1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
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The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
2.
Corsica
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Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 13 regions of France. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, southeast of the French mainland, a single chain of mountains make up two-thirds of the island. While being part of France, Corsica is also designated as a territorial collectivity by law, as a territorial collectivity, Corsica enjoys a greater degree of autonomy than other French regions, for example, the Corsican Assembly is able to exercise limited executive powers. The island formed a single department until it was split in 1975 into two departments, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud, with its capital in Ajaccio, the prefecture city of Corse-du-Sud. Bastia, the city of Haute-Corse, is the second-largest settlement in Corsica. After being ruled by the Republic of Genoa since 1284, Corsica was briefly an independent Corsican Republic from 1755 until it was conquered by France in 1769. Due to Corsicas historical ties with the Italian peninsula, the island retains to this day many elements of the culture of Italy, the native Corsican language, whose northern variant is closely related to the Italian language, is recognised as a regional language by the French government. This Mediterranean island was ruled by various nations over the course of history but had several periods of independence. Napoleon was born in 1769 in the Corsican capital of Ajaccio and his ancestral home, Maison Bonaparte, is today used as a museum. The origin of the name Corsica is subject to much debate, to the Ancient Greeks it was known as Kalliste, Corsis, Cyrnos, Cernealis, or Cirné. Of these Cyrnos, Cernealis, or Cirné derive from a corruption of the most ancient Greek name of the island, Σειρηνούσσαι, the claim that latter Greek names are based on the Phoenician word for peninsula are highly unlikely. Corsica has been occupied continuously since the Mesolithic era and it acquired an indigenous population that was influential in the Mediterranean during its long prehistory. The Romans, who built a colony in Aléria, considered Corsica as one of the most backward regions of the Roman world, the island produced sheep, honey, resin and wax, and exported many slaves, not well considered because of their fierce and rebellious character. Moreover, it was known for its wines, exported to Rome. Administratively, the island was divided in pagi, which in the Middle Ages became the pievi, Corsica was integrated by Emperor Diocletian in Roman Italy. In the 5th century, the half of the Roman Empire collapsed, and the island was invaded by the Vandals. Briefly recovered by the Byzantines, it became part of the Kingdom of the Lombards—this made it a dependency of the March of Tuscany. Pepin the Short, king of the Franks and Charlemagnes father, expelled the Lombards, in the first quarter of the 11th century, Pisa and Genoa together freed the island from the threat of Arab invasion
Corsica
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The medieval influence of Pisa in Corsica can be seen in the Romanesque-Pisan style of the Church of Aregno
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Flag
Corsica
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Seafront boulevard in Ajaccio, the island's capital and Napoleon I 's birthplace
Corsica
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Monument to the French Resistance during WWII in Solaro (plaine orientale).
3.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
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Clockwise from top: Notre-Dame de la Garde • Old Port • La Joliette with CMA CGM Tower • Calanque of Sugiton
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View of the "Petit Nice" on the Corniche with Frioul and Château d'If in the background
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Marseille seen from Spot Satellite
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View from Marseille's Old Port (Vieux-Port) towards Notre-Dame de la Garde
4.
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Languedoc-Roussillon is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Occitanie and it is the southernmost region of mainland France. The region is made up of the historical provinces,68. The former province of Languedoc also extends over what is now the Midi-Pyrénées region,17. 9% of Languedoc-Roussillon was formerly the province of Gévaudan, now the department of Lozère. A small part of the former Gévaudan lies inside the current Auvergne region, Gévaudan is often considered to be a sub-province inside the province of Languedoc, in which case Languedoc would account for 86. 6% of Languedoc-Roussillon. These pays were part of the Ancien Régime province of Roussillon, owning its name to the largest and most populous of the five pays, llívia is a town of Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain, that forms a Spanish exclave surrounded by French territory. At the regional elections in March 2004, the socialist mayor of Montpellier Georges Frêche, since then, Georges Frêche has embarked on a complete overhaul of the region and its institutions. Georges Frêche also wanted to change the name of the region, wishing to erase its duality, thus, he wanted to rename the region Septimanie. This name, however, has not been in use since the 9th century, strong opposition of the population led to Georges Frêche giving up on his idea. He declared that he believed in it but could not go ahead without a mandate. This idea has minimal popular support, on the other hand, there are some who would like to merge the Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées regions, thus reunifying the old province of Languedoc, and creating a large region. Prior to the 20th century, Occitan was the language spoken in Languedoc, both have been under pressure from French. In 2004, research conducted by the Government of Catalonia showed that 65% of adults over the age of 15 in Roussilon could understand Catalan whereas 37% stated they were able to speak it. In recent years there have been attempts at reviving of both languages, including Catalan-medium schooling through the La Bressola schools, Occitan literature — still sometimes called Provençal literature — is a body of texts written in Occitan in what is nowadays the South of France. It originated in the poetry of the eleventh- and twelfth- century troubadours, aimeric de Peguilhan, Giraut de Bornelh and Bertran de Born were major influences in troubadour composition, in the High Middle Ages. The troubadour tradition is considered to have originated in the region, the Romantic music composer Déodat de Séverac was born in the region, and, following his schooling in Paris, returned to the region to compose. He sought to incorporate the music indigenous to the area in his compositions, grapevines are said to have existed in the South of France since the Pliocene period - before the existence of Homo sapiens. The first vineyards of Gaul developed around two towns, Béziers and Narbonne, several entrepreneurs such as Robert Skalli and James Herrick drastically changed the face of the region, planting more commercially viable grape varieties and pushing for new AOC classifications
Languedoc-Roussillon
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Landscape in Lozère, Languedoc-Roussillon
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Languedoc-Roussillon
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Landscape in Aude, Languedoc-Roussillon
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Pont du Gard aqueduct near Nîmes
5.
Centre-Val de Loire
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Centre-Val de Loire, French for Centre-Loire Valley), is one of the 18 administrative regions of France. It straddles the middle Loire Valley in the interior of the country, the administrative capital is Orléans, but the largest city is Tours. Like many contemporary regions of France, the region of Centre was created from parts of three provinces, Touraine, Orléanais, and Berry. Proposed names for the region included Val de Loire after the Loire Valley or Cœur de Loire, on 17 January 2015, as part of the reorganization of French regions, the regions official name was changed to Centre-Val de Loire. A new logo was also created and this ensures a mission of economic promotion, international support to regional companies and enhancement promotion of regional agrofood products via a regional signature, © du Centre
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Forest in Eure-et-Loir, Centre
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Centre-Val de Loire
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Pont Wilson, Tours
6.
Pays de la Loire
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Pays de la Loire is one of the 18 regions of France. It is one of the regions created in the 1950s to serve as a zone of influence for its capital, Nantes, Pays de la Loire is made up of the following historical provinces, Part of Brittany, with its old capital Nantes contained within the Loire-Atlantique department. This is only 20% of historical Brittany, Maine, is now divided between the Mayenne and Sarthe departments, the whole of the former province of Maine is contained inside Pays de la Loire. Part of Poitou, is contained within the Vendée department, most of the old province of Poitou is inside the Poitou-Charentes region, Part of Perche, is within the northeast of Sarthe department, the rest of Perche is inside the Basse-Normandie and Centre regions. Small part of Touraine, southeast of Maine-et-Loire department, most of the province of Touraine is inside the Centre region. Thus the name of the region, chosen by the French central government, was not based on history, the majority of the châteaux of the Loire Valley are located in the Centre-Val de Loire region, and not in Pays de la Loire. In addition, it also has many natural parks such as the Brière, the biggest city in Pays de la Loire is Nantes, which is the sixth most populated city in France with over 290,000 people and a metropolitan population of almost 900,000. Angers is another metropolis of the region and it has a metropolitan population of about 400,000 and is the third biggest job provider in north-western France, just behind Nantes and Rennes. Le Mans is another city in Pays de la Loire, situated in north-east Pays de la Loire, Le Mans is home to over 300,000
Pays de la Loire
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A vine in Brem, Pays de la Loire
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Pays de la Loire
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Half-timbered houses in Angers
7.
