1.
Chatham House
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In 2009, Chatham House was also named the top non-U. S. The current chairman of the Council of Chatham House is Stuart Popham, the research directors are Rob Bailey, Patricia Lewis, Paola Subacchi and Alex Vines. Drawing upon its members, Chatham House aims to promote debate on significant developments in international affairs, Chatham House is routinely used as a source of information for media organisations seeking background or experts upon matters involving major international issues. Although it has been alleged that Chatham House reflects a pro-establishment view of the world, Chatham House is nevertheless membership-based and it has a range of membership options for corporations, academic institutions, NGOs, and individuals including students and under 35s. The Chatham House Rule evolved to facilitate frank and honest discussion on controversial or unpopular issues by speakers who may not have otherwise had the forum to speak freely. Despite this, most meetings at Chatham House are held on the record, Chatham House also contains the Centre on Global Health Security, headed by Professor David L. Heymann. Chatham House published the research paper Livestock – Climate Change’s Forgotten Sector, Global Public Opinion on Meat and it argued that there was a major lack of public awareness of the link between climate change and human consumption of meat and dairy products. Released in July 2014, NATO, Charting the Way Forward suggested future priorities for NATO in the light of events, especially considering Afghanistan. The report was the culmination of a year of expert roundtable meetings, western Policy towards Syria, Ten Recommendations was published in December 2013. The report proposed a new G8-style group of producers and consumers called the Resource 30 or R30 to tackle resource price volatility. In May 2012, Chatham House published the report Shifting Capital, the report argued that China needs to develop a deeper and more diversified financial sector that reflects the size and the international integration of its real economy. To assess what contribution, if any, gold could make to the monetary system in the wake of the global financial crisis. In September 2011 Chatham House published a report examining support for populist extremists across Europe, in October 2010 Chatham House published a report entitled Strategy in Austerity, The Security and Defence of the United Kingdom. The report offered a framework for assessing the quality and durability of the British governments Strategic Defence, briefing Papers were also published on Iraq, Yemen, Cyber-Warfare, and the legal implications of unmanned drones amongst others. In September 2010 Chatham House produced the report The ‘Shale Gas Revolution’, Hype and Reality, by Paul Stevens, the report cast serious doubts over the industry’s confidence in the ‘revolution’ and whether conditions in the US could be replicated. It received a Special Note in the Publication of the Year category at the Prospect Think Tank Awards 2011. This report was cited by major media outlets, including The New York Times, BBC, The Guardian, The Telegraph, The Wall Street Journal. Speakers In addition to undertaking wide-ranging research, Chatham House hosts high-profile speakers from around the world, periodical publications Chatham House also houses the key scholarly and policy journal International Affairs, as well as a bi-monthly magazine The World Today
Chatham House
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Daw Aung San Suu Kyi exits Chatham House after addressing an event on responsible investment in Burma and receiving her Chatham House Prize, 22 June 2012
Chatham House
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Chatham House
Chatham House
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George Osborne and Christine Lagarde speaking at Chatham House, 9 September 2011
Chatham House
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Muhammadu Buhari speaking at Chatham House, 26 February 2015.
2.
Wadham College, Oxford
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Wadham College /ˈwɒdəm/ is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. It is located in the centre of Oxford, at the intersection of Broad Street, Wadham College was founded in 1610 by Dorothy Wadham, according to the will of her late husband Nicholas Wadham, a member of an ancient Devon and Somerset family. The central buildings, an example of Jacobean architecture, were designed by the architect William Arnold. They include a large and ornate Hall, adjacent to the central buildings are the Wadham Gardens, notable for their collection of trees and one of the largest gardens amongst Oxford colleges. Amongst Wadhams most famous alumni is Sir Christopher Wren, Wren was one of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group held meetings at Wadham College under the guidance of the warden, John Wilkins. Wadham is a liberal and progressive college which aims to maintain the diversity of its student body, in 1974 it was among the first of the former mens colleges to admit women, and the college has been a promoter of gay rights and equal rights for women. As of 2014, it had a financial endowment of £80.8 million, and in 2014/2015 ranked 3rd in the Norrington Table. The college was founded by Dorothy Wadham in 1610, according to the set out in the will of her husband Nicholas Wadham. Although she never visited Oxford, she kept control of her new college. The wardenship of John Wilkins is a significant period in the history of the college, Wilkins was a member of a group which had met for some years in London to discuss problems in the natural sciences. Many of the moved to Oxford and held regular meetings in the Wardens lodgings at Wadham. Among them were Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, John Locke, William Petty, John Wallis, Wadham provided the largest contingent, some twelve of the fifty names mentioned. These included Christopher Brookes, John Mayow, Lawrence Rooke, Thomas Sprat, Seth Ward, Sir Christopher Wren was an undergraduate at Wadham before he became a fellow of All Souls and then succeeded Rooke as astronomy professor at Gresham College, London. He eventually returned to occupy rooms at Wadham while he was the Savilian Professor of Astronomy from 1661, Wren had notable achievements in pure and applied mathematics, astronomy, physics and biology to his credit before, in his thirties, turning to architecture. Alone in mathematical ability Wren was ranked by competent authorities second only to Newton among the men of his time, the Wardens lodgings were stuffed with ingenious instruments, and powerful telescopes were mounted on the college tower. Wilkins was the first president of the body, and became the first secretary of the Royal Society itself. These were the beginnings of organised scientific research in Britain, Maurice Bowra was Warden of the College from 1938 until 1970, and was influential in determining the character of the College as open and meritocratic
Wadham College, Oxford
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Colleges and halls of the University of Oxford Wadham College
Wadham College, Oxford
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Statues of the founders above the main entrance to the Hall
Wadham College, Oxford
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College entrance on Parks Road
Wadham College, Oxford
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Front quad
3.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
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The Guardian's HQ in London
The Guardian
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
4.
