1.
Bordeaux
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Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France. The municipality of Bordeaux proper has a population of 243,626, together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 749,595 inhabitants and 1,178,335 in the area, it is the fifth largest in France, after Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department and its inhabitants are called Bordelais or Bordelaises. The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region, Bordeaux is the worlds major wine industry capital. It is home to the main wine fair, Vinexpo. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century, the historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved buildings of any city in France. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, the name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city. In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, the Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in the action. The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin, later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty. In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals, further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city. In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, the city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Around 585, a certain Gallactorius is cited as count of Bordeaux, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732 after storming the fortified city and overwhelming the Aquitanian garrison. After Duke Eudess defeat, the Aquitanian duke could still save part of its troops, the following year, the Frankish commander descended again over Aquitaine, but clashed in battle with the Aquitanians and left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745, Aquitaine faced yet another expedition by Charles sons Pepin and Carloman against Hunald, Hunald was defeated, and his son Waifer replaced him, who in turn confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city. During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine, it was one of Waifers last important strongholds to fall to King Pepin the Shorts troops. Next to Bordeaux, Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac on a hill across the border with the Basques, in 778, Seguin was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year
Bordeaux
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Clockwise from top: Place de la Bourse by the Garonne, Allees du Tourny and Maison de Vin, Pierre Bridge on the Garonne, Meriadeck Commercial Centre, front of Palais Rohan Hotel, and Saint-Andre Cathedral with Bordeaux Tramway
Bordeaux
Bordeaux
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Coins of the Bituriges Vivisci, 5th–1st century BC, derived from the coin designs of Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul. Cabinet des Médailles.
Bordeaux
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Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint-Étienne, late 6th century. British Museum.
2.
Lyon
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Lyon or Lyons is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about 470 km from Paris and 320 km from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais, Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is Frances third-largest city after Paris and Marseille. Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013, the second-largest in France after Paris. The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. It played a significant role in the history of cinema, Auguste, the city is also known for its famous light festival, Fête des Lumières, which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights. Economically, Lyon is a centre for banking, as well as for the chemical, pharmaceutical. The city contains a significant software industry with a focus on video games. Lyon hosts the headquarters of Interpol, Euronews, and International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 and it ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercers 2015 liveability rankings. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne by the Allobroges and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers, dio Cassius says this task was to keep the two men from joining Mark Antony and bringing their armies into the developing conflict. The Roman foundation was at Fourvière hill and was officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity, the city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum. The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as Desired Mountain is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary, in contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lugdunon, after the Celtic god Lugus, and dúnon. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly due to its convenient location at the convergence of two rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in city, Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic senators. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as Primat des Gaules, the Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, in the second century AD, the great Christian bishop of Lyon was the Easterner, Irenaeus. Burgundian refugees fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled by the commander of the west, Aëtius. This became the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom in 461, in 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I
Lyon
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Top, the Basilique de Notre-Dame de Fourvière, the Place des Terreaux with the Fontaine Bartholdi and Lyon City Hall at night. Centre, the Parc de la Tête d'Or, the Confluence district and the old city. Bottom, the Pont Lafayette, the Part-Dieu district with the Place Bellecour in the foreground during the Festival of Lights.
Lyon
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Place Carnot, Lyons
Lyon
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The lion has been the symbol of the city for centuries and is represented throughout the city.
Lyon
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Lyon in the 18th century
3.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
Marseille
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Clockwise from top: Notre-Dame de la Garde • Old Port • La Joliette with CMA CGM Tower • Calanque of Sugiton
Marseille
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View of the "Petit Nice" on the Corniche with Frioul and Château d'If in the background
Marseille
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Marseille seen from Spot Satellite
Marseille
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View from Marseille's Old Port (Vieux-Port) towards Notre-Dame de la Garde
4.
Roubaix
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Roubaix is a city in Northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area. As regards towns boundaries, Roubaix is encompassed by seven cities which constitute its immediate neighbouring environment, Roubaix, alongside those municipalities and twenty-one other communes, belongs to the land of Ferrain, a little district of the former Castellany of Lille between the Lys and Escaut rivers. As the crow flies, the distance between Roubaix and the cities is some odd,16 kilometres to Tournai,18 kilometres to Kortrijk,84 kilometres to Brussels and 213 kilometres to Paris. This area consists predominantly of Holocene deposits of alluvial origin and it is flat and low, with an elevation drop of only 35 m over its 13.23 square kilometres. The lowest altitude of this stands at 17 m, while its highest altitude is 52 m meters above the sea level. Opened in 1877, the Canal de Roubaix crosses the town from its northern neighbourhoods to its eastern neighbourhoods, the Canal de Roubaix closed in 1985, after more than a century in use. Thank to the European funded project Blue Links, the waterway has been reopened to navigation since 2011, despite some American statements that weather conditions in Roubaix were bad during the 19th century, the area of the city is not known for undergoing unusual weather events. The current citys name is most likely derived from two Frankish words, raus meaning reed and baki meaning brook, thence the sense of Roubaix can probably find its origin on the banks of the three following historical brooks, Espierre, Trichon and Favreuil. The place was mentioned for the first time in a Latinised form in the 9th century, thereafter, the following names were in use,1047 and 1106 Rubais,1122 Rosbays,1166 Rusbais,1156 and 1202 Robais,1223 Roubais. Over the span of centuries, the name evolved to Roubaix as shown on Mercators map of Flanders published at Leuven in 1540, parallel to the official and usual name Roubaix, some translations are worth a mention. Firstly, though the city has never belonged to the Flemish-speaking area, furthermore, the Dutch Language Union established Robaais as the citys proper Dutch name. Inhabitants of Roubaix are known in English as Roubaisians and in French as Roubaisiens or in the feminine form Roubaisiennes, also natively called Roubaignos or in the feminine form Roubaignoses. From the 21st century, communes with more than 10,000 population have sample surveys held every year, by the late 18th century, the city began to emerge as regional textile manufacturing centre and its population increased, reaching a level of 8,091 in 1800. As a result of the process of the 19th century. Belgian settlement was a feature of the Roubaisian life at that time, nonetheless, the rate of natural increase shew to be a more important component of the population growth in that period. At the 20th century threshold, the Roubaisian population reached a peak of 124,661, the population of the city was 95,866 at the January 2013 census. This enables Roubaix to remain the third largest municipality in the region Hauts-de-France, after Lille and this spoken vernacular is locally known as Roubaignot. Until the early 20th century this patois prevailed, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, many Jews left their homes and emigrated
Roubaix
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The city hall
Roubaix
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Drawing of the city of the year 1699. On the left, surrounded by a moat, the castle can be seen. To its right appears the hospital Sainte-Elisabeth and in the centre of the image the church Saint-Martin marks the towns centre.
Roubaix
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Barbieux health centre
Roubaix
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ENSAIT
5.
Aquitaine
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Aquitaine, archaic Guyenne/Guienne was a traditional region of France, and was an administrative region of France until 1 January 2016. It is now part of the new region Nouvelle-Aquitaine and it is situated in the south-western part of Metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the five departments of Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, in the Middle Ages, Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, whether this Aquitanian language was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not known. The original Aquitania at the time of Caesars conquest of Gaul included the area bounded by the Garonne River, the Pyrenees, the name may stem from Latin aqua, maybe derived from the town Aquae Augustae, Aquae Tarbellicae or just Aquis or as a more general geographical feature. In 392, the Roman imperial provinces were restructured and Aquitania Prima, Aquitania Secunda, accounts of Aquitania during the Early Middle Ages are a blur, lacking precision, but there was much unrest. The Visigoths were called into Gaul as foederati, legalizing their status within the Empire, eventually they established themselves as the de facto rulers in south-west Gaul as central Roman rule collapsed. Visigoths established their capital in Toulouse, but their tenure on Aquitaine was feeble, in 507, they were expelled south to Hispania after their defeat in the Battle of Vouillé by the Franks, who became the new rulers in the area to the south of the Loire. The Roman Aquitania Tertia remained in place as Novempopulania, where a duke was appointed to hold a grip over the Basques and these dukes were quite detached from central Frankish overlordship, sometimes governing as independent rulers with strong ties to their kinsmen south of the Pyrenees. As of 660, the foundations for an independent Aquitaine/Vasconia polity were established by the duke Felix of Aquitaine, a united Basque-Aquitanian realm reached its heyday under Odo the Greats rule. Odo was required to pledge allegiance to the Frankish Charles Martel in exchange for help against the advancing Arabic forces, Basque-Aquitanian self-rule temporarily came to a halt, definitely in 768 after the assassination of Waifer. Seguin, count of Bordeaux and Duke of Vasconia, seemed to have attempted a detachment from the Frankish central authority on Charlemagnes death, the new emperor Louis the Pious reacted by removing him from his capacity, which stirred the Basques into rebellion. Before Pepins death, emperor Louis had appointed a new king in 832, his son Charles the Bald, however scarce, some Frankish population and nobles settled down in regions like Albigeois, Carcassone, Toulouse, and Provence and Lower Rhone. After the death of the king Dagobert I, the Merovingian tenure south of the Loire became largely nominal, with the power being in the hands of autonomous regional leaders. The Franks may have largely assimilated to the preponderant Gallo-Roman culture by the 8th century. Still, in the Battle of Toulouse, the Aquitanian duke Odo is said to be leading an army of Aquitanians, on the other hand, the Franks didnt mix with the Basques, keeping separate paths. Recorded evidence points to their deployment across Aquitaine in a capacity as a mainstay of the Dukes forces. Romans are cited as living in the cities of Aquitaine, as opposed to the Franks, in 1058, the Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine merged under the rule of William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine
Aquitaine
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Landscape in Dordogne, Aquitaine
Aquitaine
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Flag
Aquitaine
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Situation in the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitaine (760)
Aquitaine
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Landscape in Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine
6.
