounding Tri-state area to perform an artificial disc implant into a spine. In 2006 Wyckoff Heights Medical Center received top honors from HSS Incorporated for the hospitals medical coding practices, Asthmapolis Wyckoff Heights Medical Center is the first New York area hospital to use Asthmapolis. Marketed as the BreathEasy program, the hospital provides participants with the smartphone application, Wyckoff physicians receive immediate notification of a patients worsening condition. The program is offered through the hospitals pediatric department
Wyckoff Heights Medical Center
59.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
The Bronx
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Yankee Stadium (center) and the
Grand Concourse to its left. To the right of the Stadium is
its former site.
The Bronx
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Flag
The Bronx
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Seal
The Bronx
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Map of the Bronx in 1867
60.
Montefiore Medical Center
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Montefiore Medical Center, in the Bronx, New York, is a teaching hospital for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. It is named for Moses Montefiore and is one of the 50 largest employers in New York State, in 2016, Montefiore Medical Center was ranked #7 of the 180 New York City metropolitan area hospitals by U. S. News & World Report. In its early years, it housed mostly patients with tuberculosis, after growing out of its original building, the hospital moved uptown to Broadway and West 138th Street in 1888. It was renamed Montefiore Hospital for Chronic Diseases in 1901, and moved again, to its current location in the Bronx and was renamed Montefiore Home, Montefiore established the United States first hospital departments of social medicine and home health care. In 2001, it established a new hospital, the Childrens Hospital at Montefiore. The hospital made headlines when a series of operations successfully separated the conjoined twins Carl. Montefiore Headache Center, the oldest headache center in the world, was ranked number one among New York Best Hospitals in 2006 by New York Magazine, the Emergency Department is among the five busiest in the United States. Its hospitals provide more than 85,000 inpatient stays per year, on September 9,2015, Montefiore assumed operational and financial control of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine from Yeshiva University. The 431-bed Jack D. Weiler Hospital is also operated by Montefiore and is located about 4 miles away and it was named the North Division of Montefiore, and then the Wakefield Division. As training hospitals, both the Moses-Weiler and the Wakefield campuses run Internal Medicine residency programs and fellowship programs in the Division of Geriatrics, Montefiore also runs 23 community-based locations throughout the Bronx and Westchester that comprise the Montefiore Medical Group. Montefiore is a primary site for 3rd- and 4th-year medical students at Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center
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Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids in the early 20th Century.
61.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
Queens
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Clockwise from top-left:
Unisphere,
Rockaway Park beach,
US Open 's
Billie Jean King National Tennis Center,
Queensboro Bridge,
Flushing -bound
7 train,
New York Mets —
Citi Field.
Queens
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Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England.
Queens
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Looking south from the
Queensboro Bridge in
Long Island City, this photo was published in 1920 by the Queens Chamber of Commerce to illustrate the borough's "numerous attractive industrial plants"
Queens
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NASA Landsat satellite image of Long Island and surrounding areas.
62.
Creedmoor Psychiatric Center
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The practical nurses and nurse assistants lived and worked on the property. The hospitals name derives from the Creeds, a family that farmed the site. The Creedmoor Rifle Range hosted prestigious international shooting competitions, which became the forerunner of the Palma Trophy competition, in 1892, as a result of declining public interest and mounting noise complaints from the growing neighborhood, the NRA deeded its land back to the state. By 1918, Creedmoor’s own census had swollen to 150, housed in the abandoned National Guard barracks, by 1959, the hospital housed 7,000 inpatients. Creedmoor is described as a crowded, understaffed institution in Susan Sheehans Is There No Place On Earth For Me, a biography of a patient pseudonymously called Sylvia Frumkin. Dr. Lauretta Bender, child neuropsychiatrist, has reported as practicing there in the 1950s and 1960s. The hospitals census had declined by the early 1960s, however, as the introduction of new medications, in 1975, the land in Glen Oaks formerly used to raise food for the hospital was opened to the public as the Queens County Farm Museum. Another part of the campus in Glen Oaks was developed into the Queens Childrens Psychiatric Center, in 2004, the remaining part of Creedmoor land in Glen Oaks was developed into the Glen Oaks public school campus, including The Queens High School of Teaching. By 2006, other parts of the Creedmoor campus had been sold, a more recent portrayal of life in Creedmoor appears in Katherine Olsons Something More Wrong. There are several unused buildings on the property, including the long-abandoned Building 25, many parts of the building are covered in bird guano, the largest pile being several feet high. Musician Lou Reed and jazz pianist Bud Powell were treated at Creedmoor, legendary folksinger Woody Guthrie, who had been institutionalized for years while suffering from Huntingtons disease, was transferred to Creedmoor in June 1966 and died there in October 1967. The hospital’s notable ventures include The Living Museum, which showcases artistic works by patients and is the first museum of its kind in the U. S, psychiatry Queens Village, Queens Official website Creedmoors official page at the New York State Office of Mental Health Goode, Erica. A CONVERSATION WITH, Janos Marton, A Protected Space, Where Art Comes Calling, Creedmoors Living Museum documentary Queens Library. Is there no place on earth for me, Something More Wrong The Big Roundtable, July 25,2013. Accessed June 05,2016 Lambert, Bruce, long Island Debates Future of Psychiatric Hospitals. Photographs from Inside Creedmors abandoned Building 25 Art Asylum - the living museum at Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, March 2016
Creedmoor Psychiatric Center
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Winchester Boulevard entrance
Creedmoor Psychiatric Center
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Creedmoor station in 1891
63.
