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History
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
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Pakistan is one of nine states that possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the device ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, which consisted of over twenty laboratories and projects under reactor physicist Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgist working on centrifuge enrichment for Urenco, joined the program at the behest of the Bhutto administration by the end of 1974. Producing fissile material was pivotal to the Kahuta Project's success and thus to Pakistan obtaining the capability to detonate a nuclear weapon by the end of 1984.
Bhutto in 1969. Pakistan began development of nuclear devices under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's leadership with a commitment to having the design of device
Bhutto in 1969. Pakistan began development of nuclear devices under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's leadership with a commitment to having the design of device ready by 1976–77 to avert further foreign threat from India.
Conducted in response of India's nuclear test, 'Operation Shakti', on 28 May 1998, the visible effect of the nuclear weapons test on a "bone dry" gran
Conducted in response of India's nuclear test, 'Operation Shakti', on 28 May 1998, the visible effect of the nuclear weapons test on a "bone dry" granite mountain as chain reaction builts in. All five nuclear devices, known as Chagai-I were boosted fission devices that used highly enriched uranium.
The televised screen-shot of Chagai-I on 28 May 1998.
The televised screen-shot of Chagai-I on 28 May 1998.
Pakistani Missiles on display at the IDEAS 2008 defence exhibition in Karachi, Pakistan.
Pakistani Missiles on display at the IDEAS 2008 defence exhibition in Karachi, Pakistan.
Nuclear weapon
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A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions, producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
An assortment of American nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. Clockwise from top left:
An assortment of American nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. Clockwise from top left: PGM-17 Thor, LGM-25C Titan II, HGM-25A Titan I, Thor-Agena, LGM-30G Minuteman III, LGM-118 Peacekeeper, LGM-30A/B/F Minuteman I or II, PGM-19 Jupiter
The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, which led J. Robert Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hind
The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, which led J. Robert Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one "... "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds".
J. Robert Oppenheimer, principal leader of the Manhattan Project, often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb".
J. Robert Oppenheimer, principal leader of the Manhattan Project, often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb".
Edward Teller, often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"
Edward Teller, often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"