Lower Normandy
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Lower Normandy is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Lower and Upper Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy and it covers 10,857 km2,3.2 percent of the surface area of France. The traditional districts of Lower Normandy include the Cotentin Peninsula and La Hague, the Campagne de Caen, the Norman Bocage, the Bessin, regions relating to Lower Normandy, Gallia Lugdunensis, Neustria, and Normandy. The traditional province of Normandy, with a history reaching back to the 10th century, was divided in 1956 into two regions, Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. During the Roman era, the region was divided into several different city-states and that of Vieux was excavated in the 17th century, revealing numerous structures and vestiges bearing testimony to the prosperity of the Caen region. The region was conquered by the Franks in the 5th century, in the 9th century, the Norman conquests devastated the region. Much of the territory of Lower Normandy was added to the Duchy of Normandy in the 10th century, in 1066, Duke William Il of Normandy conquered England. After his death, Normandy went to his eldest son and England went to his second son, the victory of Tinchebray in 1106 gave Normandy to the kings of England again. Nearly one hundred years later, in 1204, King Philip II Augustus of France conquered the region, then, during the Hundred Years War, it was regained by the Plantagenets. However, the French recovered the mainland part of the region between 1436 and 1450, by 1453, the French monarchy controlled much of modern France apart from Calais, which remained in English hands. During the Second World War, the main thrust of Operation Overlord was focused on Lower Normandy, the beaches of Calvados were the site of the D-Day landings in June 1944. Lower Normandy suffered badly during the War, with many of its towns, the regions economy is heavily agricultural, with livestock and dairy farming, textiles and fruit production among its major industries. The region is the leader in France in the sectors of butter, fromage frais, soft cheeses, cider apples, cider, leeks, turnips, the region also breeds more horses than any other in France. The western part of the region is used mainly for farming, iron ore is mined near Caen. Tourism is also a major industry, the region has direct ferry links to England. In addition to French, Normandy has its own regional language and it is still in use today in Lower Normandy, with the dialects of the Cotentin more in evidence than others. Lower Normandy has also been the home of many well-known French authors, including Guy de Maupassant, Marcel Proust, notable Norman language authors connected especially with Lower Normandy include Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve, and Côtis-Capel. In terms of music, composer Erik Satie also hailed from this region, in the visual arts, Jean-François Millet was a native of La Hague
Lower Normandy
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Roadmap of the region
Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy
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Scenery of Lower Normandy
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View of downtown Caen and the Abbey of St. Étienne
8.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
Portuguese language
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Multilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi, Japan. Return immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a large Portuguese-speaking community in the town.
Portuguese language
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Percentage of worldwide Portuguese speakers per country.
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Library of the Mafra National Palace, Portugal
Portuguese language
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Baroque Library of the Coimbra University, Portugal
9.
Roman Catholicism
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
Roman Catholicism
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Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
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St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
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Pope Francis, elected in the papal conclave, 2013
Roman Catholicism
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Traditional graphic representation of the Trinity: The earliest attested version of the diagram, from a manuscript of Peter of Poitiers ' writings, c. 1210
10.
Italian French
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Italian migration into what is today France has been going on, in different migrating cycles, for centuries, beginning in prehistoric times right to the modern age. In addition, Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1768, according to Robin Cohen, about 5 million French nationals are of Italian origin if their parentage is retraced over three generations. According to official data of the Eurostat for 2012, the number of Italian citizens residing in France was 174,000, there has always been migration, since ancient times, between what is today Italy and France, but at a limited extent. This is especially true of the regions of northwestern Italy and southeastern France, regions of significant Italian diaspora sprang up as far north as Paris and Flanders. However it was not much as a percentage of the French global population and this Italian migration developed more through the Renaissance, as previous generations became assimilated. Since the 16th century, Florence and its citizens have long enjoyed a close relationship with France. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine de Medici married Henry, under the gallicised version of her name, Catherine de Médici, she became Queen consort of France when Henry ascended to the throne in 1547. Later on, after Henry died, she became regent on behalf of her ten-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers, after Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu, and extended Frances political ambitions not only within Italy, enrico Tonti, born near Gaeta, Italy was an Italian-born soldier, explorer, and fur trader in the service of France. He was the son of Lorenzo de Tonti, a financier and former governor of Gaeta, enrico was second in command of the La Salle expedition on his descent of the Mississippi River. Tontis letters and journals are valuable source materials on these explorations, several months later, both Cadillac and Tonty brought their wives to the fort, making them the first European women to travel into the interior of North America. He was the son of Lorenzo de Tonti who was a financier and former governor of Gaeta, Lorenzo de Tonti was the inventor of the form of life insurance known as the tontine. Henri de Tonti, involved in LaSalles exploration of the Mississippi River and it should be noted that Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor and general, was ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of Genoese and Tuscan ancestry. Italian popular immigration to France only began in the late 18th century, really developed from the end of the 19th century until the World War I, France needed workforce to compensate for the war losses and its very low birthrate. Initially, Italian immigration to modern France came predominantly from northern Italy and it wasnt until after World War II that large numbers of immigrants from southern Italy immigrated to France, usually settling in industrialised areas of France, such as Lorraine, Paris and Lyon. The number of inhabitants with Italian ancestry is generally indeterminable, henri Cernuschi, banker, journalist, and art collector. His collection is known as the Musée Cernuschi
Italian French
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Italian French
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Jules Mazarin
Italian French
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Jean Alesi
Italian French
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Cali
11.
French citizens
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The 1993 Méhaignerie Law required children born in France of foreign parents to request French nationality at adulthood, rather than being automatically accorded citizenship. This manifestation of will requirement was subsequently abrogated by the Guigou Law of 1998, children born in France to tourists or other short-term visitors do not acquire French citizenship by virtue of birth in France, residency must be proven. French nationality and citizenship were concepts that existed even before the French Revolution, there are three key dates in the legal history of naturalization, Military service and state education were two processes central to the creation of a common national culture. Military conscription brought inhabitants of the states regions together for the first time, creating bonds of friendship, universal education brought the whole of the population into contact with state-sanctioned version of French history and identity. State teachers, the Black hussars of the Republic, conveyed the national language to the people of the regions, the attribution of French nationality can be due to filiation. The attribution of French nationality can be given by birth in France if other requirements are also met, plenary adoption is the only act of filiation which carries direct effects on nationality. Unlike the process of adoption, a child adopted according to the procedure of plenary adoption breaks any bond with his family of origin. Filiation must be established while the child is a minor to take effect, consequently, the recognition of a child older than the age of majority has no effect on his or her nationality. Children born in France to at least one parent who is born in France automatically acquire French citizenship at birth. A child born in France to foreign parents may acquire French citizenship, at birth, at 18, if resident in France with at least 5 years residence since age 11. Between 16 and 18 upon request by the child and if resident in France with at least 5 years residence since age 11, between 13 and 16 upon request by the childs parents and if resident in France continuously since age 8. If born in France of parents born before independence in a colony/territory in the past under French sovereignty, at birth, if born in France before January 1,1994. At age 18, if born in France on or after January 1,1994, a person aged 18 or above may apply for French citizenship by naturalization after five years habitual and continuous residence in France. In addition, it is required that the applicant has his/her primary source of income in France during the five-year period and those applying who are not European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss nationals are required to be in possession of a titre de séjour. The residence period may be waived for those who have served in the French military, for refugees. The residence period is counted backwards from the date on which the applicant lodged his/her naturalization application, the applicant must show that he/she has been residing legally in France during the 5 or 2 year residence period. Any periods of residence in France before the 5 or 2 year residence period will not be taken into account when the application is considered. Naturalization will only be successful for those who are judged to have integrated into French society, the applicant must also be of good character
French citizens
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Contents
12.
Immigrants
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As for economic effects, research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have effects on world GDP. Development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction. Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, many animals have migrated across evolutionary history, including pre-humans. Human migration started with the out of Africa into the Middle East, and then to Asia, Australia, Europe, Russia. This is discussed in the article pre-modern human migration, recent history is discussed in the articles history of human migration and human migration. When people cross national borders during their migration, they are called migrants or immigrants from the perspective of the country which they enter, from the perspective of the country which they leave, they are called emigrant or outmigrant. Sociology designates immigration usually as migration, as of 2015, the number of international migrants has reached 244 million worldwide, which reflects a 41% increase since 2000. One third of the worlds international migrants are living in just 20 countries, the largest number of international migrants live in the United States, with 19% of the worlds total. Germany and Russia host 12 million migrants each, taking the second, Saudi Arabia hosts 10 million migrants, followed by the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates. Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any major area in the world. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million, in most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with an age of 29, followed by Asia, and Latin America/Caribbean, while migrants were older in Northern America, Europe. Nearly half of all international migrants originate in Asia, and Europe was the birthplace of the second largest number of migrants, india has the largest diaspora in the world, followed by Mexico and Russia. The other top desired destination countries were Canada, France, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Germany, one theory of immigration distinguishes between push and pull factors. Push factors refer primarily to the motive for immigration from the country of origin, in the case of economic migration, differentials in wage rates are common. If the value of wages in the new country surpasses the value of wages in ones country, he or she may choose to migrate
Immigrants
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Legal status of persons
Immigrants
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Net migration rates for 2011: positive (blue), negative (orange), stable (green), and no data (gray)
Immigrants
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The global population of immigrants has grown since 1990 but has remained around 3% of the world's population.
Immigrants
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The largest Vietnamese market in Prague, also known as "Little Hanoi". In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic.
13.