Floating Hospital
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Despite its name, the organization does not operate a hospital in the usual sense. It has functioned as an outpatient facility from its earliest days, presently, it is not affiliated with any other organization. The Floating Hospital for Children in Boston, Massachusetts, founded in 1894, was inspired by the Floating Hospital in New York but was always a separate organization and it became a land-based acute care hospital in the 1930s and later merged with Tufts Medical Center. The Floating Hospital traces its origins to October 1866 as a series of charitable excursions first conducted by steamboat tycoon John Starin for the benefit of newsboys, war veterans, and the needy. The next year, Williams asked the St. Johns Guild to take over the organization of the trips, the Guild was founded in 1866 as a charitable affiliate of St. Johns Chapel of the Episcopal parish of Trinity Church. In 1875 the guild purchased and outfitted its first vessel, which was named for Emma Abbott, two years later the guild severed its connections with the Episcopal Church and became non-sectarian. The hospital was officially The Floating Hospital of the St. Johns Guild until 1980, when the guild was dissolved, in subsequent decades the Floating Hospital served over 5 million children and their caregivers, through their program of regular outings on their vessels. At the same time, other members could instruct caregivers in good child-rearing practices. It was located on ten acres on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean in New Dorp, Staten Island, the sickest children were transferred from the Floating Hospital to Seaside Hospital, where they were cared for by doctors and nurses and where their mothers were also accommodated. Seaside Hospital was converted into a hospital during World War II. The hospitals regular berth moved several times in its later years and it was moored at Pier 11 in 2001 at the time of the September 11 attacks, which leveled the World Trade Center a short distance away. Though undamaged, the Floating Hospital would never find a suitable mooring site. In 2003 the Hospital sold its vessel and became a facility based in Chinatown. Finally, in 2006 it moved to its present headquarters in Long Island City, Queens, the Floating Hospital owned 5 vessels over the 130 years that it provided marine-based services. Most of these were in fact engineless barges that were pulled around New Yorks waterways by tugboats and these were, Emma Abbott, barge, 1872-. Seaman, barge, 1935-1973 Lila Acheson Wallace, barge, 1973-2003 Most of these photos are undated, the Helen Juillard vessel mentioned in the captions is probably the first one in most or all of these cases
Floating Hospital
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The Emma Abbott, the first floating hospital vessel, in an 1876 painting
Floating Hospital
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Helen Juillard at dock
Floating Hospital
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Helen C. Juillard afloat
Floating Hospital
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Quarantine on Helen Juillard
64.
Long Island Jewish Medical Center
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Long Island Jewish Medical Center shares the title of clinical and academic hub of the Northwell Health System. It is an 827-bed voluntary, non-profit tertiary care teaching hospital serving the greater New York metropolitan area, the 48-acre campus is 15 miles east of Manhattan, on the border of Queens and Nassau Counties, in Glen Oaks, Queens and Lake Success, New York. Its postal address is New Hyde Park on both sides of the city limits, LIJMC has three components, Long Island Jewish Hospital, Steven & Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York and The Zucker Hillside Hospital. Long Island Jewish Hospital is a 452-bed tertiary adult care hospital with advanced diagnostic and treatment technology, lIJs full-time staff includes more than 500 physicians, who supervise care in all major specialties and participate in the medical center’s extensive teaching and research programs. The medical center is located on the southeast side of North Shore Towers, the Center was founded in 1949 by a group of nine philanthropists, including Jacob H. Horwitz. Hospital website Yeshiva University Medical Ethics Society
Long Island Jewish Medical Center
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The Zucker Hillside Hospital at LIJM
Long Island Jewish Medical Center
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LIJMC
65.
