1.
Types of business entity
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A business entity is an entity that is formed and administered as per commercial law in order to engage in business activities, charitable work, or other activities allowable. Most often, business entities are formed to sell a product or a service, there are many types of business entities defined in the legal systems of various countries. These include corporations, cooperatives, partnerships, sole traders, limited liability company, the specific rules vary by country and by state or province. Some of these types are listed below, by country, for guidance, approximate equivalents in the company law of English-speaking countries are given in most cases, ≈ public limited company ≈ Ltd. When creating or restructuring a business, the legal responsibilities will depend on the type of business entity chosen, Shoqëri komandite, ≈ limited partnership Shoqëri kolektive, ≈ general partnership S. A. ≈ plc S. R. L. ≈ Ltd. ≈ limited liability company S. C. S. ≈ limited partnership S. C. p. A, S. E. ≈ state-owned enterprise S. G. R. Inc. restricted to non-profit associations Ltd. ≈ plc. The suffix Ltd. may also be used by a company limited by guarantee. NL, A type of mining, speculative, or research company with no right to call up the issue price of shares. In Australia companies can act as a trustee for a trust, pty. company with a share capital, A company, similar to its limited company counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited. Gen, ≈ cooperative Privatstiftung, ≈ private foundation Verein, ≈ nonprofit association European business entities e. U. ≈ sole trader, sole proprietorship Kapitalgesellschaften, ≈ companies AG, Incorporated, OG, ≈ general partnership KG, ≈ limited partnership GmbH & Co. KG, KG in which a GmbH is the general partner, EBVBA / SPRLU, single member Ltd. NV / SA, ≈ plc co-operative companies, CVBA / SCRL, ≈ limited liability cooperative CVOA / SCRI, ≈ GmbH k. d. ≈ limited partnership s. p. ≈ Sole proprietorship Sociedade limitada, ≈ Ltd, a private company contains the term Sendirian Berhad or Sdn. Bhd. as part of its name where as for a public company Berhad or Bhd. is used. KD / КД, ≈ limited partnership KDA / КДА, limited partnership with shares SD / СД, ≈ general partnership, ≈ Plc Ltd. ≈ plc PEEC State Company, ≈ plc State Joint Venture Company, ≈ plc Import Export Co. Ltd In Canada entities can be incorporated under federal or provincial law. Unlimited liability corporations can be formed in Alberta AULC and Nova Scotia NSULC, the word or expression Limited, Limitée, Incorporated, Incorporée, Corporation or Société par actions de régime fédéral or the corresponding abbreviation Ltd. Forms part of the name of every entity incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act, ≈ Ltd. or Plc As an exception, entities registered prior to 1985 may continue to be designated Société commerciale canadienne or by the abbreviation S. C. C
Types of business entity
2.
Privately held company
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More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy
Privately held company
3.
Exercise
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Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent diseases of such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes. Childhood obesity is a global concern, and physical exercise may help decrease some of the effects of childhood. Some care providers call exercise the miracle or wonder drug—alluding to the variety of benefits that it can provide for many individuals. Aside from the advantages, these benefits may include different social rewards for staying active while enjoying the environment of one’s culture. Many individuals choose to exercise publicly outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, in the United Kingdom two to four hours of light activity are recommended during working hours. The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase cardiovascular endurance, examples of aerobic exercise include cycling, swimming, brisk walking, skipping rope, rowing, hiking, playing tennis, continuous training, and long slow distance training. Anaerobic exercise, which includes strength and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and tone muscles, as well as improve bone strength, balance, examples of strength moves are push-ups, pull-ups, lunges, and bicep curls using dumbbells. Anaerobic exercise also include training, functional training, eccentric training, Interval training, sprinting. Flexibility exercises stretch and lengthen muscles, activities such as stretching help to improve joint flexibility and keep muscles limber. The goal is to improve the range of motion which can reduce the chance of injury, Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on accuracy, agility, power, and speed. Sometimes the terms dynamic and static are used, dynamic exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise can cause the pressure to rise significantly. Some studies indicate that exercise may increase life expectancy and the quality of life. People who participate in moderate to high levels of exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who by comparison are not physically active. Moderate levels of exercise have been correlated with preventing aging by reducing inflammatory potential, the majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500 metabolic equivalent minutes per week. A lack of physical activity causes approximately 6% of the burden of disease from coronary disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer. Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of premature mortality worldwide, individuals can increase fitness following increases in physical activity levels
Exercise
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A U.S. Marine participates in a triathlon at Catoctin Mountain in 2005
Exercise
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Indian wrestler exercising near Varanasi
Exercise
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A common elliptical training machine
Exercise
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US Marines exercising on the USS Bataan
4.