Auvergne (region)
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Auvergne is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and it comprises four departments, Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. The administrative region of Auvergne is larger than the province of Auvergne. The Auvergne region is composed of the old provinces, Auvergne, departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, northwest of Haute-Loire. The province of Auvergne is entirely contained inside the Auvergne region Bourbonnais, a small part of Bourbonnais is also contained inside the Centre-Val de Loire region. Velay, centre and southeast of department of Haute-Loire, velay is entirely contained inside the Auvergne region. A small part of Gévaudan, extreme southwest of Haute-Loire, Gévaudan is essentially inside the Languedoc-Roussillon region. A small part of Vivarais, extreme southeast of Haute-Loire, Vivarais is essentially inside the Rhône-Alpes region. A small part of Forez, extreme northeast of Haute-Loire, Forez is essentially inside the Rhône-Alpes region. Velay, Gévaudan, and Vivarais are often considered to be sub-provinces of the old province of Languedoc, Forez is also often considered to be a sub-province of Lyonnais. Therefore, the region of Auvergne is composed of the provinces of Auvergne, major part of Bourbonnais. The region is home to a chain of volcanoes known collectively as the chaîne des Puys, the last confirmed eruption was around 4040 BCE. The volcanoes began forming some 70,000 years ago, and most have eroded, Auvergne has a surface area of 26,013 square kilometres equivalent to 4. 8% of Frances total surface area. Auvergne is one of the smallest regions in France, Auvergne is known for its mountain ranges and dormant volcanoes. Together the Monts Dore and the Chaîne des Puys include 80 volcanoes, the Puy de Dôme is the tallest volcano in the region, with an altitude of 1,465 metres. The Sancy Massif in the Monts Dore is the highest point in Auvergne, the northern region is covered in hills while the southern portion is mountainous and dotted with pastures. The Forest of Tronçais covers nearly 11,000 hectares and is the largest oak forest in Europe, the Loire runs through the southeast and borders the northeast, and the Allier runs from north to south down the center of Auvergne, with branches going east and west. Over many years the Allier river has created what are known as the Allier gorges, Auvergne has about 50 freshwater ponds and lakes
Auvergne (region)
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Auvergne terrain map
Auvergne (region)
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Flag
Auvergne (region)
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The " Chaîne des Puys " in Puy-de-Dôme
Auvergne (region)
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Clermont-Ferrand
14.
Damien Da Silva
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Damien Da Silva is a defender currently playing for French club Caen. On 16 July 2009 it was announced that Da Silva had signed a contract with Châteauroux after rejecting a new deal with Chamois Niortais. Da Silva was born in France to a Portuguese father and French mother, in the 2006-07 season, Da Silva was awarded 2 caps for the France under-19 team. He scored a goal on his debut in a 3–0 victory over Finland U-19 on 15 October 2006, damien Da Silva profile at lEquipe
Damien Da Silva
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Damien Da Silva
15.
Mourad Meghni
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Mourad Meghni is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder who currently plays for Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club CS Constantine. He can also play as a central midfielder and he is a player known for his excellent technique. As a young footballer in France, his ability and Algerian heritage earned him the nickname petit Zidane, aged thirteen, Meghni joined the famous academy Le Centre Technique National Fernand Sastre, commonly referred to as Clairefontaine. With Bologna, he came runner-up in the 2002 Intertoto Cup losing out to Fulham on aggregate 5–3. In the summer of 2007, Meghni signed with Lazio on a deal for €5.75 million, with the club further paying Bologna an additional €1. 92M for full ownership. He won the 2008–09 Coppa Italia, as well as the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana whilst playing for Lazio, Meghni is a former French youth international and was a part of the team that won the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship, held in Trinidad and Tobago. He opted to play for Algeria at senior level in August 2009 and he made his debut for Algeria in a 1–0 win on 12 August 2009, against Uruguay. He went on to play for Algeria at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola, Meghni was born on 16 April 1984 in Paris to Ali and Anna, an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Meghni remained at the football school at Clairefontaine for three years before moving to Cannes at the age of 16. When he was 16, Meghni decided to leave the Clairefontaine academy and sign for Cannes, but due to financial problems Cannes were immediately relegated to amateur football. Meghni had a time at Cannes as he was usually on the substitute bench for the reserve team. Meghni views his time at Cannes as an experience as he was very young when he signed for the club. As a youth player, Meghni moved from the renowned Clairefontaine academy to Bologna and he made his Serie A debut on 12 January 2003 in a 2–0 loss at home to Milan. Meghni then spent the 2005–06 season on loan to French Ligue 1 side Sochaux, while at Bologna, Meghni was never able to turn his talent into success and consistency, and as such was never a favourite among the fans. He made a statement following Bolognas relegation to Serie B, in which he declared he would never play in what he considered to be a sub-standard competition. He did spend a year in Serie B, his last at the club, in the 2007–08 season, Meghni joined Lazio on a co-ownership deal for €5. 75million. His early performances for the Biancocelesti were not impressive, and he failed to nail down a place in the line-up. He did make his debut in the UEFA Champions League, setting up a goal for Tommaso Rocchi
Mourad Meghni
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Mourad Meghni
16.
Morgan Parra
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Morgan Parra is a French rugby union player who plays as a Scrum-half and occasionally Fly-half. He plays for Clermont Auvergne in the Top 14 after signing for them from Bourgoin, Parra started playing rugby aged four for Metz. He made his debut for France aged 19 as a replacement against Scotland in the 2008 Six Nations Championship and he is also a front-line goal-kicker, having taken on the mantle at Test level. In 2010 Parra was instrumental in guiding France to a Six Nations Grand Slam and he was picked partly after Julien Dupuy who was first choice in the 2009 autumn internationals was banned for eye gouging. After being paired with the equally youthful Francois Trinh-Duc at halfback he produced a number of masterful performances, after the Grand Slam his fame and popularity rose in France, and is popular not just at his club but a darling to the French media and public. Parra is known as a vocal leader of the pack and is known in France as the petit général. RBS6 Nations profile unofficial forum about Morgan Parra
Morgan Parra
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Morgan Parra
Morgan Parra
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Parra directing his forwards
17.
Marco Ramos (footballer)
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Marco Miguel Gonçalves Ramos is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Sequeirense FC as a left back. Born in Levallois-Perret, Hauts-de-Seine of Portuguese descent, Ramos began playing football with AS Monaco FC, midway through 2010–11, Ramos joined S. C. Braga of Portugal on a two-year contract, during his stint with the Minho side, his output consisted of a match against F. C. Arouca for the campaigns domestic League Cup. On 27 July 2012, Ramos returned to his country of birth, Ramos gained the first of his five caps for the Portugal under-19 team on 27 March 2002, in a 2–0 friendly win over Greece. Marco Ramos – French league stats at LFP Marco Ramos at TheFinalBall. com Marco Ramos at ForaDeJogo National team data Marco Ramos at Soccerway
Marco Ramos (footballer)
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Ramos training with Lens in 2009
18.
Anthony da Silva
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For other people named Toni Silva/Antonio Silva, See Antonio da Silva. Anthony da Silva, commonly known as Tony, is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a right back, the son of a Portuguese couple, Silva was born in Le Creusot, Saône-et-Loire. In the 2005–06 season, Silva made his Primeira Liga debuts, estrela da Amadora easily retained its league status. In January 2007 he moved abroad, signing with CFR Cluj in Romania, during his spell at Cluj, Silva quickly became a fan favourite for his strong work ethic and dedication, also eventually gaining team captaincy. In January 2011, aged 30, Silva returned to his country, in the following year, in the same transfer window, he joined fellow league side F. C. Paços de Ferreira
Anthony da Silva
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Tony playing for CFR Cluj in 2009
19.
Marie Myriam
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Marie Myriam is a French singer of Portuguese descent. Representing France, she won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1977 with Loiseau et lenfant with music by Jean Paul Cara, the single reached #42 in the UK Singles Chart in June 1977. In 1981, Myriam also represented France in the Yamaha Music Festival with the song Sentimentale, in recent years, she has read out the votes of the French Jury at the Eurovision Song Contest. Myriam made an appearance at the 50th anniversary concert in Copenhagen, Denmark, the same year, she wrote the introduction to the French edition of The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History by John Kennedy OConnor. Myriam was married to music producer Michel Elmosnino from the late 1970s until his death at age 67 on 20 December 2013, the marriage produced two children, Laureen and Rick
Marie Myriam
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Marie Myriam in March 2007 Photo: Julien Reynaud
20.
Lucenzo
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Luís Filipe Oliveira, better known by his stage name Lucenzo, is a French-Portuguese recording artist and record producer. His parents emigrated to Bordeaux, France, from Bragança, in northern Portugal, Lucenzo signed with the Universal Music record label. He is best known for his dance hit with rapper Big Ali, puerto Rican reggaeton artist Don Omar released a Spanish/Portuguese version of the song under the title Danza Kuduro with Lucenzo. Lucenzo released his single in 2008, a Portuguese/multilingual reggae/reggaeton song entitled Emigrante del mundo. Signed to Scopio Music, the became a Portuguese radio hit. It was followed in 2009 by Dame reggaeton, but it was with his bilingual English/Portuguese dance hit Vem Dançar Kuduro in collaboration with Big Ali produced by Lucenzo. It was a Top 40 hit in Switzerland, reaching #31, an alternative Spanish version by Don Omar with Lucenzo was released on 15 August 2010, entitled Danza Kuduro. The accompanying music video was released on 17 August and it is also featured on Don Omars compilation album Meet the Orphans
Lucenzo
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Lucenzo
21.
Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
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He has also produced several works from his record label Crydamoure with label co-owner Éric Chedeville. He and Chedeville formed the musical duo Le Knight Club, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo was born in the Paris, France suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine. He is of Portuguese descent, his great-grandfather was the writer and fascism advocate Homem Cristo Filho, in a video interview, Homem-Christo stated that he was given a toy guitar and keyboard at around seven years of age. He was eventually given a guitar at age 14. He has also stated that he uses a guitar when writing music, Homem-Christo met Thomas Bangalter when they were attending the Lycée Carnot school together in 1987. It was there that they discovered their mutual fascination for films and music of the 1960s and 70s, very basic cult teenager things, the two and Laurent Brancowitz eventually joined to form an indie rock trio called Darlin, in which Homem-Christo performed guitar. Bangalter felt that It was still more a teenage thing at that time. Its like, you know, everybody wants to be in a band, a negative review referred to their music as a daft punky thrash, which inspired Bangalter and Homem-Christos new name. The two soon became interested in dance music after going to a club in 1992. Homem-Christo is credited for designing the Daft Punk logo in the notes of Homework. Regarding Daft Punks creative process and working with Bangalter, Homem-Christo commented that hes more of the tech guy than I am. He added, Im more critical of everything we do, were two-halves of one solid combination. Theres balance there – completeness between us, yeah, de Homem-Christo is also a co-founder of the group Le Knight Club, along with Éric Chedeville from Pumpking Records. They are the founders of the record label Crydamoure, named after a variation of the French phrase cri damour or cry of love in English, Crydamoure also published works by Homem-Christos brother Paul de Homem-Christo, under the name Play Paul. In regards to Crydamoure, Guy-Manuel stated, Myself and Thomas have the same tastes in music, when I make records for Crydamoure its a different style than what may end up as Daft Punk music. I know what Thomas likes, and he knows what I like, Crydamoure is not so production oriented, even if its not too far from Daft Punk. The Daft Punk material is more orchestrated and slightly different, I may be working on a sample for Crydamoure, and maybe no one else can hear the difference, but we know. He produced Sébastien Telliers 2008 album titled Sexuality, in 2010, de Homem-Christo co-produced Kavinskys Nightcall EP with SebastiAn
Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
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De Homem-Christo performing in Italy in 2007 as one half of Daft Punk
22.
Karine Ferri
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Karine Ferri is a French television presenter. Karine Ferri was born Karine Jalabert in Suresnes in the department of Hauts-de-Seine, to a French father and she grew up in Rueil-Malmaison with her older brother David. After obtaining her high school exam and studying modern literature at university. In 1999, she was elected first runner-up of Miss World FRANCE2000, in 2004, she is one of the finalists at the second season of Bachelor, le gentleman célibataire on M6. She began presenting television programs while continuing her modeling career, in the meantime, she presents the weather on the same channel until 2008. She then presented on Fun TV100 choses interdites aux moins de 30 ans from September to November 2004, in 2006, she presents Le Hit TF6 on channel TF6. In 2007, she presented Hit de la Pub on TF6 succeeding to Virginie Efira, in 2008, she presented on W9 the fashion show of Victorias Secret from Miami and Le Meilleur des caméras cachées on TF6 that she recorded in Las Vegas. From August 2009 to July 2010, she co-hosted Absolument Stars and Absolument Stars, in early 2010, Fan De was then broadcast on W9 and was named Fan de Stars. She presented the program from January to July 2010, after that, she announced her departure of M6, W9 and the other channels of the group to join Direct 8 in September 2010. She presents an this channel three new programs, Mademoiselle Cinéma, LAmour au menu and Ma Vie, a society program, in summer 2011, Direct 8 entrust her the presentation of the daily program Mag de lété. From August 2011 to June 2012, she became a columnist for world television in the team of the program Morandini, in 2012, she joined TF1 to co-host with Nikos Aliagas the second season of The Voice, la plus belle voix, where she replaced Virginie de Clausade. She also presents the programs Toute la musique quon aime, Tout pour la musique, Karine Ferri was the partner of Grégory Lemarchal, the winner of the fourth season of Star Academy in 2004, from 2005 until his death on April 30,2007. Since then, she strongly participates at the activities of the dedicated to him of struggle against cystic fibrosis. In summer 2013, she appeared in an episode of the game show Fort Boyard on France 2 with Leslie Lemarchal, Official site of Karine Ferri Official site of the Association Grégory Lemarchal Karine Ferri at the Internet Movie Database
Karine Ferri
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Karine Ferri at the 52nd Monte-Carlo Television Festival.
23.
Camille Pissarro
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Camille Pissarro was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas. His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54, in 1873 he helped establish a collective society of fifteen aspiring artists, becoming the pivotal figure in holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Cézanne said he was a father for me, a man to consult and a little like the good Lord, and he was also one of Gauguins masters. Renoir referred to his work as revolutionary, through his portrayals of the common man. Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions and he acted as a father figure not only to the Impressionists but to all four of the major Post-Impressionists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro was born on 10 July 1830 on the island of St. Thomas to Frederick and his father was of Portuguese Jewish descent and held French nationality. His mother was from a French-Jewish family from the island of St. Thomas and his father was a merchant who came to the island from France to deal with the hardware store of a deceased uncle and married his widow. The marriage caused a stir within St. Thomas small Jewish community because she was married to Fredericks uncle. In subsequent years his four children were forced to attend the primary school. Upon his death, his will specified that his estate be split equally between the synagogue and St. Thomas Protestant church, when Camille was twelve his father sent him to boarding school in France. He studied at the Savary Academy in Passy near Paris, while a young student, he developed an early appreciation of the French art masters. Monsieur Savary himself gave him a grounding in drawing and painting and suggested he draw from nature when he returned to St. Thomas. However, his father preferred he work in his business, giving him a job working as a cargo clerk and he took every opportunity during those next five years at the job to practise drawing during breaks and after work. When he turned twenty-one, Danish artist Fritz Melbye, then living on St. Thomas, inspired Pissarro to take on painting as a profession, becoming his teacher. Pissarro then chose to leave his family and job and live in Venezuela and he drew everything he could, including landscapes, village scenes, and numerous sketches, enough to fill up multiple sketchbooks. In 1855 he moved back to Paris where he working as assistant to Anton Melbye. In Paris he worked as assistant to Danish painter Anton Melbye and he also studied paintings by other artists whose style impressed him, Courbet, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and Corot
Camille Pissarro
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Circa 1900
Camille Pissarro
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Paisaje tropical con casas rurales y palmeras, c. 1853. Galería de Arte Nacional, Caracas
Camille Pissarro
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Two Women Chatting by the Sea, St. Thomas, (1856), (private collection)
Camille Pissarro
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Jalais Hill, Pontoise, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1867
24.
Quid (encyclopedia)
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Quid is a French encyclopedia, established in 1963 by Dominique Frémy. It was published annually between 1963 and 2007, first by Plon and later by Éditions Robert Laffont, and was the most popular reference work in France. The presentation is very compressed, and abbreviations are used extensively in telegraph style and it uses very thin paper to get all the information into one volume. It is published each year in one volume about the size of a large dictionary, the motto of the work is tout sur tout. The first edition was published by Plon in the first quarter of 1963 was sold in 20,000 copies and it was a 632-page illustrations-free paperback. In addition to a table of contents, the book included a 10-page index. The author introduced it as a “complete, up-to-date, handy and he announced the book would be published yearly. The next edition was published in the quarter of 1964. The first editions were cosigned by Michèle Frémy, Dominique Frémy’s wife, the encyclopedia became larger over the years, reaching the size of a large dictionary. Each edition now needs the contribution of around 12,000 specialists, the 2007 edition of Quid cost €32, its 2,176 pages contained 2,500,000 items about 650 topics. It sold only about 100,000 copies, compared to more than 400,000 in the 1990s. In February 2008, the 2008 edition was canceled by the publisher, Robert Laffont, Frémy, the founder of Quid, said that he would find another publisher and intended to publish a 2009 edition for Christmas 2009. For some time, Quid was available on the Internet, the original site www. quid. fr disappeared around 2010
Quid (encyclopedia)
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A collection of Quid editions
25.
Poles in France
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Poles in France form one of the oldest Polish diaspora communities in Europe. About one million people of Polish descent live in France, concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the area of Lille. Large numbers of Poles settled in France during the rule of Napoleon when 100,000 Poles fled Russian rule of Poland in the early 19th century. Many enlisted to fight in the French army, like Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Ludwik Mateusz Dembowski and many other Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars, most of the Great Emigration of political elites from Poland between 1831–1870 settled in France. Another wave of Polish migration took place between the two World Wars, when many were hired as workers to work temporarily in France. Polish refugees also fled Nazi or Soviet occupation, kawalkowski, and fought alongside the French Resistance. Since 1941 the PPS activists in Northern France had also founded two resistance movements, Organisation S and Orzel Bialy, in 1944 Polish Committees for National Liberation were set up to support the Communist Polish army. There were clashes between POWN resistants, under the authority of the London-based Polish government in exile, and the Communist FTP-MOI resistants. When the Communists took power in Poland, several thousand French Poles decided to go and live in the Socialist paradise, there are estimates of 100,000 to 200,000 Poles living in Paris and many E. U. program guest workers in regions of the south. The number of new Poles who migrated to France was multiplied, many are students and traders, Poles are well integrated into French society. The number of new Polish citizens in France amounts to 350,000 in 2012
Poles in France
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Ludovic Obraniak
Poles in France
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Marc Minkowski
Poles in France
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Gérard Krawczyk
Poles in France
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Jean-Christophe Devaux
26.
