1.
Roman empire
–
Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesars adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavians power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power, the imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empires existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, following Octavians victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in 41, the senate briefly considered restoring the republic, under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. Vespasian emerged triumphant in 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus and his short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors, the empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus, Commodus assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors, of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious. The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a time span. It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy, which saw four emperors rule the empire at once. This arrangement was unsuccessful, leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine I. Constantine subsequently shifted the capital to Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour and it remained the capital of the east until its demise. Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the state religion of the empire. However, Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague, and separate rule in the Western part of the empire ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos. The Eastern Roman Empire endured for another millennium, eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the largest empires in world history, at its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres. It held sway over an estimated 70 million people, at that time 21% of the entire population. Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Empire of Romania, a Crusader state. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC, then, it was an empire long before it had an emperor
Roman empire
–
The
Augustus of Prima Porta (early 1st century AD)
Roman empire
–
Aureus of
Augustus, the first
Roman Emperor.
Roman empire
–
A segment of the ruins of Hadrian's Wall in northern England
Roman empire
–
A 5th-century
papyrus showing a parallel Latin-Greek text of a speech by
Cicero
2.
Italian car number plates
–
Present Italian car number plates have black characters on a rectangular white background, with small blue side-fields on the right and left. The current numbering scheme, in use from 1994, is unrelated to the provenance of the car. Italian plates are printed by the state and they had to have the owners name and the local communal number that had to be visible. These early Italian number plates gave the name of the place of origin, followed by a number, as GENOVA83. These were first plates to be made of metal and had to be done by the cars owner. Today, the registration number was a numeric code, different for each province, and a progressive number on a sigle line, unique for that province. E. g.63 –2993, where 63 is the code for Turin, from 1927 to 1932, the progressive code was before the provincial designator on a single line. Then, the code was before the provincial designator in front plates and after it in rear plates. From 1932 to 1951, Rear plate was square 32.0 x 22.0 cm, Rear plate had from 1928 to 1944, the Fasces emblem next to the provincial code. After Mussolinis fall, in 1944 to 1948 the Association of War Maimed and Disabled printed the number plates, after 1948 the Italian Republic Constitution was approved, so the Republic emblem appeared on the number plate on both rear and front plates. From 1951 to 1976, Rear plate was square 27.5 ×20 cm, note that single line rear registration plates were not available until 1976. The registration number was the provincial designator, which is a code. For cars from 1000000, it was A00000-A99999, B00000-B99999 etc, possible letters were, in this order, A B D E F G H K L M N P R S T U V Z X Y W. After that, it was 00000A-99999A, 00000D-99999D etc. Possible letters were, in order, A D E F G H L M N P R S T V W X Y Z, then, the letter was moved to the second position. Schematic representation, Front plate was identical as in the period 1927-1976, Rear plate, instead, was changed in three pieces. One, size 10,7 ×33 cm, black with digits, contains the progressive number and, very small. The other two were black with letters, and contained the provincial designator. In 1985, plates become black digits with white reflective background, Rear plate was identical as in the period 1976-1985
Italian car number plates
–
1948-1976 Italian vehicle licence plate from
Livorno.
Italian car number plates
–
1976-1985 front and rear Italian vehicle licence plates from
Rome.
Italian car number plates
–
1985-1994 Italian vehicle licence plate from
Verona.
Italian car number plates
–
1999-present Italian vehicle licence plate from
Bolzano.
3.
Rome metropolitan area
–
The Rome metropolitan area is centred on the city of Rome, the Italian capital, in Lazio, Italy. The metropolitan area is statistical and does not imply any kind of administrative unity or function. The Rome metropolitan area includes the city of Rome and 39 municipalities, the most important of these by population are Guidonia Montecelio, Aprilia, Fiumicino, Tivoli, Ciampino and Velletri, as shows the table below. This table shows the main Italian metropolitan areas by population, the Rome metropolitan area is in first place
Rome metropolitan area
–
satellite picture of the Rome metropolitan area
4.