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Languedoc-Roussillon is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Occitanie and it is the southernmost region of mainland France. The region is made up of the historical provinces,68. The former province of Languedoc also extends over what is now the Midi-Pyrénées region,17. 9% of Languedoc-Roussillon was formerly the province of Gévaudan, now the department of Lozère. A small part of the former Gévaudan lies inside the current Auvergne region, Gévaudan is often considered to be a sub-province inside the province of Languedoc, in which case Languedoc would account for 86. 6% of Languedoc-Roussillon. These pays were part of the Ancien Régime province of Roussillon, owning its name to the largest and most populous of the five pays, llívia is a town of Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain, that forms a Spanish exclave surrounded by French territory. At the regional elections in March 2004, the socialist mayor of Montpellier Georges Frêche, since then, Georges Frêche has embarked on a complete overhaul of the region and its institutions. Georges Frêche also wanted to change the name of the region, wishing to erase its duality, thus, he wanted to rename the region Septimanie. This name, however, has not been in use since the 9th century, strong opposition of the population led to Georges Frêche giving up on his idea. He declared that he believed in it but could not go ahead without a mandate. This idea has minimal popular support, on the other hand, there are some who would like to merge the Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées regions, thus reunifying the old province of Languedoc, and creating a large region. Prior to the 20th century, Occitan was the language spoken in Languedoc, both have been under pressure from French. In 2004, research conducted by the Government of Catalonia showed that 65% of adults over the age of 15 in Roussilon could understand Catalan whereas 37% stated they were able to speak it. In recent years there have been attempts at reviving of both languages, including Catalan-medium schooling through the La Bressola schools, Occitan literature — still sometimes called Provençal literature — is a body of texts written in Occitan in what is nowadays the South of France. It originated in the poetry of the eleventh- and twelfth- century troubadours, aimeric de Peguilhan, Giraut de Bornelh and Bertran de Born were major influences in troubadour composition, in the High Middle Ages. The troubadour tradition is considered to have originated in the region, the Romantic music composer Déodat de Séverac was born in the region, and, following his schooling in Paris, returned to the region to compose. He sought to incorporate the music indigenous to the area in his compositions, grapevines are said to have existed in the South of France since the Pliocene period - before the existence of Homo sapiens. The first vineyards of Gaul developed around two towns, Béziers and Narbonne, several entrepreneurs such as Robert Skalli and James Herrick drastically changed the face of the region, planting more commercially viable grape varieties and pushing for new AOC classifications
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Landscape in Lozère, Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Flag
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Landscape in Aude, Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Pont du Gard aqueduct near Nîmes
7.
Brittany
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Brittany is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Brittany has also referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and its land area is 34,023 km². Since reorganisation in 1956, the administrative region of Brittany comprises only four of the five Breton departments. The remaining area of old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department around Nantes, at the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the Loire-Atlantique department, in 2012, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes, Rennes, and Brest. Brittany is the homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic, the word Brittany, along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents Bretagne, Breizh and Bertaèyn, derive from the Latin Britannia, which means Britons land. This word had been used by the Romans since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain and this word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη or Βρεττανίαι, used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited the British Islands around 320 BC. This term probably comes from a Gallic word, aremorica, which close to the sea. Another name, Letauia, was used until the 12th century and it possibly means wide and flat or to expand and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw. Later, authors like Geoffrey of Monmouth used the terms Britannia minor, breton-speaking people may pronounce the word Breizh in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two dialects, the KLT and the dialect of Vannes. KLT speakers pronounce it and would write it Breiz, while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it, the official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a z and an h together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called Breton zh, on its side, Gallo language has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written Bertaèyn in ELG script, or Bertègn in MOGA, Brittany has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic. This population was scarce and very similar to the other Neanderthals found in the whole of Western Europe and their only original feature was a distinct culture, called Colombanian. One of the oldest hearths in the world has found in Plouhinec
Brittany
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The Carnac stones.
Brittany
Brittany
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The five Gallic tribes of Brittany.
Brittany
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The temple of Mars in Corseul.
8.
Centre-Val de Loire
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Centre-Val de Loire, French for Centre-Loire Valley), is one of the 18 administrative regions of France. It straddles the middle Loire Valley in the interior of the country, the administrative capital is Orléans, but the largest city is Tours. Like many contemporary regions of France, the region of Centre was created from parts of three provinces, Touraine, Orléanais, and Berry. Proposed names for the region included Val de Loire after the Loire Valley or Cœur de Loire, on 17 January 2015, as part of the reorganization of French regions, the regions official name was changed to Centre-Val de Loire. A new logo was also created and this ensures a mission of economic promotion, international support to regional companies and enhancement promotion of regional agrofood products via a regional signature, © du Centre
Centre-Val de Loire
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Forest in Eure-et-Loir, Centre
Centre-Val de Loire
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Centre-Val de Loire
Centre-Val de Loire
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Pont Wilson, Tours
9.
Limousin
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Limousin is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Nouvelle Aquitaine and it was composed of three departments, Corrèze, Creuse and Haute-Vienne. Situated largely in the Massif Central, as of January 1,2010, forming part of the southwest of France, Limousin is bordered by the regions of Centre to the north, Poitou-Charentes and Aquitaine to the west, Midi-Pyrénées to the south and Auvergne to the east. Limousin is also part of Occitania, the modern region of Limousin is essentially composed of two historical French provinces, Limousin, the department of Corrèze in its entirety and the central and southeastern part of Haute-Vienne. The entire old province of Limousin is contained within the modern Limousin, Marche, most of the department of Creuse and the north of Haute-Vienne. The old province of Marche is almost entirely contained within the region of Limousin. Limoges, the capital and largest city of the province of Limousin, is the capital of the Limousin administrative region. With a slowly rising population of just under 750,000, the population of Limousin is aging and, until 1999, was declining. The department of Creuse has the oldest population of any in France, between 1999 and 2004 the population of Limousin increased slightly, reversing a decline for the first time in decades. Brive-la-Gaillarde Guéret Limoges Panazol Saint-Junien Tulle Ussel Limousin is a rural region. Famed for some of the best beef farming in the world, the region is also a major timber producing area. It is a partnership that is over 100 years old, the regional capital, Limoges, was once an industrial power base, world-renowned for its porcelain and still a leader and innovator in electric equipment factories. However, large factories are now few in number, some of the rivers belonging to the Loire basin run through the north, west and east of the region, waterways belonging to that of the Dordogne through the south. The region is crossed by three rivers, the Vienne, the Dordogne and the Charente. The region is known for the high quality of its water. The Limousin region is almost entirely an upland area, the lowest land is in the northwest of the region and the highest land is roughly in the southeast. However, the part of the region is above 350 m. Limousin is one of the provinces of France
Limousin
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Limoges, half-timbered house by the bridge Saint Martial
Limousin
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Flag
Limousin
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Small river in Creuse, Limousin
10.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
Portuguese language
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Multilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi, Japan. Return immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a large Portuguese-speaking community in the town.
Portuguese language
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Percentage of worldwide Portuguese speakers per country.
Portuguese language
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Library of the Mafra National Palace, Portugal
Portuguese language
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Baroque Library of the Coimbra University, Portugal
11.
Roman Catholicism
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
Roman Catholicism
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Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
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St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
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Pope Francis, elected in the papal conclave, 2013
Roman Catholicism
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Traditional graphic representation of the Trinity: The earliest attested version of the diagram, from a manuscript of Peter of Poitiers ' writings, c. 1210
12.
Italian French
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Italian migration into what is today France has been going on, in different migrating cycles, for centuries, beginning in prehistoric times right to the modern age. In addition, Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1768, according to Robin Cohen, about 5 million French nationals are of Italian origin if their parentage is retraced over three generations. According to official data of the Eurostat for 2012, the number of Italian citizens residing in France was 174,000, there has always been migration, since ancient times, between what is today Italy and France, but at a limited extent. This is especially true of the regions of northwestern Italy and southeastern France, regions of significant Italian diaspora sprang up as far north as Paris and Flanders. However it was not much as a percentage of the French global population and this Italian migration developed more through the Renaissance, as previous generations became assimilated. Since the 16th century, Florence and its citizens have long enjoyed a close relationship with France. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine de Medici married Henry, under the gallicised version of her name, Catherine de Médici, she became Queen consort of France when Henry ascended to the throne in 1547. Later on, after Henry died, she became regent on behalf of her ten-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers, after Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu, and extended Frances political ambitions not only within Italy, enrico Tonti, born near Gaeta, Italy was an Italian-born soldier, explorer, and fur trader in the service of France. He was the son of Lorenzo de Tonti, a financier and former governor of Gaeta, enrico was second in command of the La Salle expedition on his descent of the Mississippi River. Tontis letters and journals are valuable source materials on these explorations, several months later, both Cadillac and Tonty brought their wives to the fort, making them the first European women to travel into the interior of North America. He was the son of Lorenzo de Tonti who was a financier and former governor of Gaeta, Lorenzo de Tonti was the inventor of the form of life insurance known as the tontine. Henri de Tonti, involved in LaSalles exploration of the Mississippi River and it should be noted that Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor and general, was ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of Genoese and Tuscan ancestry. Italian popular immigration to France only began in the late 18th century, really developed from the end of the 19th century until the World War I, France needed workforce to compensate for the war losses and its very low birthrate. Initially, Italian immigration to modern France came predominantly from northern Italy and it wasnt until after World War II that large numbers of immigrants from southern Italy immigrated to France, usually settling in industrialised areas of France, such as Lorraine, Paris and Lyon. The number of inhabitants with Italian ancestry is generally indeterminable, henri Cernuschi, banker, journalist, and art collector. His collection is known as the Musée Cernuschi
Italian French
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Italian French
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Jules Mazarin
Italian French
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Jean Alesi
Italian French
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Cali
13.
French citizens
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The 1993 Méhaignerie Law required children born in France of foreign parents to request French nationality at adulthood, rather than being automatically accorded citizenship. This manifestation of will requirement was subsequently abrogated by the Guigou Law of 1998, children born in France to tourists or other short-term visitors do not acquire French citizenship by virtue of birth in France, residency must be proven. French nationality and citizenship were concepts that existed even before the French Revolution, there are three key dates in the legal history of naturalization, Military service and state education were two processes central to the creation of a common national culture. Military conscription brought inhabitants of the states regions together for the first time, creating bonds of friendship, universal education brought the whole of the population into contact with state-sanctioned version of French history and identity. State teachers, the Black hussars of the Republic, conveyed the national language to the people of the regions, the attribution of French nationality can be due to filiation. The attribution of French nationality can be given by birth in France if other requirements are also met, plenary adoption is the only act of filiation which carries direct effects on nationality. Unlike the process of adoption, a child adopted according to the procedure of plenary adoption breaks any bond with his family of origin. Filiation must be established while the child is a minor to take effect, consequently, the recognition of a child older than the age of majority has no effect on his or her nationality. Children born in France to at least one parent who is born in France automatically acquire French citizenship at birth. A child born in France to foreign parents may acquire French citizenship, at birth, at 18, if resident in France with at least 5 years residence since age 11. Between 16 and 18 upon request by the child and if resident in France with at least 5 years residence since age 11, between 13 and 16 upon request by the childs parents and if resident in France continuously since age 8. If born in France of parents born before independence in a colony/territory in the past under French sovereignty, at birth, if born in France before January 1,1994. At age 18, if born in France on or after January 1,1994, a person aged 18 or above may apply for French citizenship by naturalization after five years habitual and continuous residence in France. In addition, it is required that the applicant has his/her primary source of income in France during the five-year period and those applying who are not European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss nationals are required to be in possession of a titre de séjour. The residence period may be waived for those who have served in the French military, for refugees. The residence period is counted backwards from the date on which the applicant lodged his/her naturalization application, the applicant must show that he/she has been residing legally in France during the 5 or 2 year residence period. Any periods of residence in France before the 5 or 2 year residence period will not be taken into account when the application is considered. Naturalization will only be successful for those who are judged to have integrated into French society, the applicant must also be of good character
French citizens
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Contents
14.