Zucker Hillside Hospital
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The Zucker Hillside Hospital, previously known as Hillside Hospital, is an in-patient and out-patient psychiatric hospital and clinic in the borough of Queens in New York City. In 1999, Donald and Barbara Zucker made a donation to the Hillside Hospital. In its 2008 US NEWS and WORLD REPORT rating of the Best Psychiatric Hospitals in the US, the Zucker Hillside Hospital is a 236-bed psychiatric facility known for its pioneering work in diagnosis, treatment and research of mental illness. The hospital has a setting, which offers athletic facilities. Inpatient services include units for general psychiatry, schizophrenia, affective disorders, geriatrics, children and they have outpatient services for all ages as well as partial hospital and continuing day treatment programs. They also have programs for chemical abusers, and a special Center for Neuropsychiatric Outcomes, the hospital uses the very latest virtual reality software to treat various phobic disorders, including fear of flying and heights. It is on the campus of the Long Island Jewish Medical Center and it is located in Glen Oaks, New York at 263rd Street and 76th Avenue, near Union Turnpike
Zucker Hillside Hospital
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The Zucker Hillside Hospital
66.
Staten Island
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Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking
Staten Island
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The
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, looking toward Staten Island from
Brooklyn
Staten Island
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Skeletons unearthed at
Lenape burial ground in Staten Island, the largest pre-European burial ground in NYC
Staten Island
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Voorlezer's House built c. 1696
Staten Island
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Billiou-Stillwell-Perine House
67.
Bayley Seton Hospital
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Bayley Seton Hospital was a hospital on Staten Island, New York City. It is currently the Bayley Seton campus of Richmond University Medical Center, Bayley Seton is located on a 20-acre, 12-building site in the Clifton and Stapleton areas of the North Shore of the New York City Borough of Staten Island. The complex is bounded by Bay Street to the east, Vanderbilt Avenue to the south, Tompkins Avenue to the west, the current Bayley Seton campus was constructed around the Marine Hospital Service buildings at the site. On October 1,1831, Staten Islands first hospital, the Seamans Retreat, was opened here, three of these original colonnaded structures remain, dating from the 1830s and 1840s. The Marine Hospital Service provided medical treatment to naval personnel, on May 6,1857, the Port of New York Quarantine Hospital in Tompkinsville, about a mile north along the shore, was attacked by a local mob, fearful of the mostly immigrant detainees. The next year, on September 1,1858, a mob attacked the hospital. A new quarantine center was created on Swinburne Island, in 1874, some of these resources were transferred to the Marine Hospital Service buildings at what is now the Bayley Seton campus. The Seamans Retreat was also housed there, when it moved three miles northwest in 1883, it became Sailors Snug Harbor. At that point, the complex was operated by the U. S. Marine Hospital Service. With this move came a greater need for the study of disease, the building still stands and is part of Bayley Seton Hospital. In 1902, the United States Congress passed legislation to fund the laboratory and move it to Washington where, as a result of the 1930 Ransdell Act, in the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt began a campaign to construct and maintain U. S. Public Health Service Hospitals, to serve the military, veterans, as part of this process, the current main building of Bayley Seton was constructed. The Staten Island Public Health Service Hospital was built as a five- to seven-story hospital, until 1981, it operated inpatient and outpatient services, emergency, surgery, and rehabilitation wards. The renamed hospital expanded its campus buildings to include the Saint Elizabeth Ann outpatient clinics, most psychiatric and addiction services were retained, as were outpatient clinics for geriatrics, patients with HIV infection, military and family health services, and mother and baby care. At the beginning of 2008, Saint Vincents Catholic Medical Centers had formally separated from Richmond University Medical Center, in 2014 Gotham used the hospital as a setting for several scenes. Location and topographic map, showing building layout of BSH campus
Bayley Seton Hospital
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"Respect, Integrity, Compassion, Excellence"
Bayley Seton Hospital
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Bayley Seton Hospital, March 2008, seen from Vanderbilt Avenue, looking north.
Bayley Seton Hospital
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Richmond Center for Rehab & Specialty Care Center
68.