The Jewish Chronicle
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The Jewish Chronicle is a London-based Jewish weekly newspaper. Founded in 1841, it is the oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper in the world, the newspaper is published every Friday providing news, views, social, cultural and sports reports, as well as editorials and a spectrum of readers opinions on the letter page. It is independent and owned by the Kessler Foundation, a charitable trust in the United Kingdom which has control of the newspaper. In 1881 the leaders of the Jewish community in London were being criticised for not campaigning against the pogroms that were taking place in the Russian Empire, public meetings were then held across the country and Jewish and Christian leaders in Britain spoke out against the atrocities. The average number of copies sold per week is estimated to be in the region of 32,000, the newspapers website includes paid-for searchable archives of all editions from the first issue to the present, making it valuable for Anglo-Jewish genealogists and historians. The website was launched in 2000 and has won three successive Weekly Newspaper on the Web awards, the JC sponsors the Jewish Sunday league system in London, known as the Maccabi Football League. The newspaper has seen as a firm and influential champion of Zionism. In 2014 the paper published an advertisement for the Disasters Emergency Committees Gaza appeal, the editorial stated that Almost alone in the British media the JC has stressed Israels right to defend herself and sought to explain why Israel was faced with no choice but to take action in Gaza. In 1981, the published an interview with then Prime Minister. Thatcher was questioned regarding the state of Israel and how Conservative policy affected the Jewish community, in September 1999, it was the first non-Israeli newspaper to conduct an interview with Ehud Barak during his term as Prime Minister of Israel. In December 2007, the published an interview with the Labour Party donor. In July 2013, The Jewish Chronicle hosted an audience with UKIP leader Nigel Farage, Farage was interviewed by editor Stephen Pollard, and took questions from the audience. An apology was published in the newspaper on 31 May and on its website on 30 May
The Jewish Chronicle
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Front page, 17 January 1896, showing article by Theodor Herzl (the father of political Zionism)
The Jewish Chronicle
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The former Jewish Chronicle offices in Furnival Street, central London
5.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
6.
The New York Review of Books
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The New York Review of Books is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of important books is a literary activity. Esquire called it the premier literary-intellectual magazine in the English language, in 1970 writer Tom Wolfe described it as the chief theoretical organ of Radical Chic. The Review publishes long-form reviews and essays, often by well-known writers, original poetry, in 1979 the magazine founded the London Review of Books, which soon became independent. In 1990 it founded an Italian edition, la Rivista dei Libri, Robert B. Silvers and Barbara Epstein edited the paper together from its founding in 1963, until her death in 2006. From then until his death in 2017, Silvers was the sole editor, the Review has a book publishing division, established in 1999, called New York Review Books, which publishes classics, collections and childrens books. Since 2010, the journal has hosted a blog written by its contributors. The Review celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2013, and a Martin Scorsese film called The 50 Year Argument documents the history, the New York Review was founded by Robert B. Silvers and Barbara Epstein, together with publisher A. Whitney Ellsworth and writer Elizabeth Hardwick. They were backed and encouraged by Epsteins husband, Jason Epstein, a president at Random House and editor of Vintage Books. In 1959 Hardwick had published an essay, The Decline of Book Reviewing, in Harpers, Jason Epstein knew that book publishers would advertise their books in the new publication, since they had no other outlet for promoting new books. The group turned to the Epsteins friend Silvers, who had been an editor at The Paris Review and was still at Harpers, to edit the publication, and Silvers asked Barbara Epstein to co-edit with him. She was known as the editor at Doubleday of Anne Franks Diary of a Young Girl, among other books, Silvers and Epstein sent books to the writers we knew and admired most. We asked for three words in three weeks in order to show what a book review should be, and practically everyone came through. The first issue of the Review was published on February 1,1963 and it prompted nearly 1,000 letters to the editors asking for the Review to continue. The New Yorker called it surely the best first issue of any magazine ever, after the success of the first issue, the editors assembled a second issue to demonstrate that the Review was not a one-shot affair. The founders then collected investments from a circle of friends and acquaintances, the Review began regular biweekly publication in November 1963. Silvers said of the philosophy, that there was no subject we couldnt deal with. And if there was no book, we would deal with it anyway and we tried hard to avoid books that were simply competent rehearsals of familiar subjects, and we hoped to find books that would establish something fresh, something original
The New York Review of Books
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Robert Silvers in 2012
The New York Review of Books
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David Levine 's caricature of John Updike in the November 24, 1983 issue
The New York Review of Books
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Barbara Epstein in 1993
7.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
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Logo of Radio 4 until 2007
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4
8.
University College School
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University College School, generally known as UCS Hampstead, is an independent day school in Hampstead, northwest London, England. The school was founded in 1830 by University College London and inherited many of that institutions progressive, according to the Good Schools Guide, the school Achieves impressive exam results with a relaxed atmosphere. UCS aims to combine the highest standards of achievement and pastoral care with outstanding facilities for all-round education with a distinctive liberal ethos. The UCS Hampstead Foundation is composed of four entities, The UCS Pre-Prep or The Phoenix as it was previously known. This was acquired by UCS in 2003, the Junior Branch, for boys aged 7 to 11 on the Holly Hill site in the heart of Hampstead. The Senior School, for boys aged 11 to 16 and co-educational for ages 16 to 18 on the Frognal site, the main campus and the Great Hall are noted examples of Edwardian architecture. Inside the hall is a magnificent Walker pipe organ, used for concerts, professional recordings and other festivities. The Playing Fields are situated in West Hampstead on Ranulf Road, UCS is a member of the Eton Group of twelve independent schools, the Haileybury Group of 26 independent schools, and the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference. It also has ties with the Equatorial College School in Uganda. The school motto is Paulatim Sed Firmiter, in 2016, the school updated its school logo to incorporate its widely known name of UCS Hampstead and to include the full motto in its distinctive roundel emblem. The schools colours are maroon and black which are shown to the distinctive vertical striped blazers. UCS publishes an online newsletter called The Frognal and a yearly printed magazine called The Gower sent to current. The latest editions are available on the school website, in the Lower School, there is one form per year in each house. Kestrel – Blue Eagle – Yellow Hawk – Black Falcon – Green Students in the Middle School and Upper School are arranged into Demes and this is similar to a school house. In the Middle School, there is one form per year in each Deme, as well as a Deme Warden, each deme has two or three Deme Captains. Deme, Half and Full Colours are awarded through an accumulation of academic, there are regular inter-Deme competitions in sport, music and drama throughout the year. In the Middle School, the school blazer carries a coloured school logo on the breast pocket depicting the pupils Deme. Entry at 4+, 5+, 6+ by assessment of the Headmistress, Junior Branch, at age 7, judged by a combination of internal exam and interview
University College School
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A painting of University College School, Frognal, Hampstead in the early twentieth Century
University College School
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University College School
University College School
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UCS Logo (from stationery)
University College School
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University College School entrance, Frognal, Hampstead
9.