Construction
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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing, and continues until the project is built, large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a manager, design engineer. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential, the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects. Construction is a term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations. Construction is used as a verb, the act of building, and a noun, how a building was built, in general, there are three sectors of construction, buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is further divided into residential and non-residential. Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering and it includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills, there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets. Engineering News-Record is a magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and they publish a list of the largest companies in the United States and also a list the largest global firms. In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments and it was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste, the Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors, building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors, there are also categories for construction service firms and construction managers. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings, the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, for this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations, materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used
Construction
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In large construction projects, such as this skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia, cranes are essential.
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Military residential unit construction by U.S. Navy personnel in Afghanistan
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The National Cement Share Company of Ethiopia 's new plant in Dire Dawa.
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Framing
15.
Auvergne (region)
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Auvergne is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and it comprises four departments, Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. The administrative region of Auvergne is larger than the province of Auvergne. The Auvergne region is composed of the old provinces, Auvergne, departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, northwest of Haute-Loire. The province of Auvergne is entirely contained inside the Auvergne region Bourbonnais, a small part of Bourbonnais is also contained inside the Centre-Val de Loire region. Velay, centre and southeast of department of Haute-Loire, velay is entirely contained inside the Auvergne region. A small part of Gévaudan, extreme southwest of Haute-Loire, Gévaudan is essentially inside the Languedoc-Roussillon region. A small part of Vivarais, extreme southeast of Haute-Loire, Vivarais is essentially inside the Rhône-Alpes region. A small part of Forez, extreme northeast of Haute-Loire, Forez is essentially inside the Rhône-Alpes region. Velay, Gévaudan, and Vivarais are often considered to be sub-provinces of the old province of Languedoc, Forez is also often considered to be a sub-province of Lyonnais. Therefore, the region of Auvergne is composed of the provinces of Auvergne, major part of Bourbonnais. The region is home to a chain of volcanoes known collectively as the chaîne des Puys, the last confirmed eruption was around 4040 BCE. The volcanoes began forming some 70,000 years ago, and most have eroded, Auvergne has a surface area of 26,013 square kilometres equivalent to 4. 8% of Frances total surface area. Auvergne is one of the smallest regions in France, Auvergne is known for its mountain ranges and dormant volcanoes. Together the Monts Dore and the Chaîne des Puys include 80 volcanoes, the Puy de Dôme is the tallest volcano in the region, with an altitude of 1,465 metres. The Sancy Massif in the Monts Dore is the highest point in Auvergne, the northern region is covered in hills while the southern portion is mountainous and dotted with pastures. The Forest of Tronçais covers nearly 11,000 hectares and is the largest oak forest in Europe, the Loire runs through the southeast and borders the northeast, and the Allier runs from north to south down the center of Auvergne, with branches going east and west. Over many years the Allier river has created what are known as the Allier gorges, Auvergne has about 50 freshwater ponds and lakes
Auvergne (region)
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Auvergne terrain map
Auvergne (region)
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Flag
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The " Chaîne des Puys " in Puy-de-Dôme
Auvergne (region)
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Clermont-Ferrand
16.
Nando de Colo
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Nando de Colo is a French professional basketball player for CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League and the EuroLeague. Standing at a height of 6 ft 5 in, he plays at the point guard, shooting guard, a two-time All-EuroLeague selection, he won the EuroLeague title in 2016 with CSKA Moscow, earning both the EuroLeague MVP and Final Four MVP awards in the process. De Colo was born in Sainte-Catherine-lès-Arras, France to parents who were born and raised in Portugal. He attended Lycée Fernand Renaudeau in Cholet, and made his first appearance on the Cholet Under-20 team in 2004–05, De Colo made his professional debut during the 2006–07 season with Cholet Basket of the LNB Pro A. Under supervision of head coach Erman Kunter, he helped the team win the 2008 Semaine des As and reach the finals of the 2008 French Cup, on 1 June 2009, he parted ways with Cholet. On 25 June 2009, he was selected with the 53rd overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the San Antonio Spurs, on 13 July 2009, he signed a three-year deal with Valencia of Spain. He went on to win the 2010 EuroCup title with Valencia, on 10 July 2012, De Colo announced he would not be re-signing with Valencia in order to play in the NBA. On 13 July 2012, he signed a deal with the San Antonio Spurs. On 20 February 2014, De Colo was traded to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Austin Daye, on 9 July 2014, De Colo signed a two-year deal with the Russian club CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League. In May 2015, he was chosen to the All-EuroLeague Second Team, however, in the EuroLeague Final Fours semi-final game, despite being dubbed by the media as an absolute favorite to advance to the Finals, CSKA once again lost to Olympiacos. The final score was 70–68, after a great Olympiacos comeback in the 4th quarter, CSKA Moscow eventually won the third place game, after defeating Fenerbahçe, by a score of 86–80. In his second EuroLeague season, De Colo averaged a career-high 14.4 points,3.2 rebounds, on 21 May 2015, De Colo won the VTB United League MVP Award. CSKA Moscow finished the season by winning the VTB United League championship, after eliminating Khimki, on 3 May 2016, De Colo was awarded with the Alphonso Ford Trophy, an annual award given to the EuroLeagues top scorer of the season. Nine days later, he was named the EuroLeague MVP, on 15 May, CSKA won the EuroLeague title, and De Colo was named the EuroLeague Final Four MVP. On 15 June 2016, De Colo signed a new contract with CSKA. He was named the 2016 All-Europe Player of the Year by Eurobasket. com, note, The EuroLeague is not the only competition in which the player participated for the team during the season. He also played in competition, and regional competition if applicable. De Colo is a member of the senior mens French national basketball team
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De Colo in 2014 on the Spurs
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De Colo playing for France in 2015.
17.
Manuel da Costa (footballer)
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Manuel Marouane da Costa Trindade Senoussi, known as Manuel da Costa, is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Olympiacos. He has previously played for Nancy, PSV, Fiorentina, Sampdoria, West Ham United, Lokomotiv Moscow, born in France to parents of Moroccan and Portuguese descent, he played for Portugal Under-21s before switching to play senior international football for Morocco. Da Costa began his career at Ligue 1 club AS Nancy, Nancy went on to lift the trophy and qualify for the UEFA Cup. After rejecting offers from Bordeaux and Newcastle United, he opted to play in the Netherlands with PSV, the 20-year-old centre-back agreed a five-year contract with the Dutch champions to become new coach Ronald Koemans second summer signing at €1 million. Da Costa was given the number 14 shirt, and he stated, It will be a base to grow. Da Costa, after a first season to get acquainted to a new challenge, gradually more important in Koemans side in 2007–08. He played his first Champions League match on 12 September 2006, on 29 January 2008, it was confirmed by PSV that an agreement had been reached on the transfer of da Costa to Fiorentina, subject to a medical. Da Costa did not manage to make a breakthrough into Fiorentinas first team, on 30 January 2009, he agreed for a loan move to Sampdoria till the end of the season. In August 2009 he signed a contract with English side West Ham United, for an undisclosed fee. Da Costa made his debut for West Ham in their 3–1 away defeat in the League Cup to Bolton Wanderers on 22 September 2009 and his league debut arrived on 28 September 2009 in a 3–1 defeat at Eastlands to Manchester City. He scored his first goal for West Ham against Hull City in a 3–3 draw at the KC Stadium on 21 November 2009, Da Costa left West Ham in June 2011. He had played 35 games in all competitions scoring four goals including two against Stoke City and one against Everton, in June 2011 he left West Ham to join Lokomotiv Moscow for an undisclosed fee after West Ham were relegated from the Premier League. The amount of transfer was 1.5 million euros, according to club president Olga Smorodskaya, Da Costa was bought to replace the team left back Marko Baša who left for French Champions Lille OSC. On 14 August 2011, Da Costa made his debut in Russia against Volga Nizhny Novgorod in a 0–0 draw and also on his debut, he received a yellow card. On 28 August 2011, Da Costa provided assist for Felipe Caicedo to score the goal in the game to beat FC Kuban Krasnodar 1–0. On 10 September 2011, Da Costa scored a brace and his first goal in Russia to beat defending champion FC Zenit Saint Petersburg 4–2. By the end of 2011/12 season, Da Costa had made 15 appearances after he had established himself in the first team in the half of the season. He also played in seven of eight games in the UEFA Europa League, however ahead of the new season, Da Costa was used less frequently by new manager Slaven Bilić and his first team opportunities at Lokomotiv Moscow became limited
Manuel da Costa (footballer)
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Da Costa playing for Lokomotiv
Manuel da Costa (footballer)
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Da Costa at Fiorentina
Manuel da Costa (footballer)
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Da Costa at West Ham
Manuel da Costa (footballer)
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Da Costa clashes with Arsenal's Andrei Arshavin.
18.
Mourad Meghni
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Mourad Meghni is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder who currently plays for Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club CS Constantine. He can also play as a central midfielder and he is a player known for his excellent technique. As a young footballer in France, his ability and Algerian heritage earned him the nickname petit Zidane, aged thirteen, Meghni joined the famous academy Le Centre Technique National Fernand Sastre, commonly referred to as Clairefontaine. With Bologna, he came runner-up in the 2002 Intertoto Cup losing out to Fulham on aggregate 5–3. In the summer of 2007, Meghni signed with Lazio on a deal for €5.75 million, with the club further paying Bologna an additional €1. 92M for full ownership. He won the 2008–09 Coppa Italia, as well as the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana whilst playing for Lazio, Meghni is a former French youth international and was a part of the team that won the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship, held in Trinidad and Tobago. He opted to play for Algeria at senior level in August 2009 and he made his debut for Algeria in a 1–0 win on 12 August 2009, against Uruguay. He went on to play for Algeria at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola, Meghni was born on 16 April 1984 in Paris to Ali and Anna, an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Meghni remained at the football school at Clairefontaine for three years before moving to Cannes at the age of 16. When he was 16, Meghni decided to leave the Clairefontaine academy and sign for Cannes, but due to financial problems Cannes were immediately relegated to amateur football. Meghni had a time at Cannes as he was usually on the substitute bench for the reserve team. Meghni views his time at Cannes as an experience as he was very young when he signed for the club. As a youth player, Meghni moved from the renowned Clairefontaine academy to Bologna and he made his Serie A debut on 12 January 2003 in a 2–0 loss at home to Milan. Meghni then spent the 2005–06 season on loan to French Ligue 1 side Sochaux, while at Bologna, Meghni was never able to turn his talent into success and consistency, and as such was never a favourite among the fans. He made a statement following Bolognas relegation to Serie B, in which he declared he would never play in what he considered to be a sub-standard competition. He did spend a year in Serie B, his last at the club, in the 2007–08 season, Meghni joined Lazio on a co-ownership deal for €5. 75million. His early performances for the Biancocelesti were not impressive, and he failed to nail down a place in the line-up. He did make his debut in the UEFA Champions League, setting up a goal for Tommaso Rocchi
Mourad Meghni
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Mourad Meghni
19.
