John Crawfurd
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John Crawfurd was a Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat, and author who served as the second and last Resident of Singapore.
John Crawfurd
Opening pages from the Qur'an manuscript acquired by Crawfurd during his residency in Yogyakarta, which today is part of the British Library collection
The kraton in Yogyakarta, a gate in a photograph from the early 20th century. The palace was made up of pendopo surrounded by a whitewashed wall.
Javanese signs for the five days of the week, engraving by William Home Lizars from Crawfurd's History of the Indian Archipelago.
Stamford Raffles
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Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was a British colonial official who served as the governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was involved in the capture of the Indonesian island of Java from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars. It was returned under the Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814. He also wrote The History of Java in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times. Rafflesia flower was named after him.
Portrait by George Francis Joseph, c. 1817
The memorial to Olivia Mariamne Raffles, Raffles's first wife, erected by him along the Kanarielaan in the National Botanical Gardens (now the Bogor Botanical Gardens). Raffles re-landscaped these gardens, which were established in 1744 in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), West Java.
Territory of Bencoolen (pink)
Stamford Raffles