Mutualism (economic theory)
Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought and economic theory that advocates for workers' control of the means of production, a market economy made up of individual artisans and workers' cooperatives, and occupation and use property rights. As proponents of the labour theory of value and labour theory of property, mutualists oppose all forms of economic rent, profit and non-nominal interest, which they see as relying on the exploitation of labour. Mutualists seek to construct an economy without capital accumulation or concentration of land ownership. They also encourage the establishment of workers' self-management, which they propose could be supported through the issuance of mutual credit by mutual banks, with the aim of creating a federal society.
Josiah Warren, a follower of Owenism that established some of the first experiments in mutualism
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the first self-described anarchist and the primary proponent of mutualism
Mikhail Bakunin, the leader of the anti-authoritarian faction of the IWA, who argued that his collectivist anarchism was an extension of Proudhonian mutualism
Benjamin Tucker, whose critique of capitalism's tendency towards monopoly provided a foundation for the development of mutualist alternatives
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. As a historically left-wing movement, this reading of anarchism is placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement.
Wilhelm Weitling is an example of a writer who added to anarchist theory without using the exact term.
Zeno of Citium (c. 334 – c. 262 BC), whose Republic inspired Peter Kropotkin
Nestor Makhno seen with members of the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
Rojava's support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.