Capture of Rome
–
On 27 March 1861, the Parliament declared Rome the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. However, the Italian government could not take its seat in Rome because it did not control the territory. In addition, a French garrison was maintained in the city by Napoleon III of France in support of Pope Pius IX, who was determined not to hand over temporal power in the States of the Church. In July 1870, at the very last moment of the Churchs rule over Rome, in July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. In early August, Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome, in the earlier Austro-Prussian War Italy had allied with Prussia and Italian public opinion favoured the Prussian side at the start of the war. The removal of the French garrison eased tensions between Italy and France, Italy remained neutral in the Franco-Prussian War. With the French garrison gone, widespread public demonstrations demanded that the Italian government take Rome, but Rome remained under French protection on paper, therefore an attack would still have been regarded as an act of war against the French Empire. Until events elsewhere took their course the Italians were unwilling to provoke Napoleon, the new French government was clearly in no position to retaliate against Italy, nor did it possess the political will to protect the Popes position. Along with the letter, the count carried a document that Lanza had prepared, the Pope would retain the inviolability and prerogatives attaching to him as a sovereign. The Leonine City would remain under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the Pontiff. According to Raffaele De Cesare, The Pope’s reception of San Martino was unfriendly, Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King’s letter upon the table he exclaimed, Fine loyalty and you are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith. He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from the King, after, growing calmer, he exclaimed, I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome. San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day, several times during his pontificate, Pius IX considered leaving Rome. As the frequency of protests against the Papal States increased across the Italian peninsula. Palma, a prelate, who was standing at a window, was shot. On February 9,1849, democratic revolutionaries of the new Italian republic seized Rome, on 12 April 1850, Pius IX returned to Rome, no longer a political liberal supporting constitutional republics. A later occurrence was in 1862, when Giuseppe Garibaldi was in Sicily gathering volunteers for a campaign to take Rome under the slogan Roma o Morte
Capture of Rome
–
Capture of Rome Presa di Roma
Capture of Rome
–
Portrait of Napoleon III (1808-1873),
Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Capture of Rome
–
Pope Pius IX.
Capture of Rome
–
On 15 November 1848 the Swiss Guards were disarmed, briefly making Pius IX a self-imposed prisoner within the
Quirinal.
5.
Papal States
–
The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio, Marche, Umbria and Romagna and these holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. By 1861, much of the Papal States territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy, only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the Popes temporal control. In 1870, the pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini ended the crisis between unified Italy and the Vatican by signing the Lateran Treaty, granting the Vatican City State sovereignty. The Papal States were also known as the Papal State, the territories were also referred to variously as the State of the Church, the Pontifical States, the Ecclesiastical States, or the Roman States. For its first 300 years the Catholic Church was persecuted and unrecognized and this system began to change during the reign of the emperor Constantine I, who made Christianity legal within the Roman Empire, and restoring to it any properties that had been confiscated. The Lateran Palace was the first significant new donation to the Church, other donations followed, primarily in mainland Italy but also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. But the Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, the seeds of the Papal States as a sovereign political entity were planted in the 6th century. Beginning In 535, the Byzantine Empire, under emperor Justinian I, launched a reconquest of Italy that took decades and devastated Italys political, just as these wars wound down, the Lombards entered the peninsula from the north and conquered much of the countryside. While the popes remained Byzantine subjects, in practice the Duchy of Rome, nevertheless, the pope and the exarch still worked together to control the rising power of the Lombards in Italy. As Byzantine power weakened, though, the took a ever larger role in defending Rome from the Lombards. In practice, the papal efforts served to focus Lombard aggrandizement on the exarch, a climactic moment in the founding of the Papal States was the agreement over boundaries embodied in the Lombard king Liutprands Donation of Sutri to Pope Gregory II. When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the popes renewed earlier attempts to secure the support of the Franks. In 751, Pope Zachary had Pepin the Younger crowned king in place of the powerless Merovingian figurehead king Childeric III, zacharys successor, Pope Stephen II, later granted Pepin the title Patrician of the Romans. Pepin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756, Pepin defeated the Lombards – taking control of northern Italy – and made a gift of the properties formerly constituting the Exarchate of Ravenna to the pope. The cooperation between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800, when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor, the precise nature of the relationship between the popes and emperors – and between the Papal States and the Empire – is disputed. Events in the 9th century postponed the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire in its Frankish form collapsed as it was subdivided among Charlemagnes grandchildren
Papal States
–
The
Quirinal Palace, papal residence and home to the civil offices of the Papal States from the
Renaissance until their annexation
Papal States
–
Flag in 1870
Papal States
–
Antichristus (1521) by
Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance.