Hampstead
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Hampstead, commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an area of London, England,4 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath and it has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any area of the United Kingdom. The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the waters in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas, the spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind. Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this remains to this day. The large Victorian Hampstead Library and Town Hall was recently converted and extended as a creative industries centre, on 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains, Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The borough town hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency, since May 2015 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillors Tom Currie, Oliver Cooper and Stephen Stark. The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, often referred to as Hampstead Liberalism, michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy. As applied to an individual, the term Hampstead Liberal is not synonymous with champagne socialist, the term is also rather misleading. As of 2016, all the component wards of Hampstead elect a full slate of Conservative councillors, the bridge pictured is known locally as The Red Arches or The Viaduct, built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century. The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, George Martins AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Hensons Creature Shop was before it relocated to California. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust, notable and longstanding are La Gaffe, Gaucho Grill, Jin Kichi, Tip Top Thai, Villa Bianca and, in May 2016, Patara. Hampsteads rural feel lends itself for use on film, an example being The Killing of Sister George starring Beryl Reid
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Downshire Hill
Hampstead
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Kenwood House, Hampstead
Hampstead
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Roadworks on Heath Street in Hampstead around 1865, in Ford Madox Brown 's painting Work
Hampstead
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A current day view of location used for the Madox Brown painting
10.
Fleet Street
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Fleet Street is a major street in the City of London. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall, having been an important through route since Roman times, businesses were established along the road during the Middle Ages. Senior clergy lived in Fleet Street during this period there are several churches including Temple Church. Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping, the term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular. The street is mentioned in works by Charles Dickens and is where the legendary fictitious murderous barber Sweeney Todd lived. Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet, which runs from Hampstead to the River Thames at the edge of the City of London. It is one of the oldest roads outside the city and was established by the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, the street runs east from Temple Bar, the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster, as a continuation of the Strand from Trafalgar Square. It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall, the road ahead is Ludgate Hill. The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side and it links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The nearest London Underground stations are Temple, Chancery Lane, and Blackfriars tube/mainline station, London Bus routes 4,11,15,23,26,76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane. Fleet Street was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison, the Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what is now Aldwych and the Strand. Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids, tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as the 14th century, records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal. An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, by the 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a Royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber, Prince Henrys Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I, who did not survive to succeed his father
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Fleet Street road sign. The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side.
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Fleet Street c. 1890
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Fleet Street pictured in 1953, with flags hung for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
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Fleet Street in 2008.
11.
Sunday Correspondent
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The Sunday Correspondent was a short-lived British weekly national broadsheet newspaper. The newspaper first appeared on 17 September 1989, the title ceased publication with the last issue on 25 November 1990 and it was edited by Peter Cole for most of its existence. On launching, the paper billed itself as the first new quality Sunday title for 28 years, the Chicago-based Tribune Company, publishers of the Chicago Tribune newspaper, were one of the investors in the new venture. Others included the Prudential Group and Rothschild Ventures, among other banking, the newspaper was planned as having only two sections and a colour supplement. By this time, the imminent launch of the The Independent on Sunday was public knowledge, and Shott himself did not think both titles could survive. In March 1990, in an arrangement, the Tribune Company of Chicago doubled its shareholding to a 17. 7% holding. Guardian and Manchester Evening News P. L. C, then without a national Sunday title, also became involved acquiring a 16. 6% stake and gave the struggling company a substantial loan. The company had said the papers break-even point was a circulation of 350,000, by the time it ceased publication just over a year after its launch, it had been relaunched as Britains first quality tabloid. In this form, from the issue published on 20 August 1990 onwards, it had a new editor, underfunding and the launch of the IoS in January 1990 were factors in its demise, as well as the lack of a daily equivalent to help spread production costs. The IoS was also in competition with the Sunday Correspondent for the sources of potential investment. One of the features in the Correspondent was Pass Notes, which was taken up by The Guardian in 1992, where it has remained ever since
Sunday Correspondent
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Masthead
12.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
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BBC Television Centre at White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
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BBC Pacific Quay in Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
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BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
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The headquarters of the BBC at Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
13.
The World at One
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The World at One, or WATO for short, is BBC Radio 4s long-running lunchtime news and current affairs programme, which is currently broadcast from 1.00 pm to 1.45 pm from Monday to Friday. The programme describes itself as Britains leading political programme, with a reputation for rigorous and original investigation, it is required listening in Westminster. Because of the programmes nature it is often agenda setting, with leading the headlines from lunchtime through to early evening. From 7 November 2011, the programme was extended in length to 45 minutes and this has meant the thirty-minute programmes at one time broadcast immediately after The World at One have now found a new time slot on the Radio 4 schedule. A fifteen-minute programme now fills the gap till 2 pm, the programme began on 4 October 1965 on the Home Service and its launch is considered to have been key in making news programmes appointment to listen broadcasting. As the then head of BBC Radio, Jenny Abramsky, noted, the programme had attracted criticism as it seemed to blend together news and current affairs, and break down the distinction made between reporting and interpretation. In his history of news and current affairs, Public Issue Radio, Hugh Chignell pointed out that The World at One was a highly successful. That vulgarity was personified by its first presenter, William Hardcastle, Hardcastle did not want to do the programme every day so Andrew Boyle suggested he share the job with William Davis another presenter whose career did not wholly depend on the BBC. The programme was a success from the start, over two million people were tuning in by the end of 1965, and would eventually reach four million by 1975. In 1998, the then Controller of Radio 4, James Boyle, the World at One is still known for its robust journalism. After a short introduction to the programme, there is a news bulletin, followed by serious political interviews. Its audience reach has risen recently to approximately 3.3 million listeners, Robin Day, James Naughtie and Nick Clarke are amongst the list of previous presenters of the programme. From late 2005, Shaun Ley presented the show while Clarke recovered from an operation to remove a cancer in his left leg, Clarke returned part-time in August 2006. Other stand-in presenters have included Brian Hanrahan, Guto Harri, Laura Trevelyan, Stephen Sackur, Carolyn Quinn, James Robbins, the current main presenter is Martha Kearney - who presents from Monday to Thursday, with Ley usually in the chair on Friday. In 2012 and 2014 the programme was nominated as one of the best news, the previous weeks programmes can be listened to again using the BBC iPlayer or downloaded as a podcast. William Hardcastle William Davis Brian Widlake David Jessel Sir Robin Day James Naughtie Nick Clarke Martha Kearney Shaun Ley Today – Radio 4s early morning stablemate to The World at One, PM – Radio 4s early evening stablemate to The World at One. The World Tonight – Radio 4s late evening stablemate to The World at One, the World This Weekend - Radio 4s Sunday stablemate to The World at One. Chignell, Hugh Public Issue Radio Palgrave MacMillan pp 85-87 ISBN 978-0-230-24739-0 The World at One at BBC Programmes The Radio Academy Hall of Fame - William Hardcastle
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Nick Clarke: Presenter 1994-2006.