Health Clubs
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A health club is a place that houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise. Most health clubs have a workout area, which primarily consists of free weights including dumbbells, barbells. This area often includes mirrors so that exercisers can monitor and maintain correct posture during their workout, a gym that predominantly or exclusively consists of free weights, as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a black-iron gym, after the traditional color of weight plates. A cardio theater or cardio area includes many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as rowing machines, stationary bikes, elliptical trainers. These areas often include a number of displays in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions. Most newer health clubs offer group exercise classes that are conducted by certified fitness instructors, Health clubs with swimming pools often offer aqua aerobics classes. The instructors often must gain certification in order to teach these classes, some health clubs offer sports facilities such as a swimming pools, squash courts or boxing areas. In some cases, additional fees are charged for the use of these facilities, most health clubs employ personal trainers who are accessible to members for training/fitness/nutrition/health advice and consultation. Personal trainers can devise a customized fitness routine, sometimes including a nutrition plan and they can also monitor and train with members. More often than not, access to personal trainers involves an additional hourly fee, newer health clubs generally include health-shops, snack bars, restaurants, child-care facilities, member lounges and cafes. It is not unusual for a sauna, steam room, or swimming pool or wellness areas to be present, Health clubs generally charge a fee to allow visitors to use the equipment, courses, and other provided services. A fairly new trend is the advent of eco-friendly health clubs which incorporate principles of living in its fitness regimen. Health clubs offer many services and as a result, the monthly membership prices can vary greatly, in addition, some clubs - such as many local YMCAs - offer per-use punchcards or one-time fees for those seeking to use the club on an as-needed basis. These one-time fees are commonly referred to as day passes, costs can vary through the purchase of a higher-level membership, such as a Founders or a Life membership. Such memberships often have a high up-front cost but a monthly rate, making them potentially beneficial to those who use the club frequently. Health clubs in America offer quite a number of facilities and services that cost differently at different levels of services, some services have levels for regular, pro, platinum and gold facilities. Some of the health and fitness facilities use cardio equipment, fitness screening, resistant equipment, pro shop, sun-bed, health spa, the membership plans vary from as low as $20 to as high as $700. These health clubs, especially in the United States, are equipped with almost every facility, an early public gymnasium started in Paris in 1847
Health Clubs
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Spacious gym floor at a health club
Health Clubs
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Free-weights area at a health club
Health Clubs
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A cardio theatre including treadmills, stationary bikes and TV displays
Health Clubs
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Spin-cycle group exercise class
5.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
6.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the California Central Valley
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776
8.
Irvine, California
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Irvine is an affluent city in Orange County, California, United States. It is a city, the Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s. Formally incorporated on December 28,1971, the 66-square-mile city had a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census, a number of corporations, particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors, have their national or international headquarters in Irvine. The Gabrieleño indigenous group inhabited Irvine about 2,000 years ago, gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish explorer, came to the area in 1769, which led to the establishment of forts, missions and cattle herds. The King of Spain parceled out land for missions and private use, after Mexicos independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican government secularized the missions and assumed control of the lands. It began distributing the land to Mexican citizens who applied for grants, three large Spanish/Mexican grants made up the land that later became the Irvine Ranch, Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, Rancho San Joaquin and Rancho Lomas de Santiago. In 1864, Jose Andres Sepulveda, owner of Rancho San Joaquin sold 50,000 acres to Benjamin and Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby, in 1866, Irvine, Flint and Bixby acquired 47, 000-acre Rancho Lomas de Santiago for $7,000. After the Mexican-American war the land of Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana fell prey to tangled titles, in 1868, the ranch was divided among four claimants as part of a lawsuit, Flint, Bixby and Irvine. The ranches were devoted to sheep grazing, however, in 1870, tenant farming was permitted. In 1878, James Irvine acquired his partners interests for $150,000 and his 110,000 acres stretched 23 miles from the Pacific Ocean to the Santa Ana River. The ranch was inherited by his son, James Irvine, Jr. who incorporated it into The Irvine Company, James, Jr. shifted the ranch operations to field crops, olive and citrus crops. In 1888, the Santa Fe Railroad extended its line to Fallbrook Junction, north of San Diego, the town that formed around this station was named Myford, after Irvines son, because a post office in Calaveras County already bore the family name. The town was renamed Irvine in 1914, by 1918,60,000 acres of lima beans were grown on the Irvine Ranch. Two Marine Corps facilities, MCAS El Toro and MCAS Tustin, were built during World War II on ranch land sold to the government, James Irvine, Jr. died in 1947 at the age of 80. His son, Myford, assumed the presidency of The Irvine Company and he began opening small sections of the Irvine Ranch to urban development. The Irvine Ranch played host to the Boy Scouts of Americas 1953 National Scout Jamboree, Jamboree Road, a major street which now stretches from Newport Beach to the city of Orange, was named in honor of this event. David Sills, then a young Boy Scout from Peoria, Illinois, was among the attendees at the 1953 Jamboree, Sills came back to Irvine as an adult and went on to serve four terms as the citys mayor. The same year, the University of California asked The Irvine Company for 1,000 acres for a new university campus, the Irvine Company sold the requested land for $1 and later the state purchased an additional 500 acres
Irvine, California
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The Irvine Spectrum
Irvine, California
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Camp Bonita at Irvine Ranch in 1937
Irvine, California
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Suburban development in Irvine Ranch in 1975
Irvine, California
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The developing urban core in the city of Irvine in 2010.
9.
