1.
George V of the United Kingdom
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
George V of the United Kingdom
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Coronation portrait by
Sir Luke Fildes, 1911
George V of the United Kingdom
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George as a young boy, 1870
George V of the United Kingdom
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George, 1893
George V of the United Kingdom
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York Cottage at
Sandringham House: George and his wife lived here from 1893 to 1926.
2.
George II of Great Britain
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George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain, he was born, after the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his fathers reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, as king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had direct control over government policy. He had a relationship with his eldest son, Frederick. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George IIs death, history tended to him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments. George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both of Georges parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, who never saw their mother again. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein. In addition to French and German, he was schooled in English and Italian. Georges second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, Georges father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made. Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, the English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July, on 22 August /2 September 1705O. S. /N. S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, in early 1707, Georges hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick
George II of Great Britain
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Portrait by
Thomas Hudson, 1744
George II of Great Britain
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George as a young boy with his mother,
Sophia Dorothea of Celle, and his sister,
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
George II of Great Britain
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Caroline of Ansbach by
Godfrey Kneller, 1716
George II of Great Britain
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London, c. 1710
3.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death, Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne and his suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charless instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Annes Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Annes elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Annes finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Marys accession, William and Mary had no children. After Marys death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702, as queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, from her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Anne was born at 11,39 p. m. on 6 February 1665 at St Jamess Palace, London, the child and second daughter of James, Duke of York. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess, her sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne, as a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as defluxion. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria. Following her grandmothers death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, on the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year, as was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Annes preceptor, around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Portrait by
Michael Dahl, 1705
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne (centre) and her sister Mary (left) with their parents, the Duke and Duchess of York, painted by
Sir Peter Lely and
Benedetto Gennari II
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne, circa 1684, painted by
Willem Wissing and
Jan van der Vaardt
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Mary of Modena and James Francis Edward, Anne's stepmother and half-brother
4.
Hadley Common
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Monken Hadley Common lies within the Monken Hadley Conservation Area, and is listed as a “Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade I, ” by the London Borough of Barnet. It is registered common land, and it is owned by the Trustees of Monken Hadley Common, there is access from Camlet Way, Parkgate Crescent, Covert Way, Games Road, Northfield Road, Baring Road, Bakers Hill, and Hadley Common. The London Loop and Pymmes Brook Trail pass through the common, the Common is a remnant of the former Royal Forest of Enfield Chase, which was enclosed by an Act of Parliament of 1777. A small part was allotted to the village of Monken Hadley, until the 1950s, the commoners exercised their rights to use the land for grazing. The common is bisected by the East Coast Main Railway Line, the common is mostly wooded, dominated by pedunculate oak, with some hornbeam, beech and field maples. Holly forms a dense understorey in some places, while elsewhere a more diverse shrub layer includes Midland hawthorn, several ground flora species are ancient woodland indicators, suggesting that fragments have survived from before the time when the common was managed as wood-pasture. Butterflies include white-letter and purple hairstreaks, and there are breeding birds such as sparrowhawk, beech Hill Lake was formed by damming Pymmes Brook. It is managed for angling but supports common waterfowl and Daubentons bats use it for feeding, foraging low over the water, two smaller ponds have a much richer flora and abundant amphibians, which attract grass snakes. Barnet parks and open spaces Nature reserves in Barnet Lemmons Hewlett, Janet
Hadley Common
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Grazing on the Common in the early 1900s.
Hurst Cottage in the background.
Hadley Common
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Map of the Common.
Hadley Common
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Eastern gate to the Common, Games Road, Cockfosters.
Hadley Common
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Monken Hadley Common
5.
Chipping Barnet
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Chipping Barnet or High Barnet is a market town in the London Borough of Barnet, England. Its name is often abbreviated to just Barnet, which is also the name of the borough of which it forms a part. Chipping Barnet is one of the urban settlements in London. The towns name derives from an ancient settlement, recorded as Barneto c,1070, Barnet 1197, La Barnette 1248, that is the land cleared by burning, from Old English bærnet, referring to the clearing of this once densely forested area in early times. This was one of the most important battles of the Wars of the Roses, Barnet Hill is said to be the hill mentioned in the nursery rhyme The Grand Old Duke of York. It is also the site of an ancient and well-known horse fair, the fair dates back to 1588 when Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to the Lord of the Manor of Barnet to hold a twice yearly fair. The famous Barnet Market is now over 810 years old, on 23 August 1199 King John issued a charter for a market at Barnet to the Lord of the Manor, the Abbot of St. Albans, John de Cella. Chipping Barnet was historically a parish of Hertfordshire and formed part of the Barnet Urban District from 1894. The parish was abolished in 1965 and the Chipping Barnet section of its area was transferred from Hertfordshire to Greater London. In 1801 the parish had a population of 1,258, by 1901 the parish was reduced to 380 acres and had a population of 2,893. In 1951 the population was 7,062, in Saxon times the site was part of an extensive wood called Southaw, belonging to the Abbey of St Albans. The name of the town appears in deeds as Bergnet – the Saxon word Bergnet meant a little hill. Barnets elevated position is indicated in one of its alternative names, which appears in many old books and maps. The area was historically a common resting point on the traditional Great North Road between the City of London and York and Edinburgh, Barnet Council has been treating any such alterations to public road signs as vandalism. Playing on its antiquity, it continues to call itself Barnet Church, the parish church of St Mary the Virgin, Monken Hadley also has parish boundaries which include a significant part of High Barnet, including much of Barnet High Street. The living of Barnet is a curacy, held with the rectory of East Barnet till the death of the last incumbent in 1866, in addition to the charity established to maintain his fathers tomb, James Ravenscroft established a charity to support six poor and ancient women. The tower of Barnet parish church — St John the Baptist — at the top of Barnet Hill claims to be the highest point between itself and the Ural Mountains 2,000 miles to the east, however, the same has been said of numerous other points. Since the opening of the railway, development has increased considerably, especially in the west of the area near Arkley, for a London town, Barnet lies very high
Chipping Barnet
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High Street
Chipping Barnet
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St John the Baptist Church
Chipping Barnet
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Tomb of Thomas Ravenscroft in Chipping Barnet Church
6.
Hertfordshire
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Hertfordshire is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region, in 2013, the county had a population of 1,140,700 living in an area of 634 square miles. Four towns have between 50,000 and 100,000 residents, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage, Watford and St Albans. Hertford, once the market town for the medieval agricultural county derives its name from a hart. Elevations are high for the region in the north and west and these reach over 240m in the western projection around Tring which is in the Chilterns. The countys borders are approximately the watersheds of the Colne and Lea, hertfordshires undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much is protected by green belt. The countys landmarks span many centuries, ranging from the Six Hills in the new town of Stevenage built by local inhabitants during the Roman period, Leavesden filmed much of the UK-based $7.7 Bn box office Harry Potter film series and has the countrys studio tour. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill and his martyrs cross of a yellow saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag and coat of arms of Hertfordshire. Hertfordshire is well-served with motorways and railways, providing access to London. The largest sector of the economy of the county is in services, Hertfordshire was the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing, the name Hertfordshire is first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature in many county emblems, there is evidence of humans living in Hertfordshire from the Mesolithic period. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age and this was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age. 293 the first recorded British martyrdom is believed to have taken place. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill. His martyrs cross of a saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag. He is the Patron Saint of Hertfordshire, with the departure of the Roman Legions in the early 5th century, the now unprotected territory was invaded and colonised by the Anglo-Saxons. By the 6th century the majority of the county was part of the East Saxon kingdom
Hertfordshire
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Autumn harvest near St Albans
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire
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The offices of
T-Mobile, Hatfield
Hertfordshire
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Headquarters of
Tesco
7.
Wolverhampton Airport
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The airport is situated 8 mi south-west of Wolverhampton, the city which it serves. Wolverhampton Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence that allows flights for the transport of passengers or for flying instruction. The airfield was constructed between mid-1940 and early 1941 for use by the Royal Air Force, being initially named RAF Bobbington, the name was changed on 1 September 1943 to RAF Halfpenny Green, to avoid confusion with RAF Bovingdon in Hertfordshire. The first RAF unit to be based was No.3 Air Observer & Navigator School which flew Blackburn Bothas, the unit disbanded on 13 November 1945. After a lengthy gap, RAF flying resumed on 5 May 1952 by No.2 Air Signallers School, again equipped with Avro Ansons, a ground-based equipment sub-unit of No.25 Maintenance Unit occupied much of the airfield from 1 March 1946 until 15 November 1956. Following closure of this unit, the airfield lay disused for years before civil aviation use commenced in 1961. The majority of operating from the airport are light aircraft, such as the single engine Cessna 182. The Wolverhampton Airport Action Group is a group which was set up in late 2002 to fight against the expansion. MAR confirmed that the previously mooted runway extension was no necessary and had also been dropped from the plans. The airfield is also becoming popular with flex-wing and three-axis microlight pilots. In support of field operations, an unlicensed grass runway. Recent developments involve the potential of a GNSS Approach, which would allow aircraft to land in bad weather, the head of the airfield Rescue and Fire Fighting Service is John Dunn. Up until 1 January 2016, the Central Counties Air Operations Unit police helicopter operated from Halfpenny Green, as of January 2009, Runway 16/34 has high-intensity bidirectional edge lighting along its length and high-intensity threshold and stop end lighting. Full precision approach path indicator lights are installed for both ends, prince William of Gloucester, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, died at the airport on 28 August 1972 when the aircraft he was piloting crashed into a hedge just beyond the airfields boundary. The Military Airfields of Britain - Wales and West Midlands, marlborough, Wiltshire, UK, Crowood Press,2007. Royal Air Force Flying Training and Support Units, Wolverhampton Airport website Wolverhampton Airport Images Hadair Microlights
Wolverhampton Airport
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Wartime prefabricated
Bellman hangar in civil use at Wolverhampton
8.
Staffordshire
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Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It adjoins Cheshire to the north west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south east, West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority, Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford, Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek, smaller towns include Stone, Uttoxeter, and Rugeley, and large villages Eccleshall, Wombourne, Kinver, Penkridge, Tutbury and Stretton. Cannock Chase AONB is within the county as well as parts of the National Forest, Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich, and Smethwick were historic Staffordshire towns until local government reorganisation created the West Midlands county in 1974. Historically, Staffordshire was divided into the five hundreds of Cuttlestone, Offlow, Pirehill, Seisdon, the historic boundaries of Staffordshire cover much of what is now the metropolitan county of West Midlands. The Act also saw the towns of Tamworth and Burton upon Trent united entirely in Staffordshire, in 1553 Queen Mary made Lichfield a county separate from the rest of Staffordshire. Handsworth and Perry Barr became part of the county borough of Birmingham in the early 20th century, Burton, in the east of the county, became a county borough in 1901, and was followed by Smethwick, another town in the Black Country in 1907. In 1910 the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries, including Hanley, a major reorganisation in the Black Country in 1966, under the recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England led to the creation of an area of contiguous county boroughs. Meanwhile, the county borough of Dudley, historically a part of Worcestershire, expanded. County boroughs were abolished, with Stoke becoming a district in Staffordshire. On 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, in July 2009 the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever found in Britain was discovered in a field near Lichfield. The artefacts, known as The Staffordshire Hoard have tentatively dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Some nationally and internationally known companies have their base in Staffordshire. They include the Britannia Building Society which is based in Leek, JCB is based in Rocester near Uttoxeter and bet365 based in Stoke-on-Trent. The theme park Alton Towers is in the Staffordshire Moorlands and several of the worlds largest pottery manufacturers are based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire has a completely comprehensive system with eight independent schools. Most secondary schools are from 11–16 or 18, but two in Staffordshire Moorlands and South Staffordshire are from 13–18, there are two universities in the county, Keele University in Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire University, which has campuses in Stoke-on-Trent, Stafford, Lichfield and Shrewsbury. The modern county of Staffordshire currently has three football clubs – Stoke City and Port Vale, both from Stoke-on-Trent, and Burton Albion, who play in Burton upon Trent. They were among the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888, in 1972, the club finally won a major trophy when they lifted the Football League Cup, but after relegation from the First Division in 1985 they would not experience top flight football for 23 years
Staffordshire
Staffordshire
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Staffordshire shown within England
Staffordshire
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Lichfield Cathedral
Staffordshire
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The
Staffordshire Hoard, discovered in a field near
Lichfield in July 2009, is perhaps the most important collection of
Anglo-Saxon objects found in England
9.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
Dynasty
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Charles I of England and his son, the future
James II
10.
House of Windsor
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The House of Windsor is the royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor have provided five British monarchs to date, including four kings, the name was changed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I. During the reign of the Windsors, major changes took place in British society, the British Empire participated in the First and Second World Wars, ending up on the winning side both times, but subsequently lost its status as a superpower during decolonisation. Much of Ireland broke with the United Kingdom and the remnants of the Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations, the current head of the house is monarch of sixteen sovereign states. As well as these separate monarchies, there are also three Crown dependencies, fourteen British Overseas Territories and two associated states of New Zealand. Edward VII and, in turn, his son, George V, were members of the German ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by virtue of their descent from Albert, Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria. The King and his family were convinced to abandon all titles held under the German Crown and to change German titles. From 1917 to 1919, George V also stripped 15 of his German relations—most of whom belonged to the House of Hanover—of their British titles and styles of prince, Prince Alastair and Princess Victoria died unmarried and childless. Princess Mary married into the Lascelles family, and Princess Patricia married Alexander Ramsay, neither of the Prince Arthurs had any further children, meaning all subsequent members of the House of Windsor descend from the sons of George V. In 1947, Princess Elizabeth, heir presumptive to King George VI and he was a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a branch of the House of Oldenburg, and had been a prince of Greece and Denmark. It is the translation of the German battenberg, which refers to Battenberg. Philip privately complained, I am nothing but a bloody amoeba, I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children. Still, Elizabeth also decreed that her descendants who do not have that style and title would bear the surname Mountbatten-Windsor. This came after months of correspondence between the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and the constitutional expert Edward Iwi. Iwi had raised the prospect that the Royal child due to be born in February 1960 would bear the Badge of Bastardy if it were given its mothers maiden name rather than its fathers name and she clearly wished to make this change before the birth of her child. The issue did not affect Prince Charles or Princess Anne, as they had been born with the name Mountbatten, Prince Andrew was born 11 days later, on 19 February 1960. Any future monarch can change the name through a similar royal proclamation. At the creation of the House of Windsor, its head reigned over a unitary British Empire, in the chart below, the countries are differentiated between light green, medium green, and dark green
House of Windsor
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Succession to the British throne - family tree (2015)
House of Windsor
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House of Windsor
House of Windsor
House of Windsor
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King
George V
11.
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
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Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, GCB, CI, GCVO, GBE was the wife of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third son of George V and Mary of Teck. She was the mother of the present Duke of Gloucester, and of Prince William of Gloucester and she was thus a paternal aunt-in-law to Elizabeth II. Her brothers Walter and William and her nephew John were all Conservative MPs and her first cousin, Marian Montagu Douglas Scott, was the paternal grandmother of Sarah, Duchess of York, former wife of Alice’s great-nephew, Prince Andrew, Duke of York. As she was born on Christmas Day, she was given the name Christabel in addition to Alice, later, her niece Princess Alexandra would also be given the same second name for the same reason. Alice spent much of her childhood in her familys country homes, Boughton House in Northamptonshire, Drumlanrig Castle in Dumfries and Galloway and she attended the independent St Jamess School for Girls, in West Malvern, Worcestershire, and later travelled to France, Kenya and India. In August 1935, Lady Alice became engaged to Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester and they were married in a private ceremony, in the Private Chapel, Buckingham Palace, on 6 November of that year. Alice wore a wedding gown, the only British Royal bride to do so. Her gown was designed by Norman Hartnell, who designed the future Queen Elizabeth II s wedding gown. Although it was cold and wet, a crowd estimated to be one million people lined the streets from the Palace to the railway station to see the couple off on their honeymoon. She was often referred to as the Winter Princess from then on, initially, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester lived at the Royal Pavilion in Aldershot, where the Duke was taking the Army staff course. In 1935, the Duchess took a trip to open the new grounds of The Lady Eleanor Holles School, the Duke of Gloucester left the army to take on more public duties following the abdication of King Edward VIII in December 1936. The couple received a grace and favour residence at York House, St Jamess Palace, London and, in 1938, they purchased Barnwell Manor in Northamptonshire. The Duke and Duchess had two sons, Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester travelled extensively, during World War II, the Duchess worked with the Red Cross and the Order of St John. Later she was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force in 1990 and she also served as deputy to Queen Elizabeth, the consort of George VI, as Commandant-in-Chief of the Nursing Corps. From 1945 to 1947, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester lived in Canberra and she was also the Chancellor of the University of Derby and Patron of the Girls Day School Trust and Queen Margaret College. In 1975, Princess Alice was the first woman to be appointed a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, in 1981, she first published her memoirs under the title The Memoirs of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester. In 1991, she released an edition as Memories of Ninety Years. In 1994, after the Gloucesters had to give up Barnwell Manor for financial reasons, Alice moved from Barnwell to Kensington Palace, where she lived with the current Duke and Duchess of Gloucester
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
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The Duchess of Gloucester c. 1939, wearing GBE riband and star, the Order of the Crown of India and the Royal Family Orders of George V and George VI.
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
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The Duchess of Gloucester and her husband on an Australian stamp in 1945.
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
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Bernard Tussaud finishes the wax figure of Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott and the Duke of Gloucester, 16 October 1935
12.