Carlos Mendes Varela
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Carlos Mendes Varela is a Portuguese-born French professional rugby league player. Arrived in France at 12, he took the French nationality and his position is winger or centre. He is currently playing for Toulouse Olympique in the Co-operative Championship competition in France, prior to his signing with Toulouse he was playing at Lyon in the French first division. Toulouse Olympique profile Widnes Vikings, Portuguese star could figure for Toulouse in Co-operative Championship game Runcorn & Widnes Weekly News
Carlos Mendes Varela
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Carlos Mendes Varela
20.
Daniel Moreira
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Daniel Moreira is a former French footballer. Moreira started his career with Valenciennes FC before moving to Guingamp and he finished as the runners-up of the 1997 Coupe de France playing for them. In 1998, he transferred to RC Lens and he won the Coupe de la Ligue with the Les Sang et Or in 1999 and got very close from winning the national championship in 2002. After spending six years at Stade Félix Bollaert, he was rewarded with a move to Toulouse FC, in the 2005–06 season, he formed a formidable attacking partnership alongside Brazilian-born Tunisian forward Santos, scoring 15 goals between them in Ligue 1. On June 22,2006, Moreira agreed to join Stade Rennais for a fee of €5,500,000, Moreira made a less than impressive season at his new club, not scoring after 29 appearances. In August 2009 he transferred to US Boulogne, after a complicated knee injury, he retired from professional football in December 2010. Moreira was born in France, and is of Portuguese descent, Moreira has earned 3 caps in his career, making his debut for the France national team on November 20,2002 in a 3–0 win against Serbia. Coupe de France finalist with Guingamp Coupe de la Ligue winner with RC Lens Daniel Moreiras profile, stats & pics
Daniel Moreira
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Daniel Moreira
21.
Petit (Portuguese footballer)
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Armando Gonçalves Teixeira, OIH, known as Petit, is a former Portuguese professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, and the current manager of Moreirense FC. He received the moniker Petit because of his frame. He also became known as Pitbull by supporters because of his fierce approach, after helping Boavista win its first and only Portuguese championship, he went on to amass more than 200 official appearances for Benfica, winning another three major titles. He also spent several seasons in Germany with 1, FC Köln, but his later years were marred by injury problems. A Portuguese international during the 2000s, Petit represented the nation in two World Cups – finishing fourth in the 2006 edition – and as many European Championships, Petit was born to Portuguese parents in Strasbourg, France, moving to his parents motherland still as an infant. After four years with modest clubs, he first established himself at the top level with Gil Vicente F. C. where he was a key player, helping the Barcelos team to its best ever first division finish. After one season Petit left for Boavista FC, being instrumental in the only league conquest. In the summer of 2002, Petit moved to S. L, in his third year, he scored twice in 29 games as the club ended an 11-year drought and won the national championship. On 29 July 2008, Petit signed for newly promoted 1 and he netted his first goal with his new club on 7 August, against SV Niederauerbach in the seasons domestic cup. 35-year-old Petit missed the entire 2011–12 due to a cruciate ligament injury. In August 2012 he returned to Boavista, with the now in the third division. In October he was appointed player-coach, becoming a manager in the following season. For administrative reasons, Boavista returned to the top flight in 2014, on 9 December 2015, after leaving the hotseat at the Estádio do Bessa for personal motives, he was appointed at C. D. Tondela for their first top division campaign, being one of three coaches in charge as the team avoided relegation in the last matchday. Subsequently, Petit signed a new deal to last until 2018, Petit made his international debut for Portugal on 2 June 2001, in a 1–1 draw against Republic of Ireland in Dublin for the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying rounds. He played for the team in the finals, and was also a member of the national team that reached the final at UEFA Euro 2004. Following Euro 2008, where he started for the eventual quarterfinalists, Petit announced his retirement from international football, at nearly 32. In total, he won 57 caps and scored four goals. com Petit at ForaDeJogo Petit manager stats at ForaDeJogo Petit at Fussballdaten Petit at National-Football-Teams. com Petit – FIFA competition record
Petit (Portuguese footballer)
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Petit in 2009
22.
Marco Ramos (footballer)
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Marco Miguel Gonçalves Ramos is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Sequeirense FC as a left back. Born in Levallois-Perret, Hauts-de-Seine of Portuguese descent, Ramos began playing football with AS Monaco FC, midway through 2010–11, Ramos joined S. C. Braga of Portugal on a two-year contract, during his stint with the Minho side, his output consisted of a match against F. C. Arouca for the campaigns domestic League Cup. On 27 July 2012, Ramos returned to his country of birth, Ramos gained the first of his five caps for the Portugal under-19 team on 27 March 2002, in a 2–0 friendly win over Greece. Marco Ramos – French league stats at LFP Marco Ramos at TheFinalBall. com Marco Ramos at ForaDeJogo National team data Marco Ramos at Soccerway
Marco Ramos (footballer)
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Ramos training with Lens in 2009
23.
Anthony da Silva
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For other people named Toni Silva/Antonio Silva, See Antonio da Silva. Anthony da Silva, commonly known as Tony, is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a right back, the son of a Portuguese couple, Silva was born in Le Creusot, Saône-et-Loire. In the 2005–06 season, Silva made his Primeira Liga debuts, estrela da Amadora easily retained its league status. In January 2007 he moved abroad, signing with CFR Cluj in Romania, during his spell at Cluj, Silva quickly became a fan favourite for his strong work ethic and dedication, also eventually gaining team captaincy. In January 2011, aged 30, Silva returned to his country, in the following year, in the same transfer window, he joined fellow league side F. C. Paços de Ferreira
Anthony da Silva
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Tony playing for CFR Cluj in 2009
24.
Filipe Teixeira
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Filipe Andrade Teixeira is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Romanian club Astra Giurgiu as an attacking midfielder. Born in Paris, France, Teixeira started his career with F. C. Felgueiras in the Portuguese second division. After a career-best nine goals in 2000–01 season, he returned to his nation of birth – his parents were Portuguese immigrants – and signed with second level club FC Istres. Teixeira then returned to Portugal, making his Primeira Liga debuts at Vítor Pontess União de Leiria, on loan, at the end of the campaign he went back to PSG, and teamed up with two more countrymen, Pauleta and Hugo Leal. Another move to Portugal followed, as Teixeira signed for Académica de Coimbra, with the Students, he only missed five league game in two seasons combined, helping the team to consecutive 13th-place finishes. Teixeira completed a move to West Bromwich Albion on 17 July 2007 for a fee of £600,000, Teixeira scored his first goal for Albion in a 2–0 home win over Barnsley, on 1 September 2007. His performances in midfield during that month earned him a place on the shortlist for Championship Player of the Month, although the award eventually went to Watfords Darius Henderson. On 31 January 2010, having appeared scarcely for WBA following his return from injury, in February of the following year, however, he was loaned to FC Braşov in Romania, for six-months. Teixeira continued in Romania and its Liga I for the 2011–12 season and he was released from his contract after the club entered administration, and moved to the United Arab Emirates with Al-Shaab CSC. Teixeira returned to Romania in the summer of 2013, joining FC Petrolul Ploiești and he scored seven league goals in 29 games in his debut campaign, helping his new team to the third position with the subsequent qualification to the UEFA Europa League
Filipe Teixeira
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Teixeira playing for Barnsley
25.
Marie Myriam
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Marie Myriam is a French singer of Portuguese descent. Representing France, she won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1977 with Loiseau et lenfant with music by Jean Paul Cara, the single reached #42 in the UK Singles Chart in June 1977. In 1981, Myriam also represented France in the Yamaha Music Festival with the song Sentimentale, in recent years, she has read out the votes of the French Jury at the Eurovision Song Contest. Myriam made an appearance at the 50th anniversary concert in Copenhagen, Denmark, the same year, she wrote the introduction to the French edition of The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History by John Kennedy OConnor. Myriam was married to music producer Michel Elmosnino from the late 1970s until his death at age 67 on 20 December 2013, the marriage produced two children, Laureen and Rick
Marie Myriam
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Marie Myriam in March 2007 Photo: Julien Reynaud
26.
Lucenzo
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Luís Filipe Oliveira, better known by his stage name Lucenzo, is a French-Portuguese recording artist and record producer. His parents emigrated to Bordeaux, France, from Bragança, in northern Portugal, Lucenzo signed with the Universal Music record label. He is best known for his dance hit with rapper Big Ali, puerto Rican reggaeton artist Don Omar released a Spanish/Portuguese version of the song under the title Danza Kuduro with Lucenzo. Lucenzo released his single in 2008, a Portuguese/multilingual reggae/reggaeton song entitled Emigrante del mundo. Signed to Scopio Music, the became a Portuguese radio hit. It was followed in 2009 by Dame reggaeton, but it was with his bilingual English/Portuguese dance hit Vem Dançar Kuduro in collaboration with Big Ali produced by Lucenzo. It was a Top 40 hit in Switzerland, reaching #31, an alternative Spanish version by Don Omar with Lucenzo was released on 15 August 2010, entitled Danza Kuduro. The accompanying music video was released on 17 August and it is also featured on Don Omars compilation album Meet the Orphans
Lucenzo
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Lucenzo
27.
Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
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He has also produced several works from his record label Crydamoure with label co-owner Éric Chedeville. He and Chedeville formed the musical duo Le Knight Club, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo was born in the Paris, France suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine. He is of Portuguese descent, his great-grandfather was the writer and fascism advocate Homem Cristo Filho, in a video interview, Homem-Christo stated that he was given a toy guitar and keyboard at around seven years of age. He was eventually given a guitar at age 14. He has also stated that he uses a guitar when writing music, Homem-Christo met Thomas Bangalter when they were attending the Lycée Carnot school together in 1987. It was there that they discovered their mutual fascination for films and music of the 1960s and 70s, very basic cult teenager things, the two and Laurent Brancowitz eventually joined to form an indie rock trio called Darlin, in which Homem-Christo performed guitar. Bangalter felt that It was still more a teenage thing at that time. Its like, you know, everybody wants to be in a band, a negative review referred to their music as a daft punky thrash, which inspired Bangalter and Homem-Christos new name. The two soon became interested in dance music after going to a club in 1992. Homem-Christo is credited for designing the Daft Punk logo in the notes of Homework. Regarding Daft Punks creative process and working with Bangalter, Homem-Christo commented that hes more of the tech guy than I am. He added, Im more critical of everything we do, were two-halves of one solid combination. Theres balance there – completeness between us, yeah, de Homem-Christo is also a co-founder of the group Le Knight Club, along with Éric Chedeville from Pumpking Records. They are the founders of the record label Crydamoure, named after a variation of the French phrase cri damour or cry of love in English, Crydamoure also published works by Homem-Christos brother Paul de Homem-Christo, under the name Play Paul. In regards to Crydamoure, Guy-Manuel stated, Myself and Thomas have the same tastes in music, when I make records for Crydamoure its a different style than what may end up as Daft Punk music. I know what Thomas likes, and he knows what I like, Crydamoure is not so production oriented, even if its not too far from Daft Punk. The Daft Punk material is more orchestrated and slightly different, I may be working on a sample for Crydamoure, and maybe no one else can hear the difference, but we know. He produced Sébastien Telliers 2008 album titled Sexuality, in 2010, de Homem-Christo co-produced Kavinskys Nightcall EP with SebastiAn
Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
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De Homem-Christo performing in Italy in 2007 as one half of Daft Punk
28.
Caroline Costa
–
Caroline Costa was born in 1996 in France, to a French mother, Laurence, and Portuguese father, Joachim. She had great success as a youngster, in 2007, she was chosen as part of the 6-member teen group Pop System for the French childrens series Iapiap. Broadcast on Canal J, where she was mentored by M. Pokora, Pop System enjoyed great popularity in the period 2007-2008 and released the single Laissez-nous dire that reached #12 on the French Singles Chart. The teen group was made up of the girls Caroline, Marina, Sarah, Lisa, in 2008, she appeared on the French television channel M6s program 100% Mag. In November 2008, she took part in the M6 reality television series La France a un incroyable talent where she reached the finale and she auditioned with Hurt from Christina Aguilera, and received a standing ovation. In the next round, she performed My Heart Will Go On from Céline Dion, in the finale she performed I Will Always Love You from Whitney Houston and finished runner-up for the season with the title going to Alexandre, a fire juggler. She started her music career in 2009. In 2009, she did a duet with the Spanish teen actor/pop singer Abraham Mateo for a Spanish cover of Badfingers Without You and had television appearances and was appeared again on 100% Mag. In September of the year, she was part of a charity album release for the French AIDS charity AIDES, working with famous artists like Daniel Powter, Lara Fabian. Her first solo single released in France was Qui je suis in December 2010, the EP included besides Qui je suis, an instrumental version of the same song, also Mon secret and a cover of Take a Bow. In December 2011 her single Je tai menti was released in duet with Swedish upcoming artist Ulrik Munther alongside a video that was first broadcast on NRJ Hits. The song is a French version of Kill for Lies, a song by Ulrik Munther. This was a pre-release for her studio album Jirai, released on 5 March 2012. She started presenting the French television program Kids 20 on the French childrens channel Télétoon +, since 2012, shes participating at the famous french musical show, Robin Hood. She plays the role of Bedelia, the daughter, who fall in love with Adrien. The cast of the comedy is composed of Matt Pokora, Stephanie Bedard, Caroline Costa, Sacha Tran, Dume, Nyco Lilliu. They made many shows in Paris before to go in other cities, in Belgium. The show is a success in France, Belgium and Switzerland
Caroline Costa
–
Caroline Costa in 2014
29.
Maria Helena Vieira da Silva
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Maria Helena Vieira da Silva was a Portuguese-French abstractionist painter. Vieira da Silva was born in Lisbon, Portugal, at the age of eleven she had begun seriously studying drawing and painting at that citys Academia de Belas-Artes. In her teen years she studied painting with Fernand Léger, sculpture with Antoine Bourdelle, Vieira da Silva also worked with Fauve artist Othon Friesz. In 1928 Vieira da Silva left Lisbon to study sculpture in Paris, by 1930 she was exhibiting her paintings in Paris, that same year she married the Hungarian painter Árpád Szenes. After a brief sojourn back in Lisbon and a period spent in Brazil during World War II and she adopted French citizenship in 1956. Vieira da Silva received the French governments Grand Prix National des Arts in 1966 and she was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1979. She died in Paris, France on 6 March 1992 and her name sometimes appears written as Elena, but the correct version, in Portuguese, is Helena. In the 1930s Vieira da Silva began producing her characteristic works which were heavily impastoed and she is considered to be one of the most important Post-War abstract artists although she is not a “pure” abstract painter. Her paintings often resemble mazes, cities seen in profile or from high above or even library shelves in what seems to be an allegory to a search for Knowledge or the Absolute. Vieira da Silva has also created many prints, designs, for tapestries, ceramic decorations and she exhibited her work widely, winning a prize for painting at the São Paulo Art Biennial in São Paulo in 1961. In 1966-76 she made a window for the St. James church in Reims together with Josef Sima. In 1974 she made the painting A Library Burning which uses many of the elements from that window and she decorated in 1988 the new Cidade Universitária subway station of Lisbon with azulejo panels. In November 1994, the Árpád Szenes-Vieira da Silva Foundation was inaugurated in Lisbon, Vieira da Silva, 1908-1992, the quest for unknown space. National Museum for Women in the Arts, Portfolio Maria-Helena Vieira da Silva,83, Portuguese-Born Painter, archived from the original on 11 February 2014
Maria Helena Vieira da Silva
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Self-portrait, 1942.
Maria Helena Vieira da Silva
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The Corridor, oil on canvas, 1950, 64.8 x 91.1 cm, Tate Gallery, London
Maria Helena Vieira da Silva
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Árpád Szenes-Vieira da Silva Foundation, Lisbon
30.
Camille Pissarro
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Camille Pissarro was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas. His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54, in 1873 he helped establish a collective society of fifteen aspiring artists, becoming the pivotal figure in holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Cézanne said he was a father for me, a man to consult and a little like the good Lord, and he was also one of Gauguins masters. Renoir referred to his work as revolutionary, through his portrayals of the common man. Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions and he acted as a father figure not only to the Impressionists but to all four of the major Post-Impressionists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro was born on 10 July 1830 on the island of St. Thomas to Frederick and his father was of Portuguese Jewish descent and held French nationality. His mother was from a French-Jewish family from the island of St. Thomas and his father was a merchant who came to the island from France to deal with the hardware store of a deceased uncle and married his widow. The marriage caused a stir within St. Thomas small Jewish community because she was married to Fredericks uncle. In subsequent years his four children were forced to attend the primary school. Upon his death, his will specified that his estate be split equally between the synagogue and St. Thomas Protestant church, when Camille was twelve his father sent him to boarding school in France. He studied at the Savary Academy in Passy near Paris, while a young student, he developed an early appreciation of the French art masters. Monsieur Savary himself gave him a grounding in drawing and painting and suggested he draw from nature when he returned to St. Thomas. However, his father preferred he work in his business, giving him a job working as a cargo clerk and he took every opportunity during those next five years at the job to practise drawing during breaks and after work. When he turned twenty-one, Danish artist Fritz Melbye, then living on St. Thomas, inspired Pissarro to take on painting as a profession, becoming his teacher. Pissarro then chose to leave his family and job and live in Venezuela and he drew everything he could, including landscapes, village scenes, and numerous sketches, enough to fill up multiple sketchbooks. In 1855 he moved back to Paris where he working as assistant to Anton Melbye. In Paris he worked as assistant to Danish painter Anton Melbye and he also studied paintings by other artists whose style impressed him, Courbet, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and Corot
Camille Pissarro
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Circa 1900
Camille Pissarro
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Paisaje tropical con casas rurales y palmeras, c. 1853. Galería de Arte Nacional, Caracas
Camille Pissarro
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Two Women Chatting by the Sea, St. Thomas, (1856), (private collection)
Camille Pissarro
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Jalais Hill, Pontoise, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1867
31.
Portuguese diaspora
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Portuguese people are an ethnic group indigenous to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and their predominant religion is Christianity, Portuguese people were a key factor to the Age of Exploration, discovering several lands unknown to the Europeans in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania, helping to pave the way for Globalization. There are around 10 million native Portuguese in Portugal, out of a population of 10.34 million. A small minority of about 15,000 speak the Mirandese language, in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, all of the speakers are bilingual with Portuguese. An even smaller minority of no more than 2,000 people speak Barranquenho, some people from the former colonies have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s. More recently, a number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians, Moldovans, Romanians and Russians. There is also a Chinese minority, in addition, there is a small minority Gypsies of about 40,000 people, Muslims about 34,000 people and an even smaller minority of Jews of about 5,000 people. Between 1886 and 1966, Portugal lost to more than any West European country except Ireland. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, about 40 million Brazilians have relatively recent Portuguese background, due to massive immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese, significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in several countries. Portuguese Sephardic Jews are also in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil, in Brazil many of the colonists were also originally Sephardic Jews, who, converted, were known as New Christians. In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, in the Pacific, Hawaii has a sizable Portuguese element that goes back 150 years, Australia and New Zealand also have Portuguese communities. Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940, argentina and Uruguay had Portuguese immigration in the early 20th century. So has Chile where an estimated 50,000 descendants live, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the countrys African possessions gained independence in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, while others moved to Brazil and South Africa. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Equatorial Guinea, in 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the United States. Portuguese constitute 13% of the population of Luxembourg, in areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, the Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30% of the population, 20% and 3% respectively. The British capital London is home to the largest number of Portuguese people in the UK, with the majority being found in the boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster. The Portuguese diaspora communities still are very attached to their language, their culture and their national dishes, in colonial times, over 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, and most of them went there during the gold rush of the 18th century
Portuguese diaspora
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Portuguese men playing Fado
Portuguese diaspora
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Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red). See also this map for distribution in Europe.
Portuguese diaspora
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Sign and frame about Portuguese immigration inside one subway station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Portuguese diaspora
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Passport of an immigrant from the Braga District to Brazil
32.
Quid (encyclopedia)
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Quid is a French encyclopedia, established in 1963 by Dominique Frémy. It was published annually between 1963 and 2007, first by Plon and later by Éditions Robert Laffont, and was the most popular reference work in France. The presentation is very compressed, and abbreviations are used extensively in telegraph style and it uses very thin paper to get all the information into one volume. It is published each year in one volume about the size of a large dictionary, the motto of the work is tout sur tout. The first edition was published by Plon in the first quarter of 1963 was sold in 20,000 copies and it was a 632-page illustrations-free paperback. In addition to a table of contents, the book included a 10-page index. The author introduced it as a “complete, up-to-date, handy and he announced the book would be published yearly. The next edition was published in the quarter of 1964. The first editions were cosigned by Michèle Frémy, Dominique Frémy’s wife, the encyclopedia became larger over the years, reaching the size of a large dictionary. Each edition now needs the contribution of around 12,000 specialists, the 2007 edition of Quid cost €32, its 2,176 pages contained 2,500,000 items about 650 topics. It sold only about 100,000 copies, compared to more than 400,000 in the 1990s. In February 2008, the 2008 edition was canceled by the publisher, Robert Laffont, Frémy, the founder of Quid, said that he would find another publisher and intended to publish a 2009 edition for Christmas 2009. For some time, Quid was available on the Internet, the original site www. quid. fr disappeared around 2010
Quid (encyclopedia)
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A collection of Quid editions
33.