14.
Today (BBC Radio 4)
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Today is BBC Radio 4s long-running early morning news and current affairs programme, now broadcast from 6,00 am to 9,00 am Monday to Friday, and 7,00 am to 9,00 am on Saturdays. It is also the most popular programme on Radio 4 and one of the BBCs most popular programmes across its radio networks and it consists of regular news bulletins, serious and often confrontational political interviews, in-depth reports and Thought for the Day. Today has been voted the most influential programme in Britain in setting the political agenda. The programme has around 7 million listeners per week and it was voted the Best Breakfast Show of the Year at the 2010 Sony Radio Academy Awards. Today was launched on the BBCs Home Service on 28 October 1957 as a programme of talks to give listeners a morning alternative to light music. It was named by Isa Benzie who together with Janet Quigley were the programmes founders, Benzie volunteered to lead the programme and she served as its first de facto editor. It was initially broadcast as two 20-minute editions slotted in around the news bulletins and religious and musical items. In 1963 it became part of the BBCs Current Affairs department, Radio 4 controller Ian McIntyre cut it back to two parts in 1976–78, but it was swiftly returned to its former position. Jack de Manio became its principal presenter in 1958 and he was held in affection by listeners, but became notorious for on-air gaffes. In 1970 the programme format was changed so there were two presenters each day. De Manio left in 1971, and in the late 1970s the team of John Timpson, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, under editors Ken Goudie and Julian Holland, Today made moves to broaden its appeal away from broadcasting a lot of national politics with London-centric bias. Presentation was split for a time between London, usually by John Timpson, and from Manchester, usually by Brian Redhead, the objective was to make it more of a balanced, national programme. The on-air humour of the two presenters and the split of locations made the very popular and influential. Brian Redhead was quoted, If you want to drop a word in the ear of the nation and this pairing lasted until Timpsons retirement in 1986. Other presenters during this period included Libby Purves in the late 1970s, John Humphrys and Sue MacGregor joined the rotating list of presenters in 1986. By this time the programme was benefiting from publicity gained after it became known that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was a regular listener, ministers thus became keen to go on the programme, but the tough, confrontational interviewing they encountered led to accusations that the BBC was biased. Criticism was particularly directed against Redhead, who was seen as being on the left. Chancellor Nigel Lawson accused him of having been a Labour voter all his life during a live interview, the style of the male interviewers was analysed and contrasted with the approach of MacGregor, who was alleged to be giving subjects an easier time
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John Timpson: Presenter 1970–86
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Justin Webb: Presenter 2009–present
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Evan Davis: Presenter 2008–2014.
15.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
The Washington Post
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Front page for May 21, 2015
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The headquarters of The Washington Post in Washington, DC.
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Washington Post building in 1948
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The Monday, July 21, 1969, edition, with the headline "'The Eagle Has Landed' — Two Men Walk on the Moon"
16.
UK
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
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Flag
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The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
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The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
17.
W. Somerset Maugham
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William Somerset Maugham CH, better known as W. Somerset Maugham, was a British playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was among the most popular writers of his era and reputedly the highest-paid author during the 1930s, after losing both his parents by the age of 10, Maugham was raised by a paternal uncle who was emotionally cold. Not wanting to become a lawyer like other men in his family, the initial run of his first novel, Liza of Lambeth, sold out so rapidly that Maugham gave up medicine to write full-time. During and after the war, he travelled in India and Southeast Asia, all of these experiences were reflected in short stories. Maughams father, Robert Ormond Maugham, was a lawyer who handled the affairs of the British embassy in Paris. Since French law declared that all born on French soil could be conscripted for military service, his father arranged for Maugham to be born at the embassy. His grandfather, another Robert, had also been a prominent lawyer and co-founder of the Law Society of England and it was taken for granted that Maugham and his brothers would follow in their footsteps. His elder brother Viscount Maugham enjoyed a legal career and served as Lord Chancellor from 1938 to 1939. Maughams mother, Edith Mary, had tuberculosis, a condition for which her physician prescribed childbirth and she had Maugham several years after the last of his three older brothers, they were already enrolled in boarding school by the time he was three. Being the youngest, he was raised as an only child. Ediths sixth and final son died on 25 January 1882, one day after his birth, Edith died of tuberculosis six days later on 31 January at the age of 41. The early death of his mother left Maugham traumatized, he kept his mothers photograph by his bedside for the rest of his life, two years after Ediths death Maughams father died in France of cancer. Maugham was sent to the UK to be cared for by his uncle, Henry MacDonald Maugham, the move was damaging, as Henry Maugham proved cold and emotionally cruel. The boy attended The Kings School, Canterbury, which was difficult for him. He was teased for his bad English and his short stature, Maugham developed a stammer that stayed with him all his life, although it was sporadic, being subject to his moods and circumstances. Miserable both at his uncles vicarage and at school, the young Maugham developed a talent for making wounding remarks to those who displeased him and this ability is sometimes reflected in Maughams literary characters. At sixteen Maugham refused to continue at The Kings School and his uncle allowed him to travel to Germany, where he studied literature, philosophy and German at Heidelberg University. During his year in Heidelberg Maugham met and had an affair with John Ellingham Brooks
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Maugham photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1934
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W. Somerset Maugham
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Maugham early in his career
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Maugham was the subject of this caricature by David Low.
18.
Daily Mirror
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The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had a daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror, originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large, lowbrow audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners and it was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991, the paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror. The paper has supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth as a newspaper for women, hence the name, he said, I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides. To be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull and it was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904, when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue of the paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added, circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913, in 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow, in 1919, some issues more than a million copies a day. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day, in 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror
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Daily Mirror
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Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe), founder of the Daily Mirror
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Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere
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Front page of the Mirror 24 June 1996, with headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over", and accompanying contribution from the editor, "Mirror declares football war on Germany"
19.