Grandchildren of George V and Mary
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This is a complete list of every known descendant of King George V, the founder of the House of Windsor. The list includes deceased members, members who have become Catholic, royal and non-royal, the table includes generational data and birthdays and image data. The death of The Prince John at age 13, was the first change, no subsequent child in the Windsor family has been named John. KING GEORGE VI, On 11 Dec 1936, when King George VI became king there were 8 descendants of George V in the line of succession, a niece was born 2 weeks later. The oldest brother, Edward VIII, was not in the line having abdicated the throne to marry the woman of his choice, ELIZABETH II, In 1952, when Elizabeth became Queen, there were 13 descendants of George V in the line. During the 15 years and 8 weeks of her fathers reign,6 children had been born and Elizabeths uncle, Prince George and this list is complete as of 16 January 2016. King George V, creator of the House of Windsor has 101 known descendants in five generations, out of the known descendants,1 is currently the monarch and 71 family members are in the line of succession. Members who are Catholic or illegitimate or legitimated by marriage are excluded by peerage regulations, spouses are not included in the list. Most of the first generation of children on this table are all legitimatio per matrimonium subsequens or legitimated by subsequent marriage. Under British law, they and their descendants are excluded from the line of succession. In some cases they are excluded from other titles. Monaco, for instance recognises children so legitimated as eligible for the throne, suspected illegitimate children not openly acknowledged by members of the family are not included in the table. The Catholics are from three families, Prince Michael married his Catholic wife in 1978, but his children were raised in communion with the Anglican church and are still eligible. The Duke of Kents wife converted to Catholicism decades after they were married and her later conversion does not exclude him. However his two sons have converted to Catholicism, the oldest son, George Windsor, has 3 children. The second son, Lord Nicholas Windsor, married his wife in the Vatican, upon baptism they are excluded from the line of succession. The House of Windsor was created from the House of Saxe-Coburg, officially, Edward VII was the only British monarch to rule as a member of this house. George V is considered to be a member of the House of Windsor, the 6 living descendants of Lady Maud Duff are considered part of the extended British Royal family
Grandchildren of George V and Mary
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The six children of George V. (Back row) TRH Prince Albert, Prince Henry, The Prince of Wales, (Front row) Prince John, Princess Mary, Prince George
Grandchildren of George V and Mary
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Founder
Grandchildren of George V and Mary
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1st son
Grandchildren of George V and Mary
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2nd son
13.
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
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The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
14.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office, is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide and it was created in 1968 by merging the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office. The head of the FCO is the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and this position is regarded as one of the four most prestigious appointments in the Cabinet, alongside those of Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. Together with the Prime Minister, these are the Great Offices of State, the FCO is managed from day-to-day by a civil servant, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, who also acts as the Head of the Her Majestys Diplomatic Service. This position is held by Sir Simon McDonald, who took office on 1 September 2015, safeguarding the UK’s national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict. Building the UK’s prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services. The two departments foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office, the Home Office is technically the senior. One of the most influential Times journalists was Valentine Chirol, British Ambassadors across Europe communicated with him on a number of political and local issues. Twentieth century During World War I, the Arab Bureau was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department, the FCO was formed in 1968, from the merger of the short-lived Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for development issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997. From 1997, this became the responsibility of the separate Department for International Development, the National Archives website contains a Government timeline to show the departments responsible for Foreign Affairs from 1945. When David Miliband took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, one of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, the new strategic framework consists of three core elements, A flexible global network of staff and offices, serving the whole of the UK Government. Three essential services that support the British economy, British nationals abroad and these services are delivered through UK Trade & Investment, consular teams in Britain and overseas, and UK Visas and Immigration. In August 2005 a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by Andrew Mackinlay, the report severely criticised the FCOs management structure, noting, The Foreign Office could be slow to act. Delegation is lacking within the management structure, the FCO could feasibly cut 1200 jobs. At least £48 million could be saved annually, the Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had implemented the reports recommendations
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building,
London, seen from
Whitehall
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Welsh: Y Swyddfa Dramor a Chymanwlad
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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The Foreign Office building by Sir
George Gilbert Scott, viewed from
Horse Guards Road
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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The Grand Staircase in September 2013
15.
Mary of Teck
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Mary of Teck was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Empress of India as the wife of King-Emperor George V. Although technically a princess of Teck, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, she was born and her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck, who was of German extraction, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a granddaughter of King George III. She was informally known as May, after her birth month, the following year, she became engaged to Albert Victors next surviving brother, George, who subsequently became king. Before her husbands accession, she was successively Duchess of York, Duchess of Cornwall and she supported her second son, Albert, who succeeded to the throne as George VI, until his death in 1952. She died the year, during the reign of her granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II. Princess Victoria Mary of Teck was born on 26 May 1867 at Kensington Palace and her father was Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, the son of Duke Alexander of Württemberg by his morganatic wife, Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde. Her mother was Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the child and younger daughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. She was baptised in the Chapel Royal of Kensington Palace on 27 July 1867 by Charles Thomas Longley, before she became queen, she was known to her family, friends and the public by the diminutive name of May, after her birth month. Mays upbringing was merry but fairly strict and she was the eldest of four children, the only girl, and learned to exercise her native discretion, firmness, and tact by resolving her three younger brothers petty boyhood squabbles. They played with their cousins, the children of the Prince of Wales, may was educated at home by her mother and governess. Although her mother was a grandchild of King George III, May was only a member of the British Royal Family. Her father, the Duke of Teck, had no inheritance or wealth, however, the Duchess of Teck was granted a parliamentary annuity of £5,000 and received about £4,000 a year from her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge. Despite this, the family was deeply in debt and lived abroad from 1883, the Tecks travelled throughout Europe, visiting their various relations. They stayed in Florence, Italy, for a time, where May enjoyed visiting the art galleries, churches, in 1885, the Tecks returned to London, and took up residence at White Lodge, in Richmond Park. May was close to her mother, and acted as an secretary, helping to organise parties. She was also close to her aunt, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, during the First World War, the Crown Princess of Sweden helped pass letters from May to her aunt, who lived in enemy territory in Germany until her death in 1916. In December 1891, May was engaged to her second cousin once removed, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. The choice of May as bride for the Duke owed much to Queen Victorias fondness for her, as well as to her strong character, however, Albert Victor died six weeks later, in a recurrence of the worldwide 1889–90 influenza pandemic
Mary of Teck
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Queen Mary of the United Kingdom, formal portrait
Mary of Teck
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As an infant with her parents
Mary of Teck
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Princess Victoria Mary shortly before her marriage to the Duke of York in 1893
Mary of Teck
–
Princess Victoria Mary, Duchess of Cornwall and York, in Ottawa, 1901
16.
John Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch
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Buccleuch was born in 1864, the son of William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch and Lady Louisa Hamilton. He was the second of eight children and his elder brother, Walter Henry, Earl of Dalkeith, was accidentally killed in a deer-hunting accident in Achnacary Forest, at the age of 25. Walter was unmarried, and the title of Earl of Dalkeith passed to John and he is a descendant of Charles II. They had eight children, Lady Margaret Ida Montagu Douglas Scott she married Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hawkins on 16 February 1926 and they have three children, Alice Anne Hawkins she married Commander Michael Edward St. Quintin Wall on 27 June 1975. Renira Margaret Ida Hawkins she married Alistair Horne on 28 November 1953, james Walter Hawkins Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch he married Vreda Esther Mary Lascelles on 21 April 1921. They have three children and three grandchildren, The Honorable Louisa-Jane Gurdon she married Simon D. K. Hanbury on 15 May 1999. They have three children, Edward Benjamin Philip Hanbury Rosanna Frances Verena Hanbury Eloise Lucinda Hanbury The Honorable Sacha William Robin Gurdon he married Susannah Bates on 1 December 2001. They have one son, Alec Martin Philip Gurdon The Honorable Brampton Charles Gurdon Rosemary Alice Montagu Douglas Scott she married Mark Collins on 22 February 1978. They have two sons, Sampson William Francis Collins Benjamin Mark Timothy Collins Jean Louise Montagu Douglas Scott she married Sir George Christopher Tapps-Gervis-Meyrick and they have three children, George William Owen Tapps Gervis Meyrick he married Candida Clark in September 2006. They have two daughters, Eva Rose Tapps Gervis Meyrick Miss Tapps Gervis Meyrick Charles Valentine Llewelyn Tapps Gervis Meyrick he married Alexandra Watson in 2000. They have three children, Oliver Tapps Gervis Meyrick Isabella Tapps Gervis Meyrick Benjamin William Llewellyn Tapps Gervis Meyrick Suzannah Daisy Tapps Gervis Meyrick she married Peter J. Rumboll. They have one son, William Louis Walter Santos Rumboll Walter William Montagu Douglas Scott he married Teresa Urbaniak, daughter of Anatole Urbaniak, Lady Sybil Anne Montagu Douglas Scott she married Charles Phipps on 14 May 1919. They have four children, eleven grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren, Clare Margaret Phipps she married David George Hadow on 16 December 1950 and they have twin daughters and one grandson, Susan Margaret Hadow Rosemary Una Hadow she married Robert John Clover-Brown in 1982. They have one son, Nicholas Charles Clover-Brown Eileen Sybil Phipps she married Philip Kingsmill Parbury on 7 July 1948 and they have three children, Anabel Elizabeth Kingsmill Parbury Charles Adam Phipps Parbury Philip Piers Hueford Parbury Charles Nicholas Phipps he married Jane Goodman. He remarried Christian Fiona Mackenzie on 3 June 1966 and they have two children and four grandchildren. Daniel Phipps Rachel Phipps Charles Mackenzie Phipps he married Polly Payne on 19 July 1997 and they have two children, Charles Nicholas Payne Phipps Ishbel Rose Payne Phipps Alice Christian Phipps she married William Beck. They have two children, John Hercules Phipps Beck Maribel Diana Phipps Beck Diana Phipps she married John de Normann on 6 June 1959 and they have two sons and four granddaughters, John Roderick Charles de Normann he married Sian Huw Pritchard in 1983. They have two daughters, Camilla Henrietta de Norman Tatiana Alice de Norman Anthony Leigh de Normann he married Miranda Worsley
John Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch
–
The Duke of Buccleuch
17.
Windsor Castle
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Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its association with the English and later British royal family. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror, since the time of Henry I, it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St Georges Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be one of the achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic design. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a siege during the First Barons War at the start of the 13th century. Edwards core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Windsor Castle survived the period of the English Civil War, when it was used as a military headquarters for Parliamentary forces. At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May, Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. Windsor Castle was used as a refuge for the family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War. It is a popular tourist attraction, a venue for hosting state visits, today, more than 500 people live and work in Windsor Castle, making it the largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor Castle occupies 13 acres, and combines the features of a fortification, a palace, the present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating in the reconstruction work after a fire in 1992. It is in essence a Georgian and Victorian design based on a medieval structure, since the 14th century, architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions, repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles. Although there has some criticism, the castles architecture and history lends it a place amongst the greatest European palaces. At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a formed around the motte or artificial hill in the centre of the ward. The motte is 50 feet high and is made from chalk originally excavated from the surrounding ditch, the Round Tower is in reality far from cylindrical, due to the shape and structure of the motte beneath it. The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open, the eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse. Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse, and the interior was later converted in the 19th century for residential use. The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the bailey wall
Windsor Castle
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Windsor Castle, viewed from the Long Walk
Windsor Castle
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The South Wing of the Upper Ward; the Official Entrance to the State Apartments is on the left
Windsor Castle
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The State Apartments in the Upper Ward; (l to r) Queen's Audience and Presence Chambers, the Official Entrance, St George's Hall; the Guest's Entrance
Windsor Castle
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The Crimson Drawing Room in 2007 following the
1992 fire and subsequent remodelling
18.
Cosmo Lang
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William Cosmo Gordon Lang, 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth, GCVO, PC, known as Cosmo Gordon Lang, was a Scottish Anglican prelate who served as Archbishop of York and Archbishop of Canterbury. His rapid elevation to Archbishop of York, within 18 years of his ordination, is unprecedented in modern Church of England history, the son of a Scots Presbyterian minister, Lang abandoned the prospect of a legal and political career to train for the Anglican priesthood. Beginning in 1890, his ministry was served in slum parishes in Leeds and Portsmouth. In 1901 he was appointed suffragan Bishop of Stepney in London and he also served as a canon of St Pauls Cathedral, London. In 1908 Lang was nominated as Archbishop of York, despite his junior status as a suffragan rather than a diocesan bishop. His religious stance was broadly Anglo-Catholic, tempered by the liberal Anglo-Catholicism advocated in the Lux Mundi essays and this radicalism was not, however, maintained in later years. At the start of the First World War, Lang was heavily criticised for a speech in which he spoke sympathetically of the German Emperor and this troubled him greatly and may have contributed to the rapid ageing which affected his appearance during the war years. After the war he began to promote unity and at the 1920 Lambeth Conference was responsible for the Churchs Appeal to All Christian People. As Archbishop of York he supported controversial proposals for the revision of the Book of Common Prayer but, after acceding to Canterbury, Lang became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1928. He presided over the 1930 Lambeth Conference, which gave limited church approval to the use of contraception, after denouncing the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 and strongly condemning European anti-semitism, Lang later supported the appeasement policies of the British government. In May 1937 he presided over the coronation of King George VI, on retirement in 1942 Lang was raised to the peerage as Baron Lang of Lambeth and continued to attend and speak in House of Lords debates until his death in 1945. Lang himself believed that he had not lived up to his own high standards, others, however, have praised his qualities of industry, his efficiency and his commitment to his calling. Cosmo Gordon Lang was born in 1864 at the manse in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, the son of the local Church of Scotland minister, the Reverend John Marshall Lang. Cosmo was baptised at Fyvie church by a minister, the name William being added inadvertently to his given names. The additional name was used subsequently. In January 1865 the family moved to Glasgow on John Langs appointment as a minister in the Anderston district, subsequent moves followed, in 1868 to Morningside, Edinburgh and, in 1873, back to Glasgow when John Lang was appointed minister to the historic Barony Church. Holidays were spent in different parts of Scotland, most notably in Argyll to which, later in life, in 1878, at the age of 14, Lang sat and passed his matriculation examinations. Despite his youth, he began his studies at the University of Glasgow that autumn, at the university some of the leading academics in Scotland were among Langs tutors, the Greek scholar Richard Claverhouse Jebb, the physicist William Thomson and the philosopher Edward Caird
Cosmo Lang
–
Lang after the
First World War. The alteration to his appearance was caused by alopecia and stress.
Cosmo Lang
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The Barony Church, Glasgow, to which Lang's father was appointed minister in 1873
Cosmo Lang
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Balliol College, Oxford, where Lang was an undergraduate between 1882 and 1886
Cosmo Lang
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Cuddesdon Parish Church, scene of Lang's call to ordination in 1889
19.
George VI of the United Kingdom
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George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth, known as Albert until his accession, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his life in the shadow of his elder brother. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy, in 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. Georges elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936, however, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman, Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During Georges reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated, the parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the countrys constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland, from 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively, though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Elizabeth II, George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York, the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and his mother was the Duchess of York, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. His birthday was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, uncertain of how the Prince Consorts widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been rather distressed. Two days later, he again, I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her. Consequently, he was baptised Albert Frederick Arthur George at St. Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham three months later, within the family, he was known informally as Bertie
George VI of the United Kingdom
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Formal portrait, c. 1940–46
George VI of the United Kingdom
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Four kings: Edward VII (far right), his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left), and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear), and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908
George VI of the United Kingdom
–
Prince Albert (left) at an
RAF dinner in 1919 with
Sir Hugh Trenchard (centre) and
Christopher Courtney (right)
George VI of the United Kingdom
–
The Duke and Duchess (centre, reading programmes) at
Eagle Farm Racecourse,
Brisbane, 1927
20.
Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
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Princess Victoria Louise Sophia Augusta Amelia Helena of Schleswig-Holstein, known as Princess Helena Victoria, was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Princess Helena Victoria was born at Frogmore House, near Windsor Castle and her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, the third son of Christian, Duke of Augustenburg and Countess Louise af Danneskjold-Samsøe. Her mother was Princess Helena, the child and third daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Her parents resided in Britain from marriage and she was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of Queen Victoria’s youngest daughter Princess Beatrice to Prince Henry of Battenberg. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of York on 6 July 1893 and she spent most of her childhood at Cumberland Lodge, her fathers residence as Ranger of Windsor Great Park. Known to her family as Thora, or sometimes Snipe, in reference to her sharp facial features, in July 1917, King George V changed the name of the British royal family to the House of Windsor. He also relinquished, on behalf of himself and his numerous cousins who were British subjects, the use of their German titles, styles, Princess Helena Victoria and Princess Marie Louise thereupon ceased to use the territorial designation of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. Instead, they became simply as Her Highness Princess Helena Victoria. Although the two had borne German titles, their upbringing and domicile were entirely English, during World War I, she founded the YWCA Womens Auxiliary Force. As its president, she visited British troops in France and obtained the permission of the Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener, to arrange entertainments for them. Between the world wars, she and her sister, Princess Marie Louise, were enthusiastic patrons of music at Schomberg House. After a German air raid damaged the house in 1940, the two moved to Fitzmaurice Place, Berkeley Square. Princess Helena Victoria died at Fitzmaurice Place, Berkeley Square and her funeral took place at St. Georges Chapel, Windsor and she was buried at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, Windsor Great Park. She died at the age of 77, the age at which her mother. However no warrant was issued, nor were they formally granted the titles of Princesses of Great Britain, obituary, Princess Helena Victoria, Charity and Social Services,15 March 1948, p.7. Royal Titles, German Names Dropped, British Peerages for Princes, The Times 20 July 1917, p.7
Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
–
Princess Helena Victoria, in 1920
21.
Page boy (wedding attendant)
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A page boy is a young male attendant at a wedding or cotillion. This type of wedding attendant is less common than it used to be, a page is often seen at British royal weddings. There may be many pages for effect at cotillions, traditionally, page boys carry the brides train, especially if the bride is wearing a dress with a long train. Because of the difficulty of managing the train, page boys are no younger than age seven. In a formal wedding, the bearer is a special page who carries the wedding rings for the bridal party. This is almost always symbolic, with the bearer carrying a large white satin pillow on which imitation rings are sewn. If the real rings are used, they are tacked on with thread to prevent their accidental loss, if the couple have had children prior to marriage, their own child may serve as ring bearer. The coin bearer is similar to that of the ring bearer, the coin bearer is a young boy who marches on the wedding aisle to bring the wedding coins. The wedding coins are commonly known as wedding arrhae. The coins are presented to the celebrant for a blessing, the coins usually consist of thirteen gold and silver coins, to represent Jesus and his apostles. Historically, Spanish colonists started this custom
Page boy (wedding attendant)
–
A ringbearer holding a wedding ring on a cushion.
22.