Greeks in France
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The Greek community in France numbers around 35,000 people. They are located all around the country but the communities are located in Paris. Marseille, known as Massalia in Greek, was founded by Greeks from Ionia in 600 BC, the Massaliot Greeks are believed to have introduced viticulture to France. Notable ancient Greeks from Massalia included the explorer and scientist Pytheas. Historically the Greek community was composed of merchants, ship-owners, intellectuals and they participated in the city’s political life or became patrons of its cultural life and the philanthropic activity of some of them was crowned by the Légion d’Honneur. Corsican Maniots are descendants of Maniots, who migrated to Corsica during the 400 year Ottoman rule over most of Greece, to this day the Cargèse region of Corsica is referred to as Cargèse la Grecque. The Maniots founded their four new villages in Paomia with their own church, attempts at integrating Greeks into Corsican society involved the establishment of a mixed Greek-Corsican gendermerie. They have now fully assimilated into Corsican and French society. Greek people Greek diaspora French people of Greek descent French-Greek relations Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul Gérard Blanken, recherches sur leur langue et leur histoire. T. Partie linguistique, Leyde,1951 Marie-Anne Comnène, Cargèse, une colonie grecque en Corse, Société dédition Les Belles lettres,1959,92 pages Jean Coppolani, « Cargèse
Greeks in France
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Map of countries with the largest Greek communities
27.
Romanians in France
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Today, there are c.18,000 Romanian-born citizens living in France, and an unknown number of French citizens of Romanian origin or ancestry. Romanians had registered a presence on Frances soil since the first part of the 19th century, the first Romanians that arrived at that time were mainly rich students who came to study, principally in science and physics domains. Most of them returned to Romania after finishing their studies, although a significant number remained in France, during World War I, some Romanian soldiers were sent to France when the Kingdom of Romania joined the Allies in 1916, to help French troops in the fight against Germany. Most of the Romanian population settled in Paris, Lille and other big cities in the north of France, another large wave of Romanian emigrants made their way in France in the 1990s, after the fall of Communism in Romania, caused by the Romanian Revolution of 1989. More than half of the number of Romanian-French arrived after 1990. English and French are the foreign languages taught in schools. In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie identifies 4,756,100 French speakers in the country, according to the 2012 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%
Romanians in France
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Hélène Vacaresco
28.
Serbs in France
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Serbs in France or French Serbs, number around 120,000 according to estimations. They are located mostly in the regions of Paris, Lyon, Grenoble, Belfort, Montbéliard, Mulhouse, a wave of Serbs came with the influx of other Southern Europeans in the 1920s. A minority are people of Serbian origin who were established in France in the aftermath of the First World War, most Serbs however moved to France during the 1960s and 1970s, some also came as refugees during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. France–Serbia relations St. Sava Church, Paris Serb diaspora French-Serbian friendship site Serbian Orthodox Church in France Serbian-French association Serbian-French cultural and sports association
Serbs in France
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Petar Marinovich
Serbs in France
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SebastiAn
Serbs in France
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Bojan Zulfikarpašić
Serbs in France
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Nikola Karabatić
29.
Italians in France
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Italian migration into what is today France has been going on, in different migrating cycles, for centuries, beginning in prehistoric times right to the modern age. In addition, Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1768, according to Robin Cohen, about 5 million French nationals are of Italian origin if their parentage is retraced over three generations. According to official data of the Eurostat for 2012, the number of Italian citizens residing in France was 174,000, there has always been migration, since ancient times, between what is today Italy and France, but at a limited extent. This is especially true of the regions of northwestern Italy and southeastern France, regions of significant Italian diaspora sprang up as far north as Paris and Flanders. However it was not much as a percentage of the French global population and this Italian migration developed more through the Renaissance, as previous generations became assimilated. Since the 16th century, Florence and its citizens have long enjoyed a close relationship with France. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine de Medici married Henry, under the gallicised version of her name, Catherine de Médici, she became Queen consort of France when Henry ascended to the throne in 1547. Later on, after Henry died, she became regent on behalf of her ten-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers, after Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu, and extended Frances political ambitions not only within Italy, enrico Tonti, born near Gaeta, Italy was an Italian-born soldier, explorer, and fur trader in the service of France. He was the son of Lorenzo de Tonti, a financier and former governor of Gaeta, enrico was second in command of the La Salle expedition on his descent of the Mississippi River. Tontis letters and journals are valuable source materials on these explorations, several months later, both Cadillac and Tonty brought their wives to the fort, making them the first European women to travel into the interior of North America. He was the son of Lorenzo de Tonti who was a financier and former governor of Gaeta, Lorenzo de Tonti was the inventor of the form of life insurance known as the tontine. Henri de Tonti, involved in LaSalles exploration of the Mississippi River and it should be noted that Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor and general, was ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of Genoese and Tuscan ancestry. Italian popular immigration to France only began in the late 18th century, really developed from the end of the 19th century until the World War I, France needed workforce to compensate for the war losses and its very low birthrate. Initially, Italian immigration to modern France came predominantly from northern Italy and it wasnt until after World War II that large numbers of immigrants from southern Italy immigrated to France, usually settling in industrialised areas of France, such as Lorraine, Paris and Lyon. The number of inhabitants with Italian ancestry is generally indeterminable, henri Cernuschi, banker, journalist, and art collector. His collection is known as the Musée Cernuschi
Italians in France
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Italians in France
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Édith Piaf, world famous French singer
Italians in France
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Jules Mazarin
Italians in France
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Jean Alesi
30.
Portuguese Mozambicans
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Portuguese Mozambicans are Mozambican-born descendants of Portuguese settlers. The first permanent Portuguese communities in the region were established in the 16th century, the whole region was divided into prazos, to be lived by Portuguese settler families in the 17th century. Mozambique was declared a Portuguese province by the 19th century, blacks and some mestiços and whites revolted against Portuguese rule in 1974. The return to democracy in Portugal led to the independence of its overseas colonies in 1975. By July 1975 around 80000 Portuguese Mozambicans were left in the country from around 250,000 that lived in the country in the early 1970s, of the 80,000 only around 10,000 opted for Mozambican citizenship instead of Portuguese citizenship. The most decisive factors for the preference for white emigration according to US diplomat William Jacobsen was a combination of doctors leaving for good, and uncertainty about countrys willingness to allow Mozambican citizens to leave national territory. When the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries was founded in 1996, many Portuguese and Portuguese Brazilians arrived for economic and they have helped increase Portuguese-language fluency especially in remote rural places and improved the economy, as the metical has a large value converted from the Euro. Many among them have adopted the country as their permanent home, many more Portuguese settlers returned from Portugal, it is estimated by the Mozambican embassy that about 6,000 returned. Portuguese is the language and lingua franca of Mozambique. Their dialect called Mozambican Portuguese is closer to Standard European Portuguese than Brazilian dialects, among them speak one of main Bantu languages as second languages. Many educated Portuguese Mozambicans speak English, as it is a lingua franca. Most Portuguese Mozambicans are Christians belonging to the Roman Catholic Church
Portuguese Mozambicans
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Africa
31.
Portuguese Argentine
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Portuguese Argentines are Argentines of Portuguese descent or a Portugal-born person who resides in Argentina. Portuguese Argentines has always been a group in Argentina. Portuguese immigration has been small in Argentina because the idiomatic reasons have influenced preference by the neighbouring Brazil. However, the Portuguese were the largest foreign group in the last years of the Viceroyalty, in 1850, there were sailors and petty traders from Lisbon and Oporto, they were later joined by artisans, labourers and farm workers. The Portuguese was after the Spanish the largest group before 1816, a large proportion settled in the interior of the country, but Buenos Aires City and Province were the main places of settlement. In the 1970s, they organize themselves ethnically, and community life would be more active in the following decades. To Salliqueló came an important group from a settlement of 1905, an important Portuguese community was established in Buenos Aires. Have also been established in Greater Buenos Aires and also in the West, Isidro Casanova, González Catán, Pontevedra, Libertad, in addition, communities in Comodoro Rivadavia, Mendoza and Oberá. Around the 1970s started based on La Matanza clubs of the foreign communities likely as a form of defense against the threat of the loss of the important elements of culture itself, the members of the Portuguese community participated in this process of creation of an area of cultural heritage. Are 23 Portuguese clubs that exist in the Argentina and of Isidro Casanova, one of the most important in this country, subsequently the creation of another club, smaller than the previous one, took place in the city of González Catán, maintaining a constant interplay. Argentines of European descent Spanish Argentine
Portuguese Argentine
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Notable Portuguese-Argentines Edgardo Andrada · Jorge Luis Borges · Mario das Neves · Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
Portuguese Argentine
Portuguese Argentine
Portuguese Argentine
32.