Poles in France
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Poles in France form one of the oldest Polish diaspora communities in Europe. About one million people of Polish descent live in France, concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the area of Lille. Large numbers of Poles settled in France during the rule of Napoleon when 100,000 Poles fled Russian rule of Poland in the early 19th century. Many enlisted to fight in the French army, like Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Ludwik Mateusz Dembowski and many other Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars, most of the Great Emigration of political elites from Poland between 1831–1870 settled in France. Another wave of Polish migration took place between the two World Wars, when many were hired as workers to work temporarily in France. Polish refugees also fled Nazi or Soviet occupation, kawalkowski, and fought alongside the French Resistance. Since 1941 the PPS activists in Northern France had also founded two resistance movements, Organisation S and Orzel Bialy, in 1944 Polish Committees for National Liberation were set up to support the Communist Polish army. There were clashes between POWN resistants, under the authority of the London-based Polish government in exile, and the Communist FTP-MOI resistants. When the Communists took power in Poland, several thousand French Poles decided to go and live in the Socialist paradise, there are estimates of 100,000 to 200,000 Poles living in Paris and many E. U. program guest workers in regions of the south. The number of new Poles who migrated to France was multiplied, many are students and traders, Poles are well integrated into French society. The number of new Polish citizens in France amounts to 350,000 in 2012
Poles in France
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Ludovic Obraniak
Poles in France
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Marc Minkowski
Poles in France
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Gérard Krawczyk
Poles in France
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Jean-Christophe Devaux
34.
Bulgarians in France
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Bulgarians in France, are one of the immigrant communities of the Bulgarian diaspora. Over 34,000 Bulgarians live in France alone, with the concentration in Paris. They form one of the oldest communities of Bulgarians in western Europe and it is thought that invidivual groups of Bulgars reached modern France in the Migration Period. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarian heretics came to France spreading the ideas of Bogomilism, the Cathars or Albigensians were also known as bougres, pointing to the Bulgarian origin of the sect. It was not until the mid-19th century that contacts between France and the Bulgarian lands were intensified, France was an attractive centre for Bulgarian students abroad even before the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. Bulgarian public figure Nikola Pikolo spent the years from 1840 to his death in 1865 in Paris, petar Beron, another Bulgarian enlightener, was also active in Paris in the 1850s and 1860s. From 1879 on, France was the destination for Bulgarians seeking higher education abroad, with particular domination in the fields of pharmacy. In 1926–1927, for example, of the 1,247 Bulgarians studying abroad,537 were based in France, germany took the place of France in the 1930s in terms of higher education. Despite the sizable distance between France and the Balkans, there are reports of Bulgarian gardeners around Metz as early as 1870, gardeners were the leading force of Bulgarian economic emigration. In 1930, there were 326 Bulgarian gardeners in France and it is estimated that the entire Bulgarian community in France numbered some 1, 000–2,000 in 1945. Historian Yordan Kolev estimates the number of Bulgarians permanently residing in France as of 2000 as 9,500, according to the same scholar, another group of over 20,000 Bulgarians are temporarily residing, studying and working in France
Bulgarians in France
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Christo
Bulgarians in France
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Tzvetan Todorov
35.
Serbs in France
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Serbs in France or French Serbs, number around 120,000 according to estimations. They are located mostly in the regions of Paris, Lyon, Grenoble, Belfort, Montbéliard, Mulhouse, a wave of Serbs came with the influx of other Southern Europeans in the 1920s. A minority are people of Serbian origin who were established in France in the aftermath of the First World War, most Serbs however moved to France during the 1960s and 1970s, some also came as refugees during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. France–Serbia relations St. Sava Church, Paris Serb diaspora French-Serbian friendship site Serbian Orthodox Church in France Serbian-French association Serbian-French cultural and sports association
Serbs in France
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Petar Marinovich
Serbs in France
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SebastiAn
Serbs in France
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Bojan Zulfikarpašić
Serbs in France
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Nikola Karabatić
36.
Portuguese Africans
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Portuguese Africans are Portuguese people born or permanently settled in Africa. Much of the population is unnumbered having been assimilated into Portugal, Brazil. Guinea-Bissau became an independent country in 1974, followed by the rest of the colonies in 1975, most Portuguese residents, for this reason, returned to Portugal, where they were called retornados. Some from Angola or Mozambique went to South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, or Zimbabwe, some of these Portuguese adopted them as their permanent home. Most Portuguese Africans are Portuguese-South Africans, mainly as a result of migration from Portugal. Portuguese Americans Portuguese Angolans Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese Mozambicans Portuguese-South Africans
Portuguese Africans
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Africa
37.
Portuguese Angolans
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Portuguese Angolan is a person of Portuguese descent born or permanently living in Angola. In 1482, Portuguese caravels commanded by Diogo Cão arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo, other expeditions followed, and close relations were soon established between the two states. The Portuguese brought firearms and many technological advances, as well as a new religion, in return, the King of the Congo offered plenty of slaves, ivory. The Portuguese colony of Angola was founded in 1575 with the arrival of Paulo Dias de Novais with a hundred families of colonists, luanda was granted the status of city in 1605. Some Portuguese settlers married native Africans resulting in a mixed-race population, in 1960, Angola had up to 172,000 Portuguese settlers, who significantly contributed to its economy. The majority of whom came from rural agrarian backgrounds in Portugal who saw engaging in commerce in Angola as one of the few means of social mobility available to them. As a consequence, the number of Portuguese living in Angola went up to about 350,000 and this number would have been higher, had a significant part of the settlers not left for other countries, especially Namibia, Brazil, South Africa and the United States. The Angolan author Pepetela is among these, most of them went to Portugal, where they were called retornados and were not always welcomed, while others moved to neighboring Namibia, South Africa or Brazil, or United States. It is estimated that around 250,000 left the country in 1975, among the departed Portuguese civilians, many were able to take with them only a single suitcase, while some were able to dispatch their household goods and even cars by ship. They boarded planes at Luandas Craveiro Lopes Airport at the rate of 500 a day, on arrival in Portugal, those who had been able to draw their savings in Angola could not exchange more than 5,000 Angolan esculos into Portuguese escudos. Back in Angola, the new government gave all remaining Portuguese settlers a few months period to choose between Angolan citizenship or to leave the country. A significant minority of them opted for Angola and some of them took part in the. After Angola abandoned in 1991 the socialist regime adopted at independence in 1975, as of 2008, Angola was the preferred destination for Portuguese migrants in Africa. Portuguese nationals numbered an estimated 120,000 in 2011, reaching about 200,000 in 2013, in the course of the 20th century, due to the waves of new settlers arriving from Portugal, their language became practically identical with European Portuguese. The vast majority of Portuguese Angolans are Christians, mostly Roman Catholics, a very small number of them are Jews, whose ancestors escaped the Inquisition. Angolans in Portugal Flight from Angola, The Economist, August 16,1975
Portuguese Angolans
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Pepetela
38.
Portuguese Mozambicans
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Portuguese Mozambicans are Mozambican-born descendants of Portuguese settlers. The first permanent Portuguese communities in the region were established in the 16th century, the whole region was divided into prazos, to be lived by Portuguese settler families in the 17th century. Mozambique was declared a Portuguese province by the 19th century, blacks and some mestiços and whites revolted against Portuguese rule in 1974. The return to democracy in Portugal led to the independence of its overseas colonies in 1975. By July 1975 around 80000 Portuguese Mozambicans were left in the country from around 250,000 that lived in the country in the early 1970s, of the 80,000 only around 10,000 opted for Mozambican citizenship instead of Portuguese citizenship. The most decisive factors for the preference for white emigration according to US diplomat William Jacobsen was a combination of doctors leaving for good, and uncertainty about countrys willingness to allow Mozambican citizens to leave national territory. When the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries was founded in 1996, many Portuguese and Portuguese Brazilians arrived for economic and they have helped increase Portuguese-language fluency especially in remote rural places and improved the economy, as the metical has a large value converted from the Euro. Many among them have adopted the country as their permanent home, many more Portuguese settlers returned from Portugal, it is estimated by the Mozambican embassy that about 6,000 returned. Portuguese is the language and lingua franca of Mozambique. Their dialect called Mozambican Portuguese is closer to Standard European Portuguese than Brazilian dialects, among them speak one of main Bantu languages as second languages. Many educated Portuguese Mozambicans speak English, as it is a lingua franca. Most Portuguese Mozambicans are Christians belonging to the Roman Catholic Church
Portuguese Mozambicans
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Africa
39.
Portuguese Brazilians
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Not to be confused with the Portuguese dialect, Brazilian Portuguese. Portuguese Brazilians are Brazilian citizens whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Portugal, most of the Portuguese who arrived throughout the centuries in Brazil sought economic opportunities. Although present since the onset of the colonization, Portuguese people began migrating to Brazil in larger numbers, nowadays, the Portuguese constitute the biggest group of foreigners living in the country, with an estimated 596,000 Portuguese nationals currently living in Brazil. According to Portuguese law, any Brazilian that has at least one Portuguese parent or grandparent is eligible to obtain Portuguese citizenship,5 million Brazilians fall under this category. According to the Constitution of Brazil, the Portuguese people have a status in Brazil. Requirements for the granting of equality are, habitual residence, the age of majority, in Brazil, the Portuguese may require equal treatment with regard to civil rights, moreover, they may ask to be granted political rights granted to Brazilians. In the latter case, this requires a minimum of three years of permanent residence, some of the earliest colonists for whom we have written records are João Ramalho and Diogo Álvares Correia. As a result, many pirates, mainly French, began dealing in pau brasil with the Amerindians and this situation worried Portugal, which in the 1530s started to encourage the colonization of Brazil, principally for defensive reasons. The towns of Cananéia, São Vicente, Porto Seguro and Iguape date from that period, by the mid-16th century, Portuguese colonists were already settling in significant numbers, mainly along the coastal regions of Brazil. Numerous cities were established, including Salvador, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, while most Portuguese settlers came willingly, some were forced exiles or degredados. Such convicts were sentenced for a variety of crimes according to the Ordenações do Reino, there was concern in keeping the control of the territory, hence the policy in promoting the colonization with couples in the border lands. The occupation of the territory was seen as essential, in 1619, about 300 couples arrived in Maranhão, the total number of people being around 1000 individuals, a significant number for that time. Maranhão is the first region to receive Azorean settlers in an organised way, S. da Palma and São Rafael,50 couples arrived, in the ships N. S. da Penha de França and São Francisco Xavier more settlers came. Throughout the 17th century, successive waves of Azorean couples were settled in Maranhão, Azorean couples were also settled in Pará, an example of this being the 50 couples who embarked on 29 March 1677, in the ship Jesus, Maria e José, in Horta, Faial. In the 18th century, immigration to Brazil from Portugal increased dramatically, immigrants to Brazil departed from Portugal via the ports of Lisbon, Porto, and Funchal on Madeira. Two British companies provided the bulk of transport of passengers in this period, many gold and diamond mines were discovered in the region of Minas Gerais, which then led to the arrival of not only Portuguese, but also of native-born Brazilians. Regarding the former, most were peasants from the Minho region in Portugal, in the beginning, Portugal stimulated the immigration of minhotos to Brazil. After some time, however, the number of departures was so great that the Portuguese Crown had to establish barriers to further immigration
Portuguese Brazilians
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Pedro I of Brazil
Portuguese Brazilians
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Carmen Miranda
Portuguese Brazilians
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Maitê Proença
Portuguese Brazilians
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Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral (center-left, pointing) sights the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500.