Cousin
–
A cousin is a relative with whom a person shares one or more common ancestors. In the general sense, cousins are two or more away from any common ancestor, thus distinguishing a cousin from an ancestor, descendant, sibling, aunt, uncle, niece. However, in common parlance, cousins typically refers to first cousins as the children of ones uncles, systems of degrees and removals are used in the English-speaking world to describe the exact relationship between two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. The ordinals in the terms first cousins, second cousins, third cousins, the number of G words used to describe this ancestor will determine how close the relationship is. For example, having great-great-grandparents in common would be third cousins, when the cousins are not the same generation, they are described as removed. In this case, the number of generations to the common ancestor is used to determine the degree. Note that the ages of the cousins are irrelevant to the definition of the cousin relationship, the following is a list of less common cousin terms. A cousin chart, or table of consanguinity, is helpful in identifying the degree of relationship between two people using their most recent common ancestor as the reference point. Cousinship between two people can be described in degrees and removals by determining how close, generationally. Another visual chart used in determining the relationship between two people who share a common ancestor is based upon a rhombus shape, usually referred to as a canon law relationship chart. The chart is used by placing the common progenitor in the top space in the diamond-shaped chart, then follow the line down the outside edge of the chart for each of the two people until their respective relationship to the common ancestor is reached. Upon determining that place along the opposing outside edge for each person, the information contained in the common intersection defines the relationship. Then, following the spaces inward, they would intersect in the brother diamond
Cousin
–
Canon Law Relationship Chart. See an
example of how to use chart.
23.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
24.
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael of Kent, GCVO CD is a paternal first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, being a grandson of King George V and Queen Mary. Prince Michael occasionally represents the Queen at some functions in Commonwealth realms outside the United Kingdom, otherwise, he manages his own consultancy business and undertakes various commercial work around the world. He has also presented some television documentaries on the families of Europe. He is named after Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, the brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Since his mother was a cousin of Prince Philip, he is also a cousin to Prince Charles. Prince Michael was born on 4 July 1942, at Coppins, Iver, at the time of his birth Prince Michael was seventh in the line of succession to his uncle, King George VI. His mother was Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Kent, roosevelt, the Hereditary Princess of Greece, the wife of Paul of Greece, his first cousin-once-removed, the Duke of Gloucester, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, and Lady Patricia Ramsay. Because of the war, newspaper reports did not identify the location of the christening, at the age of five, Prince Michael was a page boy at the wedding of his cousins, Princess Elizabeth and Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten. Educated at Sunningdale School and Eton College, Prince Michael entered the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in January 1961, from where he was commissioned into the 11th Hussars, in 1963. He saw service in Germany, Hong Kong, and Cyprus, subsequent tours of duty, during a military career that spanned twenty years, included a number of appointments on the Defence Intelligence Staff. He retired from the Army with the rank of Major in 1981, in 1994, Prince Michael was made Honorary Commodore of the Royal Naval Reserve, and in 2002 he was made Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Benson. From 2009 to 2012 he was Regimental Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company and has been, since 31 January 2012 and he is also Colonel-in-Chief of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment in Canada. He has performed duties in the Commonwealth realms other than the United Kingdom and has represented the Queen abroad. The Prince was given a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace upon his marriage in 1978, Prince Michael supports a large number of charities and organisations. Prince Michael manages his own business, and undertakes business throughout the world. He is also an interpreter of Russian. Prince Michael is an active Freemason and he is the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons, and Provincial Grand Master of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Middlesex. At the time of the marriage, Marie Christine von Reibnitz was not only a Roman Catholic, under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, Prince Michael forfeited his place in the line of succession to the throne through his marriage to a Roman Catholic
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael of Kent in 2012
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Eton College
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael of Kent in 1990, by
Allan Warren
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael, photographed by
Allan Warren.
25.
Coronation of Elizabeth II
–
The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon took place on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey. The coronation took place more than a year later because of the tradition that holding such a festival is inappropriate during the period of mourning follows the death of a monarch. Celebrations took place across the Commonwealth realm and a medal was issued. It was the first British coronation to be televised, much of the physical preparations and decorations along the route were under the responsibility of David Eccles, Minister of Works. Eccles described his role and that of the Earl Marshal thus, laurent said at the time, in my view the Coronation is the official enthronement of the Sovereign as Sovereign of the U. K. We are happy to attend and witness the Coronation of the Sovereign of the U. K. the Coronation Commission announced in June 1952 that the coronation would take place one year later, on 2 June. Elizabeths grandmother Queen Mary died on 24 March 1953, having stated in her will that her death should not affect the planning of the coronation and the event went ahead as scheduled. Elizabeth, meanwhile, rehearsed for the day with her maids of honour, a sheet used in place of the velvet train. Elizabeth took part in two full rehearsals at Westminster Abbey, on 22 and 29 May, though other sources assert that the Queen attended either several rehearsals or one, the Duchess of Norfolk usually stood in for the Queen at rehearsals. The Coronation ceremony of Elizabeth II followed a pattern to the coronations of the kings and queens before her, being held in Westminster Abbey. However, for the new Queen, several parts of the ceremony were markedly different, the coronation of the Queen was the first ever to be televised, and was also the worlds first major international event to be broadcast on television. The event was filmed in colour, separately from the BBCs black. At Goose Bay, Labrador, the film was transferred to a Royal Canadian Air Force CF-100 jet fighter for the trip to Montreal. In all, three voyages were made as the coronation proceeded. The first royal coach left Buckingham Palace and moved down the Mall and it was followed by the Irish State Coach carrying Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, who wore the circlet of her crown bearing the Koh-i-Noor diamond. Queen Elizabeth II proceeded through London from Buckingham Palace, through Trafalgar Square,10,000 service personnel from across the Commonwealth and Empire marched in a procession that was two miles long and took 45 minutes to pass any given point. A further 15,800 lined the route, the parade was led by Colonel Burrows of the War Office staff and four regimental bands. Then came the colonial contingents, then troops from the Commonwealth realms, followed by the Royal Air Force, the British Army, the Royal Navy and finally the Household Brigade
Coronation of Elizabeth II
–
Queen
Elizabeth II with the
Duke of Edinburgh in her coronation portrait, 2 June 1953
Coronation of Elizabeth II
–
A ticket for the stands erected alongside the coronation procession route through
Piccadilly Circus
Coronation of Elizabeth II
–
Queen
Sālote Tupou III in her carriage as it proceeds through
London to
Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953
Coronation of Elizabeth II
–
The stools used at the coronation.
26.
Eton College
–
Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors
Eton College
–
16-17th century
coat of arms produced from the masonry of Eton College building.
Eton College
–
Eton College
Eton College
–
Eton College, Provost's Garden
Eton College
–
Statue of the founder
Henry VI in School Yard
27.
Magdalene College, Cambridge
–
Magdalene College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. The college was founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hostel, in coming to be known as Buckingham College. Magdalene College has some of the grandest benefactors including Britains premier noble the Duke of Norfolk, however the refoundation was largely the work of Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII. Audley also gave the college its motto—garde ta foy, audleys successors in the Mastership and as benefactors of the College were, however, prone to dire ends, several benefactors were arraigned at various stages on charges of high treason and executed. The colleges most famous alumnus is Samuel Pepys, whose papers and books were donated to the college upon his death, the college boasts a portrait of the famous diarist by Peter Lely, which hangs in the Hall. Magdalene is noted for its style, it boasts a well-regarded candlelit formal hall and was the last all-male college in Oxford or Cambridge to admit women in 1988. This change resulted in protests by some undergraduates, including the wearing of black armbands. Magdalenes old buildings are representative of the colleges ramshackle growth from a monks foundation into a centre of education and it is also distinctive in that most of the old buildings are in brick rather than stone. Magdalene Street divides the most ancient courts from more recent developments, one of the accommodation blocks in the newer part of the college was built by Edwin Lutyens in the early 1930s. Opened in 2005, Cripps Court, on Chesterton Road, features new undergraduate rooms, Magdalene remains, despite this 20th-century expansion, one of the smaller colleges within the University, numbering some 300 undergraduates and an expanding postgraduate community. Magdalene College was first founded in 1428 as Monks Hostel, which hosted Benedictine student monks, the secluded location of the hostel was chosen because it was separated from the town centre by the River Cam and protected by the Cambridge Castle. The main buildings of the college were first constructed in the 1470s under the leadership of John de Wisbech, under the patronage of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, the institution was renamed Buckingham College. In the 16th century, the Church of England broke away from the Papacy, with the subsequent Dissolution of the Monasteries, the parent abbey of Buckingham College, Crowland Abbey, was dissolved. However, the college remained in operation, walden Abbey, one of the Benedictine abbeys associated with Buckingham College, came into the possession of Thomas Audley after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1542, Audley refounded Buckingham College as the College of Saint Mary Magdalene, derived from Audley were the arms of Magdalene, including the motto Garde Ta Foy, and the wyvern as the crest. Thomas Audley died in 1544 aged 56, only two years after he re-founded the college and he donated to the college seven acres of property at Aldgate in London, which was his reward from Henry VIII for disposing of Anne Boleyn. This property would have brought enormous income had it been retained by the college, however, under the conspiracy of the Elizabethan banker Benedict Spinola, the property was permanently alienated to the Crown in 1574. The transaction involved Spinola luring the master and fellows of the time to accept an increase in the rental from £9 to £15 a year in exchange for the property
Magdalene College, Cambridge
–
Colleges of the
University of Cambridge Magdalene College
Magdalene College, Cambridge
–
The mound on
Castle Hill
Magdalene College, Cambridge
–
Street front of Magdalene College porter's lodge, with its 16th-century architecture retained
Magdalene College, Cambridge
–
The gargoyle of Spinola in the Quayside site
28.
Stanford University
–
Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
Stanford University
–
Leland Stanford, the university's founder, as painted by
Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier in 1881 and now on display at the
Cantor Center
Stanford University
–
Seal of Stanford University
Stanford University
–
Statue of the Stanford family, by
Larkin G. Mead (1899)
Stanford University
–
The ruins of the unfinished Stanford Library after the
1906 San Francisco earthquake
29.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
–
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
–
Queen of the United Kingdom
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
–
Royal coat of arms
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
–
The English
Bill of Rights of 1689 curtailed the monarch's governmental power.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman Conquest of 1066.
30.
George VI
–
George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth, known as Albert until his accession, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his life in the shadow of his elder brother. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy, in 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. Georges elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936, however, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman, Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During Georges reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated, the parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the countrys constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland, from 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively, though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Elizabeth II, George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York, the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and his mother was the Duchess of York, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. His birthday was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, uncertain of how the Prince Consorts widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been rather distressed. Two days later, he again, I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her. Consequently, he was baptised Albert Frederick Arthur George at St. Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham three months later, within the family, he was known informally as Bertie
George VI
–
Formal portrait, c. 1940–46
George VI
–
Four kings: Edward VII (far right), his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left), and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear), and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908
George VI
–
Prince Albert (left) at an
RAF dinner in 1919 with
Sir Hugh Trenchard (centre) and
Christopher Courtney (right)
George VI
–
The Duke and Duchess (centre, reading programmes) at
Eagle Farm Racecourse,
Brisbane, 1927
31.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood was a member of the British Royal Family, she was the third child and only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary. Princess Mary was born at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk and her parents were the then Duke and Duchess of York. Her father was the eldest surviving son of the then Prince and she was named after her paternal great-grandmother Queen Victoria, her paternal grandmother, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, and her maternal grandmother, Princess Mary of Teck. Since she had the same birthday as her deceased great-aunt Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine and she was always known by the last of her Christian names, Mary. She was fifth in the line of succession at the time of her birth and her baptism took place at St Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham on 7 June 1897 by William Dalrymple Maclagan, Archbishop of York. Her godparents were, The Queen, the King of the Hellenes, the Dowager Empress of Russia, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Teck, Princess Victoria of Wales, and Prince Francis of Teck. Princess Mary was educated by governesses, but shared some lessons with her brothers, Prince Edward, Prince Albert and she became fluent in German and French and developed a lifelong interest in horses and horse racing. Princess Mary and her husband Lord Harewood regularly rode with the Bramham Moor Hunt where he was Master of the Hunt and her first state appearance was at the coronation of her parents at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911. During World War I, Princess Mary visited hospitals and welfare organizations with her mother, assisting with projects to give comfort to British servicemen and assistance to their families. One of these projects was Princess Marys Christmas Gift Fund, through which £100,000 worth of gifts was sent to all British soldiers and sailors for Christmas,1914 and this initiative was revived in 2005 by the charity uk4u-Thanks. She took a role in promoting the Girl Guide movement, the VADs. In June 1918, following an announcement in The Gentlewoman, she began a course at Great Ormond Street Hospital. Princess Marys public duties reflected her concerns with nursing, the Girl Guide movement, and she became honorary president of the British Girl Guide Association in 1920, a position she held until her death. In 1926, Princess Mary became the commandant-in-chief of the British Red Cross Detachments and she was patron of the Leeds Triennial Musical Festival for many years. George was a music critic whose career included the role of artistic director of the Leeds Triennial Musical Festival. Their wedding at Westminster Abbey was the first royal occasion in which the future Queen Elizabeth, the Princess was 24, Lord Lascelles was 39. Princess Mary and Lord Lascelles had two sons, George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, married,1949, Marion Stein, had issue, divorced 1967, married,1967, Patricia Elizabeth Tuckwell, had issue. The Honourable Gerald Lascelles, married,1952, Angela Dowding, had issue, divorced 1978, married Elizabeth Collingwood, had issue
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
The Princess in 1926.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
Princess Mary, centre, with her five brothers
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
The 1914 Christmas gift box.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
A 1922 wedding portrait of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles.
32.
Prince George, Duke of Kent
–
Prince George, Duke of Kent, KG, KT, GCMG, GCVO was the fourth son and fifth child of King George V and Queen Mary. He was the brother of Kings Edward VIII and George VI. He held the title of Duke of Kent from 1934 until his death in a military air-crash on 25 August 1942, Prince George was born on 20 December 1902 at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, England. His father was George, Prince of Wales, the surviving son of King Edward VII. His mother was the Princess of Wales, the daughter of the Duke, at the time of his birth, he was fifth in the line of succession to the throne, behind his father and three older brothers. George was baptised in the Private Chapel at Windsor Castle on 26 January 1903 by Francis Paget, Prince George received his early education from a tutor and then followed his elder brother, Prince Henry, to St Peters Court, a preparatory school at Broadstairs, Kent. At the age of thirteen, like his brothers, the Prince of Wales and Prince Albert, before him, he went to college, first at Osborne and, later. He remained in the Royal Navy until March 1929, serving on HMS Iron Duke, after leaving the navy, he briefly held posts at the Foreign Office and later the Home Office, becoming the first member of the royal family to work as a civil servant. From January to April 1931 Prince George and his brother the Prince of Wales travelled 18,000 miles on a tour of South America. Their outward voyage was on the ocean liner Oropesa, in Buenos Aires they opened a British Empire Exhibition. They continued from the River Plate to Rio de Janeiro on the liner Alcantara and returned from Brazil to Europe on the liner Arlanza, the princes returned via Paris and an Imperial Airways flight from Paris–Le Bourget Airport that landed specially in Windsor Great Park. In October 1938 George was appointed Governor General of Australia in succession to Lord Gowrie with effect from November 1939, on 11 September 1939 it was announced that, owing to the outbreak of the Second World War, the appointment was postponed. At the start of the Second World War, George returned to military service in the rank of rear admiral. In April 1940, he transferred to the Royal Air Force and he temporarily relinquished his rank as air vice-marshal to assume the post of staff officer at RAF Training Command in the rank of group captain. On 12 October 1934, in anticipation of his marriage to his second cousin Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark he was created Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews. The couple married on 29 November 1934 at Westminster Abbey and they had three children, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy Prince Michael of Kent Both before and after his marriage, the better known of his lovers included banking heiress Poppy Baring, socialite Margaret Whigham, and Barbara Cartland. There were strong rumours that he had affairs with musical star Jessie Matthews and Noël Coward, reportedly, Prince George shared Kiki in a ménage à trois with Jorge Ferrara, the bisexual son of the Argentinian ambassador to Britain
Prince George, Duke of Kent
–
The Duke and Duchess in 1934
Prince George, Duke of Kent
–
Prince George
Prince George, Duke of Kent
–
The Duke of Kent before he crossed the Atlantic by air.
33.
Prince John of the United Kingdom
–
Prince John of the United Kingdom was the fifth son and youngest of the six children born to King George V and his wife, Queen Mary. At the time of Johns birth, his father was the Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the monarch of the United Kingdom. In 1910, George succeeded to the throne upon Edwards death, in 1909, John was discovered to have epilepsy. As his condition deteriorated, he was sent to live at Sandringham House and was away from the public eye. There, he was cared for by his governess, Lala Bill, Prince John died at Sandringham in 1919, following a severe seizure, and was buried at nearby St Mary Magdalene Church. His illness was disclosed to the public only after his death. Prince Johns alleged seclusion has subsequently brought forward as evidence for the inhumanity of the royal family. His long acknowledged learning disability and an intellectual disability have both been linked to his severe epilepsy, recent speculation finds some behaviors consistent with autism. Prince John was born at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate on 12 July 1905 and he was the youngest child and fifth son of George Frederick, Prince of Wales and Mary, Princess of Wales. He was named John despite that names unlucky associations for the royal family, at the time of his birth, he was sixth in the line of succession to the throne, behind his father and four older brothers. As a grandchild of the reigning British monarch in the line. John was christened on 3 August in the Church of St Mary Magdalene at Sandringham, much of Johns early life was spent at Sandringham with his siblings—Prince Edward, Prince Albert, Princess Mary, Prince Henry and Prince George—under the care of their nanny Charlotte Lala Bill. Though a strict disciplinarian, the Prince of Wales was nonetheless affectionate toward his children, in 1909, Johns great-aunt, the Dowager Empress of Russia wrote to her son, Emperor Nicholas II, that Georges children are very nice. The little ones, George and Johnny are both charming and very amusing, George once said to U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt that all children obedient, except John—apparently because John alone, among Georges children, escaped punishment from their father. Though a large and handsome baby, by his fourth birthday John had become winsome and that same year he suffered his first epileptic seizure and showed signs of a disability, probably autism. When his father succeeded as George V upon Edward VIIs death in 1910, although John was deemed not presentable to the outside world, George nonetheless showed an interest in him, offering him kindness and affection. During his time at Sandringham, John exhibited some repetitive behaviors as well as regular misbehaviours and insubordination, nonetheless there was hope his seizures might lessen with time—. In 1912 Prince George, who was nearest in age to John and his closest sibling, the following summer, The Times reported that John would not attend Broadstairs the following term, and that George and Mary had not decided whether to send John to school at all
Prince John of the United Kingdom
–
Photograph by
Ernest Brooks, 1913
Prince John of the United Kingdom
–
The Princess of Wales with her four youngest children, c. 1905
Prince John of the United Kingdom
–
Prince George holding Prince John. Photograph by
James Lafayette, 1909.
