Language interpretation
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Interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final target-language output on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a source language.
A painting showing a doctor explaining the outcome of an operation to his servant, who acts as an interpreter
Stéphane Brizé (second from the right) speaking in French in Buenos Aires in 2019. Seated to his left, the interpreter (on the extreme right) waits to translate into Spanish.
Alan Gordon-Finlay trialling the Hush-A-Phone at the League of Nations, c. 1927 - ILO Historical Archives
Nuremberg defendants at dock listening to simultaneous interpretation
Translation
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Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating and interpreting ; under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
King Charles V the Wise commissions a translation of Aristotle. First square shows his ordering the translation; second square, the translation being made. Third and fourth squares show the finished translation being brought to, and then presented to, the King.
Rosetta Stone, a secular icon for the art of translation
John Dryden
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