Papal States
–
The Breach of Porta Pia, on the right, in 1870.
6.
Civitavecchia
–
Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio. A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, it is located 80 kilometres west-north-west of Rome, the harbour is formed by two piers and a breakwater, on which is a lighthouse. The name Civitavecchia means ancient town, population was around 53,000 as of 2015. The modern city was built over a pre-existing Etruscan settlement, the harbour was constructed by the Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century. The first occurrence of the name Centum Cellae is from a letter by Pliny the Younger, the origin of the name is disputed, it has been suggested that it could refer to the centum halls of the villa of the emperor. In the early Middle Ages, Centumcellae was a Byzantine stronghold and it became part of the Papal States in 728. As the port was raided by the Saracens in 813-814,828,846 and finally in 876, a new settlement in a more secure place was therefore built by order of Pope Leo VII as soon as 854. The Popes gave the settlement as a fief to several lords, including the Count Ranieri of Civitacastellana and the Abbey of Farfa, and the Di Vico. The place became a port under Pope Innocent XII in 1696. The French Empire occupied it in 1806, on 16 April 1859 the Rome and Civitavecchia Rail Road was opened for service. The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Nino Bixio in 1870, during World War II, Allied bombings severely damaged Civitavecchia, and caused civilian casualties. Louis Till, the father of Emmett Louis Till was convicted of the rape of two local Italian women and the murder of another in Civitavecchia. Civitavecchia is today a major cruise and ferry port, the starting point for sea connection from central Italy to Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Tunis. The city is also the seat of two power stations. The conversion of one of them to coal has raised the populations protests, the massive Forte Michelangelo was first commissioned from Donato Bramante by Pope Julius II, to defend the port of Rome. The upper part of the tower, however, was designed by Michelangelo. North of the city at Ficoncella are the Terme Taurine baths frequented by Romans, the modern name stems from the common fig plants among the various pools. And also next to the town is the location of the ship docks
Civitavecchia
–
Civitavecchia fort and harbour
Civitavecchia
–
Civitavecchia in 1795, etching by William Marlow.
Civitavecchia
–
View of the port
Civitavecchia
–
View of station platforms
7.
Frosinone
–
Frosinone is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, the administrative seat of the province of Frosinone. It is located about 75 kilometres south-east of Rome close to the Rome-Naples A1 Motorway and it is commonly identified as the capital of the geographical region of Ciociaria. The first traces of human presence around modern Frosinone date from the lower Paleolithic, the earliest settlements in the area are from around 4000 years ago, including late Bronze Age remains in what is now the upper part of the city and 7th-6th century BC sepoltures. 21 tombs from a Volscan necropolis were found in the Frosinone centre, Frusino was part of the Hernici but its inhabitants were mostly Volscans. In 306 BC the city part in the Hernic League against Rome, defeated and sacked. Later, during the Second Punic War, it was devastated by Hannibals armies, the Roman writer Cicero had a villa in Frusino. The city obtained the rights and became a colony in Roman imperial times. Frosinone was the birthplace of two early Christian popes, Hormisdas and his son Silverius, who are now its patron saints. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Frosinone was destroyed several times by foreign invaders, in the early Middle Ages it was an agricultural center, after escaping the dominance of the nearby commune of Anagni, in the early 14th century it fell under Alatri. In 1350 it was damaged by an earthquake, after the Sack of Rome, Frosinone was also ravaged by German, Florentine and French troops and again, in 1556, by Spanish troops fighting against Pope Paul IV. The following year it became the seat of the papal governor of the province of Campagna. Frosinone steadily expanded its population in times, passing from around 2000 people in the mid-17th century to the over 10,000 it had at the Unification of Italy. In 1863 it was connected to the railway network. In 1927 the Fascist government made it the capital of a new province, created with territories from the provinces of Caserta and Rome. In 1943-1944, during the Allied invasion of southern occupied Italy in World War II, it was bombed 56 times by Anglo-American planes, the first Allied troops entered Frosinone on 31 May 1944. After the war, as the city was rebuilt in modern lines, Frosinone lost its traditional agricultural role in favour of industry and, above all. In 1962 it was reached by the A1 Rome-Naples motorway, Frosinone is on a hill overlooking the valley of the Sacco River, and is surrounded by the Ernici and Lepini mountain ranges. East of Frosinone lies an early gothic Cistercian cloister
Frosinone
–
Panorama of Frosinone
8.
