1.
Costume jewelry
–
The term costume jewelry dates back to the early 20th century. It reflects the use of the costume to refer to what is now called an outfit. Originally, costume or fashion jewelry was made of inexpensive simulated gemstones, such as rhinestones or lucite, set in pewter, silver, nickel, during the depression years, rhinestones were even down-graded by some manufacturers to meet the cost of production. Base metal was originally popular because it could approximate platinums color and this resulted in a number of years during which sterling silver costume jewelry was produced and some can still be found in todays vintage jewelry marketplace. Modern costume jewelry incorporates a range of materials. High end crystals, cubic zirconia simulated diamonds, and some stones are used in place of precious stones. Metals include gold- or silver-plated brass, and sometimes vermeil or sterling silver, lower-priced jewelry may still use gold plating over pewter, nickel or other metals, items made in countries outside the United States may contain lead. Some pieces incorporate plastic, acrylic, leather, or wood, costume jewelry can be characterized by the period in history in which it was made. The Art Deco movement was an attempt to combine the harshness of mass production with the sensitivity of art and it was during this period that Coco Chanel introduced costume jewelry to complete the costume. The Art Deco movement died with the onset of the Great Depression, the retro period primarily included American-made jewelry, which has a distinct American look. With the war in Europe, many European jewelry firms were forced to shut down, many European designers emigrated to the U. S. since the economy was recovering. The big, bold styles of the Retro period went out of style and were replaced by the more tailored styles of the 1950s and 1960s, carl Schimel of Kim Craftsmen Jewelry was at the forefront of this style. While Kim Craftsmen closed in the early 1990s, many collectors still forage for their items at antique shows, during the 18th century, jewelers began making pieces with inexpensive glass. In the 19th century, costume jewelry made of semi-precious material came into the market, jewels made of semi-precious material were more affordable, and this affordability gave common people the chance to own costume jewelry. But the real golden era for the costume jewelry began in the middle of the 20th century, the new middle class wanted beautiful, but affordable jewelry. The demand for jewelry of this type coincided with the machine-age, the revolution made the production of carefully executed replicas of admired heirloom pieces possible. As the class structure in America changed, so did measures of real wealth, women in all social stations, even the working-class woman, could own a small piece of costume jewelry. The average town and country woman could acquire and wear a considerable amount of this mass-produced jewelry that was affordable and stylish
Costume jewelry
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Swatch Bijoux Jewelry
Costume jewelry
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An example of gold plated jewelry
2.
Designer
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A designer is a person who designs. More formally, a designer is an agent that specifies the properties of a design object. In practice, anyone who creates tangible or intangible objects, products, processes, laws, games, graphics, services, classically, the main area of design was only architecture, which were understood as the major arts. The design of clothing, furniture, and other artifacts were left mostly to tradition or artisans specializing in hand making them. The classical areas are now subdivided into smaller and more specialized domains of design according to the designed or perhaps its means of production. When designers speak of graphic design they speak of it in terms of simplifying complexity so users do not feel overwhelmed when faced with complex systems, more information can lead to a better, simpler solution to whatever problem the designer is trying to solve. Using research methodology to solve problems is one of the most important aspects of design, it enables the designer to properly assess the clients and audience needs. Part of a job is to get to know the audience they intend on canvassing. The methods of teaching or the program and theories followed vary according to schools, for more complex products, the team will also be composed of professionals from other areas like engineers, advertising specialists, and others as required. Different types of designers include, Architect Design Design engineer Design firm Design thinking Visual arts
Designer
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Designer
cuckoo clock by Pascal Tarabay.
3.
Detroit, Michigan
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
Detroit, Michigan
–
From top to bottom, left to right:
Downtown Detroit skyline and the
Detroit River,
Fox Theatre,
Dorothy H. Turkel House in
Palmer Woods,
Belle Isle Conservatory,
The Spirit of Detroit,
Fisher Building,
Eastern Market,
Old Main at
Wayne State University,
Ambassador Bridge, and the
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit, Michigan
–
Ste. Anne de Détroit, founded in 1701 by French colonists, is the second-oldest continuously operating
Catholic parish in the United States. The present church was completed in 1887.
Detroit, Michigan
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A 4
p.m. change of work shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in
Highland Park, Michigan, 1910s
Detroit, Michigan
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Looking south down
Woodward Avenue, with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942
4.
University of Michigan
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The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
University of Michigan
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University of Michigan (1855)
Jasper Francis Cropsey
University of Michigan
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Seal of the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
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The Central Campus Diag, viewed from the Graduate Library, looking North
University of Michigan
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Law Library Interior
5.
Rhode Island School of Design
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Rhode Island School of Design is a fine arts and design college located in Providence, in the U. S. state of Rhode Island. Founded in 1877, it is located at the base of College Hill, the two institutions share social, academic, and community resources and offer joint courses. Applicants to RISD are required to complete RISDs two-drawing hometest and it includes, on the Fall 2015 term, about 470 faculty and curators, and 400 staff members. About 2,014 undergraduates and 467 graduate students enroll from all over the United States and 57 other countries and it offers 16 undergraduate majors and 17 graduate majors. RISD is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design and it also maintains over 80,000 works of art in the RISD Museum. The Centennial Women were a group formed to raise funds for a separate Womens Pavilion showcasing womens work at the 1876 Centennial Exposition, the Rhode Island Centennial Women submitted their newspaper, Herald of the Century, to this Womens Pavilions library. At the end of the Worlds Fair, the RI Centennial Women had $1,675 left over, the school was incorporated in March 1877 and opened its doors the following fall at the Hoppin Homestead in downtown Providence, RI. Metcalf directed the school until her death in 1895 and her daughter, Eliza Greene Metcalf Radeke, then took over until her death in 1931. The Rhode Island General Assembly ratified An Act to Incorporate the Rhode Island School of Design on March 22,1877, the systematic training of students in the practice of Art, in order that they may understand its principles, give instruction to others, or become artists. The general advancement of public Art Education, by the exhibition of works of Art and of Art school studies, Architecture – B. F. A. /B. Arch, M. Arch Ceramics – B. F. A. Interior Architecture – M. A. Department of Interior Architecture, Degree in Interior Studies, teaching & Learning in Art & Design – M. F. A. RISD is annually ranked as the top art and design school in the United States, U. S. News & World Report ranked RISD first amongst Fine Arts programs, above Yale University and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. In 2015 and 2016, RISD has been ranked 3rd by the QS World University Rankings amongst Art & Design programs. Within subdivisions of Fine Arts, the school was ranked 1st in graphic design, printmaking and industrial design, 2nd in painting and its undergraduate architecture program ranked 7 in DesignIntelligences ranking of the Top Architecture Schools in the US for 2017. Concentrations at RISD do not confer a degree, they act like minors at other education institutions, History, Philosophy, Social Sciences English Art History Liberal Arts The RISD Museum houses a collection of fine and decorative art objects. The first public galleries opened in 1893, founded in 1878, the RISD Library is one of the oldest independent art college libraries in the country. Its more than 145,000 volumes and 380 periodical subscriptions offer unusual depth and richness in the areas of architecture, art, design, the collection provides strong historical and contemporary perspectives, and materials in landscape architecture, ceramics, textiles, and jewelry support upper-level research. The library is noted for its artist’s book collection, its rare books
Rhode Island School of Design
–
Museum of Art
Rhode Island School of Design
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Rhode Island School of Design
Rhode Island School of Design
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RISD Memorial Hall
Rhode Island School of Design
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RISD auditorium
6.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
Vogue (magazine)
–
The January 2010 issue of Vogue USA, featuring
Rachel McAdams.