Portuguese Brazilians
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Not to be confused with the Portuguese dialect, Brazilian Portuguese. Portuguese Brazilians are Brazilian citizens whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Portugal, most of the Portuguese who arrived throughout the centuries in Brazil sought economic opportunities. Although present since the onset of the colonization, Portuguese people began migrating to Brazil in larger numbers, nowadays, the Portuguese constitute the biggest group of foreigners living in the country, with an estimated 596,000 Portuguese nationals currently living in Brazil. According to Portuguese law, any Brazilian that has at least one Portuguese parent or grandparent is eligible to obtain Portuguese citizenship,5 million Brazilians fall under this category. According to the Constitution of Brazil, the Portuguese people have a status in Brazil. Requirements for the granting of equality are, habitual residence, the age of majority, in Brazil, the Portuguese may require equal treatment with regard to civil rights, moreover, they may ask to be granted political rights granted to Brazilians. In the latter case, this requires a minimum of three years of permanent residence, some of the earliest colonists for whom we have written records are João Ramalho and Diogo Álvares Correia. As a result, many pirates, mainly French, began dealing in pau brasil with the Amerindians and this situation worried Portugal, which in the 1530s started to encourage the colonization of Brazil, principally for defensive reasons. The towns of Cananéia, São Vicente, Porto Seguro and Iguape date from that period, by the mid-16th century, Portuguese colonists were already settling in significant numbers, mainly along the coastal regions of Brazil. Numerous cities were established, including Salvador, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, while most Portuguese settlers came willingly, some were forced exiles or degredados. Such convicts were sentenced for a variety of crimes according to the Ordenações do Reino, there was concern in keeping the control of the territory, hence the policy in promoting the colonization with couples in the border lands. The occupation of the territory was seen as essential, in 1619, about 300 couples arrived in Maranhão, the total number of people being around 1000 individuals, a significant number for that time. Maranhão is the first region to receive Azorean settlers in an organised way, S. da Palma and São Rafael,50 couples arrived, in the ships N. S. da Penha de França and São Francisco Xavier more settlers came. Throughout the 17th century, successive waves of Azorean couples were settled in Maranhão, Azorean couples were also settled in Pará, an example of this being the 50 couples who embarked on 29 March 1677, in the ship Jesus, Maria e José, in Horta, Faial. In the 18th century, immigration to Brazil from Portugal increased dramatically, immigrants to Brazil departed from Portugal via the ports of Lisbon, Porto, and Funchal on Madeira. Two British companies provided the bulk of transport of passengers in this period, many gold and diamond mines were discovered in the region of Minas Gerais, which then led to the arrival of not only Portuguese, but also of native-born Brazilians. Regarding the former, most were peasants from the Minho region in Portugal, in the beginning, Portugal stimulated the immigration of minhotos to Brazil. After some time, however, the number of departures was so great that the Portuguese Crown had to establish barriers to further immigration
Portuguese Brazilians
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Pedro I of Brazil
Portuguese Brazilians
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Carmen Miranda
Portuguese Brazilians
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Maitê Proença
Portuguese Brazilians
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Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral (center-left, pointing) sights the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500.
33.
Portuguese Guyanese
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A Portuguese Guyanese is a Guyanese whose ancestors came from Portugal, or a Portuguese who has Guyanese citizenship. The history of Portuguese Guyanese community relates directly with the end of slavery, after the abolition of slavery in 1834, the planters of British Guiana sought alternative sources of labour. They were eager to recruit labourers in order to bolster the proportion of white to coloured residents in the colony. In 1834, the first Portuguese people arrived from the Portuguese island of Madeira, having been sponsored by a coalition of planters, between 1834 and 1882, some 30,645 Portuguese arrived in Guyana, the vast majority from Madeira, but others from the Azores Islands. Mixed race Portuguese speaking elements from Cape Verde and Brazil also were brought in, the Madeiran Portuguese, or simply Madeirans as they came to be known, soon shunned working in the fields given the high mortality rate due to tropical diseases. They settled in Georgetown, New Amsterdam and other towns in Guyana and dedicated themselves into the venture of the retail, by 1851,173 out of 296 shops in Georgetown were Portuguese-owned, while the figure was 28 out of 52 in New Amsterdam. In 1891, Portuguese numbered 4. 3% of the population of Guyana, the Portuguese of Guiana faced considerable discrimination from both the black Creoles and the white British ruling class. The former believed them to be opportunists and lackies of the establishment while the latter considered the Portuguese inferior due to their Catholic. The Portuguese are white, but the ruling class knew that, although the Portuguese were racially European. Tensions boiled over on a number of occasions and Georgetown experienced a spate of race riots, on both occasions, disgruntled black Creoles directed their anger against Portuguese-owned shops and widespread looting occurred leading to damages of over $30,000 and over $200,000 respectively. Eventually, although the Portuguese were called by the British as inferior and they anglicized their surnames and began to speak English as their primary language. However, during the struggle for independence, the Portuguese came to be identified with the British colonial establishment while the ethnic Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese fought over power, the 1964 killing of the civil servant Arthur Abraham, an ethnic Portuguese, led many to emigrate before Britain introduced restrictions. Many Portuguese Guyanese now live in London, Toronto, other parts of the Caribbean, there may be a higher birthrate among them in present. Some have advanced the idea that the Portuguese presence in the Guianas predates 1834, Portuguese Sephardic Jews had settled in neighbouring Dutch Guiana in the 17th century before the Dutch arrived. Portuguese Jewish communities also exist in Aruba, Barbados, and Curaçao, some of the Portuguese in Guyana may have their origins in these Dutch-speaking Portuguese groups. They were known as the Curaçao Portuguese within the larger Portuguese community, the number of Portuguese Guyanese has been declining constantly over the decades. Ivor Mendonca is a descendant of Madeiran immigrants to Guyana, a reliable reference for the afformed information is The Colony Of British Guyana and Its Labouring Population by H. V
Portuguese Guyanese
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Africa
34.
Portuguese immigration to Mexico
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The Portuguese arrived in Mexico around the time of the Spanish colonial period. Many of them were sailors, conquistadors, clergy, and members of the military, later Portuguese arrivals included pirates in conflict with Spanish leadership. Today, the countrys largest Portuguese community is concentrated in Mexico City, especially in the Colonia Condesa, according to the 2000 census, there were 288 Portuguese living in Mexico. The first Portuguese to arrive in New Spain was Sebastián Rodriguez de Oliveira, the Portuguese eventually made up a large presence in New Spain. A few such immigrants were Sephardi Jews fleeing the Spanish Inquisition, Portuguese immigrants had no difficulty adapting into New Spanish society because they were Catholics and accountable to the Spanish Crown for taxation. During the Mexican War of Independence, Mexicans did not distinguish between Spanish, Portuguese colonists and Indians who were on the side of the Spanish Crown, Portuguese immigrants were granted preferential naturalization times in 1993. The preferential naturalization time was granted due to historical and cultural connections and was given to Latin Americans. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, explorer Gaspar Fernandes, composer and organist Lydia Cacho, activist Humberto Moreira, madero, politician Mexico–Portugal relations Portuguese Americans Presencia portuguesa en México colonial
Portuguese immigration to Mexico
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Diego Rivera
Portuguese immigration to Mexico
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Portuguese-style bullfighting in Mexico
35.
Portuguese Surinamese
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Portuguese Surinamese are Surinamese citizens of Portuguese ancestry. In 1853, the first Portuguese people arrived from the Portuguese island of Madeira, having been sponsored by a coalition of planters and by the colonial government. They were actually on their way to British Guiana, where the planters also sought alternative sources of labour after the abolition of slavery, a total of 500 Madeirans came as indentured workers to Suriname. At the end of their contract, they left the fields, in later years, more immigrants from Madeira and British Guiana came to Suriname, however, no longer as indentured laborers but as free immigrants. Portuguese Sephardic Jews had settled in the 17th century before the Dutch arrived, the first Portuguese Jews came from the Netherlands, Portugal and Italy to settle in the old capital Torarica
Portuguese Surinamese
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Africa
36.