Rieti
–
Rieti is a city and comune in Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 47,700. It is the capital of province of Rieti and see of the diocese of Rieti, the town centre rests on a small hilltop, commanding from the southern edge the wide Rieti valley, at the bottom of Sabine mountains and of monti Reatini, among which mount Terminillo. The plain was once a lake, drained by ancient Romans. Only the small Ripasottile and Lungo lakes remain of the large one. According to the legend, Reate was founded by Rea, a divinity and it was founded at the beginning of the Iron Age. Probably in earlier times the lands around Rieti were inhabited by Umbri, then by Aborigines and later on by Sabines, Reate was originally a major site of the Sabine nation well before the foundation of Rome. According to the legend, when Romulus founded Rome, Romans kidnapped Sabine women in order to populate the town, so there was a war between Romans and Sabines. The battle of the Lacus Curtius came to an end only when the women threw themselves among the armies, Romulus and Titus Tatius reprieved and a collaboration between the two people started. According to a version based on history, Sabines settled on the Quirinale because of their continuous need. Many lands of Reate and Amiternum were confiscated and allocated to Romans, at the very beginning, Sabines were offered Roman citizenship but with no right of voting, but yet in 268 BC they gained the full citizenship, being included in two new tribes. Curius Dentatus drained a large portion of the lake by making the Velino a distributary of the Nera river, the wide area once occupied by the lake turned into a fertile plain. Following Roman customs, the land was split into characteristic square allotments, the town itself underwent significant development, being re-organised according to typical Roman urbanistic standards, and was fortified with strong walls. A stone bridge was laid across the Velino river, and a viaduct was built to bring goods from the Salaria road directly to Rietis southern door. Roman Reate receives a number of mentions in Latin literature, thanks to its soil, its valued assets. Cicero, for instance, describes the tensions between Reate and Interamna following the drainage, and refers to the country houses that his friend Q. One of the most important Sabine families that gained success in Rome was the Gens Flavia, the Reatin poet and writer Marcus Terentius Varro was born in 116 BC and he is usually referred to as the father of Roman erudition. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire Rieti suffered destruction by Barbarians, under the Franks, it was county capital. It was sacked by the Saracens in the 9th and 10th century, the city was rebuilt with the help of the Roman comune, and from 1198 was also a free commune, of Guelph orientation, with a podestà of its own
Rieti
–
St. Mary Cathedral
Rieti
–
Remains of the Roman Bridge (3rd century BC)
Rieti
–
The medieval walls.
Rieti
–
Fontana dei delfini.
9.
Province of Perugia
–
The Province of Perugia is the larger of the two provinces in the Umbria region of Italy, comprising two-thirds of both the area and population of the region. Its capital is the city of Perugia, the province covered all of Umbria until 1927, when the province of Terni was carved out of its southern third. The province of Perugia has an area of 6,334 km² covering two-thirds of Umbria, there are 59 comunes in the province. The province has numerous tourist attractions, especially artistic and historical ones, and is home to the Lake Trasimeno and it historically the ancestral origin of the Umbri, while later it was a Roman province and then part of the Papal States until the late 19th century. Probably the Etruscans founded Perugia in the 6th century B. C, the Umbra and Tiber Valleys are located in the province. The eastern part of the province is a hilly region while the rest was covered by forests, the province lies in the basin of the river Tiber and its tributaries Chiaseio, Nestore, Naja and Chiana. The southern regions are less hilly, silk, corn and grass are some of the most important agricultural products of the province. The 1840 version of the Penny Cyclopaedia records that Perugia supplied almost half of the butchers meat required in the city of Rome, the large number of cattle was fed on grass growing on the plain areas irrigated by the water of Tiber and its tributaries. After the province of Rome, Viterbo and Spoleto e Rieti the Perugian province was the fourth most important of the Papal States, the largest lake in central Italy, Lake Trasimeno is located in the Province of Perugia. The lake has three islands – Polvese, Maggiore and Minore, the lake has a circumference of about 30 miles but is relatively shallow. It is fed by springs in the nearby hills, in 200725 people died of consequences of drug overdose in the province of Perugia. This was the highest number of deaths recorded due to drug overdose in any Italian province, the province is well known for its medieval palaces, castles and fortresses. Peter’s bell tower in the city of Perugia, Basilica of Saint Claire, the first Christian monk Saint Benedict was born in Norcia. Assisi is an UNESCO World Heritage Site, the province is also known for its cuisine which includes black truffles, Easter Pizza, lentils from Castelluccio and Salami and cold cuts from Norcia. The principal towns in the province, with a population over 20,000, are, Comuni of the Province of Perugia
Province of Perugia
–
Perugia, Corso Vannucci
Province of Perugia
–
Map highlighting the location of the province of Perugia in Italy
Province of Perugia
–
The
Orvieto Cathedral
Province of Perugia
–
Gubbio
10.