Health club
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A health club is a place that houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise. Most health clubs have a workout area, which primarily consists of free weights including dumbbells, barbells. This area often includes mirrors so that exercisers can monitor and maintain correct posture during their workout, a gym that predominantly or exclusively consists of free weights, as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a black-iron gym, after the traditional color of weight plates. A cardio theater or cardio area includes many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as rowing machines, stationary bikes, elliptical trainers. These areas often include a number of displays in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions. Most newer health clubs offer group exercise classes that are conducted by certified fitness instructors, Health clubs with swimming pools often offer aqua aerobics classes. The instructors often must gain certification in order to teach these classes, some health clubs offer sports facilities such as a swimming pools, squash courts or boxing areas. In some cases, additional fees are charged for the use of these facilities, most health clubs employ personal trainers who are accessible to members for training/fitness/nutrition/health advice and consultation. Personal trainers can devise a customized fitness routine, sometimes including a nutrition plan and they can also monitor and train with members. More often than not, access to personal trainers involves an additional hourly fee, newer health clubs generally include health-shops, snack bars, restaurants, child-care facilities, member lounges and cafes. It is not unusual for a sauna, steam room, or swimming pool or wellness areas to be present, Health clubs generally charge a fee to allow visitors to use the equipment, courses, and other provided services. A fairly new trend is the advent of eco-friendly health clubs which incorporate principles of living in its fitness regimen. Health clubs offer many services and as a result, the monthly membership prices can vary greatly, in addition, some clubs - such as many local YMCAs - offer per-use punchcards or one-time fees for those seeking to use the club on an as-needed basis. These one-time fees are commonly referred to as day passes, costs can vary through the purchase of a higher-level membership, such as a Founders or a Life membership. Such memberships often have a high up-front cost but a monthly rate, making them potentially beneficial to those who use the club frequently. Health clubs in America offer quite a number of facilities and services that cost differently at different levels of services, some services have levels for regular, pro, platinum and gold facilities. Some of the health and fitness facilities use cardio equipment, fitness screening, resistant equipment, pro shop, sun-bed, health spa, the membership plans vary from as low as $20 to as high as $700. These health clubs, especially in the United States, are equipped with almost every facility, an early public gymnasium started in Paris in 1847
Health club
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Spacious gym floor at a health club
Health club
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Free-weights area at a health club
Health club
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A cardio theatre including treadmills, stationary bikes and TV displays
Health club
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Spin-cycle group exercise class
10.
Louis Welch
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Louie Welch was an American politician who served from 1964 to 1973 as the mayor of Houston, Texas. Welch was born on December 9,1918 in Lockney in Floyd County in West Texas and his father, Gilford Edgar Welch, was an automobile mechanic. His mother, the former Nora Shackleford, taught a Bible study at the Church of Christ which the family attended and he was a member of his high school debate team and was the president of his senior class. Devoted to literature and poetry, he learned the passages that he quoted throughout his life, memorizing these classic lines may also have contributed to his quick wit and brash one-liners. During his political career, Welch was known for his quick quips he used with the media and he studied in Abilene, Texas, at Abilene Christian College, now Abilene Christian University, where he was a varsity cheerleader and a member of Phi Delta Psi social club. In 1940, he received his Bachelor of Arts in history and he was married on December 17,1940 to his first wife, Iola Faye Cure, in a ceremony performed by Homer Hailey. At the coaxing of fellow Lions International members, Welch was elected to the Houston City Council and served four terms from 1950 to 1952. After losing three times in bids for mayor, he was elected in 1963 and he served for five consecutive two-year terms. Houston grew immensely when Welch was mayor, in 1963, Houstons population reached over one million people, yet was then still considered a small city in the eyes of the national media. Under Welch, several events put Houston prominently on the U. S. and world maps, including the opening of the Astrodome in 1965, NASA at nearby Mission Control sent a man to the moon. Lake Conroe and Lake Livingston opened to water for Houston. It should also be noted that Welch was the first Houston mayor to win all precincts during one of his reelections, including predominantly African American areas with which some claim he had trouble. By the time that Welch left office in 1973, Houston was within two years of supplanting Detroit to become the fifth largest city in the United States in 1975, and in the fall of 1980, the fourth. Welch was mayor in 1967 when two days of battles erupted between police and students at predominantly black Texas Southern University, a police officer was killed by sniper fire from the top of a student building, and a number of Texas Southern students were arrested. The events created a rift between the administration and many of Houstons African Americans, in 1968, Welchs last term was marred by controversy, being that his second mayoral bid was financed by questionable sources. It was rumored that his campaign was associated with organized crime with a handful of his cabinet coming under suspicion, Welchs reputation came under fire because of his friendships with well known crime leaders. In early 1985, Welch was a leader in the opposition to the extension of job protection rights to homosexuals employed by the city government, Welch came back that year to run against incumbent Mayor Kathy Whitmire, who had served since 1982, in the Houston Mayoral Elections. Some of his comments upset the citys gay community, the Houston GLBT Political Caucus supported Whitmire, his opponent in the race
Louis Welch
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Louie Welch speaking at podium
Louis Welch
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Louie Welch Middle School
11.
Southern California
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Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
Southern California
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Southern California Images top from bottom, left to right: San Diego Skyline, Downtown Los Angeles, Village of La Jolla, Santa Monica Pier, Surfer at Black's Beach, Hollywood Sign, Disneyland, Hermosa Beach Pier
Southern California
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San Diego Marina district
Southern California
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Sunset in Venice, a district in Los Angeles
Southern California
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Three Arch Bay in Laguna
12.