Portuguese Americans
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Portuguese Americans, also known as Luso-Americans, are American citizens and residents of the United States who are connected to the country of Portugal by birth, ancestry, or citizenship. An estimated 191,000 Portuguese nationals are living in the United States. Bilateral ties date from the earliest years of the United States, following the American Revolutionary War, Portugal was the first neutral country to recognize the United States. Portuguese people have had a long history in the United States. The first documented Portuguese to live in colonial America was Mathias de Sousa, some of the earliest European explorers to reach portions of the New World were said to be Portuguese. Navigators, like the Miguel Corte-Real family, may have visited the North American shores at the beginning of the 16th century, there is a historic landmark, the Dighton Rock, in southeastern Massachusetts, that a small minority of scholars believe testifies their presence in the area. Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho explored the California coast for the first time, during the Colonial period, there was a small Portuguese emigration to the present day U. S. especially to the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. Peter Francisco, the giant soldier in the US Continental Army, is thought to have been born Portuguese. In the late 19th century, many Portuguese, mainly Azorean and Madeiran, there are also connections with Portuguese communities in the Pacific Northwest in Astoria, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada as well. Many Portuguese relocated to the Kingdom of Hawaii, prior to its overthrow by the United States in the late 19th century, in the mid-late 20th century, there was another surge of Portuguese immigration in America, mainly in the Northeast. Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Africa and Asia, there were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000. A general contribution the Portuguese people have made to American music is the ukulele, john Philip Sousa was a famous Portuguese American composer most known for his patriotic compositions. A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and Portuguese in Hawaii, there were very few marriages between European and Chinese people with the majority being between Portuguese and Chinese people. These unions between Chinese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Chinese Portuguese parentage, called Chinese-Portuguese, for two years to June 30,1933,38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese. Andrade, Julian Silva, Emily Daniels, Art Coelho, Sue Fagalde Lick, portuguese-Americans are the fourth largest ethnic group in the State of Hawaii, fifth largest group in Rhode Island and the eighth largest group in Massachusetts. Portuguese-Americans and contemporary Civic Culture in Massachusetts, the Portuguese in America,590 B. C. –1974, A Chronology & Fact Book Leal, Joao, and Wendy Graca. Azorean Identity in Brazil and the United States, Arguments about History, Culture, warrin, Donald, and Geoffrey L. Gomes. Land, as Far as the Eye Can See, Portuguese in the Old West, tagus Press at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth/University Press of New England
Portuguese Americans
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Largest self-reported ancestry groups in New England. Americans of Portuguese descent plurality shown in grey.
37.
Portuguese Venezuelan
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Portuguese Venezuelans are Portuguese-born citizens with Venezuelan citizenship or Venezuelan-born citizens of Portuguese ancestry or citizenship. Mostly located in Caracas, Valencia and Maracaibo, the Portuguese community of Venezuela are among the largest ethnic groups in the country, Portuguese arrived to Venezuela in the early and middle 20th century, as immigrants, mostly from Madeira Island. Venezuela has the second largest Portuguese diaspora in Latin America and fourth in The Americas, the State of Portuguesa takes its name from the Portuguesa River, in which a Portuguese women is said to have drowned
Portuguese Venezuelan
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Africa
38.
Luso-Indian
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Luso-Asians of the Indian subcontinent are primarily from Goa, Daman and Diu, Korlai, Silvassa, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. In the 16th Century, a years after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. They were in South India a few years before the Moghuls appeared in the North. In the early 16th century, they set up their posts throughout the coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In 1498, the number of Europeans residents in the area was merely a few tens of thousands, by 1580, Goa was a sophisticated city with its own brand of Indo-Portuguese society. The Portuguese also shipped over many órfãs dEl-Rei to Portuguese India, orfas del Rei literally translates to Orphans of the King, and they were Portuguese girls sent to overseas territories to marry either Portuguese settlers or natives with high status. The English, French and Dutch East India Companies became active in Far East trading in a way about a hundred. They too set up their posts throughout the Indian Ocean, by the middle of the 17th century there were several thousand Portuguese and Luso-Indians in India and a relatively small population of other Indian-Europeans. By the end of the 17th century, the East India Companies had established three major trading posts in India – Fort St. George, Fort St William and Bombay Island, in 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3000. In the 17th century, Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam and London were coming to Madras as settlers and traders, on a plot of land in the suburbs he established a Jewish cemetery. The East India Company used Portuguese Jews based in Madras in its efforts to expand English trading. By the mid-eighteenth century most Portuguese Jews had emigrated to London, Luso-Goans or Portu-Goesas, Goa was the capital of a large Portuguese eastern empire and was called Rome of the East. Luso-Goans spoke Konkani and Portuguese with present generation adding English as well, the last Newspaper in Portuguese ended the publication in 1980s. However, the Fundação do Oriente and the Indo–Portuguese Friendship Society are still active, there is a department of Portuguese language at the Goa University and majority of Luso-Goan students choose Portuguese as their third language in schools. Ironically, English is spoken as a first language by all upper class Goans, Luso-Goans have a choice to either be fully Portuguese citizens or fully Indian citizens or fully Portuguese citizens with an OCI granted by the Indian nationality law. Mangalorean Catholics, Mangalorean Catholics are a community of Roman Catholics following the Latin Rite from the Mangalore Diocese on the southwestern coast of Karnataka. They speak the language of Goa, Konkani, the culture of Mangalorean Catholics is a blend of Mangalorean and Goan cultures. Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics are descended mainly from Goan Catholics who migrated to South Canara between 1560 and 1763, the distance from Mangalore to Goa is 358 km by road and 431 km by rails
Luso-Indian
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Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
Luso-Indian
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Portuguese and other European settlements in India.
Luso-Indian
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City of Calicut, India, c.1572 (from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum)
39.
Mardijker people
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The Mardijker were a community in amongst others Batavia, made up of descendants of freed slaves. They could be found at all major trading posts in the East Indies and they were mostly Christian, of various natives from conquered Portuguese territories, and some Portuguese ancestry. They spoke a Portuguese patois, which have influenced the modern Indonesian language, the Dutch also referred to them as inlandse Christenen. There were also Mardijkers originated from Pampanga, Luzon which called by the Dutch as Papangers, the term Mardijker is a Dutch corruption of the Portuguese version of Sanskrit Maharddhika meaning rich, prosperous and powerful. In the Malay archipelago, this term had acquired the meaning of a freed slave, the Dutch colonists also used it more generally to describe any freed slaves which were full-blood Asian, i. e. zwarten. The Census of 1699 in Batavia shows the breakdown of the population as,3,679 Chinese,2,407 Mardijkers,1,783 Europeans,670 Mixed blood,867 others. The Mardijkers mostly clung to their Catholic faith and continued to attend Batavias Portuguese church and they were legally recognized by the Dutch East India Company as a separate ethnic group, and kept themselves apart from the native Javanese. During the VOC era there was already considerable inter-marriage with the Indos in pre-colonial history, during the colonial era the Mardijkers eventually assimilated completely into the Indo Eurasian community and were no longer registered as a separate ethnic group. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the Mardijkers exchanged their Portuguese-based creole for a Malay-based one, nowadays they speak Indonesian, the Indonesian national language, and use Betawi Malay only in informal contexts. The old creole still survives in old song lyrics, in the genre Keroncong Moresco or Keroncong Tugu, a part of Jakarta is called Kampung Tugu an area where Mardijker people had been allowed to settle for after their freedom, the neighborhood retains its Portuguese distinctiveness. Historically these people settled in Old Batavias Roa Malacca district near Kali besar. Common Mardijker family names are De Fretes, Ferrera, De Mello, Gomes, Gonsalvo, Cordero, De Dias, De Costa, Soares, Rodrigo, De Pinto, Perreira and De Silva. Some Mardijker families also took Dutch names such as Willems, Michiels, Bastiaans, Pieters, Jansz, Fransz, when the Indonesians fought for independence from the Dutch they used the slogan Merdeka, which has the same root with Mardijker. This word had considerable political significance also in Malaysia and Singapore, the name Mardijkers is also used for the so-called belanda hitam, soldiers recruited in Ghana, Africa who served in the colonial army and gained their freedom afterward. Being Dutch in the Indies, A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920, Singapore, National University of Singapore Press. The Social World of Batavia, European and Asian in Dutch Asia
Mardijker people
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A Mardijker and his wife, detail, Churchill 1704.
40.
Macanese people
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The Macanese people, are an ethnic group which originated in Macau in the 16th century, consisting of people of mixed Chinese and Portuguese ancestry. Modern Macanese culture can be best described as a Sino-Latin culture, historically, many ethnic Macanese spoke Patuá, which is a Portuguese-based creole and now virtually extinct. Many are fluent in both Portuguese and Cantonese, the Macanese have preserved a distinctive Macanese cuisine. Portuguese culture dominates the Macanese, but Chinese cultural patterns are also significant, most Macanese had paternal Portuguese heritage until 1974. Some were Portuguese men stationed in Macau as part of their military service, many stayed in Macau after the expiration of their military service, marrying Macanese women. Rarely did Chinese women marry Portuguese, initially, mostly Goans, Ceylonese/Sinhalese, Indochina, Malay, slave women of Indian, Indonesian, Malay, and Japanese origin were used as partners by Portuguese men. Japanese girls would be purchased in Japan by Portuguese men, from 1555 onwards, Macau received slave women of Timorese origin as well as women of African origin, and from Malacca and India. Macau was permitted by Pombal to receive an influx of Timorese women, western men like the Portuguese were refused by high class Chinese women, who did not marry foreigners. Literature in Macau was written about love affairs and marriage between the Tanka women and Portuguese men, like A-Chan, A Tancareira, by Henrique de Senna Fernandes. As recently as the 1980s, most Macanese had not received formal Chinese schooling and, hence, could speak, spoken Cantonese was largely familiar, and some spoke the language with a regional accent - acquired largely from their mothers or amahs. Since Portuguese settlement in Macau - dating from 1557 - included a strong Catholic presence, a large number of Macanese can trace their roots to these New Christians. Many of these Chinese were assimilated into the Macanese community, dropping their Chinese surnames and adopting Portuguese surnames. In the collective Macanese folk memory, there is a little ditty about the parish of St. Lazarus Parish, called 進教圍, hence, it is surmised that many Macanese with surnames of Rosario or Rosa probably were of Chinese ancestry. Because of this, there are many Eurasians carrying Portuguese surnames Rosario, Rosa, a visit to the St Michael the Archangel Cemetery, the main Catholic cemetery near the St. With the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941, the Macanese population, escaping the occupation and these Macanese, including many skilled workers and civil servants, were fluent in English and Portuguese and brought valuable commercial and technical skills to the colony. They emigrated from Shanghai to Macau in 1949 with the coming of the Red Guard, many spoke little Portuguese and were several generations removed from Portugal, speaking primarily English and Shanghainese, and/or Mandarin. The Shanghai Macanese carved a niche by teaching English in Macau, a number of Macanese also emigrated during the Carnation Revolution and Macaus return to the Peoples Republic of China, respectively. Most potential emigrants looked to Brazil, Portugals African territories, beginning with the post-1974 independence of other Portuguese colonies and hastened by Macaus return to China, the Macanese community began to lose its Portuguese heritage
Macanese people
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From Asia
41.