Province of Frosinone
–
The Province of Frosinone is a province in the Lazio region of Italy, with 91 comuni. Its capital is the city of Frosinone and it has an area of 3,244 square kilometres and a total population of 496,420. The Province was established by Royal Decree on 6 December 1926 with territories belonging to Lazio, in historical times, the area, previously occupied by the so-called Pelasgic civilization, was settled by Indo-European colonists. This arrival is echoed in numerous legends, like those of Aeneas and Saturn, in the 7th century BC the area of what is now the province entered the orbit of Rome, which made it the so-called Latium adiectum. However, Rome needed some 300 years to obtain a victory against the Volsci and the Hernici, who became Romanized after the Social. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the part of the province belonged to the Papal States. In the Middle Ages, the abbey of Monte Cassino was always a major landowner, pontecorvo remained a Papal enclave from 1463. The creation of a new province, with capitals in Cassino, Formia and Sora and comprising the former territories of the Kingdom of Naples, has been proposed
Province of Frosinone
–
Linguistic map of
Ciociaria and Southern
Lazio:
Central Italian in pink and Southern Italian (
Neapolitan dialects) in magenta.
Province of Frosinone
–
Map highlighting the location of the province of Frosinone in Italy
11.
Province of Rieti
–
The Province of Rieti is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rieti, established in 1927, it has an area of 2,749 square kilometres with a total population of 159,670 people as of 2013. There are 73 comuni in the province, of particular importance are the two artificial lakes in the Valle del Salto, Lago del Salto and Lago del Turano, which were both created during the Fascist period. Lago del Salto, also known as Del Salto Lake is the largest in the Lazio region and is situated at an altitude of 1,755 metres, there are several protected areas in the province. Between the two areas is the Riserva naturale Monte Navegna e Monte Cervia (between the lakes of Salto, in the east, in the Monti della Laga range is the Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga. Also of note is the Riserva parziale naturale dei Laghi Lungo e Ripasottile on the Rieti plain, Riserva parziale naturale dei Laghi Lungo e Ripasottile contains the lakes of Lungo and Ripasottile, which support a diversity of wildlife, particularly birds such as herons and little grebes. There are numerous natural oases, castles, fortresses and Franciscan sanctuaries dotted about Rieti Province, media related to Province of Rieti at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Province of Rieti
–
Castel di Tora
Province of Rieti
–
Map highlighting the location of the province of Rieti in Italy
12.
Province of Viterbo
–
The province of Viterbo is a province in the region of Lazio in Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Viterbo, as of 2015, the province has a total population of 321,955 inhabitants over an area of 3,615.24 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 89.05 inhabitants per square kilometre. The provincial president is Marcello Meroi and the province contains 60 comuni, the area of the province of Viterbo contained a number of Etruscan cities including Tuscina, Vetralla, Tarquinia, and Viterbo. Matilda of Tuscany gifted the city to the papacy in the eleventh century, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor was based in Viterbo as he planned to invade Rome in 1153, and Frederick I conquered the city in 1160 while preparing to attack Rome. The Knights of Saint John were expelled from Rhodes in the 16th century and were granted refuge in Viterbo before they could travel to Malta. Pope Paul III described himself as a citizen of Viterbo and formed a university in the city and it joined the Kingdom of Italy on 12 September 1870 and during World War II, Viterbo was heavily bombed
Province of Viterbo
–
Viterbo, the Palace of the Popes.
Province of Viterbo
–
Map highlighting the location of the province of Viterbo in Italy
Province of Viterbo
–
Panorama of the walls of
Civita Castellana.
Province of Viterbo
–
Tarquinia, wall painting in the
Tomb of the Leopards
13.