Fitness club
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A health club is a place that houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise. Most health clubs have a workout area, which primarily consists of free weights including dumbbells, barbells. This area often includes mirrors so that exercisers can monitor and maintain correct posture during their workout, a gym that predominantly or exclusively consists of free weights, as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a black-iron gym, after the traditional color of weight plates. A cardio theater or cardio area includes many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as rowing machines, stationary bikes, elliptical trainers. These areas often include a number of displays in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions. Most newer health clubs offer group exercise classes that are conducted by certified fitness instructors, Health clubs with swimming pools often offer aqua aerobics classes. The instructors often must gain certification in order to teach these classes, some health clubs offer sports facilities such as a swimming pools, squash courts or boxing areas. In some cases, additional fees are charged for the use of these facilities, most health clubs employ personal trainers who are accessible to members for training/fitness/nutrition/health advice and consultation. Personal trainers can devise a customized fitness routine, sometimes including a nutrition plan and they can also monitor and train with members. More often than not, access to personal trainers involves an additional hourly fee, newer health clubs generally include health-shops, snack bars, restaurants, child-care facilities, member lounges and cafes. It is not unusual for a sauna, steam room, or swimming pool or wellness areas to be present, Health clubs generally charge a fee to allow visitors to use the equipment, courses, and other provided services. A fairly new trend is the advent of eco-friendly health clubs which incorporate principles of living in its fitness regimen. Health clubs offer many services and as a result, the monthly membership prices can vary greatly, in addition, some clubs - such as many local YMCAs - offer per-use punchcards or one-time fees for those seeking to use the club on an as-needed basis. These one-time fees are commonly referred to as day passes, costs can vary through the purchase of a higher-level membership, such as a Founders or a Life membership. Such memberships often have a high up-front cost but a monthly rate, making them potentially beneficial to those who use the club frequently. Health clubs in America offer quite a number of facilities and services that cost differently at different levels of services, some services have levels for regular, pro, platinum and gold facilities. Some of the health and fitness facilities use cardio equipment, fitness screening, resistant equipment, pro shop, sun-bed, health spa, the membership plans vary from as low as $20 to as high as $700. These health clubs, especially in the United States, are equipped with almost every facility, an early public gymnasium started in Paris in 1847
Fitness club
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Spacious gym floor at a health club
Fitness club
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Free-weights area at a health club
Fitness club
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A cardio theatre including treadmills, stationary bikes and TV displays
Fitness club
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Spin-cycle group exercise class
13.
Aerobic exercise
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Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen, generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. S. Air Force personnel by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, Kenneth Cooper was the first person to introduce the concept of aerobic exercise. In the 1960s, Cooper started research into preventive medicine and he became intrigued by the belief that exercise can preserve ones health. In 1970 he created his own institute for research and education devoted to preventive medicine. He sparked millions into becoming active and is now known as the father of aerobics, aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic exercise, of which strength training and short-distance running are the most salient examples. The two types of exercise differ by the duration and intensity of muscular contractions involved, as well as by how energy is generated within the muscle, myokine secretion in turn is dependent on the amount of muscle contracted, and the duration and intensity of contraction. As such, both types of exercise produce endocrine benefits, if there is a shortage of oxygen, carbohydrate is consumed more rapidly because the pyruvate ferments into lactate. As glycogen levels in the begin to fall, glucose is released into the bloodstream by the liver. Aerobic exercise may be fueled by glycogen reserves, fat reserves, prolonged moderate-level aerobic exercise at 65% VO2 max results in the maximum contribution of fat to the total energy expenditure. At this level, fat may contribute 40% to 60% of total, vigorous exercise above 75% VO2max primarily burns glycogen. Major muscles in a rested, untrained human typically contain enough energy for about 2 hours of vigorous exercise, exhaustion of glycogen is a major cause of what marathon runners call hitting the wall. Training, lower intensity levels, and carbohydrate loading may allow postponement of the onset of exhaustion beyond 4 hours, in general, it is performed at a moderate level of intensity over a relatively long period of time. For example, running a distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise. Some sports are thus inherently aerobic, while other aerobic exercises, such as training or aerobic dance classes, are designed specifically to improve aerobic capacity. It is most common for aerobic exercises to involve the leg muscles, for example, rowing to distances of 2,000 m or more is an aerobic sport that exercises several major muscle groups, including those of the legs, abdominals, chest, and arms. Common kettlebell exercises combine aerobic and anaerobic aspects, one meta-analysis has shown, from multiple conducted studies, that aerobic exercise does help lower Hb A1Clevels for type 2 diabetics. As a result, aerobic exercise can reduce the risk of death due to cardiovascular problems, in addition, high-impact aerobic activities can stimulate bone growth, as well as reduce the risk of osteoporosis for both men and women
Aerobic exercise
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Cardio
14.