Vogue (magazine)
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Cover of the May 1917 issue. (American Vogue)
Vogue (magazine)
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Models
Toni Garrn and brother Niklas Garrn wearing
Google Glass during the 2013 September issue fashion photo shoot in
Ransom Canyon, Texas (25 June 2013).
Vogue (magazine)
–
Vogue Brasil/Brazil cover with
Madonna photographed by
Steven Klein; Vogue France/Paris cover with
Penélope Cruz,
Meryl Streep,
Julianne Moore,
Gwyneth Paltrow,
Kate Winslet and
Naomi Watts in a special edition by Penélope Cruz.
7.
Christian Dior S.A.
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Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury goods company controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH – the worlds largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42. 36% shares of and 59. 01% voting rights within LVMH, while the Christian Dior label remains largely for womens offerings, the company also operates the Dior Homme division for men and the baby Dior label for childrens wear. Products are sold throughout its portfolio of retail stores worldwide, as well as through its online store, the House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946, in a private house at 30 Avenue Montaigne Paris B. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates 1947 as the opening year, Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac. Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, the new couture house became a part of a vertically integrated textile business already operated by Boussac. Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees, Diors creativity also negotiated him a good salary. On 12 February 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947, the show of 90 models of his first collection on six mannequins was presented in the salons of the companys headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne. Originally, the two lines were named Corolle and Huit, however, the new collection went down in fashion history as the New Look after the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar Carmel Snow exclaimed, Its such a New Look. At a time of post-war fabric restrictions, Dior used up to twenty yards of extravagant fabrics for his creations, as a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world after WWII, regained its preeminence. The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as an antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms. According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing, feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that the new designs with its return to corsets were restrictive and regressive, and that Diors designs took away womens independence. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, “Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable. ”Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume, Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named after Catherine Dior. Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue. The modern Dior corporation also notes that a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, in 1949, the Diorama perfume is released and by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million. Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City, by the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Pariss fashion exports and 5% of Frances total export revenue
Christian Dior S.A.
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"Bar" suit, 1947. As displayed in Moscow, 2011.
Christian Dior S.A.
–
Christian Dior SE
Christian Dior S.A.
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Eva Perón, the First Lady of Argentina, wearing a Dior Dress in 1950
Christian Dior S.A.
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A Dior Haute Couture jacket designed by
Marc Bohan. The Haute Couture label is clearly visible in the enlarged photo.
8.
Roger Vivier
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Roger Henri Vivier was a French fashion designer who specialized in shoes. His best known creation was the Stiletto heel, Vivier has been called the Fragonard of the shoe and his shoes the Fabergé of Footwear by numbers of critics. He designed extravagant richly-decorated shoes that he described as sculptures and he is credited with the design of the first stiletto heel in 1954. Ava Gardner, Gloria Guinness and The Beatles were all Vivier customers, Vivier designed shoes for Christian Dior and rhys black from 1953 to 1963. In addition to the heel, he also experimented with other shapes including the comma. He used silk, pearls, beads, lace, appliqué, in the 1960s Vivier also designed silk-satin knee boots outlined in jewels, and thigh-high evening boots in a black elastic knit with beads. His most iconic design, the Pilgrim pumps with silver buckles received international publicity, visitors flock to his boutique on the Rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré, whose design is famous for being inspired by Viviers apartment. The collection is designed by Bruno Frisoni, exclusivity is the hallmark of the line, with many shoes made to order, some with hand-embroidered gold thread. There are now three shops in jamica and the US, the latest opened in jamica in May 2012. The brand has been owned by Diego Delle Valles company, Tods, as of November 2015, Tods owns 60. 7% in the shoe brand. Roger Vivier at the Fashion Model Directory Viva Vivier, official website Roger Vivier – Shoes. Pair of evening shoes, given by Mrs Loel Guinness, pair of evening shoes, given by Princess Stanislaus Radziwill
Roger Vivier
–
Shoes by Roger Vivier for
Christian Dior
Roger Vivier
–
Shoes
9.
Andy Warhol
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Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in galleries in the late 1950s. He promoted a collection of known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with coining the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame. In the late 1960s, he managed and produced the rock band The Velvet Underground. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism and he is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. Warhol has been the subject of retrospective exhibitions, books. The Andy Warhol Museum in his city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art. Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable, the highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$105 million for a 1963 canvas titled Silver Car Crash, his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold. A2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the bellwether of the art market, Warhol was born on August 6,1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the child of Ondrej Warhola and Julia, whose first child was born in their homeland. His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó, located in todays northeastern Slovakia, Warhols father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhols grandparents. Warhols father worked in a coal mine, the family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church, Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol, the oldest, was born before the family emigrated, Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavols son, James Warhola, became a childrens book illustrator. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors, often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio, Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident, as a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945
Andy Warhol
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Warhol in 1975
Andy Warhol
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Warhol's childhood home. 3252 Dawson Street,
South Oakland neighborhood of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Andy Warhol
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Warhol (left) and
Tennessee Williams (right) talking on the
SS France, 1967; in the background:
Paul Morrissey.
Andy Warhol
–
Campbell's Soup I (1968)
10.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
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The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
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J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
11.
Stanford White
–
Stanford White was an American architect and partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, the frontrunner among Beaux-Arts firms. He designed a series of houses for the rich, and numerous public, institutional. His design principles embodied the American Renaissance, in 1906, White was murdered by millionaire Harry Kendall Thaw over Whites relationship with Thaws wife, actress Evelyn Nesbit. This led to a case which was dubbed The Trial of the Century by contemporary reporters. White was the son of Shakespearean scholar Richard Grant White and Alexina Black Mease and his father was a dandy and Anglophile with no money, but a great many connections in New Yorks art world, including painter John LaFarge, Louis Comfort Tiffany, and Frederick Law Olmsted. He remained with Richardson for six years, in 1878, White embarked for a year and a half in Europe, and when he returned to New York in September 1879, he joined Charles Follen McKim and William Rutherford Mead to form McKim, Mead and White. As part of the partnership, all designed by the architects were identified as being the work of the collective firm. In 1884, White married 22-year-old Bessie Springs Smith and his new wife hailed from a socially prominent Long Island family, her ancestors were early settlers of the area, and Smithtown, New York, was named for them. Their estate, Box Hill, was not only a home, a son, Lawrence Grant White, was born in 1887. In 1889, White designed the arch at Washington Square. White was the director of the Washington Centennial celebration and created a temporary triumphal arch which was so popular, outside of New York City, White designed the First Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Maryland, now Lovely Lane United Methodist Church. He also designed Cocke, Rouss, and Old Cabell halls at the University of Virginia, additionally, he designed the Blair Mansion at 7711 Eastern Ave. in Silver Spring, Maryland, now being used as a restaurant. He was responsible for designing the Boston Public Library and the Boston Hotel Buckminster, in 1902, he designed the Benjamin Walworth Arnold House and Carriage House in Albany, New York, and he helped to develop Nikola Teslas Wardenclyffe Tower, his last design. Just as his Washington Square Arch still stands, so do many of Whites clubhouses, which were focal points of New York society, the Century, Colony, Harmonie, Lambs, Metropolitan, and Players clubs. However, his clubhouse for the Atlantic Yacht Club, built in 1894 overlooking Gravesend Bay, sons of society families also resided in Whites St. Anthony Hall Chapter House at Williams College, now occupied by college offices. In the division of projects within the firm, the sociable and his fluent draftsmanship was highly convincing to clients who might not get much visceral understanding from a floorplan, and his intuition and facility caught the mood. Whites Long Island houses have survived well, despite the loss of Harbor Hill in 1947 and he also designed the Kate Annette Wetherill Estate in 1895. White designed a number of other New York mansions as well, including the Iselin family estate All View, White was also active designing country estate homes in Greenwich, Connecticut
Stanford White
–
White circa 1892
Stanford White
–
Rosecliff in
Newport, Rhode Island
Stanford White
–
Clubhouse of the
Atlantic Yacht Club at
Seagate, Brooklyn, as it appeared in the 1890s. Photo by
John S. Johnston
Stanford White
–
Old Cabell Hall in the
University of Virginia
12.