Amaseno
–
The village is very ancient and named in the Aeneid. A lot of Amasenos people have immigrated in the United States of America, in Canada, the Catholic Church situated at the villages center, St. Mary of Amaseno, houses a relic of St. Lawrence, the ancient Roman deacon martyred in the 3rd Century. A vial of the blood is enshrined there, and every 10 August on his feast day. The reliquary vial has been verified by scientists to contain blood, along with a piece of skin and some fat. The cathedral was consecreted in 1165 and since then the village was known as the Valley of St. Lawrence. The principal food product is the buffalo mozzarella, other important products include olive oil and marzolina. San Lorenzello, Italy Official website www. amasenoonline. com
Amaseno
–
Santa Maria Annunziata
Amaseno
–
The Auricola
14.
Province of Latina
–
The Province of Latina is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Latina and it has an area of 2,251 square kilometres and a total population of 561,189. There are 33 comuni in the province, see Comuni of the Province of Latina, the main comuni by population are, The province of Latina was founded on 18 December 1934, encompassing mainly the drained areas of the Agro Pontino previously part of the province of Rome. Apart the Pontine lands, it includes the Aurunci, Lepini and Ausoni mountain ranges, the port of Gaeta and Formia, in the southernmost part of the province, belonged traditionally and linguistically to Campania. Although the smallest of the provinces in the Lazio region, the province of Latina includes a variety of geographical and historical areas, the mainland area is, in the south- and north-eastern part, mostly occupied by limestone hills and mountains. Ranges include the Lepini, Aurunci, Ausoni, the highest elevation is that of 1, 533-metre Monte Petrella. The climate is semi-continental with hot summers and cold winters, temperatures fall below 0 °C. Tourism is an interesting resource, attracted especially by the uncontaminated nature. The main centres of this area are Cori, Sezze, the Agro Pontino occupies the plain extending southwards from Aprilia to Terracina, along the Tyrrhenian Sea. The sole mountain peak is that of Circeo promontory, the Agro Pontino is the most economically developed part of the province, housing a flourishing agricultural sector and numerous service firms and industries. It also houses much of the basins of the province, like the coast Lakes of Fogliano, Caprolace. Apart the capital, the cities include Cisterna di Latina, Terracina. Cities rich of ancient and medieval history, Gaeta and Formia were traditionally part of the Kingdom of Naples and they belonged to the Campania region until 1934. Traces of the different cultural milieu can be identified in the costumes and, most of all, in the local dialect, Formia and Gaeta constitutes a single metropolitan area with an important port, a station on the main railway line Rome-Naples. Other important centres include Sperlonga and Minturno, once mainly used as penitentiaries, the Pontine Islands are now a renowned tourist resort in summer. The only inhabited islands are Ponza and Ventotene, roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta#Province of Latina Official website
Province of Latina
–
Linguistic map of Southern
Lazio:
Central Italian in pink and Southern Italian (
Neapolitan language) in magenta.
Province of Latina
–
Map highlighting the location of the province of Latina in Italy
15.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
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The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
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Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
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::: Original text
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::: Action of the modernizing tool
16.