Prince John of the United Kingdom
–
Portrait of Prince John of Wales, by Vera Temple
34.
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, GCStJ was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II. Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and her life changed dramatically in 1936, when her paternal uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated to marry a divorcée, Wallis Simpson. Margarets father became King, and her sister became heir presumptive. During World War II, the two stayed at Windsor Castle, despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada. During the war years, Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties, after the war, Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend. In 1952, Margarets father died, her sister became Queen, early the following year, he proposed to Margaret. Many in the government believed he would be a husband for the Queens 22-year-old sister. Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960, she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce earned her publicity, and she was romantically associated with several men. Her health gradually deteriorated in the two decades of her life. A heavy smoker for most of her life, she had a lung operation in 1985, a bout of pneumonia in 1993. She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002, Margaret was born on 21 August 1930 at Glamis Castle in Scotland, her mothers ancestral home, and was affectionately known as Margot within the royal family. The Home Secretary, J. R. Clynes, was present to verify the birth, the registration of her birth was delayed for several days to avoid her being numbered 13 in the parish register. At the time of her birth, she was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne and her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, the youngest daughter of the 14th Earl, King George V disliked the name Ann but approved of the alternative Margaret Rose. Margaret was baptised in the chapel of Buckingham Palace on 30 October 1930 by Cosmo Lang. Margarets early life was spent primarily at the Yorks residences at 145 Piccadilly and she was educated alongside her sister, Princess Elizabeth, by their Scottish governess Marion Crawford. Margarets education was supervised by her mother, who in the words of Randolph Churchill never aimed at bringing her daughters up to be more than nicely behaved young ladies
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
Princess Margaret
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
Princess Margaret (front) with her sister
Elizabeth (right) and grandmother
Queen Mary (left)
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
William Timym, "HRH Princess Margaret", c. 1944
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
A ticket for the wedding procession
35.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
–
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, KG, GCMG, GCVO, ADC is a grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He has held the title of Duke of Kent since the death of his father in 1942, the Duke of Kent carries out engagements on behalf of his first cousin, Elizabeth II. He is perhaps best known as president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, presenting the trophies to the Wimbledon champion and he also served as the United Kingdoms Special Representative for International Trade and Investment, retiring in 2001. He is also the president of The Scout Association, the Royal United Services Institute, and the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and since 1967 Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England. The Duke of Kent is also patron of the Institute of Advanced Motorists, as of the birth of the Duke of Cambridges second child, the Queens fifth great-grandchild, on 2 May 2015, the Duke of Kent was 34th in line. As of the death of the 7th Earl of Harewood in 2011, he became the Queens oldest living paternal cousin, since his mother was a cousin of Prince Philip, he is also a second cousin to Prince Charles and his siblings. Prince Edward was born on 9 October 1935, at No.3 Belgrave Square, home Secretary Sir John Simon was present to verify the birth. Prince Edwards father was Prince George, Duke of Kent, the son of George V. His mother was Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, the daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and he was baptised in the Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace on 20 November 1935 by the Archbishop of Canterbury Cosmo Lang. Prince Edward began his schooling at Ludgrove, a school in Berkshire, before going on to Eton College. After school he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst where he won the Sir James Moncrieff Grierson prize for foreign languages, on 25 August 1942, Prince Edwards father, the Duke of Kent, was killed when his plane crashed in bad weather in Caithness. Prince Edward, who was almost 7, succeeded his father as Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews and he later took his seat in the House of Lords in 1959. As a member of the family, he began performing engagements at an early age. In 1953, he attended the coronation of his cousin, Elizabeth II, the Duke of Kent graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 29 July 1955 as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Scots Greys, the beginning of a military career that would last over 20 years. He was promoted to captain on 29 July 1961, the Duke of Kent saw service in Hong Kong from 1962–63 and later served on the staff in Eastern Command. He was promoted to Major on 31 December 1967, during the early 70s, the Duke also served in Northern Ireland with his Regiment. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel on 30 June 1973, the Duke retired from the Army on 15 April 1976. He was subsequently promoted Major-General on 11 June 1983 and Field Marshal on 11 June 1993, the Duke of Kent married Katharine Worsley at York Minster on 8 June 1961
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
–
Prince Edward
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
–
The Duke and
Duchess of Kent on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace at the 2013
Trooping the Colour.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
–
A 1989 photograph of the Duke of Kent, by
Allan Warren
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
–
People
36.
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
–
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, KG, GCVO is the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She is the widow of Sir Angus Ogilvy, as of January 2017, she is 50th in the line of succession to the thrones of 16 states, at the time of her birth in 1936, she was sixth. Princess Alexandra was born on 25 December 1936 at 3 Belgrave Square and her parents were Prince George, Duke of Kent and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. She received the name Christabel because she was born on Christmas Day, like her aunt by marriage, Princess Alice and her birth was the last to have the tradition of having the Home Secretary present to verify the birth of potential heirs to the throne. Secretary Sir John Simon was present and was the last to do this, as a male-line granddaughter of the British monarch, she was styled as a British princess with the prefix Her Royal Highness. She was born two weeks after the abdication of her uncle King Edward VIII, of her godparents, only the King and Queen and Lord Athlone were present. Princess Alexandra spent most of her childhood at her familys house, Coppins. She lived with her grandmother, Queen Mary, the widow of George V and her father was killed in an aeroplane crash near Caithness, Scotland on 25 August 1942 while serving in the Royal Air Force. Princess Alexandra has the distinction of being the first British princess to have attended a boarding school and she was also trained at Great Ormond Street Hospital. She was a bridesmaid at the 1946 wedding of Captain Lord Brabourne, the following year, she served as bridesmaid at the wedding of her cousins, the then-Princess Elizabeth and The Duke of Edinburgh, on 20 November 1947. The Queen is Princess Alexandras paternal first cousin, the Duke of Edinburgh is Princess Alexandras maternal first cousin once removed and she was also a bridesmaid at the 1962 wedding of Prince Juan Carlos of Spain and her second cousin, Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark. On 24 April 1963, she married the Hon. Angus James Bruce Ogilvy, the wedding ceremony was attended by the royal family and was broadcast worldwide on television, watched by an estimated 200 million people. The bride wore a gown of Valenciennes lace, with matching veil and train. Angus Ogilvy declined the Queens offer to be created an earl upon marriage, Angus Ogilvy was knighted in 1988, later being sworn of the Privy Council in 1997. Taking part in roughly 120 engagements each year, Princess Alexandra is one of the most active members of the royal family, the number of her engagements in 2012 were 110. However, in late June 2013 she cancelled all future engagements due to arthritis, Princess Alexandra was almost 16 years old when her cousin acceded to the throne. In 1959, she carried out a tour of Australia. The Alexandra Waltz was composed for this visit by radio legend, Russ Tyson and it was sung for the princess by teen-aged Gay Kahler, who later changed her name to Gay Kayler
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
–
During her visit to Hong Kong in 1961, Princess Alexandra greets Cantonese opera performers
Yam Kim-fai and
Bak Sheut-sin after their performance of
The Romance of the White Snake
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
–
Princess Alexandra in 2010
37.
British Royal Family
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The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. There is no legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the British royal family. Different terms may be applied to the same or similar group of relatives of the monarch in his or her role as sovereign of any of the other Commonwealth realms, for example, in Canada, the family is known as the Canadian royal family. Some members of the family have official residences named as the places from which announcements are made in the Court Circular about official engagements they have carried out. The state duties and staff of some members of the family are funded from a parliamentary annuity. Since 1917, when King George V changed the name of the house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, members of the royal family belong, either by birth or by marriage. In 2014, the family were regarded as British cultural icons. Today, they often perform ceremonial and social duties throughout the United Kingdom, in the other countries of the Commonwealth royalty do not serve as Counsellors of State, although they may perform ceremonial and social duties on behalf of individual states or the organisation. Wives of the said enjoy their husbands precedence, and husbands of princesses are unofficially but habitually placed with their wives as well and she did not alter the relative precedence of other born-princesses, such as the daughters of her younger sons. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy and they Serve the Queen, A New and Authoritative Account of the Royal Household. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England, symbol and Privilege, The Ritual Context of British Royalty. Britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy, Royal Family is a celebrated and reverential BBC documentary made by Richard Cawston to accompany the investiture of the current Prince of Wales. The documentary is frequently responsible for the greater press intrusion into the royal familys private life since its first broadcast. Official website of the royal family Official YouTube Channel House of Windsor Family Tree, archived from the original on 2010-12-02
British Royal Family
–
The Royal Family on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace after the annual
Trooping the Colour in 2013.
British Royal Family
–
United Kingdom
38.
3rd Secretary
–
Diplomatic rank is the system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. The current system of ranks was established by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. There are three ranks, two of which remain in use, Ambassador, an Ambassador is a head of mission who is accredited to the receiving countrys head of state. They head a mission known as an embassy, which is usually headquartered in a chancery in the receiving states capital. A papal nuncio is considered to have Ambassadorial rank, and they preside over a nunciature, commonwealth countries send a High Commissioner who presides over a High Commission and has the same diplomatic rank as an Ambassador. A Minister is a head of mission who is accredited to the countrys head of state. A Minister heads a legation rather than an embassy, however, the last legations were upgraded to embassies in the late 1960s, and the rank of Minister is now obsolete. An envoy or an internuncio is also considered to have the rank of Minister. A chargé daffaires ad interim is a diplomat who heads a diplomatic mission in the absence of an ambassador. The body of accredited to a country form the Diplomatic corps. Ambassadors have precedence over chargés, and precedence within each rank is determined by the date on which diplomatic credentials were presented, the longest-serving ambassador is the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, who speaks for the entire diplomatic corps on matters of diplomatic privilege and protocol. In many Catholic countries, the nuncio is always considered the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. Envoys and Ministers represented their government, and were accredited to the receiving sovereign, Ministers resident formed an intermediate class, between ministers and chargés. This rank was created by the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle Chargés daffaires were accredited by their Foreign Minister to the receiving Foreign Minister, the rank of Envoy was short for Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and was more commonly known as Minister. For example, the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to the French Empire was known as the United States Minister to France, an Ambassador was regarded as the personal representative of his sovereign as well as his government. Only major monarchies would exchange Ambassadors with each other, while smaller monarchies, because of diplomatic reciprocity, Great Powers would only send a Minister to a smaller monarchy or a republic. For example, in the years of the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom sent an Ambassador to Paris, while Sweden-Norway. The rule that only monarchies could send Ambassadors was more honored in the breach than the observance and this had been true even before the Congress of Vienna, as England continued to appoint ambassadors after becoming a republic in 1649. Countries that overthrew their monarchs proved to be unwilling to accept the lower rank accorded to a republic, after the Franco-Prussian War, the French Third Republic continued to send and receive ambassadors
3rd Secretary
–
The distinction between managers and officers is not necessarily as apparent. Senior officers (such as first and second secretaries) often manage junior diplomats and locally hired staff.
39.
High Commission
–
High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment. The English term is used to render various equivalent titles in other languages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, a commissioner is the senior diplomat in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. In this usage, a Commonwealth nations high commission is its embassy to another Commonwealth nation, an example was the island of Cyprus. Until 12 July 1878 Cyprus was under Ottoman rule based in Istanbul, from that date it was under British administration, but Istanbul retained nominal sovereignty until Cyprus was fully annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914. As diplomatic residents were appointed to native rulers, high commissioners could likewise be appointed as British agents of indirect rule upon native states. The best known of these commissioners, Alfred Milner who was appointed to both positions in the 1890s, is considered responsible by some for igniting the Second Boer War. He was represented in each of the other units by a Resident Commissioner. In the colonial sense, some other powers have or previously had high commissioners, in the Kingdom of Denmark, High Commissioners represent the Government of Denmark in Greenland and the Faroe Islands and take part in negotiations on policies and decisions affecting their region. Greenland and the Faroe Islands have one Commissioner each, originally the French word Haut Commissaire, or in full Haut Commissaire de la république, was rarely used for governatorial functions, rather gouverneur and various lower titles. In Atlantic waters, from 14 September 1939 till September 1943, yet a colony could achieve independence without a High Commissioner, e. g. Guinée. The current High Commissioner of Vanuatu to the US is David J. Wilson. e. In early May 1919, the Kingdom of Greece was given a mandate by the Supreme Allied War Council for the city of Smyrna and its hinterland, which it proceeded to occupy on 12 May. A civilian administration was set up in the Smyrna Zone, headed, from 21 May 1919 until 9 September 1922, in the Monarchy, before 1910, they were known as Comissários Régios. In 1934–1956 the Governors of the Western Sahara were subordinated to him, the office itself was however filled by the governors of Spanish West Africa from 1939 to 1956. Haiti, the half of the island of Hispaniola, had a similar experience. It was a US protectorate from 1915 to 1936, after five US military commanders, there was one High Commissioner, John H. Russell, following World War I, Rear Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol served as United States High Commissioner for Turkey from 1919 to 1927. The Philippines became a United States unincorporated territory on 13 August 1898, after gaining autonomy on 15 November 1935, it had the following High Commissioners, 1935–1937 William Francis Frank Murphy, who was also the last Governor-General over the Islands
High Commission
–
The
Tanzanian High Commission in London. Tanzania and the United Kingdom are both members of the
Commonwealth of Nations.
40.
Embassy
–
In practice, a diplomatic mission usually denotes the resident mission, namely the office of a countrys diplomatic representatives in the capital city of another country. As well as being a mission to the country in which it is situated. There are thus resident and non-resident embassies, a permanent diplomatic mission is typically known as an Embassy, and the head of the mission is known as an Ambassador, or High Commissioner. Therefore, the Embassy operates in the Chancery, European Union missions abroad are known as EU delegations. Some countries have more particular naming for their missions and staff, under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi, Libyas missions used the name peoples bureau and the head of the mission was a secretary. Missions between Commonwealth countries are known as commissions and their heads are High Commissioners. This is because Ambassadors are exchanged between foreign countries, but since the beginning of the Commonwealth, member countries have maintained that they are not foreign to one another. An ambassador represents one head of state to another and a letters of credence are addressed by one head of state to another. Until India became a republic on 26 January 1950, all members of the Commonwealth had the head of state. In the past a diplomatic mission headed by an official was known as a legation. Since the ranks of envoy and minister resident are effectively obsolete, a consulate is similar to, but not the same as a diplomatic office, but with focus on dealing with individual persons and businesses, as defined by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. A consulate or consulate general is generally a representative of the embassy in locales outside of the capital city. For instance, the United Kingdom has its Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D. C. but also maintains seven consulates-general, the person in charge of a consulate or consulate-general is known as a consul or consul-general, respectively. Similar services may also be provided at the embassy in what is called a consular section. In cases of dispute, it is common for a country to recall its head of mission as a sign of its displeasure, a chargé daffaires ad interim also heads the mission during the interim between the end of one chief of missions term and the beginning of another. Contrary to popular belief, most diplomatic missions do not enjoy full extraterritorial status, rather, the premises of diplomatic missions usually remain under the jurisdiction of the host state while being afforded special privileges by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Diplomats themselves still retain full diplomatic immunity, and the host country may not enter the premises of the mission without permission of the represented country, international rules designate an attack on an embassy as an attack on the country it represents. The term extraterritoriality is often applied to missions, but normally only in this broader sense
Embassy
–
Spanish Embassy to the Holy See and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Embassy
–
Indian Embassy, Prague
Embassy
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Nordic Embassies, Berlin
Embassy
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Embassy of the United States, Havana
41.
Royal Air Force
–
The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdoms aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. The RAF describe its mission statement as, an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission. The mission statement is supported by the RAFs definition of air power, Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events. Today the Royal Air Force maintains a fleet of various types of aircraft. The majority of the RAFs rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces, most of the RAFs aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations or at long-established overseas bases. It was founded on 1 April 1918, with headquarters located in the former Hotel Cecil, during the First World War, by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps, at that time it was the largest air force in the world. The RAFs naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924, the RAF developed the doctrine of strategic bombing which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939, the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed Article XV squadrons for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from countries, and exiles from occupied Europe. By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine percent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres. In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe, the largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, during the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the Royal Air Force was in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E and these were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs, later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile. Following the development of the Royal Navys Polaris submarines, the nuclear deterrent passed to the navys submarines on 30 June 1969. With the introduction of Polaris, the RAFs strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one and this tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by Tornado GR1s. For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union, with many squadrons based in West Germany. With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period
Royal Air Force
–
A later version of the
Spitfires which played a major part in the
Battle of Britain.
Royal Air Force
–
Royal Air Force emblem
Royal Air Force
–
The
Avro Lancaster heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany.
Royal Air Force
–
The
Handley Page Victor bomber was a
strategic bomber of the RAF's
V bomber force used to carry both conventional and
nuclear bombs.
42.
Cambridge
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Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867, there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in the Bronze Age and in Roman Britain, under Viking rule, Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951, the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, is one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the Cavendish Laboratory, Kings College Chapel, the citys skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, the chimney of Addenbrookes Hospital and St Johns College Chapel tower. Anglia Ruskin University, evolved from the Cambridge School of Art, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies spun out of the university. More than 40% of the workforce has a higher education qualification, the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to be home to AstraZeneca, a hotel and the relocated Papworth Hospital. Parkers Piece hosted the first ever game of Association football, the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fairs are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3, the principal Roman site is a small fort Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street, the eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettles Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was constructed around AD70 and converted to use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads, evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. Their settlement—also on and around Castle Hill—became known as Grantebrycge, Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands, by the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river, the arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill, like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies
Cambridge
–
King's College Chapel, seen from
the Backs
Cambridge
–
St Bene't's Church, the oldest standing building in Cambridge.