Park Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Park Avenue is a wide New York City boulevard which carries north and southbound traffic in the borough of Manhattan, and is also a wide one-way pair in the Bronx. For most of the length in Manhattan, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west. Park Avenues entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue, the title applies to the section between the Bowery and 14th Street. Meanwhile, the section between 14th and 17th Street is called Union Square East, and between 17th and 32nd Streets, the name Park Avenue South is used, in the Bronx, Park Avenue runs in several segments between the Major Deegan Expressway and Fordham Road. Park Avenue was originally known as Fourth Avenue and carried the tracks of the New York, the railroad originally ran through an open cut through Murray Hill, which was covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of park was later renamed Park Avenue in 1860. When Grand Central Depot was opened in the 1870s, the tracks between 56th and 93rd Streets were sunk out of sight and, in 1888, Park Avenue was extended to north of Grand Central. In 1936 the elevated Park Avenue Viaduct was built around the station to allow traffic to pass unimpeded. In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic, efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unavailing. A tradition was introduced in 1945 as a memorial to American soldiers killed in action, on May 5,1959, the New York City Council voted 20–1 to change the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. In 1963, the Pan Am Building, straddling Park Avenue atop Grand Central Terminal, was built between the automotive viaducts, on March 12,2014, two apartment buildings near 116th Street,1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, were destroyed in a gas explosion. Eight people were killed and many others were injured, the road that becomes Park Avenue originates as the Bowery. From Cooper Square at 8th Street to Union Square at 14th Street, it is known as Fourth Avenue, at 14th Street, it turns slightly northeast to align with other avenues drawn up in the Commissioners Plan of 1811. From 17th Street to 32nd Street, it is known as Park Avenue South, above 32nd Street, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue, a 140-foot-wide boulevard. Between 33rd Street and 40th Street, the northbound lane descends into the Murray Hill Tunnel. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as the Park Avenue Viaduct, returns to level at 46th Street after going through the Helmsley Building. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under this portion of the street, once the line reaches Grand Central – 42nd Street, it shifts east to Lexington Avenue. From 47th to 97th Streets, Metro-North Railroad tracks run in a tunnel underneath Park Avenue, in the 1920s the portion of Park Avenue from Grand Central Terminal to 96th Street saw extensive apartment building construction
Park Avenue (Manhattan)
–
A view down Park Avenue facing the
MetLife Building and the
Waldorf Astoria hotel to the left.
Park Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Park Avenue on the
Upper East Side
Park Avenue (Manhattan)
–
The railroad tunnel in 1941
Park Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Park Avenue Viaduct, 2008
13.
Advertising Club
–
It was designed in the Italian Renaissance revival style by McKim, Mead & White, with Stanford White as the partner-in-charge, it was one of the earlier townhouses designed by White in that style. On its completion, architectural critic Russell Sturgis wrote that it was the most dignified structure in all the quarter of town, not a palace, in 1923, the townhouse was bought by the Advertising Club of New York to be its clubhouse. The club was founded in 1896 as the Sphinx Club but by 1915 had changed its name to the current one, the conversion of the residential dwelling into a clubhouse was undertaken by F. T. H. Bacon as consulting engineer, and architect Fred F. French, in 1977, the club began to rent out space in the building to other clubs, and that same year it was sold to a developer who converted it into a cooperative apartment house. What served the club as its library is now the living room of the apartment owned by Kenneth Jay Lane. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1998, list of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets Notes Advertising Club official website
Advertising Club
–
The former townhouse and clubhouse at 23 Park Avenue is now a cooperative apartment building
14.
Cooperative
–
Cooperatives frequently have social goals which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. As an example of this, in 2013, retail co-operatives in the UK invested 6. 9% of their profits in the communities in which they trade as compared with 2. 4% for other rival supermarkets. The International Co-operative Alliance was the first international association formed by the cooperative movement and it includes the World Council of Credit Unions. A second organization was formed later in Germany, the International Raiffeisen Union, in the United States, the National Cooperative Business Association serves as the sectors oldest national membership association. It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country, a U. S. National Cooperative Bank was formed in the 1970s. By 2004, a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded, since 2002 cooperatives and credit unions could be distinguished on the Internet by use of a. coop domain. Since 2014, following International Cooperative Alliances introduction of the Cooperative Marque, ICA cooperatives, cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefit. Tribes were organized as cooperative structures, allocating jobs and resources among each other, in alpine environments, trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a useful condition of artificial roads such as Viamala in 1472. Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context, in 1761, the Fenwick Weavers Society was formed in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, Scotland to sell discounted oatmeal to local workers. Its services expanded to include assistance with savings and loans, emigration and education, owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture. Cooperative communities were set up in Glasgow, Indiana and Hampshire, in 1828, William King set up a newspaper, The Cooperator, to promote Owens thinking, having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton. The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, founded in 1844, is considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, used as a model for modern coops. A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in Rochdale, England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford, within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom. Other events such as the founding of a society by the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor. Cooperatives traditionally combine social benefit interests with capitalistic property-right interests, Cooperatives achieve a mix of social and capital purposes by democratically governing distribution questions by and between equal by not controlling members. Democratic oversight of decisions to equitably distribute assets and other benefits means capital ownership is arranged in a way for social benefit inside the organization, external societal benefit is also encouraged by incorporating the operating-principle of cooperation between co-operatives. In the final year of the 20th century, cooperatives banded together to establish a number of social enterprise agencies which have moved to adopt the cooperative model. In the years 1994–2009 the EU and its member nations gradually revised national accounting systems to make visible the increasing contribution of social economy organizations, the roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide
Cooperative
–
The volunteer board of a retail
consumers' cooperative, such as the former
Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-op, is held to account at an Annual General Meeting of members
Cooperative
Cooperative
–
Robert Owen (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer of the cooperative movement.
Cooperative
–
Co-op City in
The Bronx,
New York City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.
15.