40.
Portuguese Guyanese
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A Portuguese Guyanese is a Guyanese whose ancestors came from Portugal, or a Portuguese who has Guyanese citizenship. The history of Portuguese Guyanese community relates directly with the end of slavery, after the abolition of slavery in 1834, the planters of British Guiana sought alternative sources of labour. They were eager to recruit labourers in order to bolster the proportion of white to coloured residents in the colony. In 1834, the first Portuguese people arrived from the Portuguese island of Madeira, having been sponsored by a coalition of planters, between 1834 and 1882, some 30,645 Portuguese arrived in Guyana, the vast majority from Madeira, but others from the Azores Islands. Mixed race Portuguese speaking elements from Cape Verde and Brazil also were brought in, the Madeiran Portuguese, or simply Madeirans as they came to be known, soon shunned working in the fields given the high mortality rate due to tropical diseases. They settled in Georgetown, New Amsterdam and other towns in Guyana and dedicated themselves into the venture of the retail, by 1851,173 out of 296 shops in Georgetown were Portuguese-owned, while the figure was 28 out of 52 in New Amsterdam. In 1891, Portuguese numbered 4. 3% of the population of Guyana, the Portuguese of Guiana faced considerable discrimination from both the black Creoles and the white British ruling class. The former believed them to be opportunists and lackies of the establishment while the latter considered the Portuguese inferior due to their Catholic. The Portuguese are white, but the ruling class knew that, although the Portuguese were racially European. Tensions boiled over on a number of occasions and Georgetown experienced a spate of race riots, on both occasions, disgruntled black Creoles directed their anger against Portuguese-owned shops and widespread looting occurred leading to damages of over $30,000 and over $200,000 respectively. Eventually, although the Portuguese were called by the British as inferior and they anglicized their surnames and began to speak English as their primary language. However, during the struggle for independence, the Portuguese came to be identified with the British colonial establishment while the ethnic Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese fought over power, the 1964 killing of the civil servant Arthur Abraham, an ethnic Portuguese, led many to emigrate before Britain introduced restrictions. Many Portuguese Guyanese now live in London, Toronto, other parts of the Caribbean, there may be a higher birthrate among them in present. Some have advanced the idea that the Portuguese presence in the Guianas predates 1834, Portuguese Sephardic Jews had settled in neighbouring Dutch Guiana in the 17th century before the Dutch arrived. Portuguese Jewish communities also exist in Aruba, Barbados, and Curaçao, some of the Portuguese in Guyana may have their origins in these Dutch-speaking Portuguese groups. They were known as the Curaçao Portuguese within the larger Portuguese community, the number of Portuguese Guyanese has been declining constantly over the decades. Ivor Mendonca is a descendant of Madeiran immigrants to Guyana, a reliable reference for the afformed information is The Colony Of British Guyana and Its Labouring Population by H. V
Portuguese Guyanese
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Africa
41.
Portuguese Americans
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Portuguese Americans, also known as Luso-Americans, are American citizens and residents of the United States who are connected to the country of Portugal by birth, ancestry, or citizenship. An estimated 191,000 Portuguese nationals are living in the United States. Bilateral ties date from the earliest years of the United States, following the American Revolutionary War, Portugal was the first neutral country to recognize the United States. Portuguese people have had a long history in the United States. The first documented Portuguese to live in colonial America was Mathias de Sousa, some of the earliest European explorers to reach portions of the New World were said to be Portuguese. Navigators, like the Miguel Corte-Real family, may have visited the North American shores at the beginning of the 16th century, there is a historic landmark, the Dighton Rock, in southeastern Massachusetts, that a small minority of scholars believe testifies their presence in the area. Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho explored the California coast for the first time, during the Colonial period, there was a small Portuguese emigration to the present day U. S. especially to the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. Peter Francisco, the giant soldier in the US Continental Army, is thought to have been born Portuguese. In the late 19th century, many Portuguese, mainly Azorean and Madeiran, there are also connections with Portuguese communities in the Pacific Northwest in Astoria, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada as well. Many Portuguese relocated to the Kingdom of Hawaii, prior to its overthrow by the United States in the late 19th century, in the mid-late 20th century, there was another surge of Portuguese immigration in America, mainly in the Northeast. Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Africa and Asia, there were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000. A general contribution the Portuguese people have made to American music is the ukulele, john Philip Sousa was a famous Portuguese American composer most known for his patriotic compositions. A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and Portuguese in Hawaii, there were very few marriages between European and Chinese people with the majority being between Portuguese and Chinese people. These unions between Chinese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Chinese Portuguese parentage, called Chinese-Portuguese, for two years to June 30,1933,38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese. Andrade, Julian Silva, Emily Daniels, Art Coelho, Sue Fagalde Lick, portuguese-Americans are the fourth largest ethnic group in the State of Hawaii, fifth largest group in Rhode Island and the eighth largest group in Massachusetts. Portuguese-Americans and contemporary Civic Culture in Massachusetts, the Portuguese in America,590 B. C. –1974, A Chronology & Fact Book Leal, Joao, and Wendy Graca. Azorean Identity in Brazil and the United States, Arguments about History, Culture, warrin, Donald, and Geoffrey L. Gomes. Land, as Far as the Eye Can See, Portuguese in the Old West, tagus Press at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth/University Press of New England
Portuguese Americans
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Largest self-reported ancestry groups in New England. Americans of Portuguese descent plurality shown in grey.
42.
Luso-Indian
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Luso-Asians of the Indian subcontinent are primarily from Goa, Daman and Diu, Korlai, Silvassa, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. In the 16th Century, a years after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. They were in South India a few years before the Moghuls appeared in the North. In the early 16th century, they set up their posts throughout the coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In 1498, the number of Europeans residents in the area was merely a few tens of thousands, by 1580, Goa was a sophisticated city with its own brand of Indo-Portuguese society. The Portuguese also shipped over many órfãs dEl-Rei to Portuguese India, orfas del Rei literally translates to Orphans of the King, and they were Portuguese girls sent to overseas territories to marry either Portuguese settlers or natives with high status. The English, French and Dutch East India Companies became active in Far East trading in a way about a hundred. They too set up their posts throughout the Indian Ocean, by the middle of the 17th century there were several thousand Portuguese and Luso-Indians in India and a relatively small population of other Indian-Europeans. By the end of the 17th century, the East India Companies had established three major trading posts in India – Fort St. George, Fort St William and Bombay Island, in 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3000. In the 17th century, Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam and London were coming to Madras as settlers and traders, on a plot of land in the suburbs he established a Jewish cemetery. The East India Company used Portuguese Jews based in Madras in its efforts to expand English trading. By the mid-eighteenth century most Portuguese Jews had emigrated to London, Luso-Goans or Portu-Goesas, Goa was the capital of a large Portuguese eastern empire and was called Rome of the East. Luso-Goans spoke Konkani and Portuguese with present generation adding English as well, the last Newspaper in Portuguese ended the publication in 1980s. However, the Fundação do Oriente and the Indo–Portuguese Friendship Society are still active, there is a department of Portuguese language at the Goa University and majority of Luso-Goan students choose Portuguese as their third language in schools. Ironically, English is spoken as a first language by all upper class Goans, Luso-Goans have a choice to either be fully Portuguese citizens or fully Indian citizens or fully Portuguese citizens with an OCI granted by the Indian nationality law. Mangalorean Catholics, Mangalorean Catholics are a community of Roman Catholics following the Latin Rite from the Mangalore Diocese on the southwestern coast of Karnataka. They speak the language of Goa, Konkani, the culture of Mangalorean Catholics is a blend of Mangalorean and Goan cultures. Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics are descended mainly from Goan Catholics who migrated to South Canara between 1560 and 1763, the distance from Mangalore to Goa is 358 km by road and 431 km by rails
Luso-Indian
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Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
Luso-Indian
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Portuguese and other European settlements in India.
Luso-Indian
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City of Calicut, India, c.1572 (from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum)
43.
Mardijker people
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The Mardijker were a community in amongst others Batavia, made up of descendants of freed slaves. They could be found at all major trading posts in the East Indies and they were mostly Christian, of various natives from conquered Portuguese territories, and some Portuguese ancestry. They spoke a Portuguese patois, which have influenced the modern Indonesian language, the Dutch also referred to them as inlandse Christenen. There were also Mardijkers originated from Pampanga, Luzon which called by the Dutch as Papangers, the term Mardijker is a Dutch corruption of the Portuguese version of Sanskrit Maharddhika meaning rich, prosperous and powerful. In the Malay archipelago, this term had acquired the meaning of a freed slave, the Dutch colonists also used it more generally to describe any freed slaves which were full-blood Asian, i. e. zwarten. The Census of 1699 in Batavia shows the breakdown of the population as,3,679 Chinese,2,407 Mardijkers,1,783 Europeans,670 Mixed blood,867 others. The Mardijkers mostly clung to their Catholic faith and continued to attend Batavias Portuguese church and they were legally recognized by the Dutch East India Company as a separate ethnic group, and kept themselves apart from the native Javanese. During the VOC era there was already considerable inter-marriage with the Indos in pre-colonial history, during the colonial era the Mardijkers eventually assimilated completely into the Indo Eurasian community and were no longer registered as a separate ethnic group. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the Mardijkers exchanged their Portuguese-based creole for a Malay-based one, nowadays they speak Indonesian, the Indonesian national language, and use Betawi Malay only in informal contexts. The old creole still survives in old song lyrics, in the genre Keroncong Moresco or Keroncong Tugu, a part of Jakarta is called Kampung Tugu an area where Mardijker people had been allowed to settle for after their freedom, the neighborhood retains its Portuguese distinctiveness. Historically these people settled in Old Batavias Roa Malacca district near Kali besar. Common Mardijker family names are De Fretes, Ferrera, De Mello, Gomes, Gonsalvo, Cordero, De Dias, De Costa, Soares, Rodrigo, De Pinto, Perreira and De Silva. Some Mardijker families also took Dutch names such as Willems, Michiels, Bastiaans, Pieters, Jansz, Fransz, when the Indonesians fought for independence from the Dutch they used the slogan Merdeka, which has the same root with Mardijker. This word had considerable political significance also in Malaysia and Singapore, the name Mardijkers is also used for the so-called belanda hitam, soldiers recruited in Ghana, Africa who served in the colonial army and gained their freedom afterward. Being Dutch in the Indies, A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920, Singapore, National University of Singapore Press. The Social World of Batavia, European and Asian in Dutch Asia
Mardijker people
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A Mardijker and his wife, detail, Churchill 1704.