Cambridge
–
Peterhouse was the first college to be founded in the University of Cambridge.
Cambridge
–
Cambridge in 1575
43.
Prussia
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Prussia was a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and centred on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised, Prussia, with its capital in Königsberg and from 1701 in Berlin, shaped the history of Germany. In 1871, German states united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership, in November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918–19. The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republic—the Free State of Prussia, from 1933, Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup, when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its Gleichschaltung laws in pursuit of a unitary state. Prussia existed de jure until its liquidation by the Allied Control Council Enactment No.46 of 25 February 1947. The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians, in the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights—an organized Catholic medieval military order of German crusaders—conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of Pomerelia with Gdańsk and their monastic state was mostly Germanised through immigration from central and western Germany and in the south, it was Polonised by settlers from Masovia. The Second Peace of Thorn split Prussia into the western Royal Prussia, a province of Poland, and the part, from 1525 called the Duchy of Prussia. The union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, Prussia entered the ranks of the great powers shortly after becoming a kingdom, and exercised most influence in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 18th century it had a say in many international affairs under the reign of Frederick the Great. During the 19th century, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German principalities into a Lesser Germany which excluded the Austrian Empire. At the Congress of Vienna, which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleons defeat, Prussia acquired a section of north western Germany. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the North German Confederation in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that Junkers and other Prussian élites identified more and more as Germans and less as Prussians. In the Weimar Republic, the state of Prussia lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. East Prussia lost all of its German population after 1945, as Poland, the main coat of arms of Prussia, as well as the flag of Prussia, depicted a black eagle on a white background. The black and white colours were already used by the Teutonic Knights. The Teutonic Order wore a white coat embroidered with a cross with gold insert
Prussia
–
... during the
Renaissance period
Prussia
–
Flag (1892–1918)
Prussia
–
... according to the design of 1702
Prussia
–
Prussian King's Crown (
Hohenzollern Castle Collection)
44.
Daily Mail
–
The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust and published in London. Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982, Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. A survey in 2014 found the age of its reader was 58. It had a daily circulation of 1,510,824 copies in November 2016. Its website has more than 100 million unique visitors per month, the Daily Mail has been accused of racism, and printing sensationalist and inaccurate scare stories of science and medical research. The Mail was originally a broadsheet but switched to a format on 3 May 1971. On this date it absorbed the Daily Sketch, which had been published as a tabloid by the same company. The publisher of the Mail, the Daily Mail and General Trust, is currently a FTSE250 company, the paper has a circulation of around two million, which is the fourth largest circulation of any English-language daily newspaper in the world. Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in March 2014 show gross daily sales of 1,708,006 for the Daily Mail. According to a December 2004 survey, 53% of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party, compared to 21% for Labour, the main concern of Viscount Rothermere, the current chairman and main shareholder, is that the circulation be maintained. The Mail has been edited by Paul Dacre since 1992, the Daily Mail, devised by Alfred Harmsworth and his brother Harold, was first published on 4 May 1896. It cost a halfpenny at a time when other London dailies cost one penny, and was more populist in tone and more concise in its coverage than its rivals. The planned issue was 100,000 copies but the print run on the first day was 397,215, Lord Salisbury, 19th-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, dismissed the Daily Mail as a newspaper produced by office boys for office boys. By 1902, at the end of the Boer Wars, the circulation was over a million, from the beginning, the Mail also set out to entertain its readers with human interest stories, serials, features and competitions. In 1900 the Daily Mail began printing simultaneously in both Manchester and London, the first national newspaper to do so, the same production method was adopted in 1909 by the Daily Sketch, in 1927 by the Daily Express and eventually by virtually all the other national newspapers. Printing of the Scottish Daily Mail was switched from Edinburgh to the Deansgate plant in Manchester in 1968 and, for a while, in 1987, printing at Deansgate ended and the northern editions were thereafter printed at other Associated Newspapers plants. In 1906 the paper offered £1,000 for the first flight across the English Channel, punch magazine thought the idea preposterous and offered £10,000 for the first flight to Mars, but by 1910 both the Mails prizes had been won. Before the outbreak of World War I, the paper was accused of warmongering when it reported that Germany was planning to crush the British Empire
Daily Mail
–
Daily Mail front page in August 2010.
Daily Mail
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Advertisement by the Daily Mail for insurance against
Zeppelin attacks during the
First World War
Daily Mail
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A page from the Daily Mail Silver Jubilee Issue, 1935
Daily Mail
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The "Hurrah for the Blackshirts" article by Lord Rothermere
45.
Wolverhampton
–
Wolverhampton is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 249,470, the demonym for people from the city is Wulfrunian. Historically part of Staffordshire, the city is named after Wulfrun, prior to the Norman Conquest, the areas name appears only as variants of Heantune or Hamtun, the prefix Wulfrun or similar appearing in 1070 and thereafter. Alternatively, the city may have earned its name from Wulfereēantūn after the Mercian King. The variation Wolveren Hampton is seen in records, e. g. in 1381. The city grew initially as a market town specialising in the woollen trade, in the Industrial Revolution, it became a major centre for coal mining, steel production, lock making and the manufacture of cars and motorcycles. The economy of the city is based on engineering, including a large aerospace industry. A local tradition states that King Wulfhere of Mercia founded an abbey of St Mary at Wolverhampton in 659, the Mercians and West Saxons claimed a decisive victory and the field of Woden is recognised by numerous place names in Wednesfield. In 985, King Ethelred the Unready granted lands at a place referred to as Heantun to Lady Wulfrun by royal charter and this became the site for the current St. Peters Church. A statue of Lady Wulfrun, sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler, Wolverhampton is recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 as being in the Hundred of Seisdon and the county of Staffordshire. The lords of the manor are listed as the canons of St Mary, with the tenant-in-chief being Samson, Wolverhampton at this date is a large settlement of fifty households. In 1179, there is mention of a market held in the town and this charter for a weekly market held on a Wednesday was eventually granted on 4 February 1258 by Henry III. From the 16th century onwards, Wolverhampton became home to a number of industries including lock and key making and iron. Wolverhampton suffered two Great Fires, the first in April 1590, and the second in September 1696, both fires started in todays Salop Street. The first fire lasted for five days and left nearly 700 people homeless and this second fire led to the purchase of the first fire engine within the city in September 1703. There is also evidence that Wolverhampton may have been the location of the first working Newcomen Steam Engine in 1712. In Victorian times, Wolverhampton grew to be a town mainly due to the huge amount of industry that occurred as a result of the abundance of coal. The remains of this wealth can be seen in houses such as Wightwick Manor and The Mount
Wolverhampton
–
Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton
–
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Wolverhampton
–
Statue of
Lady Wulfrun on western side of
St. Peter's Collegiate Church.
Wolverhampton
–
Statue of Prince Albert, Queen Square
46.
Piper Cherokee
–
The Piper PA-28 Cherokee is a family of light aircraft built by Piper Aircraft and designed for flight training, air taxi, and personal use. The PA-28 family of aircraft are all-metal, unpressurized, single-engine, piston-powered airplanes with low-mounted wings and they have a single door on the copilot side, which is entered by stepping on the wing. The first PA-28 received its type certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration in 1960, current models are the Warrior, Arrow and the Archer TX and LX. The Archer was discontinued in 2009, but with investment from new company ownership, the PA-28 series competes with the high-winged Cessna 172, and the similarly low-winged Grumman American AA-5 series and Beechcraft Musketeer designs. The Piper PA-32 is a larger, six-seat variant of the PA-28, the PA-32R Saratoga variant was in production until 2009. The original Cherokees were the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160, which started production in 1961, in 1962, Piper added the Cherokee 180 powered by a 180-horsepower Lycoming O-360 engine. The extra power made it practical to fly with all four seats filled, in 1968, the cockpit was modified to replace the push-pull style engine throttle controls with quadrant levers. In addition, a window was added to each side. Piper continued to expand the line rapidly, in 1963, the company introduced the even more powerful Cherokee 235, which competed favorably with the Cessna 182 Skylane for load-carrying capability. The Cherokee 235 featured a Lycoming O-540 engine derated to 235 horsepower and it included tip tanks of 17-gallon capacity each, bringing the total fuel capacity of the Cherokee 235 to 84 gallons. The aircraft had its fuselage stretched in 1973 giving much more leg room in the rear, the stabilator area was increased as well. In 1973 the marketing name was changed from 235 to Charger, in 1974 it was changed again to Pathfinder. Production of the Pathfinder continued until 1977, there was no 1978 model year. In 1979 the aircraft was given the Piper tapered wing and the name was changed again, in 1964, the company filled in the bottom end of the line with the Cherokee 140, which was designed for training, and initially shipped with only two seats. The PA-28-140 engine was modified shortly after its introduction to produce 150 horsepower. In 1967, Piper introduced the PA-28R-180 Cherokee Arrow and this aircraft featured a constant-speed propeller, retractable landing gear and was powered by a 180-horsepower Lycoming IO-360-B1E engine. A 200-hp version powered by a Lycoming IO-360-C1C was offered as a beginning in 1969 and designated the PA-28R-200. At the time the Arrow was introduced, Piper removed the Cherokee 150, the Arrow II came out in 1972, featuring a five-inch fuselage stretch to increase legroom for the rear-seat passengers
Piper Cherokee
–
PA-28 Cherokee
Piper Cherokee
–
PA 28-161 Warrior II of
Oxford Aviation Academy at
Tucson International Airport
Piper Cherokee
–
PA-28-151, built in 1976
Piper Cherokee
–
The PA-28-161 Warrior II flying in the livery of the
Singapore Youth Flying Club - it is still widely used in basic flight training worldwide.
47.
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
–
The Royal Burial Ground is a cemetery used by the British Royal Family. Consecrated on 23 October 1928, it surrounds the Royal Mausoleum on the Frogmore Estate in the Home Park at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, since 1928, most members of the Royal Family, except for sovereigns and their consorts, have been interred here. Among those interred here are three of Queen Victorias children as well as one former monarch, in the adjacent Frogmore gardens is the mausoleum of Queen Victorias mother, the Duchess of Kent. 1928 Prince Harald of Schleswig-Holstein, son of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel until transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Prince Francis of Teck, brother of Queen Mary, Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 5 November 1910, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel, transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1928 Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught, wife of Prince Arthur,1928 Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, husband of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 1 November 1917, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel,1928 Lord Leopold Mountbatten, grandson of Queen Victoria through his mother Princess Henry of Battenberg. Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 1 May 1922, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel,1928 Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria, wife of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 15 June 1923, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel,1928 Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, a former Prince of Teck and brother of Queen Mary and husband of Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge. Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 29 October 1927, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel and his coffin is in the same grave as that of his wife. 1928 Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon, son of Alexander Cambridge, Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 19 April 1928, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel, transferred to the Royal Burial Ground in late October 1928. 1929 Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge, wife of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge, Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 30 March 1929, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground. Her coffin is in the grave as that of her husband. 1935 Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom, daughter of King Edward VII, interred in the Royal Burial Ground on 9 December 1935. 1938 Prince Arthur of Connaught, son of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 16 September 1938, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel, transferred to the Royal Burial Ground on 22 September 1938. 1940 Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, daughter of Queen Victoria,1942 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, son of Queen Victoria. Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 23 January 1942, then interred in the Royal Vault at St Georges Chapel,1948 Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, daughter of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom. Funeral at St Georges Chapel on 17 March 1948, then interred in the Royal Burial Ground,1956 Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein, daughter of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and granddaughter of Queen Victoria
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
–
Queen Victoria's
Royal Mausoleum in Frogmore and the Royal Burial Ground (front)
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
–
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
–
Schleswig-Holstein plot at Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
–
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll 's grave (centre) at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
48.
Oundle
–
Oundle /ˈaʊndəl/ is a market town on the River Nene in Northamptonshire, England, which had a population of 5,735 at the 2011 census. It is 68 mi north of London and 12 mi south-west of Peterborough, the nearest railway station, Corby, is 9.3 mi to the west. Inhabited since the Iron Age, Oundle was originally a place and market for local farmers. The Saxon invasion saw the arrival of a tribe called Undalas which possibly meant undivided and it is the death place of St Wilfrid in 709 AD where he had consecrated a church as well as being the location of one of his monasteries. The current St Peters Church occupies the site as St Wilfrids original church. Saint Cetta or Cett, a 7th-century saint, is the Patron Saint of Oundle, the presence of this shrine and the market charter explain much of the growth of Oundle in the 12th century. The Domesday Book records Oundle in Polebrook hundred with a population of 36 households, a mill and a value in 1066 of £0.3, as the area became prosperous, wealthy traders set up shops and houses, and guilds were formed. Unlike other settlements in the vicinity, Oundle was unaffected by the Black Death in the mid-14th century, Oundle had a grammar school since at least 1465, at which Sir William Laxton was educated. He founded Laxton Grammar School in 1556, administered by the Worshipful Company of Grocers, in 1743 a group of mutineers from the Black Watch were captured at Ladywood, near Oundle. They had deserted in protest at being sent abroad, instead of patrolling the Highlands, among the oldest buildings is the Talbot Hotel. This was constructed of timber, it was rebuilt with stone from the ruins of nearby Fotheringhay Castle, other public houses include the Rose & Crown, the Ship Inn, the Angel, the George and the Riverside, which has become derelict. There are a number of churches, by far the most prominent, its 210 foot spire being the tallest in Northamptonshire, is St Peters Church which has the main churchyard. There are also Methodist, Baptist and Roman Catholic churches, the Baptist church has a premises on St Osyths Lane but holds services on Sunday mornings at Oundle Church of England Primary School. The two main schools are Prince William School, a school, and Oundle Church of England Primary School rated as Outstanding in its most recent Ofsted inspection. The town is also the location of Oundle School, a boarding independent school with around a thousand pupils. These summer schools are centred on a Frobenius organ in the Oundle School chapel, a concurrent festival programme for the public was also planned as a recurrent feature. The Oundle Festival of Literature has regular events throughout the year featuring established, local, the Oundle carnival has taken place since 2009. The World Conker Championships have taken place in the village of Ashton on the second Sunday of October since the championship started in 1965
Oundle
–
Narrow section of North Street, Oundle, looking north
49.
Prince William School
–
Prince William School is a secondary school and sixth form located in Oundle, Northamptonshire. The school was built in 1971 and named in honour of Prince William of Gloucester whose family home, Prince William was killed in an air crash less than a year after the school opened. As of 2015, the school reopened as an academy and it now provides education from year 7 all the way through to sixth form. The Science Department has two buildings, the building in the centre of the campus is the main science block. Next to the science building is the second, smaller L-shaped science building consisting of just 3 classrooms. The largest science block is the oldest, still containing ceilings made from Asbestos, the Drama Studio is located behind the L-shaped science blocks. It is a room for the theatrical arts. The Humanities Department is located in the rear of the campus and it is home to seven classrooms, in these rooms, Religious Education, History, Sociology and Geography are taught. It also consists of 3 temporary humanities classrooms in the new updated modular block building, the Design Department is located nearby the Humanities block, as well as a Dance Studio, two Music Rooms and an ICT Suite. It is home to different subjects related to design, which include. There is a new Applied Learning Centre built on the tennis courts. The English Department is located at the front of the school, visible immediately after entering the campus. The Languages Department is located on the floor above the English Department and it contains rooms L1 to L7 and a range of languages are taught here. The main staff room and PE blocks are located in the same building with the staff room on the floor above the PE block. An extension to the PE block has been constructed, as of April 2015, a petition was formed by a parent to call for a vote of no confidence in the Head Teacher and the Board of Governors. The petition was closed by the creator in May 2015 after assurances from the Head, from September 2015, the school provided newer updated modular blocks, teaching a variety of subjects including Maths, English, Business Studies and Religious Studies. In July 2016, the longest serving teacher of Prince William School, himesh Patel, actor Ben Russell, rugby player. Hazzabbk, Entrepreneur and head of finance at Wiggum Athletic PWS Website Oundle St Peters Oundle Primary School
Prince William School
–
Map of the school with labels.
50.
Earl of Ulster
–
The title of Earl of Ulster has been created several times in the Peerage of Ireland and Peerage of the United Kingdom. Currently, the title is a title of the Duke of Gloucester. Ulster is one of the four provinces of Ireland. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, jure uxoris Earl of Ulster Philippa, Countess of March, 5th Countess of Ulster, lord of the Glens Twescard Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Ulster, Earls of
Earl of Ulster
–
Coat of arms of Walter de Burgh, Earl of Ulster.
51.
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
The Prince of Wales in
Jersey, July 2012
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Signature
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Telegram announcing the birth of Prince Charles to the
Governor-General of New Zealand
Charles, Prince of Wales
–
Queen Elizabeth II formally invests the Prince of Wales with
his coronet, 1969
52.
Coat of arms
–
A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to a person, family, state. The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals, the first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial, coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the social classes of Europe. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, in the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and burghers used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology, the coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms, in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son, wives, undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference. One such charge is the label, which in British usage is now always the mark of an apparent or an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents and this has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called heraldry. In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, the author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo
Coat of arms
–
The German
Hyghalmen Roll, ca. late 15th century, illustrates the German practice of thematic repetition from the arms in the crest
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
–
The
Zechariah Seal coat of arms.
53.
Queen Victoria
–
Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
Queen Victoria
–
Victoria wearing her
small diamond crown Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen Victoria
–
Victoria, aged four Painting by
Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823
Queen Victoria
–
Victoria with her spaniel Dash, 1833 Painting by
George Hayter
Queen Victoria
–
Self-portrait, 1835
54.