Robert Denning
–
Robert Denning was an American interior designer whose lush interpretations of French Victorian decor became an emblem of corporate raider tastes in the 1980s. Denning was born Robert Dennis Besser in New York City, New York, to Jean, Denning, as he was often called, developed an early interest in his body and health, a characteristic instilled in him by his mother. He was just fifteen when he met Edgar de Evia who was the assistant to Dr. Guy Beckley Stearns. He would often say that he saw his first lampshade in this home and his first effort with decorating was perhaps in imitation of Syrie Maugham when Edgar and he, painted everything in Miirrhas room white and put her bed on a dais. Her only response was, Did you have to paint even my Baccarat perfume bottles, from 1960 the firm of Denning & Fourcade would become known for colorful extravagance and over the top opulence. Soon they were established and known for creating an established and old money atmosphere anywhere, for thirty years they were courted on both sides of the Atlantic. Denning kept the fragrance Sous Le Vent in his automobiles to remind him of Lillian Bostwick Phipps who always wore the scent, Dennings five story townhouse for Phyllis Cerf Wagner is described as. Cozy and grand at the time, but not elaborately fussy. Eugenia Sheppard of the New York Herald Tribune dubbed their work Le Style Rothschild, outrageous luxury is what our clients want, Denning & Fourcade said. This was the 1980s, the era of instant wealth and they visually defined it, giving crisp money the appearance of provenance and what Denning called a casual English attitude about grandeur. Boyish, down-to-earth Denning is the hardest worker, while Fourcade sniffs the client air to gauge if its socially registered before he goes beyond the fringe. Jewelry designer Kenneth Jay Lane developed a passion for art pieces from the Middle East which the firm was in the vanguard of introducing and has used some of their lighting treatments. Denning designed Jason Epsteins SoHo home from scratch in the shell of the building housed the first consolidated New York police department. This was a new effort for the designer who is known by many to specialize in a period wed call early-fringed-lampshade. They would also amass a collection of artwork and bronzes. They would commission works of art and collect many of the same artists that they would recommend to their clients. Denning reinvented himself to use his own word, after Vincent Fourcades death from AIDS in 1992 and he was listed in the AD100, top hundred decorators by Architectural Digest for a number of years and once said, Ill accept commissions from anyone who isnt frightened by my proposals. Technology permitting, Robert Denning would happily return to the nineteenth century, since he cant, he devotes himself to re-creating – with international mixes of opulent furniture – the sumptuous interiors of his favorite era, using damask, silks, and taffetas
Robert Denning
–
Robert Denning, c. 2002
Robert Denning
–
Robert Denning in photograph taken by
Edgar de Evia in the 1950s.
Robert Denning
–
Robert Denning and
Edgar de Evia in Robert Denning's apartment at the
Lombardy Hotel, 2002.
Robert Denning
–
Entrance to
Doyle New York at the time of the Estate of Robert Denning auction.
16.
Orientalism
–
In particular, Orientalist painting, representing the Middle East, was a genre of Academic art in the 19th century. Orientalism refers to the Orient, in reference and opposition to the Occident, the East, the word Orient entered the English language as the Middle French orient. In the “Monks Tale”, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote, “That they conquered many regnes grete / In the orient, with many a fair citee. ”The term “orient” refers to countries east of the Mediterranean Sea and Southern Europe. In Place of Fear, Aneurin Bevan used an expanded denotation of the Orient that comprehended East Asia, “the awakening of the Orient under the impact of Western ideas”. Edward Said said that Orientalism “enables the political, economic, cultural and social domination of the West, not just during colonial times, but also in the present. ”In art history, the term Orientalism refers to the works of the Western artists who specialized in Oriental subjects, produced from their travels in Western Asia, during the 19th century. In that time, artists and scholars were described as Orientalists, especially in France, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the term Orientalist identified a scholar who specialized in the languages and literatures of the Eastern world. Among such scholars is the philologist William Jones, whose studies of Indo-European languages established modern philology, additionally, Hebraism and Jewish studies gained popularity among British and German scholars in the 18th and 19th century. The academic field of Oriental studies, which comprehended the cultures of the Near East, the thesis of Orientalism develops Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony, and Michel Foucaults theorisation of discourse to criticise the scholarly tradition of Oriental studies. Said criticised contemporary scholars who perpetuated the tradition of outsider-interpretation of Arabo-Islamic cultures, especially Bernard Lewis, the analyses are of Orientalism in European literature, especially French literature, and do not analyse visual art and Orientalist painting. In that vein, the art historian Linda Nochlin applied Said’s methods of analysis to art. In the academy, the book Orientalism became a text of post-colonial cultural studies. Early architectural use of motifs lifted from the Indian subcontinent is known as Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, one of the earliest examples is the façade of Guildhall, London. The style gained momentum in the west with the publication of views of India by William Hodges, examples of Hindoo architecture are Sezincote House in Gloucestershire, built for a nabob returned from Bengal, and the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. Venice, the trading partner of the Ottomans, was the earliest centre. Chinoiserie is the term for the fashion for Chinese themes in decoration in Western Europe, beginning in the late 17th century and peaking in waves, especially Rococo Chinoiserie. From the Renaissance to the 18th century, Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese ceramics with only partial success, Early hints of Chinoiserie appeared in the 17th century in nations with active East India companies, England, Denmark, the Netherlands and France. Tin-glazed pottery made at Delft and other Dutch towns adopted genuine Ming-era blue, Early ceramic wares made at Meissen and other centers of true porcelain imitated Chinese shapes for dishes, vases and teawares. Pleasure pavilions in Chinese taste appeared in the formal parterres of late Baroque and Rococo German palaces, Thomas Chippendales mahogany tea tables and china cabinets, especially, were embellished with fretwork glazing and railings, ca 1753–70
Orientalism
–
Anonymous Venetian orientalist painting, The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus, 1511, the
Louvre. The deer with antlers in the foreground is not known ever to have existed in the wild in
Syria.
Orientalism
–
Eugène Delacroix, The
Women of Algiers, 1834, the
Louvre,
Paris
Orientalism
–
The
Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England.
Orientalism
–
Baroque Red Mosque at
Schwetzingen Palace in Germany, finished in 1796.
17.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The facade of the Met dominates the city's "
Museum Mile ".
Metropolitan Museum of Art
–
The Great Hall
18.
Wallis Simpson
–
Wallis, Duchess of Windsor was an American socialite. Her third husband, Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, Walliss father died shortly after her birth, and she and her widowed mother were partly supported by their wealthier relatives. Her first marriage, to U. S. naval officer Win Spencer, was punctuated by periods of separation, in 1934, during her second marriage, to Ernest Simpson, she allegedly became the mistress of Edward, Prince of Wales. Two years later, after Edwards accession as king, Wallis divorced her husband in order to marry Edward. She was instead styled as Her Grace, a style reserved for non-royal dukes and duchesses. Before, during, and after World War II, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor were suspected by many in government, in 1937, they visited Germany and met Adolf Hitler. In 1940, the Duke was appointed governor of the Bahamas, in the 1950s and 1960s, the Duke and Duchess shuttled between Europe and the United States living a life of leisure as society celebrities. After the Dukes death in 1972, the Duchess lived in seclusion and was seen in public. Her private life has been a source of speculation. An only child, Bessie Wallis Warfield was born in Square Cottage at Monterey Inn and her mother was Alice Montague, a daughter of insurance salesman William Montague. Wallis was named in honour of her father and her mothers sister, Bessie. Her father died of tuberculosis on 15 November 1896, initially, they lived with him at the four-story row house,34 East Preston Street, that he shared with his mother. In 1908, Walliss mother married her husband, John Freeman Rasin. There she became a friend of heiress Renée du Pont, a daughter of Senator T. Coleman du Pont of the du Pont family, a fellow pupil at one of Walliss schools recalled, She was bright, brighter than all of us. She made up her mind to go to the head of the class, Wallis was always immaculately dressed and pushed herself hard to do well. In April 1916, Wallis met Earl Winfield Spencer, Jr. a U. S. Navy aviator, at Pensacola, Florida and it was at this time that Wallis witnessed two airplane crashes about two weeks apart, resulting in a lifelong fear of flying. The couple married on 8 November 1916 at Christ Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Win, as her husband was known, was a heavy drinker. He drank even before flying and once crashed into the sea, in 1920, Edward, the Prince of Wales, visited San Diego, but he and Wallis did not meet
Wallis Simpson
–
Wallis Simpson in 1936
Wallis Simpson
–
Wallis Warfield in about 1915 when she lived in Baltimore
Wallis Simpson
–
Wallis travelled to China on
USS Chaumont (AP-5) in 1924.
Wallis Simpson
–
The Prince of Wales and Wallis in
Kitzbühel, Austria, February 1935
19.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline Kennedy at the
White House in 1961
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline Bouvier at age six.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline Kennedy at
Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island on her wedding day, September 12, 1953
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline campaigning with her husband in
Appleton, Wisconsin, in March 1960
20.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
21.