Portuguese people in Pakistan
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Portuguese people in Pakistan are citizens or residents of Pakistan who are of Portuguese background. The presence of a small Portuguese community in what is modern-day Pakistan is historically known, most people of Portuguese extract can be found among the countrys Goan community, concentrated in Karachi much before the independence of Pakistan. These settlers hailed from Goa in Western India and in order to avail economic opportunities, migrated to major commercial centres during the British Raj, Karachi being among them. In 1510, Goa was annexed by the Portuguese as one of its overseas colonies in India, during that period, the Goans remained Portuguese subjects and many who had settled in Karachi carried Portuguese passports, which they later relinquished for Pakistani citizenship. At the time of the partition in 1947, it is estimated that the Goan community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000, the Portuguese community assumed an active role in the founding of missionary schools throughout Pakistan. Most of this generation of musicians later died or emigrated
Portuguese people in Pakistan
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Africa
42.
Portuguese in the Netherlands
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Portuguese in the Netherlands are the citizens or residents of the Netherlands whose ethnic origins lie in Portugal. Portuguese Dutch are Portuguese-born citizens with a Dutch citizenship or Dutch-born citizens of Portuguese ancestry or citizenship, Portuguese arrived to the Netherlands in the early and middle 18th century, as immigrants, mostly from Madeira Island and Lisbon. Over 20,000 of Dutch people claim that they are of Portuguese descent, fatima Moreira de Melo Fernando Pereira
Portuguese in the Netherlands
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Africa
43.
Portuguese in the United Kingdom
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Portuguese in the United Kingdom are British citizens and residents of the UK who are connected to the country of Portugal by birth, descent or citizenship. As a result, by 1550 there were approximately 100 Portuguese Jews in London, because Englands religious status was unsettled at the time, the community remained secretive. The community centred around the Anes family, who provided a physician, Rodrigo López, the community was expelled in 1609, although some members were able to remain. In the 17th century, more Portuguese Jews fled to England from the Spanish, many of these came from the Canary Islands. With the readmission of Jews to England, from 1656 onwards the community was able to practise its beliefs, the Bevis Marks Synagogue, constructed in 1701, has traditionally been attended by members of Londons Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community. Fried fish, which part of the classic British dish of fish and chips, was introduced to Britain by Jewish migrants fleeing Portugal. Some Portuguese emigrated to the UK in the 1950s and 1960s, however, the scale of migration to the UK during this period was small in comparison with Portuguese migration to France and Germany. Some Portuguese migrated to the UK in the 1960s and 1970s, young males also left Portugal at this time in order to avoid being conscripted to fight in the Portuguese Colonial War. More significant migration flows did not start until the late 1990s, while different sources disagree on the total size of the Portuguese population of the UK, they agree that there has been a significant increase in migration from Portugal since 2000. The 2001 UK Census recorded 36,555 Portuguese-born people resident in the UK, more recent estimates by the Office for National Statistics put the figure at 107,000 in 2013. The 2011 Census recorded 88,161 Portuguese-born residents in England, the censuses of Scotland and Northern Ireland recorded 1,908 and 1,996 Portuguese-born residents respectively. Other sources estimate the Portuguese community to be larger, with the editor of a Portuguese-language newspaper putting the number of Portuguese passport holders in London alone at 350,000. According to academics José Carlos Pina Almeida and David Corkill, writing in 2010, Almeida and Corkill report that the Portuguese-speaking groups in the UK are characterised by diversity of country of origin. Of the 88,161 Portuguese-born residents of England and Wales recorded by the 2011 census, the English region with the largest concentration of Portuguese-born residents was London, accounting for almost half of the total England and Wales population. The South East had the second-largest concentration, closely followed by the East of England, within London, the largest concentrations were in the boroughs of Lambeth and Brent. Vauxhall in Lambeth is a hub for the Portuguese community. Outside of London, Norfolk was the county with the largest concentration, within Norfolk,1,455 Portuguese-born people were living in Breckland, which includes the town of Thetford, which has been noted for its large Portuguese population. According to the 2011 Census, Portuguese is the tenth most commonly spoken language in England and Wales, a study undertaken in 2000 found that Portuguese was the 14th most common mother tongue amongst school children in London
Portuguese in the United Kingdom
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Catherine of Braganza
Portuguese in the United Kingdom
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Manuel II of Portugal
44.
Portuguese Australian
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Portuguese Australians refers to Australians of Portuguese descent or Portuguese-born people living in Australia. The biggest Portuguese Australian community is in Petersham, Sydney, but there are other communities around Australia such as Melbourne, Wollongong, Newcastle, there are also communities present, to a lesser extent, in Brisbane, Adelaide and Darwin. There are approximately 56,000 Portuguese migrants and Australians with Portuguese heritage in Australia, the Portuguese pastel de nata is a very popular delicacy in Australia and is commonly found throughout the country. A few Portuguese were among the earliest settlers in Australia, emanuel and Ana Serrão and their infant daughter arrived in Sydney in 1824, and moved to Warrnambool with their family in 1852. Few followed, and by 1901 only 86 Victorians were Portugal-born, males made up 90% of the community. The Portugal-born population in Victoria declined in the twentieth century. While the post-war migration boom had little effect on the Portuguese population of Victoria, the number of immigrants from Portugal also increased, from 131 in 1966 to 2,335 in 1986. By 2001,2,661 Portugal-born migrants were living in Victoria, members of the Portuguese-born community today are predominantly employed as tradespeople and workers within the manufacturing and construction industries. More than three-quarters still speak Portuguese at home, the community is supported by organisations including the Portuguese Community Council of Australia, which serves as an umbrella organisation for all Portuguese people in Australia. Portuguese-language radio programs, weekly newspapers, language classes and sporting clubs help maintain the community in Australian cities, events such as performances by Madeira Folk Dancing provide an opportunity for the wider community to appreciate Portuguese culture. John Da Silva, the founder and owner of Bell-Vista vegetables, Petersham, New South Wales Brazilian Australians Portuguese in the United Kingdom Portuguese people Portuguese in Asia and Oceania Consulate General of Portugal, Sydney
Portuguese Australian
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David Malouf
Portuguese Australian
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Wilson da Silva
Portuguese Australian
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Moisés Henriques
Portuguese Australian
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Diogo Ferreira
45.
Portuguese people in France
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Portuguese in France are citizens of ethnic Portuguese descent. They may be French citizens or non-citizen immigrants, Portuguese immigration in France took place mainly during the 1960s and 1970s, to escape dictatorship and conscription, and to enable immigrants to find better living conditions. Portuguese migrants were referred as gens des baraques. There are different types of Portuguese who migrated to France, there are Portuguese professionals with college degrees, and there are Portuguese in construction or similar work. The Portuguese are known in France as hard workers, in 1917, an avenue was named avenue des Portugais in Paris. The name pays tribute to the forces sent by Lisbon. In the mid-1950s, Portuguese moved to France in significant numbers to escape António de Oliveira Salazars dictatorship, amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer born in France to a French father and a Portuguese mother. Nando de Colo, French basketball player, manuel da Costa, Moroccan footballer born in France to a Portuguese father and a Moroccan mother. Stéphane Da Costa, French ice hockey player with Portuguese heritage on his fathers side, kévin Gameiro, French footballer with Portuguese heritage on his paternal side. Antoine Griezmann, French footballer born to a French father and a Portuguese mother, mourad Meghni, Algerian footballer born in France to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Carlos Mendes Varela, French rugby league player, morgan Parra, French rugby union player with Portuguese ancestry on his paternal side. Robert Pirès, French footballer born in France to a Portuguese father, yannis Tafer, Algerian footballer born in France to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother. Marie Myriam, singer born as Myriam Lopes, lucenzo, singer born as Luís Filipe Oliveira. Kool Shen, rapper born as Bruno Lopes, guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, Daft Punk singer. Karine Ferri, presenter born to a French father and a Portuguese mother, kim Prisu, painter born as Joaquim António Gonçalves Borregana. Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, painter
Portuguese people in France
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Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
Portuguese people in France
Portuguese people in France
Portuguese people in France