Latins (Italic tribe)
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The Latins, sometimes known as the Latians, were an Italic tribe which included the early inhabitants of the city of Rome. From about 1000 BC, the Latins inhabited the region known to the Romans as Old Latium, that is. The Latins were an Indo-European people who migrated into the Italian peninsula during the late Bronze Age. Their language, Latin, belonged to the Italic branch of Indo-European and their material culture, known as the Latial culture, was a distinctive subset of the Iron Age Villanovan culture that appeared in parts of the Italian peninsula after 1000 BC. Latino-Faliscians occupied the Tyrrhenian coast between the current Lazio and Calabria and overlapped and mingled with the oldest Neolithic peoples and they had cremation burials and possessed advanced metallurgical techniques. Major tribes included, Latins and Falisci in Lazio, Oenotrians and Italii in Calabria, Ausones, Aurunci and Opici in Campania and these included common festivals and religious sanctuaries. The rise of Rome as by far the most populous and powerful Latin state from c. 600 BC led to relations with the other Latin states. In the period of the Tarquin monarchy, it appears that Rome acquired political hegemony over the other states, after the fall of the Roman monarchy in c. This system progressively broke down after c. 390 BC, when Romes aggressive expansionism led to conflict with other Latin states, in 341–338 BC, the Latin states jointly fought the Latin War against Rome in a final attempt to preserve their independence. The war resulted in 338 BC in a decisive Roman victory, the other Latin states were either annexed or permanently subjugated to Rome. It has been suggested that the name Latium derives from the Latin word latus, referring, by extension, if this is true, then Latini originally meant men of the plain. The Latins belonged to a group of Indo-European tribes, conventionally known as the Italic tribes, on this model, it appears likely that the West Italic group were the first wave, followed, and largely displaced by, the East Italic group. This is deduced from the locations of the surviving West Italic niches. Besides Latin, putative members of the West Italic group are Faliscan, the West Italic languages were thus spoken in limited and isolated areas, whereas the East Italic group comprised the Oscan and Umbrian dialects spoken over much of central and southern Italy. However, the chronology of Indo-European immigration remains elusive, as does the relative chronology between of the Italic IE languages and the languages of the peninsula, notably Etruscan. Most scholars consider that Etruscan is a survival, part of a Mediterranean linguistic substratum. Some authors believe that, before the spread of Gaulish language in the plain of the river Po from c, however, Etruscan could equally have been introduced by later migrants. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus preserves the tradition that the Tyrrhenoi originated in Lydia in Anatolia, the tribe spoke the Latin language, a member of the western branch of the Italic languages, in turn a branch of the Indo-European family of languages
Latins (Italic tribe)
Latins (Italic tribe)
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The
Lapis Niger, probably the oldest extant Latin inscription (c. 600 BC)
Latins (Italic tribe)
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Villanovan culture cinerary hut-urn, showing the likely shape of Romulus' Hut in Rome: a simple mud-and-straw shelter
Latins (Italic tribe)
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Modern replicas of
scuta (shields), as used by the
legions of the
Imperial Roman army. Note the alae et fulgura ("wings-and-thunderbolts") emblem, representing
Jupiter, the highest Roman god
17.
Ancient Rome
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In its many centuries of existence, the Roman state evolved from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate the Mediterranean region and then Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and it is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France. By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond, its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia, the Roman Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus Caesar. 721 years of Roman-Persian Wars started in 92 BC with their first war against Parthia and it would become the longest conflict in human history, and have major lasting effects and consequences for both empires. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak, Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a prelude common to the rise of a new emperor. Splinter states, such as the Palmyrene Empire, would divide the Empire during the crisis of the 3rd century. Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of history from the pre-medieval Dark Ages of Europe. King Numitor was deposed from his throne by his brother, Amulius, while Numitors daughter, Rhea Silvia, because Rhea Silvia was raped and impregnated by Mars, the Roman god of war, the twins were considered half-divine. The new king, Amulius, feared Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, a she-wolf saved and raised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor. Romulus became the source of the citys name, in order to attract people to the city, Rome became a sanctuary for the indigent, exiled, and unwanted. This caused a problem for Rome, which had a large workforce but was bereft of women, Romulus traveled to the neighboring towns and tribes and attempted to secure marriage rights, but as Rome was so full of undesirables they all refused. Legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins, after a long time in rough seas, they landed at the banks of the Tiber River. Not long after they landed, the men wanted to take to the sea again, one woman, named Roma, suggested that the women burn the ships out at sea to prevent them from leaving. At first, the men were angry with Roma, but they realized that they were in the ideal place to settle. They named the settlement after the woman who torched their ships, the Roman poet Virgil recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the Aeneid
Ancient Rome
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Senātus Populus que Rōmānus
Ancient Rome
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Roman Republic
Ancient Rome
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According to legend,
Rome was founded in 753 BC by
Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf.
Ancient Rome
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This bust from the
Capitoline Museums is traditionally identified as a portrait of
Lucius Junius Brutus.
18.