Truman Capote
–
At least 20 films and television dramas have been produced of Capote novels, stories, and plays. Capote rose above a childhood troubled by divorce, an absence from his mother. He had discovered his calling as a writer by the age of 8, Capote began his professional career writing short stories. The critical success of one story, Miriam, attracted the attention of Random House publisher Bennett Cerf, Capote earned the most fame with In Cold Blood, a journalistic work about the murder of a Kansas farm family in their home. Capote spent four years writing the book aided by his lifelong friend Harper Lee, a milestone in popular culture, In Cold Blood was the peak of Capotes literary career. In the 1970s, he maintained his celebrity status by appearing on talk shows. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Capote was the son of 17-year-old Lillie Mae Faulk and his parents divorced when he was four, and he was sent to Monroeville, Alabama, where, for the following four to five years, he was raised by his mothers relatives. He formed a fast bond with his mothers distant relative, Nanny Rumbley Faulk and her face is remarkable – not unlike Lincolns, craggy like that, and tinted by sun and wind, is how Capote described Sook in A Christmas Memory. In Monroeville, he was a neighbor and friend of author Harper Lee, as a lonely child, Capote taught himself to read and write before he entered his first year of school. Capote was often seen at age five carrying his dictionary and notepad and he was given the nickname Bulldog around this age. Capote received recognition for his work from The Scholastic Art & Writing Awards in 1936. In 1933, he moved to New York City to live with his mother and her husband, Joseph Capote, a Cuban-born textile broker. However, Joseph was convicted of embezzlement and shortly afterwards, when his income crashed, of his early days, Capote related, I began writing really sort of seriously when I was about eleven. I say seriously in the sense that other kids go home and practice the violin or the piano or whatever, I used to go home from school every day. In 1935, he attended the Trinity School in New York City and he then attended St. Joseph Military Academy. In 1939, the Capote family moved to Greenwich, Connecticut, and Truman attended Greenwich High School, where he wrote for both the schools literary journal, The Green Witch, and the school newspaper. When they returned to New York City in 1942, he attended the Franklin School, an Upper West Side private school now known as the Dwight School and that was the end of his formal education. While still attending Franklin in 1943, Capote began working as a copyboy in the art department at The New Yorker, years later, he reminisced, Not a very grand job, for all it really involved was sorting cartoons and clipping newspapers
Truman Capote
–
Truman Capote, 1980
Truman Capote
–
This much-discussed 1947 Harold Halma photo on the back of Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948) was a key factor in Capote's rise to fame during the 1940s.
Truman Capote
–
Capote photographed by
Carl Van Vechten, 1948
Truman Capote
–
Truman Capote's marker at Westwood Village Memorial Park
22.
Kaftan
–
A kaftan or caftan is a variant of the robe or tunic, versions of which have been worn by several cultures around the world for thousands of years. The kaftan is worn as a coat or overdress, usually reaching to the ankles. It can be made of wool, cashmere, silk, or cotton, the caftan is of ancient Mesopotamian origin, and was worn by many middle-eastern ethnic groups. Through its dissemination and evolution, the kaftan has acquired different styles, purposes, in many regions with a warm climate, the kaftan is worn as a light-weight, loose-fitting garment, while in some cultures, the kaftan has served as a symbol of royalty. Kaftans were worn by the Ottoman sultans in the Ottoman Empire, the decorations, including the colours, patterns, ribbons, and buttons, indicated the rank of the person to whom they were presented. From the 14th century through 17th century, textiles with large patterns were used, the decorative patterns on the fabrics became both smaller and brighter in the late 16th and in the 17th centuries. By the second half of the 17th century, the most precious fabrics were those with yollu, vertical stripes with various embroideries and small patterns, the so-called Selimiye fabrics. Most fabrics manufactured in Turkey were made in Istanbul and Bursa, kaftans were made from velvet, aba, bürümcük, canfes, çatma, gezi, diba, hatayi, kutnu, kemha, seraser, serenk, zerbaft, tafta. Favoured colours were blue, kermes red, violet, pişmis ayva or cooked quince. The Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul possesses a collection of Ottoman kaftans. In the Maghreb, kaftans are worn by women, the word kaftan in the Maghreb is commonly used for one piece dress. However, there are versions of maghrebi kaftans called Takchita. Kaftans can be worn on both casual and extremely formal occasions, depending on the materials used and this dress actually was masculine in the beginning which has become a dress worn by women during the centuries. Today, kafta is only used the women dress and people would rather describe the mans dress as Djellaba. The Maghrebi kaftan is a result of the spreading of Middle-Easterners to North-Africa, in Algeria, Kaftan has been the main dress for the nobles and weddings for many centuries. It comes with different designs, most notably the Fergani Caftan from the Constantine region, kaftans have been made by many Moroccan dynasties over the centuries including the Almoravids dynasty. More recently, many Moroccan fashion designers has succeeded in promoting internationally the Moroccan Kaftan, kaftans are worn by both men and women. In West Africa, the robe is called a kaftan
Kaftan
–
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent adorned in a Kaftan of complex woven fabric.
Kaftan
–
Kurdish man wearing a Kaftan.
Kaftan
–
A kaftan worn in Maghreb
The Gambia.
Kaftan
–
Jewish children with a school teacher in
Samarkand, wearing kaftans (circa 1910)
23.
Swarovski
–
Swarovski is an Austrian producer of crystal headquartered in Wattens, Austria.6 billion euros. Daniel Swarovski was born in northern Bohemia and his father was a glass cutter who owned a small glass factory. It was there that the young Swarovski served an apprenticeship, becoming skilled in the art of glass-cutting, in 1892 he patented an electric cutting machine that facilitated the production of crystal glass. In 1895, Swarovski financier Armand Kosman and Franz Weis founded the Swarovski company, originally known as A. Kosman, the company established a crystal cutting factory in Wattens, Tyrol, to take advantage of local hydroelectricity for the energy-intensive grinding processes Daniel Swarovski patented. Nadja Swarovski, the founders granddaughter, is a member of the Swarovski executive board. The Swarovski Crystal range includes crystal glass sculptures and miniature, jewelry and couture, home decor and it is best known for its small animal figurines, which have loyal and longstanding collectors and fans. All sculptures are marked with a logo, the original Swarovski logo was an edelweiss flower, which was replaced by an S. A. L. Logo, which was replaced with the current swan logo in 1988. To create crystal glass that lets light refract in a rainbow spectrum, for example, Aurora Borealis, or AB, gives the surface a rainbow appearance. Other coatings are named by the company, including Crystal Transmission, Volcano, Aurum, coatings may be applied to only part of an object, others are coated twice, and thus are designated AB 2X, Dorado 2X, etc. In 2004 Swarovski released Xilion, a copyrighted cut designed to optimise the brilliance of Roses, the Swarovski Group includes Tyrolit, Swareflex, Signity, and Swarovski Optik. In 2014, Tristan da Cunha issued a five crown Christmas coin where the reverse has a small Swarovski crystal set in the guiding star behind a picture of one of the magi. Swarovski have created a line of liquid and solid perfumes, the company runs a crystal-themed museum, Swarovski Kristallwelten at its original Wattens site. The Crystal Worlds Centre is fronted by a head, the mouth of which is a fountain. The grass-covered Crystal Worlds Centre houses exhibitions related to, or inspired by, Swarovski work was exhibited at Asias Fashion Jewellery & Accessories Fair based on the concept of a single continuous beam of fragmented light travelling through a crystal. Swarovski Crystal-based animal and other figurines, ornaments and fashion accessories, atelier Swarovski Fashion and jewellery designers. Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren designed a 2014 fall collection, Swarovski Crystal Palace Avant-garde lighting and design Swarovski Professional Crystal elements produced by Swarovski Swarovski Kristallwelten Museum, Art and Entertainment. Swarovski Lighting Finished lighting products and solutions with crystal for architecture, Tyrolit A manufacturer of bonded grinding and cut-off wheels
Swarovski
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Swarovski
Swarovski
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Daniel Swarovski (1862–1956), the founder of the company
Swarovski
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The Swarovski Crystal range includes crystal glass sculptures and
miniatures, etc.