Richmond University Medical Center
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Richmond University Medical Center is a hospital in West New Brighton, Staten Island, New York City. The hospital occupies the buildings that were formerly St. Vincents Medical Center, Richmond University Medical Center was established on January 1,2007. It is a Level 1 Trauma Center located in Staten Island, New York, the original hospital on the site, St. T. The mansion still stands on the grounds, the hospital greatly expanded and modernized over the years, and the Sisters of Charity Healthcare System expanded to acquire the former U. S. Public Health Service Hospital in the Stapleton neighborhood of Staten Island, in 2006, St. Vincents on Staten Island was sold to Bayonne Medical Center and spun off as Richmond University Medical Center. Although largely non-religiously affiliated, a cross that adorned St. Vincents Hospital, on its building, remains, another cross. The same site shows that RUMC has an adjunct facility. 355 Bard Avenue, Staten Island, New York 1031075 Vanderbilt Avenue, Staten Island, New York 10304 The hospital is licensed to operate 448 beds
Richmond University Medical Center
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View of the Richmond University Medical Center
69.
Staten Island University Hospital
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Staten Island University Hospital is a major tertiary referral center on Staten Island, in New York City. SIUH is a two-campus, 714-bed specialized teaching hospital located in New York City, founded in 1861 as the Samuel R. Smith Infirmary, the institution adopted its current name during the 1990s with the merger of Staten Island Hospital and the Richmond Memorial Hospital. SIUH also operates, in conjunction with Wagner College, a Physician Assistant training program, SIUH is one of three hospitals in Staten Island and the only one that has an Emergency Medicine Residency. It is part of the Northwell Health System, dr. Gilbert Lederman became the director of SIUH’s radiation oncology department, at age 34. During his tenure, he expanded the departments capacity and installed state-of-the-art equipment. The hospital ultimately started an International Patient Program and opened an office in Naples, soon, sick people from all over the world were flying in. Even an ailing Beatle was willing to give the magic ray gun a shot, Lederman was summoned to the Harrisons’ Swiss villa to make his case for treatment. In November 2001, Harrison began radiotherapy at Staten Island University Hospital, in New York City, when the news was publicised, Harrison bemoaned his physicians breach of privacy, and his estate later claimed damages. The North Campus was constructed in the 1970s when Staten Island Hospital outgrew its original site on Castleton Avenue and it is located at 475 Seaview Avenue, between Mason Avenue and Olympia Boulevard in the South Beach/Ocean Breeze neighborhoods of Staten Island. The South Campus was originally the Richmond Memorial Hospital in Princes Bay and it gained its current name when it merged with the Staten Island Hospital during the 1980s. It is located at 375 Seguine Avenue
Staten Island University Hospital
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Heart Lung Surgery building
Staten Island University Hospital
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South Beach Psychiatric Center
Staten Island University Hospital
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West entrance of the South Campus
70.
Mount Sinai Health System
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The Mount Sinai Health System is a hospital network in New York City. The Health System, formed in September 2013, combined the operations of Continuum Health Partners, the Health System is structured around seven hospital campuses and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The Health System includes more than 7,000 primary and specialty care physicians and 12 ambulatory surgical centers. It also encompasses more than 140 ambulatory practices throughout the five boroughs of New York City, Westchester County, the Health System has 38,000 employees,29 multidisciplinary research, educational, and clinical institutes, and 3,535 beds. In addition, the Health System reported 152,576 inpatient admissions,425,451 Emergency Department visits, the Mount Sinai Medical Center encompassed The Mount Sinai Hospital and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Founded in 1852, The Mount Sinai Hospital is one of the oldest and largest teaching hospitals in the U. S, the hospital campus is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, beside Central Park. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine opened to students in 1968, in 2012, the name was changed to the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Drawing on complementary strengths, offering a broad based fully integrated health services throughout the New York City metropolitan region. This capability was augmented with the addition of The New York Eye & Ear Infirmary in 1999, with a total combined annual operating budget of $2. Continuum treated patients in Brooklyn, Manhattan and Westchester County, in April 2010, Aetna notified policyholders that it was in a contract dispute with Continuum Health Partners and that the contract would lapse as of June 5,2010. The June 5 date passed and the contract lapsed, Continuum Health Partners provided subscribers with a form to request that Aetna retain their physicians for one year or until the policy period ended. On July 28,2010, Continuum Health Partners announced a new agreement with Aetna, within this agreement, it was noted that the effective date would be retroactive to the April 5,2010, termination date. In September 2013, Continuum announced a merger with the Mount Sinai Medical Center, brand unification was complete in January 2014. Mount Sinai has worked with the advertising agency DeVito/Verdi since 2003, Mount Sinai Health System Official website January 2014 press release unveling brand unification
Mount Sinai Health System
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Mount Sinai Health System