Racquetball
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Racquetball is a racquet sport played with a hollow rubber ball in an indoor or outdoor court. Joseph Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in 1950, adding a stringed racquet to paddleball in order to increase velocity. Unlike most racquet sports, such as tennis and badminton, there is no net to hit the ball over, also, the courts walls, floor, and ceiling are legal playing surfaces, with the exception of court-specific designated hinders being out-of-bounds. Racquetball is very similar to 40×20 American handball, which is played in many countries and it is also very similar to the British sport Squash 57, which was called racketball before 2016. Joe Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the New Britain, Connecticut YMCA, a professional tennis and American handball player, Sobek sought a fast-paced sport that was easy to learn and play. He designed the first strung paddle, devised a set of rules, based on those of squash, handball, and paddleball, in February 1952 Sobek founded the National Paddle Rackets Association, codified the rules, and had them printed as a booklet. That same year, the IRA assumed the national championship from the NPRA, in 1974, the IRA organized the first professional tournament, and is a founding member of the International Racquetball Federation. Eventually, the IRA became the American Amateur Racquetball Association, in late 1995, in 2003, the USRA again renamed itself to USA Racquetball, to mirror other Olympic sports associations, even if Racquetball is not an Olympic sport. Kendler used his publication ACE to promote both handball and racquetball, starting in the 1970s, and aided by the fitness boom of that decade, the sports popularity increased to an estimated 3.1 million players by 1974. Consequent to increased demand, racquetball clubs and courts were founded and built, since then, the number of has remained steady, an estimated 5.6 million players. In 1976, Ian D. W. Wright created the sport of racketball based on U. S. racquetball, British racketball is played in a 32-foot long by 21-foot wide squash court, using a smaller, less dynamic ball than the American racquetball. In racketball, the ceiling is out-of-bounds, the racketball is served after a bounce on the floor then struck into play with the racket. Scoring is like squash with point-a-rally scoring of up to 11 points, the British Racketball Association was formed on 13 February 1984, and confirmed by the English Sports Council as the sports governing body on 30 October 1984. The first National Racketball Championship was held in London on 1 December 1984, the sport is now played in countries where squash is played, Australia, Bermuda, France, Germany, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Ireland and Sweden. Currently, racketball also is played in parts of North America, in 1988, the British Racketball Association merged with the Squash Rackets Association. England Squash & Racketball is now recognised by Sport England as the English national governing body for the sports of squash, Racquetball The International Racquetball Federation governs the World Racquetball Championships, which were first held in 1981 in conjunction with the first World Games. The second World Championships were played in 1984, and since then have been held biennially in August, players from the United States have won the most World Championship titles. Racquetball has been included in the World Games on five occasions,1981,1989,1993,2009 and 2013, Racquetball has been included in the Pan American Games in 1995,1999,2003,2011 and 2015
Racquetball
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Racquetball racquet and ball
15.
Madison Dearborn Partners
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Madison Dearborn Partners was founded in 1992 and is based in Chicago, Illinois. The founders, John A Canning Jr, Paul J. Finnegan, Samuel M. Mencoff, the north-east corner of First Chicagos then-headquarters was at the intersection of Madison and Dearborn Streets. Madison Dearborns chairman, John Canning, Jr, in 2002, the firm sold Reiman Publications to Readers Digest Association. In 2007, the joined forces with Michael Eisners Tornante investment company to buy out baseball card maker The Topps Company. The all-cash transaction is valued at C$51.7 billion, including C$16.9 billion of debt, preferred equity and minority interests. The arrangement was approved on September 21,2007 at a Special Meeting of shareholders by more than 97% of the votes cast by holders of common and preferred shares, voting as a single class. MDP invests through a series of limited partnerships and its investors include a variety of pension funds, endowments and other institutional investors
Madison Dearborn Partners
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Basic investment types
Madison Dearborn Partners
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Madison Dearborn Partners
Madison Dearborn Partners
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3i Group
Madison Dearborn Partners
16.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
Arizona
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Saguaro cactus flowers and buds after a wet winter. This is Arizona's official State Flower.
Arizona
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Flag
Arizona
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The Horseshoe Bend of the Colorado River.
Arizona
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West Mitten at Monument Valley
17.
Sun Belt
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The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest. Another rough definition of the region is the south of the 36th parallel. The main defining feature of the Sun Belt is its climate, with extended summers and brief. Within the region, desert/semi-desert, Mediterranean, humid subtropical, the Sun Belt has seen substantial population growth since the 1960s from an influx of people seeking a warm and sunny climate, a surge in retiring baby boomers, and growing economic opportunities. The advent of air conditioning made it easier for people to deal with the heat in the Desert Southwest. In recent years, water shortages, droughts, and drug trafficking near the Mexican border have become problems in the Southwest, five of the states—Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, and Texas—are sometimes collectively called the Sand States because of their abundance of beaches or deserts. First employed by political analyst Kevin Phillips in his 1969 book The Emerging Republican Majority, in this period, economic and political prominence shifted from the Midwest and Northeast to the South and West. Factors such as the climate, the migration of workers from Mexico. The climate spurred not only agricultural growth, but also the migration of retirees to retirement communities in the region, especially in Florida. The oil industry helped propel states such as Texas and Louisiana forward, more recently, high tech and new economy industries have been major drivers of growth in California, Florida, Texas, and other parts of the Sun Belt. Texas and California rank among the top five states in the nation with the most Fortune 500 companies, in 2005, the U. S. Census Bureau projected that approximately 88% of the nations population growth between 2000 and 2030 would occur in the Sun Belt. California, Texas, and Florida were each expected to add more than 12 million people during that time, Nevada, Arizona, Florida, and Texas were expected to be the fastest-growing states. Events leading up to and including the 2008–2009 recession led some to question whether growth projections for the Sun Belt had been overstated. The economic bubble led to the recession appeared, to some observers. Additionally, the lure of cheaper labor markets in the region compared with Americas older industrial centers has been eroded by overseas outsourcing trends. One of the greatest threats facing the belt in the decades is water shortages. Communities in California are making plans to build multiple desalination plants to supply fresh water, Texas, Georgia, and Florida also face increasingly serious shortages because of their rapidly expanding populations. Americans remained cautious about moving to a different state over this period, however, migration to the Sun Belt from the Frost Belt resumed again, according to 2015 Census data estimates, with growing migration to the Sun Belt and out of the Frost Belt and California
Sun Belt
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American crocodile, an endangered species.
Sun Belt
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The Sun Belt
18.