Evening Standard
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The London Evening Standard is a local, free daily newspaper, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format in London. It is the dominant local/regional evening paper for London and the area, with coverage of national and international news. In October 2009, the paper ended a 180-year history of paid circulation and became a free newspaper, the newspaper was founded by barrister Stanley Lees Giffard on 21 May 1827, as the Standard. The early owner of the paper was Charles Baldwin, under the ownership of James Johnstone, The Standard became a morning paper from 29 June 1857. The Evening Standard was published from 11 June 1859, by the end of the 19th century, the evening edition eclipsed its morning counterpart. Both The Standard and the Evening Standard were acquired by C. Arthur Pearson in 1904, in May 1915, Edward Hulton purchased the Evening Standard from Davison Dalziel. Dalziel had purchased both papers in 1910, and closed The Standard, the paper, in 1916. Hulton introduced the gossip column Londoners Diary, originally billed as a written by gentlemen for gentlemen. It became a staunchly Conservative paper, harshly attacking Labour in 1945 in a campaign that backfired. In the 1960s, the paper was now upstaged by The Evening News, during the decade, the paper also began to publish the comic strip Modesty Blaise that bolstered the papers sales throughout the 1970s. In 1987 the Evening News was briefly revived to compete with Robert Maxwells London Daily News, in 1988 it incorporated the byline Incorporating the Evening News, which remained until the papers sale in 2009. A few years earlier,12 percent of the paper was sold to Justin Shaw, Associated News keeps the remaining 24 percent. In November 2009, it was announced that the London Evening Standard would drop its midday News Extra edition from 4 January 2010 with the first edition being the West End Final, previously there were three editions each weekday, excluding Bank holidays. The first, News Extra, went to print at 10,00 am and was available around 11 am in central London, slightly later in more outlying areas. The page changes were indicated by stars in the bottom corner of each page. In January 2010, circulation was increased to 900,000, in May 2009, the newspaper launched a series of poster ads, each of which prominently featured the word Sorry in the papers then-masthead font. These ads offered various apologies for past editorial approaches, such as Sorry for losing touch, none of the posters mentioned the Evening Standard by name, although they featured the papers Eros logo. Ex-editor Veronica Wadley criticised the Pravda-style campaign saying it humiliated the papers staff, the campaign was designed by McCann Erickson
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Headlines of the Evening Standard on the day of London bombing on 7 July 2005, in Waterloo Station
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London Evening Standard
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Unloading the London Evening Standard at Chancery Lane Station, Holborn, Nov 2014.
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The Evening Standard has a fleet of delivery vans painted in a distinctive orange and white livery
20.
Newsweek
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Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
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Cover of the first issue of News-Week magazine
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January 16, 1939 cover featuring Felix Frankfurter
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The first issue released after the magazine switched to an opinion and commentary format.
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The cover of Newsweek's final print issue under The Newsweek Daily Beast Company ownership.
21.
The New Republic
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The New Republic is a liberal American magazine of commentary on politics and the arts published since 1914, with influence on American political and cultural thinking. It supported American entry into World War One, but discarded much of its faith in the possibility of a scientific liberalism, after the 1980s it incorporated elements of conservatism. In early 2016, Hughes announced he was putting the magazine up for sale, indicating the need for new vision and it was sold in February 2016 to Win McCormack. As of 2004, however, some, like Anne Kossedd and Steven Rendall, the magazine endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 general election. Supply side economics, especially the idea of reducing higher marginal tax rates. Moreover, The New Republic is strongly in favor of health care. On certain high-profile social issues, such as its support of same-sex marriage, in its March 2007 issue, The New Republic ran an article by Paul Starr where he defined the type of modern American liberalism in his article War and Liberalism, Liberalism wagers that a state. Can be strong but constrained – strong because constrained, rights to education and other requirements for human development and security aim to advance equal opportunity and personal dignity and to promote a creative and productive society. The New Republic does not focus solely on domestic policy, as it also brings analysis, Support for Israel has been another strong theme in The New Republic. According to Martin Peretz, former owner of The New Republic, unsigned editorials prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq expressed strong support for military action, citing the threat of Weapons of mass destruction as well as humanitarian concerns. In the November 27,2006 issue, the editors wrote, At this point, it seems almost beside the point to say this, the past three years have complicated our idealism and reminded us of the limits of American power and our own wisdom. We were against the confirmation of Justice Alito, in its May 2007 issue the magazine ran an editorial pointing to the humanitarian beliefs of liberals as being responsible for the recent plight of the American left. Such editorials and articles exemplify the political orientation of The New Republic. The magazines first issue was published on November 7,1914, the magazine is widely considered important in changing the character of liberalism in the direction of governmental interventionism, both foreign and domestic. Among the most important of these was the emergence of the U. S. as a Great Power on the international scene, and in 1917 TNR urged Americas entry into World War I on the side of the Allies. One consequence of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917 and it reversed course with the start of the Cold War in 1947 and the 1948 departure of leftist editor Henry A. Wallace to run for president on the Progressive ticket. After Wallace, TNR moved towards positions more typical of mainstream American liberalism, during the 1950s it was critical of both Soviet foreign policy and domestic anti-communism, particularly McCarthyism. During the 1960s the magazine opposed the Vietnam War, but was often critical of the New Left
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The New Republic cover of February 11, 2013
22.
BBC Four
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BBC Four is a British television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation and available to digital television viewers on Freeview, IPTV, satellite, and cable. BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002, with a running from 19,00 to 04,00. The channel shows a variety of programmes including comedy, documentaries, music, international film, original programmes, drama. An alternative to programmes on the mainstream TV channels and it is required by its licence to broadcast at least 100 hours of new arts and music programmes,110 hours of new factual programmes and to premiere twenty international films each year. BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002 at 19,00 GMT, BBC Four began originally as a late schedule to BBC Two, before it received its own channel, along with BBC Three. Curiously, BBC Four had to launch before BBC Three as a result of the government delaying approval plans, BBC Four would rebrand this channel, and bring it into line with the well recognised BBC One and Two brands at the same time. Planning for the new channel, along with the new BBC Three, had been in progress since October 2000, however, the BBC Four plans were approved earlier, and as a result launched before BBC Three. BBC Four was different from the old BBC Knowledge, the channel would be more heavily promoted with more new and original programming and the channel would not be broadcast 24 hours a day. This was because on the Freeview digital terrestrial platform, BBC Four is broadcast in a statistically multiplexed stream in Multiplex B that timeshares with the CBeebies channel. As a result, BBC Four broadcasts from 19,00 to around 04,00 each night, with an hours down-time, on 12 May 2011, BBC Four was added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland on channel 230. It later moved to EPG211 to free up space for new channels, BBC Four forms part of the BBC Vision group, and as a result, the channel controller is answerable to the head of this executive department, Emma Swain, as of 2012. The channel direction is determined by the channels remit, set by royal charter and the governing body. On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she had decided to leave the BBC as the Controller of BBC Two & BBC Four, as a result of the reorganisation, the post of Controller BBC Two and Four will close after her departure later in 2016. On 16 July 2013, the BBC announced that a high-definition simulcast of BBC Four would be launched by early 2014, the channel launched on 10 December 2013, and rolled out nationwide up to June 2014. The channel broadcasts on the BBCs new HD multiplex on Freeview, prior to launch, the majority of BBC Fours HD output was broadcast on the BBC HD channel before its closure on 26 March 2013. The first evenings BBC Four programmes were simulcast on BBC Two, BBC Four further supports foreign language films with its annual World Cinema Award which has been running since 2004. On weekdays at 19,00 and weekends at 21,00 and it screens a number of documentaries such as The Century of the Self and The Trials of Henry Kissinger. The channel is also home to many political travel shows such as Holidays in the Axis of Evil which features investigative journalism, drama has given the channel some of its most popular programmes, with The Alan Clark Diaries and Kenneth Williams, Fantabulosa
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BBC Four logo
23.