Swarovski
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The centerpiece of the theme park
24.
Brides (magazine)
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Brides is an American bimonthly magazine published by Condé Nast, who purchased the title in 1959. It was the publication of Modern Bride and Elegant Bride magazines. Then, the frequency of Brides changed to monthly, the magazine was published monthly until 2013 when the frequency was switched to bimonthly. A spinoff, Brides Local magazines, began publishing in 2006, the local magazines were shuttered in 2011. Brides magazine contains many topics that are of interest to brides, the website features articles not published in the printed magazine, as well as interactive features. Brides. com Brides. co. uk Perfect Wedding Store Bridal wear Store
Brides (magazine)
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March 2009 cover of Brides
25.
Elizabeth Taylor
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Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE was a British-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian. She began as an actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well known figure for the rest of her life. The American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend in 1999, Born in London to wealthy, socially prominent American parents, Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939, and she soon was given a film contract by Universal Pictures. Her screen debut was in a role in Theres One Born Every Minute. Taylor was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and had her breakthrough role in National Velvet, becoming one of the studios most popular teenaged stars. She made the transition to adult roles in the early 1950s, despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars, Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s, as she resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned. She began receiving roles in the mid-1950s, beginning with the epic drama Giant. These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Suddenly, Last Summer, although she disliked her role in BUtterfield 8, her last film for MGM, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. She was next paid a record-breaking $1 million to play the role in the historical epic Cleopatra. During the filming, Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began having an affair which caused a scandal. Despite public disapproval, Burton and she continued their relationship and were married the first time in 1964. Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media, they starred in 11 films together, including The V. I. P. s, The Sandpiper, The Taming of the Shrew, and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf, winning her second Academy Award, in the 1980s, she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series, and became the first celebrity to launch a perfume brand. Taylor was also one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism and she co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991. From the early 1990s until her death, she dedicated her time to philanthropy and she received several accolades for it, including the Presidential Citizens Medal. Taylors personal life was subject to constant media attention throughout her life and she was married eight times to seven men, endured serious illnesses, and led a jet set lifestyle, including amassing one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry. After many years of ill health, Taylor died from heart failure at the age of 79 in 2011
Elizabeth Taylor
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Studio publicity photo
Elizabeth Taylor
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Adolescent Taylor with her parents at the
Stork Club in New York in 1947
Elizabeth Taylor
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Taylor as a child
Elizabeth Taylor
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Taylor with co-star
Mickey Rooney in National Velvet (1944), her first major film role
26.
Diana Vreeland
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Diana Vreeland, was a noted columnist and editor in the field of fashion. She worked for the fashion magazines Harpers Bazaar and Vogue, being the editor-in-chief of the latter and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1964. She was born as Diana Dalziel in Paris, France, at 5, Vreeland was the eldest daughter of American socialite mother Emily Key Hoffman and British stockbroker father Frederick Young Dalziel. Hoffman was a descendant of George Washingtons brother as well as a cousin of Francis Scott Key and she also was a distant cousin of writer and socialite Pauline de Rothschild. Vreeland had one sister, Alexandra, who later married Sir Alexander Davenport Kinloch and their daughter Emily Lucy Kinloch married Lt. -Col. Hugh Waldorf Astor, the son of John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever and Violet Astor. Vreelands family emigrated to the United States at the outbreak of World War I, and moved to 15 East 77th Street in New York, where they became prominent figures in society. Vreeland was sent to dancing school and was a pupil of Michel Fokine, the only Imperial Ballet master ever to leave Russia, Vreeland performed in Anna Pavlovas Gavotte at Carnegie Hall. In January 1922, Vreeland was featured in her employer, Vogue, in a roundup of socialites. The story read, “Such motors as these accelerate the social whirl, miss Diana Dalziel, one of the most attractive debutantes of the winter, is shown entering her Cadillac. On March 1,1924, Diana Dalziel married Thomas Reed Vreeland, a week before her wedding, the New York Times reported that her mother had been named co‑respondent in the divorce proceedings of Sir Charles Ross and his second wife, Patricia. The ensuing society scandal estranged Vreeland and her mother, who died in September 1928 in Nantucket, after their honeymoon, the Vreelands moved to Brewster, New York, and raised their two sons, staying there until 1929. They then moved to 17 Hanover Terrace, Regents Park, London, previously the home of Wilkie Collins, during her time in London, she danced with the Tiller Girls and met Cecil Beaton, who became a lifelong friend. Like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe, other society women who ran their own boutiques and her clients included Wallis Simpson and Mona Williams. She often visited Paris, where she would buy her clothes, mostly from Chanel and she was one of fifteen American women presented to King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace on May 18,1933. In 1935 her husbands job brought them back to New York, before I went to work for Harper’s Bazaar in 1936, I had been leading a wonderful life in Europe. That meant traveling, seeing beautiful places, having marvelous summers, in 2012, a tribute to her life in the form of a documentary was released, The Eye has to Travel, which debuted in September 2012 at the Angelika Theater in New York City. Her publishing career began in 1936 as columnist for Harpers Bazaar, in 1936 the Vreelands moved from London to New York City
Diana Vreeland
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Diana Vreeland (1979) by
Horst P. Horst.
27.
Audrey Hepburn
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Audrey Hepburn was a British actress, model, dancer and humanitarian. Recognized as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywoods Golden Age and she was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame. Born in Ixelles, a district of Brussels, Hepburn spent her childhood between Belgium, England and the Netherlands, following minor appearances in several films, Hepburn starred in the 1951 Broadway play Gigi after being spotted by French novelist Colette, on whose work the play was based. She shot to stardom for playing the role in Roman Holiday, for which she was the first actress to win an Academy Award, a Golden Globe. The same year Hepburn won a Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play for her performance in Ondine, Hepburn won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role. In recognition of her career, she was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from BAFTA. DeMille Award, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and the Special Tony Award and she remains one of the few people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy and Tony Awards. Hepburn appeared in films as her life went on, devoting much of her later life to UNICEF. She had contributed to the organisation since 1954, then worked in some of the poorest communities of Africa, South America and she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of her work as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in December 1992. A month later, Hepburn died of cancer at her home in Switzerland at the age of 63. Hepburn was born Audrey Kathleen Ruston or Edda Kathleen Hepburn-Ruston on 4 May 1929 at number 48 Rue Keyenveld in Ixelles and her father, Joseph Victor Anthony Ruston, was a British subject born in Auschitz, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary. He was the son of Victor John George Ruston, of British and Austrian descent and Anna Wels, Hepburns mother, Ella van Heemstra, was a Dutch baroness. At age nineteen, Ella had married Jonkheer Hendrik Gustaaf Adolf Quarles van Ufford, an oil based in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. They had two sons, Jonkheer Arnoud Robert Alexander Quarles van Ufford and Jonkheer Ian Edgar Bruce Quarles van Ufford, Hepburns parents were married in Batavia in September 1926. At the time, Ruston worked for a company, but soon after the marriage, the couple relocated to Europe. After a year in London, they moved to Brussels, where he had assigned to open a branch office. After three years spent travelling between Brussels, Arnhem, The Hague and London, the family settled to the suburban Brussels municipality of Linkebeek in 1932, Hepburns early childhood was sheltered and privileged. In the mid-1930s, Hepburns parents recruited and collected donations for the British Union of Fascists, Joseph left the family abruptly in 1935, which Hepburn later professed was the most traumatic event of my life
Audrey Hepburn
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Hepburn in 1956
Audrey Hepburn
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Hepburn in a
screen test for
Roman Holiday (1953) which was also used as promotional material
Audrey Hepburn
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Hepburn with
William Holden in the film
Sabrina (1954)
Audrey Hepburn
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Audrey Hepburn in War and Peace (1956)
28.