Pacific Northwest
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The Pacific Northwest, sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exists, a common conception includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into far northern California and east to the Continental Divide, thus including Idaho, Western Montana, narrower conceptions may be limited to the northwestern US or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the history, geography, society. The Northwest Coast is the region of the Pacific Northwest. The term Pacific Northwest should not be confused with the Northwest Territory or the Northwest Territories of Canada. The border — in two sections, along the 49th parallel south of British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle west of northern British Columbia — has had an effect on the region. According to Canadian historian Ken Coates, the border has not merely influenced the Pacific Northwest—rather, definitions of the Pacific Northwest region vary, and there is no commonly agreed-upon boundary, even among Pacific Northwesterners. A common conception of the Pacific Northwest includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader definitions of the region may include the U. S. state of Alaska, the Canadian territory of Yukon, the portion of the state of California. Definitions based on the historic Oregon Country reach east to the Continental Divide, thus including all of Idaho and parts of western Montana. Sometimes the Pacific Northwest is defined as being the Northwestern United States, often these definitions are made by government agencies whose scope is limited to the United States. Some definitions include, in addition to Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, western Montana, the coast of northern California, the Pacific Northwest has been occupied by a diverse array of indigenous peoples for millennia. The Pacific Coast is seen by scholars as a major coastal migration route in the settlement of the Americas by late Pleistocene peoples moving from northeast Asia into the Americas. Other evidence for human occupation dating back as much as 14,500 years ago is emerging from Paisley Caves in south-central Oregon, however, despite such research, the coastal migration hypothesis is still subject to considerable debate. Due in part to the richness of Pacific Northwest Coast and river fisheries, in the interior of the Pacific Northwest, the indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, had a diversity of cultures and societies. Some areas were home to mobile and egalitarian societies, others, especially along major rivers such as the Columbia and Fraser, had very complex, affluent, sedentary societies rivaling those of the coast. In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, the Tlingit and Haida erected large, throughout the Pacific Northwest, thousands of indigenous people live, and some continue to practice their rich cultural traditions, organizing their societies around cedar and salmon
Pacific Northwest
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The Pacific Northwest from outer space.
Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest
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US Navy Admiral Charles Wilkes ' 1841 Map of the Oregon Territory from "Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition." Philadelphia: 1845
Pacific Northwest
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CenturyLink Field, home of Seattle Seahawks and Sounders FC
19.
Mid-Atlantic states
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The Mid-Atlantic, also called Middle Atlantic states or the Mid-Atlantic states, form a region of the United States generally located between New England and the South Atlantic States. Its exact definition differs upon source, but the region often includes New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Washington, when discussing climate, Connecticut is often included with the Mid-Atlantic region. The Mid-Atlantic has played an important role in the development of American culture, commerce, trade and it has been called the typically American region by Frederick Jackson Turner. After the American Revolution, the Mid-Atlantic region hosted each of the capitals of the United States, including the current federal capital, Washington. But also interior cities such as Pittsburgh, Albany, and Buffalo, New York City, with its skyscrapers, subways, and headquarters of the United Nations, emerged in the 20th century as an icon of modernity and American economic and cultural power. By the 21st century, the areas of the Mid-Atlantic were thoroughly urbanized. Most of the Mid-Atlantic states rank among the 15 highest-income states in the nation by median household income, there are differing interpretations as to the composition of the Mid-Atlantic. Sometimes, the nucleus is considered to consist of Maryland, Delaware, other sources consider New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania to be the core Mid-Atlantic states, with others sometimes included. West Virginia and parts of Virginia are atypical of this region in several ways, although a few of West Virginias eastern panhandle counties are considered part of the Washington, D. C. MSA, the portion of the state is rural. Shipping and trade have been important to the Mid-Atlantic economy since the beginning of the colonial era, the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to see the region in 1524. Henry Hudson later extensively explored that region in 1609 and claimed it for the Dutch, jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America seven years earlier in 1607. From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a range of European people than in New England or the South. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics, and Pennsylvania to Quakers, in time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities. The area that came to be known as the Middle Colonies served as a bridge between the North and South. The New York and New Jersey campaign during the American Revolutionary War saw more battles than any theater of the conflict. Philadelphia, midway between the northern and southern colonies, was home to the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates who organized the American Revolution, cities grew along major ports, shipping routes, and waterways. Such flourishing cities included New York City and Newark on opposite sides of the Hudson River, Philadelphia on the Delaware River, United, New York City FC, New York Red Bulls and Philadelphia Union, as well as two WNBA teams, New York Liberty and Washington Mystics
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An 1897 map displays an inclusive definition of the Mid-Atlantic region, including Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.
Mid-Atlantic states
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Mid-Atlantic Region
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Shipping containers at the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey
Mid-Atlantic states
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Baltimore.
20.
Northeastern United States
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The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics. The Census Bureau-defined region has an area of 181,324 sq mi with 162,257 square miles of that being land mass. Though lacking a unified identity, the Northeastern region is the nations most economically developed, densely populated. Of the nations four census regions, the Northeast is the second most urban, with 85 percent of its residing in urban areas. The region is subdivided into New England and the Mid-Atlantic States and this definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation. C. Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland, the narrowest definitions include only the states of New England. Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are, Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D. C. Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D. C. and West Virginia Delaware, Maryland, Washington, most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those made up the Iroquois nations. In the United States of the 21st century,18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast, the two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories. The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, the Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely. Ten years later, a group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship. Anne Hutchinson, who was banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth. Providence, Portsmouth, and two towns consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in recent history. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life. In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New England played a prominent role in early American education
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High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point, Sussex County, the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level
Northeastern United States
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The states shown in the two darkest red shades are included in the United States Census Bureau Northeast Region, with states in lighter shades included in other regional definitions (see Composition).