Christian IX of Denmark
–
Christian IX was King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, however, in 1852, Christian was chosen as heir to the Danish monarchy in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian married his second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842. Their six children married into royal families across Europe, earning him the sobriquet the father-in-law of Europe. The British consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is also a descendant of Christian IX, as are Michael I of Romania and Constantine II of Greece. Also, the queens consort Anne of Romania, Anne-Marie of Greece and he was named after Prince Christian of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather. Christians father was the head of the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. As such, Christian was eligible to succeed in the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. Initially, Christian lived with his parents and many siblings at Gottorf Castle, however, on 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law Frederick VI of Denmark, as the elder Glücksburg line had become extinct in 1779. He subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and founded the younger Glücksburg line, subsequently, the family moved to Glücksburg Castle, where Christian was raised with his siblings under their fathers supervision. Following the early death of the father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated in the Military Academy of Copenhagen, as a young man, Christian unsuccessfully sought the hand of his third cousin, Queen Victoria, in marriage. At the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842, he married his cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Frederick VIIs childlessness had presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved problematic. Denmarks adherence to the Salic Law and a burgeoning nationalism within the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution, proposed resolutions to keep the two Duchies together and part of Denmark proved unsatisfactory to both Danish and German interests. While Denmark had adopted the Salic Law, this affected the descendants of Frederick III of Denmark. Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless King Frederick VII and his childless uncle. At that point, the law of succession promulgated by Frederick III provided for a Semi-Salic succession, as the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Helvig of Schauenburg began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the branch of Helvigs descendants
Christian IX of Denmark
–
Portrait by Hans Olrik
Christian IX of Denmark
–
Prince Christian's birthplace
Gottorp Castle, photographed in 2007
Christian IX of Denmark
–
Christian's father
Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825
Duke of Glücksburg.
Christian IX of Denmark
–
Christian's wife
Louise of Hesse-Kassel.
55.
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
–
Louise of Hesse-Kassel was Queen of Denmark as the wife of King Christian IX of Denmark. Louise of Hesse was a descendant of an ancient German princely family, the Landgraves of Hesse and she was a daughter of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Charlotte of Denmark. Her mother, a princess of Denmark, saw her become the countrys queen, as children, her brother Frederik Wilhelm, her sisters and she were the closest relatives of King Christian VIII who were likely to produce heirs. It was easy to see that the succession from King Frederick III of Denmark would probably become extinct within a generation. Louise was one of the descended from Frederick III of Denmark. Louise was married at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842 to her second cousin Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg and he was soon selected as hereditary prince of Denmark and later ascended the throne of Denmark as King Christian IX. Louise and Christian lived a family life. Louises mother and siblings renounced their rights to the Danish throne to her, Louise herself in turn renounced her rights to the throne to her spouse Christian. In 1852, this order was confirmed by the Nordic countries. In 1847, Prince Christian was, with the approval of Europes Great Powers and this resolved the succession to the Danish crown, but not Denmarks claim on the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The result of conflict was the Second War of Schleswig. On 3 July 1853, King Frederick VII confirmed this succession, by that act, Louise and Christian became Crown Princess and Crown Prince of Denmark. Louise had a relationship with King Frederick VII, who contradicted the succession of her spouse. Therefore, the King and the Crown Prince couple did not see each other very often, on 15 November 1863, Louise and Christian became Queen and King of Denmark. Their life style is described as simple and puritan, and as this suited the contemporary view of a family life. As queen, Louise lived a life isolated from the people and she took no part in state affairs, her political interests focused on the arranged dynastic marriages of her children and were affected by her anti-German views. The high status marriages she arranged for her children secured the newly established Danish dynasty international status, connecting Denmark to Great Britain, Russia, Sweden and Greece. Known as The Mother-in-law of Europe, her annual family gatherings at Bernstorff and Fredensborg attracted more attention every year, Louise supported 26 different charity organizations
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
–
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
–
Louise (centre) with her daughter
Alexandra, Princess of Wales, and granddaughter
Louise
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
–
The Empress of Russia, Queen Louise, the Queen of United Kingdom, the Crown Princess of Hannover
56.
Francis, Duke of Teck
–
Francis, Duke of Teck GCB GCVO, until 1863 known as Count Francis von Hohenstein, was a member of the German nobility, and later of the British Royal Family. He was the father of Queen Mary, the wife of King George V, Francis held the titles of Count of Hohenstein, Prince and later Duke of Teck and was granted the style His Serene Highness in 1863. He was granted the British style of Highness in 1887, Francis was born Franz Paul Karl Ludwig Alexander on 28 August 1837 in Esseg, Slavonia. His father was Duke Alexander of Württemberg, the son of Duke Louis of Württemberg and his mother was Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde. The marriage was morganatic, meaning that Francis had no rights to the Kingdom of Württemberg. His title at birth was Count Francis von Hohenstein, after his mother was created Countess of Hohenstein in her own right by Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. He was educated at the Imperial Austrian Academy of Engineers from 1849 to 1853 and he transferred to the Guard Squadron in 1858 and later became a Captain in the 7th Hussars. In 1863, Francis was created Prince of Teck, with the style His Serene Highness in the Kingdom of Württemberg and he served during the Austro-Prussian War and retired from the Austrian Army when he married and moved to England in 1866. As the product of a marriage, and without succession rights to the throne. He further had little income in comparison with other European princes and that, together with the fact that she was already in her thirties, meant that Mary Adelaide was also short of choices for marriage. The couple married on 12 June 1866 at St Annes Church, Kew and they had one daughter and three sons, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, later Queen Mary, Queen-Consort of the United Kingdom. Prince Adolphus of Teck, later Duke of Teck and Marquess of Cambridge, Prince Alexander of Teck, later Earl of Athlone. He was created Duke of Teck by the King of Württemberg in 1871, Teck was made Honorary Colonel of the 1st City of London Artillery in 1867 and Honorary Colonel of 49th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers on 16 August 1876, a position he held until his death. He was attached to the staff of British General Sir Garnet Wolseley during the Egyptian campaign of 1882 and he received the silver medal for the Battle of Tel-el-Kebir, the Khedives Star, and the Order of Osmanieh, first class. On his return from Egypt he was gazetted a Colonel in the British Army, the Duke of Teck was made Colonel à la suite of the 25th Dragoons Queen Olga on 6 March 1889, and a Generalmajor in the German Army on 18 October 1891. He was made a supernumerary Major-General in the British Army in July 1893, because Francis had no inheritance, the couple lived on Mary Adelaides Parliamentary allowance of £5,000 per annum, supplemented by income from her mother, The Duchess of Cambridge. The Duke and Duchess lived beyond their means, leading to the build-up of large debts, in 1883, the Tecks fled the UK to continental Europe, where they stayed with relatives in Florence and Germany. They eventually returned to the UK in 1885, with an Order in Council on 1 July 1887, Queen Victoria granted Francis the style Highness, as a gift to celebrate her Golden Jubilee
Francis, Duke of Teck
–
Duke of Teck by
Alexander Bassano.
Francis, Duke of Teck
–
Francis, Duke of Teck, and Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck, with
Duke Philipp and
Duchess Marie Therese of Württemberg in England, around 1866
57.
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of George III and great-grandmother of Elizabeth II. She held the title of Duchess of Teck through marriage, Mary Adelaide is remembered as the mother of Queen Mary, the wife of King George V. She was one of the first royals to patronise a wide range of charities, Mary Adelaide was born on 27 November 1833 in Hanover, Germany. Her father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the youngest surviving son of George III and her mother was Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel, the daughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. The young princess was christened on 9 January 1834 at Cambridge House, Hanover by Rev John Ryle Wood and her godmother and paternal aunt Princess Elizabeth was the only godparent who was present. The rest were King William IV and Queen Adelaide, Princess Mary, Princess Marie of Hesse-Cassel and she was named Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth for her aunts and uncle. Mary Adelaide spent the years of her life in Hanover, Germany. After the death of William IV, Mary Adelaides first cousin, however, Salic law prevented Victoria from ascending the throne of Hanover, which instead passed to Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. The Duke of Cumberland moved to Hanover as King and Mary Adelaides father, no longer needed in Hanover, returned to London with his family, by the age of 30, Mary Adelaide was still unmarried. Her large girth and lack of income were contributing factors, as was her advanced age, however, her royal rank prevented her from marrying someone not of royal blood. Her cousin, Queen Victoria, took pity on her and attempted to arrange pairings, eventually a suitable candidate was found in Württemberg, Prince Francis of Teck. With no other options available, Mary Adelaide decided to marry him, the couple were married on 12 June 1866 at St. Annes Church, Kew, Surrey. The Duke and Duchess of Teck chose to reside in London rather than abroad, mainly because Mary Adelaide received £5,000 per annum as a Parliamentary annuity and her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge, also provided her with supplementary income. Requests to Queen Victoria for extra funds were generally refused, however, Mary Adelaide requested that her new husband be granted the style Royal Highness, but this was refused by Queen Victoria. The queen did, however, promote Francis to the rank of Highness in 1887 in celebration of her Golden Jubilee. The Tecks had one daughter and three sons, Despite their modest income, Mary Adelaide had expensive tastes and lived an extravagant life of parties, expensive food and clothes and holidays abroad. The debts soon built up and the Tecks were forced to flee the country in 1883 to avoid their creditors and they travelled to Florence, Italy, and also stayed with relatives in Germany and Austria. Initially, they travelled under the names of the Count and Countess von Hohenstein, however, Mary Adelaide wished to travel in more style and reverted to her royal style, which commanded significantly more attention and better service
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
Mary Adelaide in 1897
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
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The Duchess of Teck and her family c. 1880;
Prince Alexander sits centre with his arm around the Duchess,
Princess Mary (later Queen Mary) is seated at far right
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
Mary Adelaide in c.1880
58.
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel
–
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel was the wife of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the tenth-born child, and seventh son, of George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The longest-lived daughter-in-law of George III, she was the grandmother of Mary of Teck. Through her father, she was a great-granddaughter of George II of Great Britain and her fathers older brother was the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. In 1803, her uncles title was raised to Elector of Hesse — whereby the entire Kassel branch of the Hesse dynasty gained an upward notch in hierarchy. On 7 May, in Kassel, and then, again, on 1 June 1818 at Buckingham Palace, Princess Augusta married her cousin, the Duke of Cambridge. Upon their marriage, Augusta gained the style HRH The Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge had three children. On 19 June the administration of the Hanoveran High-Bailiwick of Stade informed the villagers that she had approved the chosen name Augustendorf for their municipality. The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge returned to Great Britain, where lived at Cambridge Cottage, Kew. The Duchess of Cambridge survived her husband by thirty-nine years, dying at the age of ninety-one and she was buried at St Annes Church, Kew, but her remains were later transferred to St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel
–
William Beechey: Augusta, Duchess of Cambridge, 1818
59.
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn
–
Born at Seymour Place, Mayfair, Abercorn was the son of James Hamilton, Viscount Hamilton, himself the eldest son of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn. His mother, Harriet, was the daughter of the Hon. John Douglas, himself the son of James Douglas. His father died when Abercorn was only three, in 1818, aged seven, he succeeded his grandfather in his titles and estates. He was educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford, in 1856, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Civil Laws from the University of Oxford. On 12 December 1844, Lord Abercorn was made a Knight of the Garter at the young age of 33, becoming on 13 November of same year Lord Lieutenant of Donegal. On 25 February 1846 he was appointed a Privy Counsellor and Groom of the Stole to Prince Albert, and remained a prominent figure in the royal court for the next two decades. In 1866, he was appointed Viceroy of Ireland, and two later was created Marquess of Hamilton and Duke of Abercorn, resigning shortly after Gladstone won the 1868 general election. He was reappointed to the post in 1874, and the Duke served as Viceroy until his resignation in 1876, in 1874, he was chosen Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, a post he held until his death. Abercorn was Envoy-Extraordinary for the investiture of King Umberto I of Italy with the Order of the Garter on 2 March 1878 and he was elected Chancellor of the University of Ireland in 1881, and died four years later at his home of Baronscourt, County Tyrone. He is buried in the cemetery at Baronscourt Parish Church, the burial place of the Dukes of Abercorn. Abercorn married Lady Louisa, second daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford and they had fourteen children, thirteen of whom survived infancy, Lady Harriet Georgiana Louisa Hamilton, married in 1855 to Thomas George Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield. They had eight sons and five daughters, the marriage was annulled in 1883. The Duchess of Abercorn died in March 1905, aged 92, through his son, the 2nd Duke, Abercorn is a great-great-great grandfather of Diana, Princess of Wales. Through his daughter, Lady Louisa, Abercorn is a great-grandfather of HRH Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, dictionary of National Biography Cooper, Thompson. The Official Baronage of England 1066-1885, London, Longmans, Green, and Co.1886. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Abercorn Portraits of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn at the National Portrait Gallery, London
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn
–
His Grace The Duke of Abercorn
KG PC
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn
–
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn
60.
Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn
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Louisa Jane Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn, VA was the wife of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, and the daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, by his second wife, Lady Georgiana Gordon. Through her daughter Lady Louisa Hamilton she also is the maternal 3rd great-grandmother of Sarah, Lady Louisa Jane Russell was born on Wednesday,8 July 1812. She was the child of eight, and a second daughter for John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. The Duchess of Abercorn died at Coates Castle, Coates, West Sussex, England on Friday,31 March 1905 and she survived her husband by almost twenty years. She was interred on Wednesday,5 April 1905, in Chenies, Buckinghamshire, she left an estate worth over £24,000
Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn
–
Painting of Louisa Hamilton, by
Edwin Henry Landseer
61.
George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford
–
George Cecil Orlando Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford DL JP was a British soldier and peer. He succeeded his father in his titles on 9 March 1898, Bridgeman was Member of Parliament for North Shropshire from 1867 to 1885. He was Deputy Lieutenant of Warwickshire and Shropshire, as well as Justice of Peace for Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Shropshire and he died in London, and was buried in Weston Park, Staffordshire, on 6 January 1915. They had seven children, Lady Beatrice Adine Bridgeman, married on 28 June 1894 to Colonel Rt, Hon. Ernest George Pretyman and had issue. Lady Margaret Alice Bridgeman, married John Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch, Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford Lady Helena Mary Bridgeman, married Osbert Molyneux, 6th Earl of Sefton, on 8 January 1898 and had issue. Lady Florence Sibell Bridgeman, married Ronald Collet Norman, son of Frederick Henry Norman, commander The Hon. Richard Orlando Beaconsfield Bridgeman, who was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and died in East Africa after the plane in which he was flying as observer, with Sqdn. Cdr. Edwin Rowland Moon as pilot, was forced to land with engine trouble and he was buried in Dar Es Salaam CWGC Cemetery. Lieutenant-Colonel The Hon. Henry George Orlando Bridgeman, married on 30 December 1930 to Joan Constable-Maxwell and had issue, the Countess of Bradford was a Lady of the Bedchamber to the Princess of Wales from 1901. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Bradford
George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford
–
Arms of the Earl of Bradford
62.
BBC News
–
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole
BBC News
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Television News moved to
BBC Television Centre in September 1969
BBC News
–
BBC News
BBC News
–
Angela Rippon, pictured in 1983, became the first female news presenter in 1975
BBC News
–
The combined newsroom for domestic television and radio was opened at Television Centre in West London in 1998.
63.
George I of Great Britain
–
George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. George was born in Hanover and inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father, a succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as prince-elector of Hanover. At the age of 54, after the death of his second cousin Queen Anne of Great Britain, in reaction, Jacobites attempted to depose George and replace him with Annes Catholic half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, but their attempts failed. During Georges reign, the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the system of cabinet government led by a prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole. George died of a stroke on a trip to his native Hanover, George was born on 28 May 1660 in Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Sophia was the granddaughter of King James I of England through her mother, Elizabeth of Bohemia. For the first year of his life, George was the heir to the German territories of his father. In 1661 Georges brother, Frederick Augustus, was born and the two boys were brought up together, after Sophias tour she bore Ernest Augustus another four sons and a daughter. In her letters, Sophia describes George as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his brothers and sisters. In 1679 another uncle died unexpectedly without sons and Ernest Augustus became reigning Duke of Calenberg-Göttingen, Georges surviving uncle, George William of Celle, had married his mistress in order to legitimise his only daughter, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, but looked unlikely to have any further children. Under Salic law, where inheritance of territory was restricted to the male line, in 1682, the family agreed to adopt the principle of primogeniture, meaning George would inherit all the territory and not have to share it with his brothers. The same year, George married his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, the marriage of state was arranged primarily as it ensured a healthy annual income and assisted the eventual unification of Hanover and Celle. His mother was at first against the marriage because she looked down on Sophia Dorotheas mother and she was eventually won over by the advantages inherent in the marriage. In 1683, George and his brother, Frederick Augustus, served in the Great Turkish War at the Battle of Vienna, and Sophia Dorothea bore George a son, George Augustus. The following year, Frederick Augustus was informed of the adoption of primogeniture and it led to a breach between father and son, and between the brothers, that lasted until Frederick Augustuss death in battle in 1690. With the imminent formation of a single Hanoverian state, and the Hanoverians continuing contributions to the Empires wars, Georges prospects were now better than ever as the sole heir to his fathers electorate and his uncles duchy. Sophia Dorothea had a child, a daughter named after her, in 1687
George I of Great Britain
–
George I, c. 1714. Studio of Sir
Godfrey Kneller.
George I of Great Britain
–
George in 1680, when he was Prince of Hanover. After a painting by
Sir Godfrey Kneller.
George I of Great Britain
–
George in 1706, when he was
Elector of Hanover. After Johann Leonhard Hirschmann.
George I of Great Britain
–
George c.1714, the year of his succession, as painted by
Sir Godfrey Kneller.
64.