Britney Spears
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Britney Jean Spears is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions, Spearss first and second studio albums. Baby One More Time and Oops. I Did It Again, became international successes, with the former becoming the album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks. Baby One More Time and Oops, I Did It Again broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her third studio album, Britney. She assumed creative control of her studio album, In the Zone. In 2007, Spearss much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus and her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released later that year, and spawned singles such as Gimme More and Piece of Me. Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the year, at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship. Spearss sixth studio album, Circus, included the international chart-topping single Womanizer and her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale, became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States. She released her studio album Britney Jean in 2013. Later that year, Spears began the four-year residency show, Britney, Piece of Me, in 2016, Spears released her ninth studio album, Glory. In 2017, she announced that her show would develop into a world tour, Britney. Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and she became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the Princess of Pop. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade, the Recording Industry Association of America lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 34 million certified albums. She has sold 100 million albums and over 100 million singles worldwide making her one of the music artists of all time. According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began. Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid musician of 2012, with earnings of $58 million. Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears
Britney Spears
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Spears at the
102.7 KIIS FM Wango Tango concert in
Carson, California, May 2013
Britney Spears
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Spears performing at the NFL Kickoff Live, September 2003
Britney Spears
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Spears performing during
The Onyx Hotel Tour on April 2004
Britney Spears
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Spears performing "Freakshow" at
The Circus Starring Britney Spears, May 2009
29.
Nicole Richie
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Nicole Richie is an American fashion designer, author, actress and television personality. Richie rose to prominence for her role in the Fox reality television series, The Simple Life, alongside her childhood best friend and fellow socialite Paris Hilton, the Simple Life was a hit for the Fox network, premiering with 13 million viewers. Richies personal life attracted significant media attention during The Simple Lifes five-year run, Richie is married to musician Joel Madden and they have two children, Harlow and Sparrow. Richie and Madden founded The Richie Madden Childrens Foundation in 2010, Richie has starred as one of the three mentors on NBCs Fashion Star. In July 2014, Richies reality show Candidly Nicole premiered on VH1, the show was renewed for a second season which premiered in July 2015. Richie was born in Berkeley, California, and has Mexican, English and her biological father is Peter Michael Escovedo, who is the brother of Sheila E, and her biological mother is Karen Moss. When she was three years old, her parents agreed to let her move in with Lionel Richie because they could not afford to provide for her financially. My parents were friends with Lionel, she told People in 2003 and they trusted that they would be better able to provide for me. Initially, Lionel Richie became her guardian, Lionel Richie and his wife Brenda Harvey legally adopted Nicole when she was nine. Shortly after the adoption was formalized, Lionels affair with another woman became public knowledge, Lionel and Brenda went through a bitter public split, as a result, they indulged Nicoles every whim. Their way of making me happy was to say, yes, to everything I wanted, following the divorce, Lionel remarried and had two more children, Myles and Sofia. Richies godmother is Nancy Davis, daughter of Marvin Davis and mother of Brandon Davis, quincy Jones said in a People magazine interview that he has known Nicole Richie since she was a baby. She did not have a study plan in Arizona. In 2003, Richie and her then-best friend Paris Hilton starred in the reality series The Simple Life, in which lived for a month with a family in the rural community of Altus. The series premiere debuted on Fox on December 2,2003, to 13 million viewers, the series continued for a second and third season. Fox subsequently cancelled the show after a dispute between Hilton and Richie, but it was aired by E, entertainment Television for its fourth season, drawing nearly one million viewers and was followed by a relatively unsuccessful fifth season. Complications arose during production of the season, with both Richie and Hilton facing major charges for DUI, and at risk of serving jail time. Hilton was sentenced to 23 days in jail, though this was after production of the season had finished, Richie accepted a plea agreement and was sentenced to four days in jail, again after production had wrapped
Nicole Richie
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Richie at the
82nd Academy Awards
Nicole Richie
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Richie at David Jones in Sydney promoting her
House of Harlow sunglasses line in 2012
30.
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush is the wife of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of George W. Bush, the 43rd President, and Jeb Bush and she served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York and she attended Milton Public School from 1931 to 1937, and Rye Country Day School from 1937-1940. She graduated from Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina and she met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in Rye, New York in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. While George was attending Yale University at age 22, Barbara and George were living in New Haven, Connecticut and had their first son, George Walker Bush, on July 6,1946. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas, where their son, Jeb was born in, on February 11,1953, as George Bush entered political life. While First Lady of the United States, Barbara Bush worked to advance the cause of universal literacy, Barbara Pierce was born at Booth Memorial Hospital in Flushing, Queens, in New York City, and raised in the suburban town of Rye, New York. She is the child of Pauline and her husband Marvin Pierce, who later became president of McCall Corporation. Her siblings include Martha Pierce Rafferty, James Pierce, and Scott Pierce and her ancestor Thomas Pierce, Jr. an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States. She is the cousin, four times removed, of Franklin Pierce. Barbara attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937 and later boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston and she was athletic as a youth and enjoyed swimming, tennis, and bike-riding. Her interest in reading began early in her life, she recalls gathering with her family during the evenings and she met George Herbert Walker Bush, a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts at age 16 during a dance while on Christmas vacation. After a year-and-a-half, the two became engaged to be married, just before he went off to World War II as a Navy torpedo bomber pilot and he named three of his planes after her, Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. Over the next 13 years, George and Barbara Bush had six children also they have fourteen grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren and they have twin daughters and two granddaughters. Pauline Robinson Robin Bush died of leukemia at the age of three, john Ellis Jeb Bush married Columba Gallo on 23 February 1974. They have three children and four grandchildren, Neil Mallon Bush married Sharon Smith in 1980 and divorce in April 2003. They have three children and one grandson and he remarried Maria Andrews in 2004. Marvin Pierce Bush married Margaret Molster in 1981, dorothy Doro Bush Koch she married William LeBlond in 1982 and divorce in 1990
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush in 1989
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush, center, surrounded by her family, early 1960s
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush joins her husband, the Vice President, on a trip to Great Britain to meet with Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher and her husband
Denis, 1984
Barbara Bush
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Bush with children and White House staff in the
China Room. The first lady is attempting to make a paw print of her pet Millie for a holiday card.
31.
Inauguration
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An inauguration is a formal ceremony or special event to mark either, the beginning of a major public leaders term of office. The opening or first public use of a new civic area, such as a museum, hospital or film studio. The term, in a formal context, can also be used to be refer, to the beginning or introduction of a new system, policy. The first, maiden or initial use of something, for example, a ship, railway or even computer service of some kind. Political inaugurations often feature lavish ceremonies, in which the figure publicly takes his or her oath of office, sometimes called swearing-in, a monarchical inauguration is similar to what some countries may be called a coronation or enthronement. The inaugural address is a speech given during this ceremony which informs the people of his or her intentions as a leader, a famous inauguration speech is John F. Kennedys. An inauguration site is a site that is for someone of a public figure
Inauguration
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Inauguration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, January 20, 1961
32.