Austerity
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In most macroeconomic models austerity measures generally increase unemployment as government spending falls, reducing jobs in the public and/or private sector. Meanwhile, tax increases reduce household disposable income, thus reducing spending, countries which have benefited from austerity such as Ireland have in subsequent research shown to have suffered. Since government spending contributes to the Gross Domestic Product, reducing the spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio, in the case of excess capacity, however, the stimulus may result in an increase in employment and output. Austerity measures are typically pursued if there is a threat that a government cannot honour its debt obligations and this may occur when a government has borrowed in foreign currencies, or if it has been legally forbidden from issuing its own currency. International financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund may demand austerity measures as part of Structural Adjustment Programmes when acting as lender of last resort. Austerity policies may also appeal to the class of creditors, who prefer low inflation. More recently austerity has been pursued after governments became highly indebted by assuming private debts following banking crises, Austerity is grounded in liberal economists views that state and sovereign debt are deeply problematic. On the basis of classic liberal ideas austerity emerged as a doctrine of neoliberalism in the 20th Century, economist David M Kotz suggests that the implementation of austerity measures following the financial crisis of 2007–08 was an attempt to preserve the neoliberal capitalist model. In the 1930s during the Great Depression, anti-austerity arguments gained more prominence, john Maynard Keynes became a well known anti-austerity economist, arguing that The boom, not the slump, is the right time for austerity at the Treasury. Contemporary Keynesian and New Keynesian economists argue that budget deficits are appropriate when an economy is in recession, to reduce unemployment, according to Paul Krugman, since a government is not like a household, reductions in government spending during economic downturns worsen the crisis. Across an economy, one persons spending is another persons income, in other words, if everyone is trying to reduce their spending, the economy can be trapped in what economists call the paradox of thrift, worsening the recession as GDP falls. An important component of economic output is business investment, but there is no reason to expect it to stabilize at full utilization of the economys resources, high business profits do not necessarily lead to increased economic growth. Economists Kenneth S. Rogoff and Carmen M and our consistent advice has been to avoid withdrawing fiscal stimulus too quickly, a position identical to that of most mainstream economists. To help improve the U. S.9 and 1.7. In other words, a 1% GDP fiscal consolidation would reduce GDP between 0. 9% and 1. 7%, in so doing inflicting far more economic damage than the 0.5 previously estimated in IMF forecasts. In many countries, little is known about the size of multipliers, for these countries, Nicoletta Batini, Luc Eyraud and Anke Weber propose a simple method — dubbed the bucket approach — to come up with reasonable multiplier estimates. Different tax and spending choices of equal magnitude have different economic effects, For example, congressional Budget Office estimated that the payroll tax has a higher multiplier than does the income tax. In other words, raising the tax by $1 as part of an austerity strategy would slow the economy more than would raising the income tax by $1
Austerity
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Relationship between fiscal tightening (austerity) in Eurozone countries with their GDP growth rate, 2008–12
Austerity
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World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2014)
Austerity
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Austerity protest in Athens, 2011
24.
Food banks
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A food bank or foodbank is a non-profit, charitable organization that distributes food to those who have difficulty purchasing enough food to avoid hunger. In North America and Australia, food banks usually operate on the warehouse model and they act as food storage and distribution depots for smaller front line agencies, and usually do not themselves give out food directly to the hungry. Outside North America and Australia, the front line model is often found, such food banks give out most or all of their food directly to the end users. For both models, the largest sources of food include for-profit growers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers who in the course of business have excess food that they cannot sell. Some foodbanks receive a proportion of their food from individual donors. There is considerable overlap with food salvage, food rescue and gleaning, the worlds first food bank was established in the US in 1967, and since then many thousands have been set up all over the world. However, academics and commentators have expressed concern that the rise of foodbanks may erode political support for welfare provision, researchers have reported that food banks can be inefficient compared with state run services, and that some people feel ashamed at having to turn to them. With thousands of banks operating around the world, there are many different models. In the US, Australia and to an extent in Canada, in other countries, food banks usually do hand out food parcels direct to hungry people, providing the service that in the US is offered by food pantries. Another distinction is between the charity model and the labour union model, in the US, cities will often have a single food bank which acts as a centralized warehouse and will serve several hundred front line agencies. Like a blood bank, that serves as a single collection and distribution point for food donations. A food bank operates a lot like a food distributor. There is often no charge to the charities, but some food banks do charge a small shared maintenance fee to defray the cost of storage. For many US food banks, most of their food comes from food left over from the normal processes of for-profit companies. Often the product is approaching or past its sell by date, in such cases, the food bank liaises with the food industry and with regulators to make sure the food is safe and legal to distribute and eat. Food banks can buy food either at market prices or from wholesalers and retailers at discounted prices. Sometimes farmers will allow food banks to send gleaners to salvage leftover crops for free once their primary harvest is complete, a few food banks have even taken over their own farms, though such initiatives have not always been successful. Summer can be a time for food banks, especially in regions where school children are usually given regular free meals during term time
Food banks
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Volunteers pass out food items from a food bank run by Feeding America
Food banks
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Volunteers weigh food drive donations.
Food banks
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In the U.S. and often also in Canada, food banks don't typically give food direct to the hungry. Instead they act as warehouses, supplying front line agencies like this Californian soup kitchen. (Pic taken in 2009, and shows members of the United States Navy serving visitors.)