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, KG was heir apparent to the British throne from 1727 until his death. He was the eldest but estranged son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach, under the Act of Settlement passed by the English Parliament in 1701, Frederick was high in line of succession to the British throne. He moved to Great Britain following the accession of his father and he predeceased his father, however, and upon the latters death on 25 October 1760, the throne passed to Prince Fredericks eldest son, George III. The Elector was the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I and first cousin and heiress-presumptive to the English Queen Anne. However, Sophia died before Anne at age 83 in June 1714, which elevated the Elector to heir-presumptive, Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year and this made Fredericks father the new Prince of Wales and first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Fredericks other godfather was his grand-uncle Frederick I, King in Prussia, Frederick was nicknamed Griff within the family. He was left in the care of his grand-uncle Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, in 1722, Frederick was inoculated against smallpox by Charles Maitland on the instructions of his mother Caroline. The latter two titles have been interpreted differently since – the ofs are omitted and Snaudon rendered as Snowdon, Frederick arrived in England in 1728 as a grown man, the year after his father had become King George II. By then, George and Caroline had had several younger children, the long separation damaged their relationship, and they would never be close. He was not permitted to go to Great Britain until after his father took the throne as George II on 11 June 1727, Frederick had continued to be known as Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover even after his father had been created Prince of Wales. In 1728, Frederick was finally brought to Britain and was created Prince of Wales on 8 January 1729. He served as the tenth Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1728 to 1751, and he sponsored a court of opposition politicians. Frederick and his group supported the Opera of the Nobility in Lincolns Inn Fields as a rival to Handels royally sponsored opera at the Kings Theatre in the Haymarket. He enjoyed the natural sciences and the arts, and became a thorn in the side of his parents, Hervey and Frederick wrote a theatrical comedy together which was staged at the Drury Lane Theatre in October 1731. It was panned by the critics, and even the theatres manager thought it so bad that it was unlikely to play out even the first night and he had soldiers stationed in the audience to maintain order, and when the play flopped the audience was given their money back. Hervey and Frederick also shared a mistress, Anne Vane, who had a son called FitzFrederick Vane in June 1732, either of them or William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington, another of her lovers, could have been the father. Jealousy between them may have contributed to a breach, and their friendship ended, Hervey later wrote bitterly that Frederick was false. Never having the least hesitation in telling any lie that served his present purpose, a permanent result of Fredericks patronage of the arts is Rule, Britannia
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Frederick
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Prince Frederick, ca. 1720.
Frederick, Prince of Wales
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The Prince of Wales, ca. 1733, with his sisters,
Anne,
Caroline and
Amelia.
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Frederick (pictured) opposed his father's government.
65.
Prince George William of Great Britain
–
He died at age 3 months,4 days. Prince George William was born at St Jamess Palace, London and his father later, The Prince George, Prince of Wales, son of George I. His mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich, twenty-six days after his birth, he was baptised at St Jamess Palace by Bishop of London John Robinson. His godparents were his grandfather the King, the Duke of Newcastle, the baptism was the catalyst for a family quarrel. The infants parents wanted to call the baby Louis, and suggested the Queen of Prussia, the King chose the names George William, and, supposedly following custom, appointed the Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Newcastle, as one of the baptismal sponsors of the child. Which the Duke apparently misheard as I shall fight you, the Prince of Wales was banished from court, and he and the Princess of Wales moved into Leicester House, while their children remained in the care of the King. Caroline fell sick with worry, and fainted during a visit to her children made without the Kings approval. By January, the King had relented and allowed Caroline unrestricted access, in February, Prince George William fell ill, and the King allowed both the Prince and Princess of Wales to see him at Kensington Palace without any conditions. When George William died, a post-mortem was conducted to prove that the cause of death was rather than the separation from his mother. The young prince died at just over three months of age, long before his father acceded to the throne as George II and his parents blamed George I for his death because his grandfather made his parents leave St. Jamess Palace and leave their young children behind. Even though this didnt cause his death, this only worsened the relationship between father and son,13 November 1717 –17 February 1718, His Royal Highness Prince George William Arkell, R. L. Caroline of Ansbach. Van der Kiste, John George II and Queen Caroline
Prince George William of Great Britain
–
Prince George William
66.
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
–
Prince William Augustus KG KB FRS, was the third and youngest son of George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach, and Duke of Cumberland from 1726. He is best remembered for his role in putting down the Jacobite Rising at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 and he is often referred to by the nickname given to him by his English Tory opponents, Butcher Cumberland. Despite his triumph at Culloden, he had an unsuccessful military career. Following the Convention of Klosterzeven in 1757, he never held active military command and switched his attentions to politics and horse racing. William was born in Leicester House, in Leicester Fields, Westminster, London and his godparents included the King and Queen in Prussia, but they apparently did not take part in person and were presumably represented by proxy. The young prince was educated well, his mother appointed Edmond Halley as a tutor, another of his tutors was his mothers favourite Andrew Fountaine. At Hampton Court Palace, apartments were designed specially for him by William Kent, Williams elder brother Frederick, Prince of Wales, proposed dividing the kings dominions. Frederick would get Britain, while William would get Hanover, from childhood, he showed physical courage and ability, and became his parents favourite. He was enrolled in the 2nd Foot Guards and made a Knight of the Bath aged four, in December 1742, he became a major-general, and, the following year, he first saw active service in Germany. George II and the martial boy shared in the glory of the Battle of Dettingen, after the battle he was made a lieutenant general. As it became clear that the French intention was to take Tournai, Cumberland advanced to the relief of the town, in the resulting Battle of Fontenoy on 11 May 1745, the Allies were defeated by the French. Saxe had picked the battleground on which to confront the British, Cumberland ignored the threat of the woods when drawing up his battle plans, and instead concentrated on seizing the town of Fontenoy and attacking the main French army nearby. Following the battle Cumberland was frequently criticised for his tactics, particularly the failure to occupy the woods, in the wake of the battle, Cumberland was forced to retreat to Brussels and was unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend. His appointment was popular, and caused morale to soar amongst the public, recalled from Flanders, Cumberland proceeded with preparations for quelling the Stuart uprising. The Jacobite army had advanced southwards into England, hoping that English Jacobites would rise, however, after receiving only limited support such as the Manchester Regiment, the followers of Charles decided to withdraw to Scotland. Cumberland joined the Midland army under Ligonier, and began pursuit of the enemy, carlisle was retaken, and he was recalled to London, where preparations were in hand to meet an expected French invasion. Arriving in Edinburgh on 30 January 1746, he at once proceeded in search of Charles and he made a detour to Aberdeen, where he spent some time training the well-equipped forces now under his command for the next stage of the conflict in which they were about to engage. He trained his troops to hold their fire until the enemy came within firing range, fire once
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
–
Portrait by
Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1758
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
–
The
Battle of Fontenoy in 1745 was Cumberland's first battle as commander.
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
–
Jacobite satire of the Duke of Cumberland in the Highlands
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
–
"The Highlanders Medley", or "The Duke Triumphant"
67.
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
–
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, KG PC FRS, was the younger brother of George III of the United Kingdom and the second son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As a boy, Prince Edward, with his brother, went through hours of schooling in arithmetic, Latin, geometry, writing, religion, French, German, Greek. For the future George III, the young Prince Edward was his constant companion. As he grew up, quite unlike his simple and solitary brother and those who knew Prince Edward described him as silly, frivolous, rather a chatter-box, someone who loved a good practical joke and who did not keep the most upright company. Prince Edward showed an interest in affairs and sought permission to serve with the Royal Navy. He participated in the naval descents against the French coast taking part in the failed Raid on St Malo and he was made Captain on 14 June 1759, Rear-Admiral of the Blue in 1761 and Vice-Admiral of the Blue in 1762. He was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster by his grandfather, George II. When Edwards brother ascended the throne on 25 October 1760 as George III, from the time his brother became king and until the birth of the kings first child, the future George IV, on 12 August 1762, the duke was heir presumptive to the British throne. On 27 July 1765, he was initiated into the Masonic Order, in the late summer of 1767, on his way to Genoa, the duke fell ill and had to be landed in the harbour of Monaco. Despite the care and attention he was given, he died in the Palace of Honoré III, Prince of Monaco, the state bedchamber where the ill duke died has since been known as the York Room. After his death, his body was returned to London aboard HMS Montreal, in 1762, James Boswell published “The Cub at Newmarket”, a poem which he dedicated to Prince Edward, without getting his permission. Boswell met the prince at the Newmarket races in 1760 during his first visit to London, the cub referenced in the work is Boswell himself. The dedication reads, TO His ROYAL HIGHNESS EDWARD Duke of YORK Sir, PERMIT me to take this method of thanking your Royal Highness, THIS Trifle, SIR, would not presume to interrupt you, when engaged in matters of Consequence. It only begs leave to pay its Respects in a devoted to cheerful Festivity. I wish your Royal Highness a long, a merry, and a happy Life, Edward is mentioned as having had a special link with her, stronger than with his other siblings. Cape York, the tip of the Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, is the northernmost point on the Australian continent, the Duke of York Islands in East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. They are found in St Georges Channel between New Britain and New Ireland islands and form part of the Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Island, the largest island of Duke of York Islands, Papua New Guinea. Prince Edward Augustus, fourth son of King George III, who was born the day after the Duke was buried at Westminster Abbey
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
–
Prince Edward
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
–
The Duke of York (centre), together with his brother, the future
George III of the United Kingdom and their tutor,
Francis Ayscough,
Dean of
Bristol, ca. 1749.
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
–
The Duke of York, aged 15, by Liotard
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
–
The Duke of York, 1763, as painted by
Sir Joshua Reynolds.
68.
Prince Frederick of Great Britain
–
Frederick was born, on 13 May 1750, at Leicester House, Westminster, London. His father was Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II and his mother was The Princess of Wales. He was christened four days later, at the house, by the Bishop of Oxford. His godparents were his brother Prince George, his maternal uncle Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, the young prince died on 29 December 1765, at Leicester House. Fort Frederick, in Kingston, Ontario, a fortification consisting mostly of earthworks, fort Frederick contains one of the Martello Towers which houses the Royal Military College of Canada museum
Prince Frederick of Great Britain
–
Frederick aged 4 by Liotard
Prince Frederick of Great Britain
–
Frederick William as a toddler in 1751, before
breeching
69.
George IV of the United Kingdom
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George IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father, George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as Prince Regent during his fathers mental illness. George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era and he was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace and he even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate, unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. For most of Georges regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister and his ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible. At all times he was much under the influence of favourites, taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. He did not provide leadership in time of crisis, nor act as a role model for his people. Liverpools government presided over Britains ultimate victory, negotiated the peace settlement, after Liverpools retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only child, Princess Charlotte, died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, George was born at St Jamess Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth, he was created Prince of Wales, on 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Duke of Cumberland, George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, the Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 from his father. It was far too little for his needs – the stables alone cost £31,000 a year and he then established his residence in Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life. Animosity developed between the prince and his father, who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the heir apparent, the King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the princes adherence to Charles James Fox and other radically inclined politicians. Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert and she was a commoner, six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic. Despite her complete unsuitability, the prince was determined to marry her, nevertheless, the couple went through a marriage ceremony on 15 December 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the Kings consent was not granted, however, Fitzherbert believed that she was the princes canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it, the prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle
George IV of the United Kingdom
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Coronation portrait by Sir
Thomas Lawrence, 1821
George IV of the United Kingdom
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George (left) with his mother
Queen Charlotte and younger brother
Frederick, portrait by
Allan Ramsay, 1764
George IV of the United Kingdom
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Portrait miniature by
Richard Cosway, c. 1780–82
70.
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
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The Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany KG GMB GCH, a member of the House of Hanover, was the second son and child of King George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover. However, he died before his brother, Prince Frederick Augustus, or the Duke of York as he became in later life, belonged to the House of Hanover. He was born on 16 August 1763, at St. Jamess Palace and his father was the reigning British monarch, King George III. On 27 February 1764, when Prince Frederick was six months old and he received this title because his father, as Elector of Hanover, was entitled to select every other holder of this. He was invested as Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath on 30 December 1767, George III decided that his second son would pursue an army career and had him gazetted colonel on 4 November 1780. From 1781 to 1787, Prince Frederick lived in Hanover, where he studied at the University of Göttingen and he was appointed colonel of the 2nd Horse Grenadier Guards on 26 March 1782 before being promoted to major-general on 20 November 1782. Promoted to lieutenant general on 27 October 1784, he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream Guards on 28 October 1784 and he was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster on 27 November 1784 and became a member of the Privy Council. He retained the bishopric of Osnabrück until 1803, when, in the course of the preceding the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. On 26 May 1789 he took part in a duel with Colonel Charles Lennox, who had insulted him, Lennox missed, on 12 April 1793 Frederick was promoted to full general. That year, he was sent to Flanders in command of the British contingent of Coburgs army destined for the invasion of France, Frederick and his command fought in the Flanders Campaign under extremely trying conditions. He won several engagements, such as the Siege of Valenciennes in July 1793. In the 1794 campaign he was successful at the Battle of Willems in May but was defeated at the Battle of Tourcoing later that month, the British army was evacuated through Bremen in April 1795. After his return to Britain, his father George III promoted him to the rank of field marshal on 18 February 1795, on 3 April 1795, George appointed him effective Commander-in-Chief in succession to Lord Amherst although the title was not confirmed until three years later. He was also colonel of the 60th Regiment of Foot from 19 August 1797 and his second field command was with the army sent for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799. On 7 September 1799, he was given the title of Captain-General. Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, in charge of the vanguard, had succeeded in capturing some Dutch warships in Den Helder. However, following the Dukes arrival with the body of the army. On 17 October 1799, the Duke signed the Convention of Alkmaar,1799 also saw Fort Frederick in South Africa named after him
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
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The Duke of York, painted by
Sir Joshua Reynolds in the robes of the
Order of the Garter, 1788.
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
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The Duke of York in 1790.
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
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"The modern Circe or a sequel to the petticoat", caricature of Frederick's lover,
Mary Anne Clarke by
Isaac Cruikshank, 15 March 1809. The prince resigned as head of the British army ten days after the caricature's publication.
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
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Statue of Frederick Duke of York in Waterloo Place,
Westminster, London
71.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
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The Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn KG KP GCB GCH PC was the fourth son and fifth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and the father of Queen Victoria. On 23 March 1802, he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar, the Duke of Kent was appointed Field-Marshal of the Forces on 3 September 1805. He was the first member of the family to live in North America for more than a short visit and, in 1794. On June 27,1792, Edward is credited with the first use of the term Canadian to mean both French and English settlers in Upper and Lower Canada. The Prince used the term in an effort to quell a riot between the two groups at a station in Charlesbourg, Lower Canada. Recently he has been styled the Father of the Canadian Crown for his impact on the development of Canada, Prince Edward was born on 2 November 1767. His parents were the reigning British monarch, George III, as a son of the British monarch, he was styled His Royal Highness The Prince Edward from birth, and was fourth in the line of succession to the throne. He was named after his uncle, the Duke of York and Albany. The Prince began his training in Germany in 1785. King George III intended to send him to the University of Göttingen, instead, Prince Edward went to Lüneburg and later Hanover, accompanied by his tutor, Baron Wangenheim. From 1788 to 1789, he completed his education in Geneva, in 1789, he was appointed colonel of the 7th Regiment of Foot. In 1790, he returned home without leave and, in disgrace, was sent off to Gibraltar as an ordinary officer and he was joined from Marseilles by Madame de Saint-Laurent. Due to the extreme Mediterranean heat, Edward requested to be transferred to Canada, specifically Quebec, Edward and his mistress, Julie St. Laurent, became close friends with the French Canadian de Salaberry family - the Prince mentored all of the familys sons throughout their military careers. Edward guided Charles de Salaberry throughout his career, and made sure that the commander was duly honoured after his leadership during the Battle of Chateauguay. After 1794, Prince Edward lived at the headquarters of the Royal Navys North American Station which was Halifax and he was instrumental in shaping that settlements military defences, protecting its important Royal Navy base, as well as influencing the citys and colonys socio-political and economic institutions. Edward was responsible for the construction of Halifaxs iconic Garrison Clock, Lieutenant Governor Sir John Wentworth and Lady Francis Wentworth provided their country residence for the use of Prince Edward and Julie St. Laurent. Extensively renovated, the became known as Princes Lodge as the couple hosted numerous dignitaries. The only remains of the residence is a rotunda built by Edward for his regimental band to play music
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
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by
Sir William Beechey, 1818 (originally the property of Thérèse-Bernardine Montgenet)
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
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Prince Edward, Duke of Kent,
Commander-in-Chief, North America, 1791–1802
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
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Madame de Saint-Laurent - Mistress of Prince Edward
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
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Castle Hill Lodge 1814
72.
George V of Hanover
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George V was the last king of Hanover, the only child and successor of King Ernest Augustus. George Vs reign was ended by the Unification of Germany and he was baptized on 8 July 1819, at a hotel in Berlin where his parents were staying, by the Rev. Henry Thomas Austen. George spent his childhood in Berlin and in Britain and he lost the sight of one eye following a childhood illness and accident in 1828, and in the other eye in 1833. His uncle, William IV, created him a Knight of the Garter on 15 August 1835. His father had hoped that the prince might marry his cousin Victoria. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as Ernst August I, since he was totally blind, there were doubts as to whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed as king of Hanover, but his father decided that he should do so. George married, on 18 February 1843, at Hanover, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, during his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian parliament. George was generally supportive of Austria in the Diet of the German Confederation, as the Austro-Prussian War started, the Prussian government sent a dispatch on 15 June 1866 demanding that Hanoverian troops submit to their authority or face war. Despite previously having concluded that Hanover could not win an armed confrontation with Prussia, George remained protective of his throne, contrary to the wishes of the parliament, Hanover joined the Austrian camp in the war. As a result, the Prussian army occupied Hanover and the Hanoverian army surrendered on 29 June 1866, the Prussian government formally annexed Hanover on 20 September 1866. Incidentally, the King of Prussia when all this happened was William I, German Emperor, the deposed King never renounced his rights to the throne or acknowledged Prussias actions. From exile in Gmunden, Austria, he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover, from 1866 to 1870, George V maintained the Guelphic Legion partially at his own expense. George V died at his residence in the Rue de Presbourg, Paris and he was buried in St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle. The king supported industrial development – in 1856 the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein was founded which was named after him, the company erected an iron and steel works which gave the city Georgsmarienhütte its name
George V of Hanover
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George V
George V of Hanover
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Signature
George V of Hanover
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George V of Hanover, his wife
Marie of Saxe-Altenburg and their children
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover,
Princess Frederica of Hanover, and
Princess Marie of Hanover
George V of Hanover
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Carte de visite made by
Nadar in
Paris, 1874
73.