44.
Portuguese people in Pakistan
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Portuguese people in Pakistan are citizens or residents of Pakistan who are of Portuguese background. The presence of a small Portuguese community in what is modern-day Pakistan is historically known, most people of Portuguese extract can be found among the countrys Goan community, concentrated in Karachi much before the independence of Pakistan. These settlers hailed from Goa in Western India and in order to avail economic opportunities, migrated to major commercial centres during the British Raj, Karachi being among them. In 1510, Goa was annexed by the Portuguese as one of its overseas colonies in India, during that period, the Goans remained Portuguese subjects and many who had settled in Karachi carried Portuguese passports, which they later relinquished for Pakistani citizenship. At the time of the partition in 1947, it is estimated that the Goan community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000, the Portuguese community assumed an active role in the founding of missionary schools throughout Pakistan. Most of this generation of musicians later died or emigrated
Portuguese people in Pakistan
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Africa
45.
Portuguese in France
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Portuguese in France are citizens of ethnic Portuguese descent. They may be French citizens or non-citizen immigrants, Portuguese immigration in France took place mainly during the 1960s and 1970s, to escape dictatorship and conscription, and to enable immigrants to find better living conditions. Portuguese migrants were referred as gens des baraques. There are different types of Portuguese who migrated to France, there are Portuguese professionals with college degrees, and there are Portuguese in construction or similar work. The Portuguese are known in France as hard workers, in 1917, an avenue was named avenue des Portugais in Paris. The name pays tribute to the forces sent by Lisbon. In the mid-1950s, Portuguese moved to France in significant numbers to escape António de Oliveira Salazars dictatorship, amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer born in France to a French father and a Portuguese mother. Nando de Colo, French basketball player, manuel da Costa, Moroccan footballer born in France to a Portuguese father and a Moroccan mother. Stéphane Da Costa, French ice hockey player with Portuguese heritage on his fathers side, kévin Gameiro, French footballer with Portuguese heritage on his paternal side. Antoine Griezmann, French footballer born to a French father and a Portuguese mother, mourad Meghni, Algerian footballer born in France to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Carlos Mendes Varela, French rugby league player, morgan Parra, French rugby union player with Portuguese ancestry on his paternal side. Robert Pirès, French footballer born in France to a Portuguese father, yannis Tafer, Algerian footballer born in France to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Marie Myriam, singer born as Myriam Lopes, lucenzo, singer born as Luís Filipe Oliveira. Kool Shen, rapper born as Bruno Lopes, guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, Daft Punk singer. Karine Ferri, presenter born to a French father and a Portuguese mother, kim Prisu, painter born as Joaquim António Gonçalves Borregana. Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, painter
Portuguese in France
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Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
Portuguese in France
Portuguese in France
Portuguese in France
46.
Portuguese in the Netherlands
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Portuguese in the Netherlands are the citizens or residents of the Netherlands whose ethnic origins lie in Portugal. Portuguese Dutch are Portuguese-born citizens with a Dutch citizenship or Dutch-born citizens of Portuguese ancestry or citizenship, Portuguese arrived to the Netherlands in the early and middle 18th century, as immigrants, mostly from Madeira Island and Lisbon. Over 20,000 of Dutch people claim that they are of Portuguese descent, fatima Moreira de Melo Fernando Pereira
Portuguese in the Netherlands
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Africa
47.
Portuguese immigration to Hawaii
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Portuguese immigration to Hawaii began in 1878 when Portuguese residents made up less than 1% of the Island population. The Hawaiian census of 1878 showed that, out of a kingdom of 57,985 people, only 438 residents, most of these Portuguese residents had been born in either the Cape Verde or Madeira Islands, and nearly all had arrived as sailors on whaling ships. Although a few of them brought, or had sent for, their wives, despite the fact that prior to 1878 so few Portuguese had made their way to the Hawaiian Islands, those that did found opportunity and tended to stay. Conditions in Hawaii in 1878 were conducive to immigration, because the native Hawaiian workers had been decimated by disease, there were not enough laborers to supply the sugarcane plantations, which led in 1852 to the first importation of Chinese workers. So many Chinese were brought in that by 1878 they made up nearly 10% of the population, although the Chinese worked hard, they were accused of gambling, prostitution and opium use, and a search began for alternate sources of labor. Portuguese colonists had first settled these islands in the Middle Ages, intrigued by Perrys suggestion, the Planters Society began recruiting Portuguese contract workers, first in 1878 from the Madeira Islands, and then two years later from the Azores as well. Prior to independence in 1975, many Cape Verdeans emigrated to Hawaii from drought-stricken Portuguese Cape Verde, because these people arrived using their Portuguese passports, they were registered as Portuguese immigrants by the Hawaiian authorities. Portuguese immigration to the islands slowed after 1887, which was the year that King Kalākaua was stripped of power. Nonetheless, Portuguese immigration continued, and by the end of 1911 almost 16,000 Portuguese had arrived, though many left, many stayed and by 1910 Portuguese residents made up 11. 6% of the population of Hawaii. Native Hawaiian speakers called the Portuguese immigrants who came to their country Pokiki and these newcomers were devout followers of the Roman Catholic faith with strong family ties. Most were short, with slender builds, and dark skin from long hours of working out under the sun in the cane fields. Many in fact were so dark that their race on some of the early U. S. census returns is listed as black, which contributed to prejudice against them. Because few of these immigrants could read or write, they had strong oral traditions and they were first made by Hawaiian residents from the Madeira and Azores Islands, who would use up butter and sugar prior to Lent by cooking malasadas. These pastries are an important part in Madeira and the Azores of the Terça-feira Gorda and this day in Hawaii is called Malasada Day, and it dates back to the time of the 19th-century sugarcane plantations. Another popular Portuguese tradition in Hawaii is the Holy Ghost Festival and this three-day event is not an official church holiday, but a traditional observance that began in the 18th century with the Cult of the Holy Spirit in the Azores. It usually starts on a Friday night, followed on Saturday by decorating religious statues for the festivities to follow, then on Sunday a young woman is chosen as Queen Isabel, the 6th queen of Portugal, and she and her court lead a colorful parade. The final event is a mass with a Blessing of the meat and bread by a priest, a feast is then held in a tradition of charity and feeding the poor, where food is served to all present. The foods of this feast typically include malasadas, paodoce, bean soup, Portuguese sausages, the best-known Portuguese contribution to Hawaiian culture is the ukulele, based on the traditional Portuguese braguinha
Portuguese immigration to Hawaii
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Frances de Harne
Portuguese immigration to Hawaii
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Madeira Islanders cutting sugarcane. About 6,000 of them by 1913 came to Hawaii to do the same work.
Portuguese immigration to Hawaii
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Leroy A. Mendonca
Portuguese immigration to Hawaii
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Malasadas are a popular Hawaiian pastry first made in the Madeira islands.
48.
Portuguese New Zealanders
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Portuguese New Zealanders are either Portuguese who migrated to New Zealand, or New Zealanders of Portuguese descent. In the 19th and early 20th centuries there were more Portuguese than Spaniards in New Zealand and this was probably a reflection in part of the close commercial links between Portugal and England. Another early settler was Francisco Rodrigues Figueira, also from Madeira who owned a prison labour camp in west Auckland in the late 19th century. Known as Don Buck, Figueira was a colourful and violent character and he is remembered in such west Auckland placenames as Don Buck Road, Don Buck Primary School, and Don Buck Corner Reserve. Portuguese-born Dutch photographer, Fernando Pereira, was the victim of the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior in the port of Auckland. On the 10th of July,1985, two French DGSE agents bombed the Rainbow Warrior, Greenpeaces flagship, which was scheduled to depart New Zealand to disrupt nuclear testing in French Polynesia and this was to date the only foreign attack on New Zealands soil. Today, the Portuguese are part of an even larger Portuguese-speaking community in New Zealand, european New Zealanders Pākehā Consulate General of Portugal, Sydney
Portuguese New Zealanders
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Africa
49.
Portuguese people in France
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Portuguese in France are citizens of ethnic Portuguese descent. They may be French citizens or non-citizen immigrants, Portuguese immigration in France took place mainly during the 1960s and 1970s, to escape dictatorship and conscription, and to enable immigrants to find better living conditions. Portuguese migrants were referred as gens des baraques. There are different types of Portuguese who migrated to France, there are Portuguese professionals with college degrees, and there are Portuguese in construction or similar work. The Portuguese are known in France as hard workers, in 1917, an avenue was named avenue des Portugais in Paris. The name pays tribute to the forces sent by Lisbon. In the mid-1950s, Portuguese moved to France in significant numbers to escape António de Oliveira Salazars dictatorship, amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer born in France to a French father and a Portuguese mother. Nando de Colo, French basketball player, manuel da Costa, Moroccan footballer born in France to a Portuguese father and a Moroccan mother. Stéphane Da Costa, French ice hockey player with Portuguese heritage on his fathers side, kévin Gameiro, French footballer with Portuguese heritage on his paternal side. Antoine Griezmann, French footballer born to a French father and a Portuguese mother, mourad Meghni, Algerian footballer born in France to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Carlos Mendes Varela, French rugby league player, morgan Parra, French rugby union player with Portuguese ancestry on his paternal side. Robert Pirès, French footballer born in France to a Portuguese father, yannis Tafer, Algerian footballer born in France to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Marie Myriam, singer born as Myriam Lopes, lucenzo, singer born as Luís Filipe Oliveira. Kool Shen, rapper born as Bruno Lopes, guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, Daft Punk singer. Karine Ferri, presenter born to a French father and a Portuguese mother, kim Prisu, painter born as Joaquim António Gonçalves Borregana. Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, painter
Portuguese people in France
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Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
Portuguese people in France
Portuguese people in France
Portuguese people in France