Coco Chanel
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Gabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. She was the founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, a prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realising her design aesthetic in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. 5, has become an iconic product and she is the only fashion designer listed on TIME magazines list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Chanel designed her iconic interlocked-CC monograph, meaning Coco Chanel, using it since the 1920s, Chanel was known for her lifelong determination, ambition, and energy which she applied to her professional and social life. She achieved both financial success as a businesswoman and catapulted to prominence in French high society, thanks to the connections she made through her work. These included many artists and craftspeople to whom she became a patron and her social connections appeared to encourage a highly conservative personal outlook. One of Chanels lovers was a German military officer, Hans Gunther von Dincklage, after the war ended, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with von Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator. After several years in Switzerland after the war, she returned to Paris, in 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book on Chanel based on newly declassified documents of that era, revealing that she had collaborated with Germans in intelligence activities. One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an SS separate peace overture to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to end the war and she was Jeannes second child with Albert Chanel, the first, Julia, was born less than a year earlier. Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a life, traveling to. The family resided in rundown lodgings, in 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to do so by her family who had united, effectively, to pay Albert to marry her. At birth, Chanels name was entered into the registry as Chasnel. Jeanne was too unwell to attend the registration, and Albert was registered as travelling, with both parents absent, the infants last name was misspelled, probably due to a clerical error. The couple had five children who survived—two boys and three girls—who lived crowded into a lodging in the town of Brive-la-Gaillarde. When Gabrielle was 12, her mother died of bronchitis at the age of 32 and her father sent his two sons out to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the Corrèze, in central France, to the convent of Aubazine, which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was founded to care for the poor and rejected and it was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Despite the tragedy of this, being placed in the orphanage may have been the best thing for Coco’s future because it is where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, later in her life, Chanel would retell the story of her childhood somewhat differently, she would often include more glamorous accounts, which were generally untrue
Coco Chanel
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Chanel in 1920
Coco Chanel
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Caricature of Chanel and Arthur "Boy" Capel by
Sem, 1913.
Coco Chanel
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Chanel hat worn by Gabrielle Dorziat. May 1912.
Coco Chanel
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Chanel (right) in her hat shop, 1919. Caricature by Sem.
33.
QVC
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QVC is an American cable, satellite and broadcast television network, and multinational corporation specializing in televised home shopping that is owned by Liberty Interactive. QVC was founded on June 13,1986 by Joseph Segel, one of the first brands to sign a two-year deal with QVC for its products was Sears. The corporation later set a new record for first full-year fiscal sales for a new company of $112 million. Initially broadcast live from 7,30 p. m. until midnight ET each weekday and all day on Saturdays and Sundays, QVC acquired its top competitor, the Cable Value Network, in 1989. The $380 million deal contributed to a loss of $17 million during the fiscal quarter. On February 2,1995, Comcast purchased a majority stake in QVC. That year, QVC kicked off the Quest for Americas Best,50 in 50 Tour, q2, a separate channel for more upscale shoppers, was founded in 1994 but abandoned in 1996. QVC. com was started in 1996 as iQVC, in 1998, two former hosts filed a class-action lawsuit against QVC, claiming that they were discriminated against by the shopping channel based on their race. The lawsuit went on to state that QVC refused to allow non-white hosts any permanent daytime/primetime spots, because of this, the non-white hosts were paid considerably less than the white hosts. In July 2003, Comcast sold its majority share to Liberty Media, on September 23,2007, QVC U. S. rebranded itself, changing its logo on-air and online. The rebranding was accompanied by a campaign with the tagline iQdoU. that had preceded the rebrand with billboards in major U. S. cities. Campaign also included a teaser website, on September 30,2010, at 11 p. m. QVC began broadcasting in Italy, both on satellite and through terrestrial television. In 2012, QVC partnered with China National Radio to take operations of its home shopping network. Its initial reach was reported to be 35 million households, in 2013, QVC partnered with Ion Media Networks to bring its programming to broadcast television, through Ion Television. The channel is also broadcast on digital subchannels of low-powered television stations in selected areas, the broadcast service is branded as QVC Over the Air, with an accompanying on-screen bug appearing on the lower right corner of the screen during the networks programming. On April 1,2017, QVC Plus was rebranded as QVC2, with live shows weekdays 6pm-midnight ET and weekends from 10am-3pm ET. The owner of television shopping network QVC announced it is paying $2.4 billion to buy Internet retailer Zulily, QVC HD is a high definition simulcast feed of QVC, which broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format
QVC
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QVC Outlet store in Frazer, Pennsylvania
QVC
–
QVC
QVC
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Japan head-office 'QVC-Square'
34.
FIT Museum
–
It was founded in 1944, accredited in 1957, and is ranked among the top five fashion schools in the world. It has an enrollment of more than 9,567 students, in 1967 FIT faculty and staff won the first higher education union contract in New York State. Since that time the UCE-FIT has continued to define and protect the working conditions of its members, seventeen majors are offered through the School of Art and Design, and ten through the Jay and Patty Baker School of Business and Technology leading to the A. A. S. The School of Liberal Arts offers a BS degree in art history and museum professions, the School of Graduate Studies offers seven programs leading to the Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts or Master of Professional Studies degree. In addition to the programs, FIT offers a wide selection of non-credit courses through the Center for Professional Studies. One of the most popular programs is the Sew Like a Pro series, FIT publishes research on store branding and store positioning. The nine-building campus includes classrooms, television and radio studios, labs, design workshops, the campus has a Barnes & Noble College Bookstore. The Conference Center at FIT features the John E. Reeves Great Hall, a suitable for conferences, fashion shows, lectures. The campus also has two theatres, the Haft Auditorium and the Katie Murphy Amphitheatre. FIT serves over 7,578 full-time and 2,186 part-time students, four dormitories, three of which are on-campus, serve approximately 2,300 students and offer a variety of accommodations. The campus also has a retail food court/dining hall, a deli, the Gladys Marcus Library provides access to books, periodicals, DVDs and non-print materials, and houses Fashion Institute of Technology Special Collections and College Archives. FIT also has computer labs for student use. The Instructional Media Services Department provides audiovisual and TV support and an in-house TV studio, student work is also displayed throughout the campus. Fashion shows featuring the work of graduating B. F. A, the Design/Research Lighting Laboratory, a development facility for interior design and other academic disciplines, features 400 commercially available lighting fixtures controlled by a computer. The Annette Green/Fragrance Foundation Laboratory is an environment for the study of fragrance development, well-known alumni of the school include the fashion designers Norma Kamali, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, interior designer Scott Salvator and the film director Joel Schumacher. The Museum at FIT, founded in 1969 as the Design Laboratory, includes collections of clothing, textiles, in 1993, the Board of Trustees of FIT, noting the significance of the Design Laboratory’s collections and exhibitions, changed the institutions name to The Museum at FIT. In 2012, the Museum was awarded accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums, the Museum’s permanent collection now includes more than 50,000 garments and accessories from the 18th century to the present. Important designers such as Adrian, Balenciaga, Chanel, and Dior are represented, the collecting policy of the Museum focuses on aesthetically and historically significant clothing, accessories, textiles and visual materials, with emphasis on contemporary avant-garde fashion
FIT Museum
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The 27th Street campus of the Fashion Institute of Technology
FIT Museum
–
Fashion Institute of Technology
FIT Museum
–
The Fred P. Pomerantz Art & Design Center (near) and the Shirley Goodman Resource Center (far) straddle the 27th Street entrance to the campus.
FIT Museum
–
The Marvin Feldman Center
35.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
36.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
