Ministerialis
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The ministeriales were a class of people raised up from serfdom and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the High Middle Ages in the Holy Roman Empire.
Charlemagne, Pippin, and a ministerial clerk; a 10th-century copy of the original
The fortress of Hohensalzburg, overlooking Salzburg, Austria, was run by a ministerial castellan
Portrait of the famous ministerial Ulrich von Liechtenstein (1200–1275) from the Codex Manesse
Serfdom
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Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed during late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.
Punishment with a knout. Whipping was a common punishment for Russian serfs.
Reeve and serfs in feudal England, c. 1310
The proclamation by count Josip Jelačić abolishing serfdom in the Kingdom of Croatia