Food banks
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Olivier De Schutter, a senior United Nations official, has cautioned Europe against allowing food banks to become a permanent partial replacement for welfare provision, as is the case in the U.S. and Canada.
25.
Alan Rusbridger
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Alan Charles Rusbridger is a British journalist, Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford and the former editor-in-chief of The Guardian. He took up the post in 1995, having been a reporter, Rusbridger stood down from the post at the end of May 2015 and was succeeded by Katharine Viner. Rusbridger was born in Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia, a protectorate, the son of B. E. and G. H. Rusbridger, at Magdalene College, Cambridge, he read English Literature. During the vacations of his first two years at university, he worked for the Cambridge Evening News as an intern, and he stayed with the Evening News until 1979. He then joined The Guardian as a reporter, and subsequently wrote the papers diary column, in November 1985, Rusbridger had a brief stint as a Royal reporter following the Prince and Princess of Wales around Melbourne, Australia. Fascinated by gadgets, at this stage he was using a Tandy word processor. He left in 1986 to become TV critic of The Observer, then a separate newspaper. After returning to The Guardian, he launched the Weekend supplement in 1988 and he became features editor in 1994. As editor he defended the paper against a number of defamation suits, including those from the Police Federation. In the case involving Hamilton, and the lobbyist Ian Greer, he said, Rusbridger countered them by being available for TV interviews over three days to ensure that their version of events did not gain precedence. Hamiltons case collapsed shortly before a hearing, while Aitken was demonstrated to have perjured himself. I mean, a lot of the trade union stuff doesnt seem as horrendous now as it seemed at the time, from around 1997, he oversaw the launch and development of the newspapers website, initially known as Guardian Unlimited. In September 2005 The Guardian responded to the tabloid re-launches of The Times and The Independent by moving from a format to the Berliner format. The print edition of the newspaper still accounted for about 75% of the companys revenue around 2012. Rusbridger received £471,000 in pay and benefits in 2008–9, an alternative action was agreed and in the presence of the authorities the drives were destroyed, Rusbridger described performing the task as slightly pointless. Given that there were copies, I saw no reason not to destroy this material ourselves. On 3 December 2013 Rusbridger gave evidence before a Home Affairs Select Committee hearing on counterterrorism at the UK Parliament with regard to the publication of information leaked by Snowden. In the film The Fifth Estate, about The Guardians former association with the WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, in December 2014, Rusbridger announced he would step down as editor of The Guardian in the summer of 2015
Alan Rusbridger
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Alan Rusbridger at the International Journalism Festival 2014
26.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
The Sunday Times
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Plaque to The first number of The Sunday Times, 4 Salisbury Court, London EC4Y
The Sunday Times
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Edition number 9,813 of The Sunday Times, published on 7 October 2012
27.
Holocaust
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The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis. The victims included 1.5 million children, and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe, killings took place throughout German-occupied Europe, as well as within Nazi Germany, and across all territories controlled by its allies. Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovahs Witnesses, some 42,500 detention facilities were utilized in the concentration of victims for the purpose of gross violations of human rights. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators, the persecution was carried out in stages, culminating in the policy of extermination of European Jews termed the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Following Hitlers rise to power, the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps. After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos, in 1941, as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East, all anti-Jewish measures radicalized. Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings actions in less than a year, by mid-1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945, the most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943, when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks. An estimated 20, 000–30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis, French Jews took part in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place, the term holocaust comes from the Greek adjective holókaustos, a variant of holókautos, referring to an animal sacrifice offered to a god in which the whole animal is completely burnt. Often used substantively in apposition with the noun thysia, the term appears in a fragment of pseudo-Callisthenes, writing in Latin, Jerome Latinized the Greek word as a neuter noun holocaustum, using it to translate references to the Jewish burnt offering in his translations of Exodus and Leviticus. In his Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi, Richard of Devizes, the English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1671 poem Samson Agonistes and the word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon. The term was used in the 1950s by historians as a translation of the Jewish word shoah to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews, the television mini-series Holocaust is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978. The biblical word shoah, meaning calamity became the standard Hebrew term for the Holocaust as early as the 1940s, especially in Europe and Israel. Shoah is preferred by some Jews for several reasons including the offensive nature of the word holocaust which they take to refer to the Greek pagan custom. The Nazis used the phrase Final Solution to the Jewish Question, all branches of Germanys bureaucracy were engaged in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar, Michael Berenbaum, has called a genocidal state. Every arm of the countrys sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process, as prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was in the eyes of the perpetrators, through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims
Holocaust
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Hungarian Jews are selected by Nazis to be sent to the gas chamber at Auschwitz concentration camp, May/June 1944.
Holocaust
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Romani children in Auschwitz, victims of medical experiments.
Holocaust
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In Germany, Sturmabteilung stormtroopers urge a national boycott of all Jewish businesses on 1 April 1933. These SA stormtroopers are outside Israel's Department Store in Berlin to deter customers. The signs read: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews." (" Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden! ") The store was later ransacked during Kristallnacht in 1938, then handed over to a non-Jewish family.
28.
The Bookseller
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The Bookseller is a British magazine reporting news on the publishing industry. Philip Jones is editor-in-chief of the print edition of the magazine. The magazine is home to the Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year, the award is organised by The Booksellers diarist, Horace Bent, and had been administered in recent years by the former deputy editor, Joel Rickett, and former charts editor, Philip Stone. We Love This Book is its quarterly sister consumer website and email newsletter and it is the first publication to publish official weekly bestseller lists in the UK. It has also created the first UK-based e-book sales ranking, the website is visited by 160,000 unique users each month. The magazine also produces approximately a dozen specials on an annual basis including its Books of The Year, the Bookseller also publishes three daily newspapers at the annual London Book Fair, in April, the Bologna Childrens Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair, in October. The Bookseller was founded by Joseph Whitaker, the first editor of the magazine, in January 1858, however, World War I severely disrupted publication and it was not until the late 1920s that the magazine resumed its weekly schedule. In 1928, The Bookseller entered troublesome years, with the magazine entering joint editorial control between both The Publishers Association and the Booksellers Association and it was edited by the Publishers Association president Geoffrey S. Williams and became known as The Publisher and Bookseller. However, the decision proved less successful, and in 1933 the decision was reversed. He remained in charge for almost 40 years, in 1945, he hired Philothea Thompson as his personal assistant, and when Edmond Segrave died in 1971, she took over stewardship of the magazine until 1976. David Whitaker joined his family magazine in 1977 for little over two years, with Louis Baum assuming editorial responsibilities in 1980, under Baum, the magazine went under radical change, with numerous design changes, culminating in the decision to become a full-colour publication in the late 1990s. The self-named legendary diarist, Horace Bent, made his first appearance during this time, in 1999, Nicholas Clee became editor, months before the magazine was sold to a division of Nielsen Business Media. In 2004 Retail Week′s Neill Denny arrived and oversaw another major redesign, in 2010, The Bookseller was acquired from Nielsen by its then Managing Director, Nigel Roby, who owns it to this day. Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year Home page Hathi Trust
The Bookseller
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The Bookseller
29.