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
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The Duke was an army officer by profession and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces from 1856 to 1895. He became Duke of Cambridge in 1850 and field marshal in 1862, deeply devoted to the old Army, he worked with the Queen to defeat or minimize every reform proposal, such as setting up a general staff. His Army became a moribund and stagnant institution, lagging far behind France and its weaknesses were dramatically revealed by the poor organization at the start of the Second Boer War. Prince George was born at Cambridge House in Hanover, Germany and his father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the 10th child and seventh son of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. His mother was the Duchess of Cambridge and he was baptised at Cambridge House on 11 May 1819, by the Reverend John Sanford, his fathers Domestic Chaplain. His godparents were the Prince Regent, the Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, Prince George of Cambridge was educated in Hanover and from 1830 in England by the Rev. J. R. Wood, a canon of Worcester Cathedral. Like his father, he embarked upon a career initially becoming a colonel in the Hanoverian Army and then, on 3 November 1837. He was attached to the staff at Gibraltar from October 1838 to April 1839, after serving in Ireland with the 12th Royal Lancers, he was appointed substantive lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Light Dragoons on 15 April 1842 and colonel of the 17th Lancers on 25 April 1842. From 1843 to 1845, he served as a colonel on the staff in the Ionian islands and he succeeded to his fathers titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden on 8 July 1850. The Duke of Cambridge became Inspector of the Cavalry in 1852, in February 1854, at an early stage in the Crimean War, he received command of the 1st Division of the British army in the East. On 19 June 1854, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general and he was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaclava and Inkerman, and at the siege of Sevastopol. Owing to illness the Earl of Cardigan returned first to Malta and then to England, in that capacity he served as the chief military advisor to the Secretary of State for War, with responsibility for the administration of the army and the command of forces in the field. He was promoted to the rank of general on 15 July 1856, the Duke of Cambridge served as commander-in-chief for 39 years. Under his command, the British Army became a moribund and stagnant institution and it is said that he rebuked one of his more intelligent subordinates with the words, Brains. You havent any, I know, Sir and he was equally forthright on his reluctance to adopt change, There is a time for everything, and the time for change is when you can no longer help it. In 1861,100 were issued to five battalions, in 1863. A years good behaviour would return them to the first class, cardwell succeeded in pushing through a number of reforms, including one that made the Commander in chief nominally report to the Secretary of State for War. The Duke was opposed to most of the reforms because they struck at the heart of his view of the Army and his fears seemed to be confirmed in 1873, when Wolseley raided battalions for the expedition against the Ashanti
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
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Collodion of Prince George, 1855, by
Roger Fenton
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
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Prince George
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
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Equestrian statue of the Duke of Cambridge, Whitehall
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
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Funerary monument, Kensal Green Cemetery, London
74.
Prince Alexander John of Wales
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This is a list of the 42 grandchildren of the British Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert, each of whom was therefore either a sibling or a first cousin to each of the others. It also lists Victoria and Alberts 9 children and 87 great-grandchildren, Victoria and Albert had 20 grandsons and 22 granddaughters, of whom two were stillborn, and two more died shortly after birth. The last of Victoria and Alberts grandchildren to die was Princess Alice, just as Victoria and Albert shared one grandfather and one grandmother in common, two pairs of their grandchildren married each other. In 1888, Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, whose mother was Queen Victorias daughter Alice, married Prince Henry of Prussia, a son of Victorias daughter Victoria. Another of Alices children, Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse, married Princess Victoria Melita, a daughter of Alices brother Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1894, but divorced in 1901. She was also the grandmother of the last of Victoria and Alberts great-granddaughters to die, Lady Katherine Brandram, daughter of Vickys fourth daughter, Queen Sophia of Greece. Queen Victorias own death in January 1901 was preceded by the deaths of three of her own children and soon followed by the Princess Royals death in August 1901. Aside from the four boys who died as infants, Queen Victoria had survived seven of her grandchildren, Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine, a haemophiliac, fell from his mothers bedroom window and bled to death a few hours later. Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine died of diphtheria, Prince Waldemar of Prussia also died of diphtheria. Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence died of influenza, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh shot himself with a revolver and died soon afterward. Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein died of malaria while on service in South Africa during the Boer War. Queen Victoria was married to Prince Albert on 10 February 1840 by William Howley, Queen Victoria, at times, had contentious relations with her children. She had trouble relating to her children when they were young and she also, occasionally, resented that they interfered with time that she would prefer to spend with Albert. Both Victoria and Albert werent above playing favourites with their children, both Vicky and Alfred were the favorites of Albert, and Arthur enjoyed the favouritism of both his parents. Of her sons, Victoria had the most trouble with her eldest, the Prince of Wales, among her daughters, Victoria clashed often with Louise. She also had a relationship with her second eldest daughter, Alice. The eldest child of Victoria and Albert, Princess Victoria, called Vicky was born on 21 November 1840 and died on 5 August 1901, on 25 January 1858 she married Prince Frederick of Prussia. They had eight children and twenty-three grandchildren, both the German Emperor Wilhelm II and the British King-Emperor George V were grandchildren of Queen Victoria, as was Alexandra, daughter of Princess Alice and wife of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II
Prince Alexander John of Wales
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"Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the members of the royal family", illustration from
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, v. 44, no. 1137 (14 July 1877)
Prince Alexander John of Wales
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From left to right: Alice, Arthur, the Prince Consort, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), Leopold (in front of the Prince of Wales), Louise, the Queen with Beatrice, Alfred, the Princess Royal and Helena.
Prince Alexander John of Wales
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[Alexandrina]
Victoria,
Queen of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, later
Empress of India
Prince Alexander John of Wales
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Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (The Prince Consort)
75.
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the only son and heir apparent of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He died aged 24 under circumstances still not entirely clear, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh was born on 15 October 1874 at Buckingham Palace, London. His father was Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second eldest son of Queen Victoria and his mother was Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, a daughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. In 1893, his granduncle, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, brother of his paternal grandfather, thus, the duchy devolved upon Alfreds father, who was at that time the Duke of Edinburgh. Alfred thus became Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. ”The exact circumstances of Alfreds death are not known and his sister Maries memoirs simply say his health broke down, and other writers have said that he had consumption. The Times published an account stating he had died of a tumor, according to theory, Alfred shot himself with a revolver while the rest of the family was gathered for the anniversary celebration. He survived and was looked after at Schloss Friedenstein in Gotha for three days before being sent to the Martinnsbrunn Sanatorium in Gratsch near Merano in the South Tyrol, Alfred died there at 4,15 pm on 6 February 1899, aged 24 years. He was buried in the mausoleum of the Friedhof am Glockenberg, Coburg. Later in 1899 Alfreds uncle the Duke of Connaught and his son Prince Arthur of Connaught renounced their rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg. As a result, his first cousin Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany, british Honours United Kingdom, Knight of the Garter,1894 Foreign Honours Order of the Red Eagle,1889 Media related to Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at Wikimedia Commons
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Prince Alfred
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Schloss Friedenstein in Gotha
76.
Prince Arthur of Connaught
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Prince Arthur of Connaught KG KT GCMG GCVO GCStJ CB PC was a British military officer and a grandson of Queen Victoria. He served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 20 November 1920 to 21 January 1924, Prince Arthur was born on 13 January 1883 at Windsor Castle. His father was the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and his mother was the former Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia. Arthur was the first British royal prince to be educated at Eton College, after attending finishing school, Prince Arthur was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he was commissioned into the 7th Hussars in 1901. During the Second Boer War, he saw duty with the 7th Hussars. In 1907, he was promoted to the rank of captain in the 2nd Dragoons and he became the honorary Colonel-in-Chief of this regiment in 1920. During the First World War, Prince Arthur served as aide-de-camp to Generals Sir John French and Sir Douglas Haig and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1919 and became a colonel in the reserves in 1922. In October 1922, Prince Arthur was promoted to the rank of major general and became an aide-de-camp to his first cousin. Since the kings children were too young to undertake public duties until after the First World War, Prince Arthur carried out a variety of duties at home. On 15 October 1913, Prince Arthur married his cousin Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife at the Chapel Royal, St. Jamess Palace, London. The couple were attended by five bridesmaids, The Princess Mary, Princess Maud of Fife, Princesses Mary, Helena, Princess Alexandra was the eldest daughter of the late Duke of Fife and The Princess Royal, the eldest daughter of King Edward VII. As such, the couple were first cousins once removed, Princess Alexandra held the title of Duchess of Fife in her own right. After their marriage, Arthur and Alexandra were styled Their Royal Highnesses Prince, together they had one child, Alastair. Alastair was styled from 1917 by the title of Earl of Macduff until he succeeded at his grandfathers death as 2nd Duke of Connaught. After the accession of his cousin, King George V, Prince Arthur, as such, he undertook a wide variety of royal duties on behalf of the King, and acted as a Counsellor of State during periods of the Kings absence abroad. In 1906, by order of the King, he vested the Meiji Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Garter, in 1918, he was a guest aboard the Japanese battlecruiser Kirishima when she voyaged from Japan to Canada. In 1920, Prince Arthur succeeded Viscount Buxton as governor-general and commander-in-chief in South Africa, the Earl of Athlone succeeded him in these posts in 1924. Upon returning to Britain, Prince Arthur became involved in a number of charitable organizations, like his father, the Duke of Connaught, he was active in the Freemasons, becoming Provincial Grand Master for Berkshire in 1924
Prince Arthur of Connaught
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Prince Arthur in the robes of the
Order of the Garter
Prince Arthur of Connaught
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The Duke and Duchess of Connaught with their children in 1893.
Prince Arthur of Connaught
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Prince Arthur in uniform.
Prince Arthur of Connaught
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The wedding day of Prince Arthur of Connaught and Princess Alexandra of Fife.
77.
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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A male-line grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he was also until 1919 a Prince of the United Kingdom and held the British title of Duke of Albany. The Duke was a figure in the United Kingdom due to his status as the Sovereign Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was deprived of his British peerages, his title of Prince and Royal Highness, in 1918, he was forced to abdicate his ducal throne. He later joined the Nazi Party, and served in a number of positions in Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s and he was the maternal grandfather of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and the younger brother of Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. Prince Charles Edward was born at Claremont House near Esher, Surrey and his father was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the fourth son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. His mother was Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany, the daughter of George Victor of Waldeck and Pyrmont. As his father died before his birth, Prince Charles Edward succeeded to his titles at birth and was styled His Royal Highness The Duke of Albany. After falling ill, the young Duke was baptised privately at Claremont on 4 August 1884, Charles Edward was educated as a Prince of the United Kingdom for his first 15 years. Such was the interest Wilhelm showed in his young cousins upbringing that Charles Edward was dubbed the Emperors seventh son and his mother drummed into him endlessly the importance of becoming a good man, so you bring no shame on Papas name. In 1899 the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, urged by Kaiser Wilhelm II, decided on how to deal with the succession of Duke Alfred and his only son, Prince Alfred, had died in February 1899. The Duke of Connaught, the Queens third son, served in the British military and his son, Prince Arthur of Connaught attended Eton with Charles Edward. Wilhelm II demanded a German education for the boy, but this was unacceptable to the Duke of Connaught, thus young Arthur also renounced his claims to the Duchy. Next in line was sixteen-year-old Charles Edward, who now inherited the throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. With his mother and sister Charles Edward moved to Germany, following an education plan by Wilhelm II, he attended the Preußische Hauptkadettenanstalt at Lichterfelde, studied in Bonn and became a member of Corps Borussia Bonn. He also joined the 1st Garderegiment zu Fuß at Potsdam and spent some time at the German court in Berlin and his uncle, Edward VII, made him a Knight of the Garter on 15 July 1902, just prior to his 18th birthday. From 1900 to 1905 Charles Edward reigned through the regency of Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the regent acted under the strict guidance of Emperor Wilhelm II. Upon coming of age on 19 July 1905, he assumed full constitutional powers and he proved loyal to the Emperor and was deemed a constitutionally-minded prince. He liberally supported the court theatres in both towns, taking an interest in Zeppelin and airplane technology, Charles Edward supported the newly created aircraft industry at Gotha
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Charles Edward
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Charles Edward on a 5 Mark coin from 1907
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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The Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 11 October 1905.
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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Charles Edward in 1933, as SA-
Gruppenführer
78.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
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Prince Andrew, Duke of York, KG, GCVO, CD, ADC, is the second son and third child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to succeed his mother, as of 2017 he is sixth in line. He holds the rank of commander and the rank of vice admiral in the Royal Navy, in which he served as an active duty helicopter pilot and instructor. He saw active service during the Falklands War, flying on multiple missions including anti-surface warfare, Exocet missile decoy, in 1986, Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson, the couples marriage, subsequent separation and eventual divorce in 1996 attracted a high level of media coverage. As well as carrying out official engagements, he served as Britains Special Representative for International Trade. Prince Andrew was born in the Belgian Suite of Buckingham Palace on 19 February 1960 and he was baptised in the Palaces Music Room on 8 April 1960 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher. He is the namesake of his grandfather, Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark. Prince Andrew was the first child born to a monarch since the birth in 1857 of Queen Victorias youngest child. As with his siblings, Andrew was looked after by a governess. He was sent to Heatherdown School near Ascot in Berkshire, in September 1973, he entered Gordonstoun, in northern Scotland, which his father and elder brother had attended before him. While there, he spent six months—from January to June 1977—participating in a programme to Lakefield College School in Canada. He left Gordonstoun in July two years later with A-Levels in English, history, economics, and political science and he did not go to university but instead entered the Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. The Royal Household announced in November 1978 that Prince Andrew would join the Royal Navy the following year, on 1 September of the same year, Prince Andrew was appointed as a midshipman, and entered Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During 1980 he also took the Royal Marines All Arms Commando Course, after being awarded his wings, he moved onto more advanced training on the Sea King helicopter, and conducted operational flying training until 1982. He joined carrier-based squadron,820 Naval Air Squadron, serving aboard the aircraft carrier, the Falkland Islands, which are a British overseas territory claimed by Argentina, were invaded by Argentina on 2 April 1982, an event that instigated the Falklands War. Invincible was one of the two aircraft carriers available at the time, and, as such, was to play a major role in the Royal Navy task force assembled to sail south to retake the islands. The Queen, though, insisted that her son be allowed to remain with his ship and he witnessed the Argentinian attack on the SS Atlantic Conveyor. At the cessation of the war, Invincible returned to Portsmouth, the Argentine military government reportedly planned, but did not attempt, to assassinate the prince on Mustique in July 1982
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
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The Duke of York, 2014
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
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Gordonstoun
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
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The Duke of York with the US
Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta commemorating 100th anniversary of Naval Aviation at the
National Building Museum in 2011.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
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The Duke and
Duchess of York on their wedding day.
79.
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
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Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, KG, GCVO, CD, ADC is the youngest of four children and the third son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his birth, he was third in line to succeed his mother, as of 2017, he is ninth in line. Prince Edward was born on 10 March 1964, at Buckingham Palace, as the son and fourth and youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. He was baptised on 2 May 1964 in the chapel at Windsor Castle by the then-Dean of Windsor. As with his siblings, a governess was appointed to look after Edward and was responsible for his early education at Buckingham Palace. At the age of seven, Edward was then sent to Gibbs School before attending, in September 1972, Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire. He then, as his father and elder brothers had done him, moved to Gordonstoun, in northern Scotland. Upon his return to Britain, Edward matriculated at Jesus College, Cambridge and his admission to Cambridge caused some controversy at the time, since his A-level grades were far below the standard normally required, straight As, for Oxbridge entrance. Edward graduated in 1986 as BA and proceeded Master of Arts in 1991, Prince Edward made two very public attempts to pursue a career. However, in January 1987 he dropped out of the commando course after completing just one third of the 12-month training. Media reported, at the time, that the move prompted a berating from Prince Philip who reduced his son to prolonged tears, after leaving the Marines, Edward opted for a career in entertainment. His duties reportedly involved making tea for the artistic staff, while there he met actress Ruthie Henshall, whom he dated for three years. The media attacked the programme, it was reported that the Queen was not in favour of the event. In 1993, Edward formed the production company Ardent Productions. Commercial breaks are filled with army recruiting advertisements, ardents productions were somewhat better received in the United States and a documentary Edward made about his great-uncle, Edward VIII in 1996, sold well worldwide. Nonetheless, the reported losses every year it operated save one when Edward did not draw a salary. The Prince of Wales was reportedly angered by the incident, Ardent Productions was voluntarily dissolved in June 2009, with assets reduced to just £40. Edwards original backers in the venture are said to have lost every penny, Edward met Sophie Rhys-Jones, then a public relations executive with her own firm, in 1994
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
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The Earl in
Belfast, February 2015
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
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The Earl and
Countess of Wessex at the
wedding of the Crown Princess of Sweden in June 2010
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
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The Earl and Countess of Wessex at
Trooping the Colour in June 2013
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
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The Earl of Wessex at
Yate, Gloucestershire, December 2011
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Prince William of Gloucester
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Prince William of Gloucester was a grandson of King George V of the United Kingdom and cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. A Cambridge graduate, he joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, serving in Lagos and Tokyo, at this time, he was diagnosed with porphyria, probably hereditary, but died at 30 in an air crash, while piloting his plane in a competition. Prince William was born at Hadley Common, Hertfordshire and his father was Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third eldest son of King George V and Queen Mary. His mother was Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, the daughter of the 7th Duke of Buccleuch. He was baptised in the Private Chapel at Windsor Castle on 22 February 1942 by Cosmo Gordon Lang and his godparents were, King George VI, Queen Mary, Princess Helena Victoria, the Lady Margaret Hawkins, Major the Lord William Montagu Douglas Scott, and the Viscount Gort. Because of the war, newspapers did not identify the location of the christening. In 1947, Prince William was a boy for his cousin The Princess Elizabeth at her wedding to Philip. The other page boy was Prince Michael of Kent, in 1953, he attended the coronation of Elizabeth II. Prince William spent his childhood at Barnwell Manor in Northamptonshire and later in Australia. He received his education at Wellesley House School, a school at Broadstairs in Kent. After leaving Eton in 1960, he went up to Magdalene College, Cambridge, to history, graduating with a BA degree in 1963. After Cambridge, he spent a year at Stanford University, studying political science, American history. After returning to Britain, he took a position with Lazards, Prince William was the second member of the British Royal Family to work in the civil service or the diplomatic service. He joined the Commonwealth Office in 1965 and was posted to Lagos as the secretary at the British High Commission. In 1968, he transferred to Tokyo to accept the post of secretary in the British Embassy. In 1970, the health of his father, the Duke of Gloucester, was beginning to fail, Prince William resigned from the diplomatic service and returned to Britain. For the next two years, he managed Barnwell Manor and began to carry out duties as a member of the royal family. Prince William served on occasions as Counsellor of State in the absence of his cousin
Prince William of Gloucester
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Prince William in 1962
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. PMID 5323262. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5479.65. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