Northeastern United States
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Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts
Northeastern United States
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The Palisades along the Hudson River, New Jersey
21.
Upper Midwest
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The Upper Midwest, or the North, is a region in the northern portion of the U. S. Census Bureaus Midwestern United States. It is largely a sub-region of the midwest, although there are no uniformly agreed-upon boundaries, the region is most commonly used to refer to the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. By most definitions, it extends into North and South Dakota, and northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, the National Weather Service defines its Upper Midwest as the states of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The USGS Mineral Resources Program considers the area to contain Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The Association for Institutional Research in the Upper Midwest includes the states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, the region has dramatic variations between summer and winter temperatures, summers are very hot and winters very cold. The growing season is shorter, cooler, and drier than areas farther south, the regions western boundary is sometimes considered to be determined by where the climate becomes too dry to support growing non-irrigated crops other than small grains or hay grass. North Central American English, an accent of American English, is spoken in Minnesota, parts of Wisconsin and Iowa, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, portions of Montana. Minnesota narrowly supported native Walter Mondale in 1984 in an election where Ronald Reagan won every other state, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin also often favor Democratic candidates. By contrast, the lower Midwest includes swing states such as Ohio, Iowa, missouri has voted reliably for the Republican presidential candidates in recent elections. The Plains States/The Dakotas to the west are heavily Republican and have voted Republican in every presidential contest since 1964, the economy of the region was largely based upon the mining of iron and copper, as well as a very large timber industry. Mechanization has sharply reduced employment in areas, and the economy is increasingly based on tourism. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large audience who live within driving range
Upper Midwest
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The Upper Midwest region of the United States
22.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
Atlanta
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From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from Buckhead, the Fox Theatre, the Georgia State Capitol, Centennial Olympic Park, Millennium Gate, the Canopy Walk, the Georgia Aquarium, The Phoenix statue, and the Midtown skyline
Atlanta
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Marietta Street, 1864
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Atlanta in ruins during the Civil War, 1864
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In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, was busy with streetcars and automobiles.
23.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
Georgia (U.S. state)
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A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill, 1909.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Flag
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Road to Brasstown Bald
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Jekyll Island
24.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
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From top left: Downtown Toronto featuring the CN Tower and Financial District from the Toronto Harbour, City Hall, the Ontario Legislative Building, Casa Loma, Prince Edward Viaduct, and the Scarborough Bluffs
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Coat of arms
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Map of Toronto, 1894
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Yonge Street in 1900
25.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
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Images, from top, left to right: Papago Park at sunset, Saint Mary's Basilica, Downtown Phoenix, Phoenix skyline at night, Arizona Science Center, Rosson House, the light rail, a saguaro cactus, and the McDowell Mountains
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The Phillip Darrell Duppa adobe house was built in 1870 and is the oldest known house in Phoenix. The homestead of "Lord" Darrell Duppa, an Englishman who is credited with naming Phoenix and Tempe as well as founding the town of New River.
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Aerial lithograph of Phoenix from 1885
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Central Avenue, Phoenix, 1908
26.
Bally Total Fitness
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Bally Total Fitness Holding Corporation was an American fitness club chain. In November 2011, Bally sold 171 Bally locations to competitor L. A. Fitness, in April 2012, Bally sold an additional 39 facilities to Blast Fitness. In December 2014, Bally sold most of its remaining gyms to competitor 24 Hour Fitness, the companys headquarters are located in Chicago, Illinois. It is also the last-remaining former Bally division to remain headquartered in Chicago as well as the last-surviving all-ages-friendly division to bear the Bally name, in 1983, slot-machine maker Bally Manufacturing purchased Health and Tennis Corporation of America and Lifecycle, an exercise bike manufacturer. In 1987, it was the worlds largest owner and operator of fitness centers and it further expanded with the purchase of the American Fitness Centers and Nautilus Fitness Centers, which were once connected to Vic Tanny and Jack LaLanne. The various brands were consolidated under the Bally Total Fitness brand in 1995, in 1996, Bally Total Fitness was spun from its casino-owning parent. In May 1998, it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange trading under the symbol of BFT. The company carried $300 million in debt at the time of its public offering. On November 18,2011, Bally Total Fitness announced the sale of 171 of its clubs located in sixteen states, in February 2012, it sold the Toledo Airport Road club to Red Fitness 24/7. In April 2012, Bally sold an additional 39 facilities to Blast Fitness, Blast Fitness has begun operating the new facilities under their own name in stages, transitioning entirely away from the Ballys name. Those two sales left Bally with 44 locations,27 of them in the New York area,8 in the San Francisco area,1 in Louisiana and 8 in Colorado. After the LA Fitness transaction, Bally had approximately 800,000 members, all of the clubs in the Cleveland area were sold to Red Fitness 24/7, effective December 31,2012. Some employees received termination notices the same day, the number of clubs still in the Bally chain continued to dwindle. For example, the Bally Total Fitness location in Danville, California closed on June 22,2012, the former Bally club in Colorado Springs, CO changed ownership in June 2014, and became Voretex Fitness. In December 2014, thirty-two locations located in New York, New Jersey, Denver, the Greece, New York location closed without notice on December 30,2014. The NYC 106th st location became a Tapout Fitness center in August 2016, as of October 2016, Bally was down to its last location in New York City. The last Bally location in Penta NYC closed on 10/26/2016, also becoming a Tapout Fitness center, Bally Total Fitness is officially deleted. Bally filed for bankruptcy in August 2007, with outstanding debts of $761 million
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A Bally gym in Cedar Mill, Oregon in July 2011. The gym was demolished the following year and replaced with an Orchard Supply Hardware.