HarperCollins
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The company is headquartered in New York City and is a subsidiary of News Corp. The worldwide CEO of HarperCollins is Brian Murray, HarperCollins has publishing groups in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and India and China. As of 2017 China provides as the source of manufacturing. The company publishes many different imprints, both former independent publishing houses and new imprints, in 1989, Collins was bought by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, and the publisher was combined with Harper & Row, which NewsCorp had acquired two years earlier. In 1999, News Corporation purchased the Hearst Book Group, consisting of William Morrow & Company and these imprints are now published under the rubric of HarperCollins. HarperCollins bought educational publisher Letts and Lonsdale in March 2010, in 2011, HarperCollins announced they had agreed to acquire the publisher Thomas Nelson. The purchase was completed on July 11,2012, with an announcement that Thomas Nelson would operate independently given the position it has in Christian book publishing. Both Thomas Nelson and Zondervan were then organized as imprints, or keystone publishing programs, under a new division, key roles in the reorganization were awarded to former Thomas Nelson executives. Brian Murray, the current CEO of HarperCollins, succeeded Jane Friedman who was CEO from 1997 to 2008, notable management figures include Lisa Sharkey, current senior vice president and director of creative development and Barry Winkleman from 1989 to 1994. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, HarperCollins, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law. The Scranton, PA warehouse closed in September 2013 and a Nashville, TN warehouse, under the name Thomas Nelson, several office positions and departments continued to work for HarperCollins in Scranton, but in a new location. Company officials attribute the closings and mergers to the growing demand for e-book formats. HarperCollins maintains the backlist of many of the originally published by their many merged imprints. Authors published originally by Harper include Mark Twain, the Brontë sisters, authors published originally by Collins include H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie and J. R. R. Tolkien. This is a list of some of the more noted books, N. D. Gone, Clive Barker The Children of Húrin, J. R. R. R. R. They were the home of Maurice Sendak, Shel Silverstein. In 1998, Nordstroms personal correspondence was published as Dear Genius, The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom, Zolotow later became head of the Childrens Books Department, and went on to become the companys first female Vice-President. The Chronicles of Narnia series by C. S. Lewis, HarperCollins has published the following notable childrens books, the I Can Read
HarperCollins
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The News Building, HarperCollins's UK headquarters in London
HarperCollins
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2008 conference booth
30.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code
31.
DMOZ
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DMOZ was a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web links. The site and community who maintained it were known as the Open Directory Project. It was owned by AOL but constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors, DMOZ used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which included smaller categories. It was announced on February 28,2017 that DMOZ would close down on March 14,2017, DMOZ was founded in the United States as Gnuhoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for Sun Microsystems. Skrenta had developed TASS, an ancestor of tin, the popular threaded Usenet newsreader for Unix systems, the original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence. The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5,1998, then objected to the use of Hoo in the name, prompting a proposed name change, to ZURL. Prior to switching to ZURL, NewHoo was acquired by Netscape Communications Corporation in October 1998, Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by AOL shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition, by the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 URLs indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5,1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million, according to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the Yahoo. DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14,2000, three million listings on November 18,2001 and four million on December 3,2003. As of April,2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories, on October 31,2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories. In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing reports to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005, monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006. These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included Test and Bookmarks categories, there were about 7330 active editors during August 2006. 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31,2007, as of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584. On October 20,2006, DMOZs main server suffered a failure that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18,2006
DMOZ
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DMOZ was co-founded by Rich Skrenta.
DMOZ
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DMOZ size by date, 1998 to 2010.
32.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
33.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
34.
Jonathan Freedland
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Jonathan Saul Freedland is a British journalist, who writes a weekly column for The Guardian and a monthly piece for The Jewish Chronicle. He is also a contributor to The New York Times and The New York Review of Books. Freedland also writes best-selling thrillers, originally under the pseudonym Sam Bourne, the younger Freedland began his Fleet Street career at the short-lived Sunday Correspondent. In 1990 he joined the BBC, working as a news reporter across radio and television, appearing most often on The World at One and Today on Radio 4. In the summer of 1992, he was awarded the Laurence Stern fellowship on The Washington Post and he became Washington Correspondent for The Guardian in 1993, remaining in that post until 1997 when he returned to London as an editorial writer and columnist. The book won a W. Somerset Maugham Award for non-fiction and was adapted into a two-part series for BBC Television. Between 2002 and 2004, Freedland was an occasional columnist for the Daily Mirror and he has also been published in Newsweek and The New Republic magazines. Jacobs Gift is a memoir recounting the lives of three generations of his own Jewish family as well as exploring wider questions of identity and belonging. In 2008, he broadcast a series for BBC Radio 4 – British Jews. A leading liberal Zionist in the UK, he wrote in 2012 that he uses the word Zionism infrequently. He explained, Of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict he wrote, Israelis want security, on the contrary, they are utterly self-defeating. Freedland has called for negotiations to end the cycles of violence, The only real security is political and it comes through negotiation, not artillery fire because in trying to crush today’s enemy, Israel has reared the enemy of tomorrow. Freedland remained in this role until early 2016 and he continues to write a Saturday column for the newspaper. Nominated on seven occasions, Freedland was awarded a special Orwell Prize in May 2014 for his journalism, Freedland has published six books, two non-fiction works under his own name and six novels, originally under the pseudonym Sam Bourne. The Righteous Men, is a thriller published under the Bourne nom de plume. The book made a appearance in the gossip columns when a damning review by Michael Dibdin, originally written for The Guardian. The Righteous Men was picked as a Richard and Judy Summer Read in June 2006 and it stayed on the list for several months and has now sold more than half a million copies in the UK, it has been translated into 30 languages. The Final Reckoning just missed the peak of The Sunday Times best-seller list, HarperCollins published Pantheon in July 2012
Jonathan Freedland
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Freedland at Chatham House in 2013
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