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Bally Total Fitness Holding Corporation
27.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
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St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
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Flag
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Aerial view of Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
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The five flags of Florida from the right, Spain (1565–1763), the Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
28.
Western New York
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Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York. It includes the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Niagara Falls, the suburbs, as well as the outlying rural areas of the Great Lakes lowlands, the Genesee Valley. One writer suggests Western New Yorks eastern border to be the Preemption Line, Western New York can also be defined as the area of the Holland Purchase and the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The area is served by Buffalo and Rochester media markets. Western New York is in some contexts considered a sub-region of Upstate New York, Western New York has four sub-regions. One sub-region is the Greater Niagara Region, comprising Niagara, Erie, the second sub-region is the Genesee Region which derives its name from the Genesee River. This “sub-region” which includes Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Orleans, Ontario and these two sub-regions share Genesee County. The mountainous southern regions of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany counties make up a third sub-region known as Chautauqua–Allegheny Region and this portion of Western New York takes up most of the western New York counties along the New York–Pennsylvania border. Finally the fourth region is the western Finger Lakes Region which is Seneca, Steuben, Schuyler, a large portion of the Finger Lakes Region is not part of Western New York, but rather Central New York. However, the U. S. Census Bureau has classified the Buffalo, if it were counted as a state, the population of Western New York would rank as the 37th most populated state in the United States. Western New York has a continental climate heavily influenced by both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Winters are long and cold, often lasting from around mid-November to early April, there are often snows before and after that period, as well. Western New York is known for its lake effect snows, which can result in highly localized, sometimes intense, Lake effect storms are a result of cold air blowing over warm lake waters. Lake effect snows are usually most active between November and February and typically diminish when Lake Erie freezes over, generally, the heaviest amount of snow in Western New York during the winter falls near the southern end of Erie County. Spring and fall in Western New York are usually short and changeable, lost in its famed winters, Western New York summers are among the sunniest in the Northeast and are generally very pleasant. Thanks in part to breezes blowing over Lakes Erie and Ontario, most of Western New York enjoy generally cooler, Interstate System Interstate 90, also known as the New York State Thruway. Interstate 86 in the Southern Tier, Interstate 190 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area. Interstate 290 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area, Interstate 390 in the Genesee Valley region
Western New York
Western New York
Western New York
Western New York
29.
LA Fitness
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LA Fitness is a privately-owned American health club chain with over 800 clubs across the United States and Canada. The company was formed in 1984 and is based in Irvine, LA Fitness was founded in 1984 by founders Chin Yi, Chairman & CEO and Louis Welch, President & CEO with one location in Los Angeles, California. Official records describing the history and growth are few. Through the mid-1990s, the company expanded by acquiring under-performing fitness clubs in southern California, in 1995, LA Fitness designed and built a new multipurpose sports and fitness club that became the company’s signature model at the time. LA Fitness remains a privately-owned company, with ownership interests held by private equity firms Seidler Equity Partners. LA Fitness is unaffiliated with the brand that goes by the name with clubs throughout England and one in Belfast. LA Fitness locations are open 7 days per week, with some locations open 24 hours, with a successful prototype in place, LA Fitness then expanded its in-house development efforts, and new club construction now accounts for the vast majority of the clubs opened every year. S. Including the Sun Belt, the Pacific Northwest, the Mid-Atlantic states, the Northeast, the rate of expansion was rapid, with over 180 new clubs added from 2006 to 2009. In 2000, the acquired the then-largest health club chain in Atlanta. The company continued to build clubs in the Atlanta area and currently has 26 clubs in Georgia, in 2007, the company expanded outside of the United States by way of an acquisition of six fitness clubs, in Toronto, Canada. Also of notable size, in 2010 the company acquired ten locations in Phoenix from Pure Fitness Arizona, within a year, all but one of the former Pure Fitness clubs were closed. On November 30,2011, the completed the acquisition of 171 clubs for $153M from Bally Total Fitness. After the closing, LA Fitness began closing some former Bally Fitness clubs near existing LA Fitness facilities, on July 2,2012, the company completed the acquisition of all 33 Lifestyle Family Fitness Clubs in Florida. According to Lifestyle CEO, Stuart Lasher, we evaluated our option to remain an independent company or to sell to a larger organization, after careful consideration, the board of directors has made the decision to sell all of the Lifestyle Family Fitness clubs in Florida to LA Fitness. On December 23,2013 LA Fitness announced the acquisition of The Buffalo, the BAC/RAC for Women clubs in both cities and the CrossFit BAC Extreme Training facility on Union Road in Cheektowaga will continue to be operated under the BAC/RAC umbrella. On December 30,2013, they completed the acquisition of all 10 Vision Quest Sport, official website LA Fitness Info – Know more about LA Fitness Gym
LA Fitness
LA Fitness
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LA Fitness, New Barnet, London.
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Aerial View of the LA Fitness Signature club in Irvine CA