Roman Republic (19th century)
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The Roman Republic was a state declared on February 9,1849, when the government of Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IXs flight to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government seen in the ancient Roman Republic. These religious freedoms were quite different from the situation under the preceding government, the Constitution of the Roman Republic was the first in the world to abolish capital punishment in its constitutional law. On November 15,1848, Pellegrino Rossi, the Minister of Justice of the Papal government, was assassinated. The following day, the liberals of Rome filled the streets, where various groups demanded a government, social reforms. On the night of November 24, Pope Pius IX left Rome disguised as an ordinary priest, and went out of the state to Gaeta, a fortress in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Because not only you and your family are dear to Our heart, We repeat they did not know Our thinking, the government issued some liberal reforms which Pius IX rejected and when securely established in Gaeta he designed a new government. A delegation was created by the High Council established by the Pope and the mayor of Rome and this delegation was composed of the mayor himself, Prince Tommaso Corsini, three priests – Rezzi, Mertel and Arrighi – Marchese Paolucci de Calboli, doctor Fusconi and lawyer Rossi. However, they were stopped at the boundary at Terracina. The Pope, informed of this, refused to speak to them, in Rome a Costituente Romana was formed,29 November. Without a local government in Rome, for the first time in history, the Costituenti decided to schedule direct and universal elections on the following 21 January 1849. Since the pope had forbidden Catholics to vote at those elections, in each and every part of the Papal States more than 50% of the potential voters went to the polls. The voters were not asked to express themselves on the parties, the aristocracy was represented with a prince, six marquises, fifteen counts and three other nobles. The new assembly was dominated by the bourgeoisie, the affluent, professionals, the Constitutional Assembly convened on February 8 and proclaimed the Roman Republic after midnight on February 9. According to Jasper Ridley, When the name of Carlo Luciano Bonaparte and that a Roman Republic was a foretaste of wider expectations was expressed in the acclamation of Giuseppe Mazzini as a Roman citizen. Among the first acts of the Republic was the proclamation of the right of the Pope to continue his role as head of the Roman Church, the Triumvirate passed popular legislation to eliminate burdensome taxes and to give work to the unemployed. There the legion rose to about 1000 and gained discipline and organization, the Pope asked for military help from Catholic countries. Mazzini won friends among the poor by confiscating some of the Churchs large landholdings and he inaugurated prison and insane asylum reforms, freedom of the press, and secular education, but shied away from the Right to Work, having seen this measure fail in France
Roman Republic (19th century)
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Giuseppe Mazzini
Roman Republic (19th century)
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State and Civil Flag
Roman Republic (19th century)
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Aurelio Saffi.
Roman Republic (19th century)
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Proclamation of the Roman Republic in 1849, in Piazza del Popolo
19.
Lake Albano
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Lake Albano is a small volcanic crater lake in the Alban Hills of Lazio, at the foot of Monte Cavo,20 kilometres southeast of Rome. Castel Gandolfo, overlooking the lake, is the site of the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo, in Roman times it was known as Albanus Lacus and lay not far from the ancient city of Alba Longa. With a depth of about 170 m, Lake Albano is the deepest in Lazio. The lake is 3.5 km long by 2.3 km wide, plutarch reports that in 406 BC the lake surged over the surrounding hills, despite there being no rain nor tributaries flowing into the lake to account for the rise in water level. The ensuing flood destroyed fields and vineyards before eventually pouring into the sea and it is thought to have been caused by volcanic gases, trapped in sediment at the bottom of the lake and gradually building up until suddenly releasing, causing the water to overflow. Around 395 BC, during the wars between Rome and Veii, a tunnel was built crossing the crater walls. It served as an emissary whenever the water level overflowed its mouth, the emissary is at 293 meters over the sea level. The tunnel ends at a spot called Le Mole, below Castel Gandolfo and it hosted the canoeing and rowing events of the 1960 Summer Olympic Games that were held in Rome. The lane marking system developed for these events is referred to as the Albano buoy system. Lakes of Italy Britannica. com Italian Tourism - Lakes The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | Date,2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, Columbia University Press
Lake Albano
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The lake.
Lake Albano
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Provinces
Lake Albano
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Painting by
Sylvester Shchedrin, before 1825
Lake Albano
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Lake Albano,
George Inness, 1869
20.
Lake Bolsena
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Lake Bolsena is a crater lake of central Italy, of volcanic origin, which began to collect 370,000 years ago following the formation of a caldera in the Vulsini volcanic complex. Roman historic records indicate activity of the Vulsini volcano occurred as recently as 104 BC, the two islands in the southern part of the lake were formed by underwater eruptions following the collapse that created the caldera. The lake is supplied entirely from the aquifer, rainfall and runoff, a sewage treatment plant filters most of the raw sewage from the surrounding communities. Constructed in 1996, it features pipelines transporting the sewage from every major community around the lake to the treatment plant on the Marta River, fertilizers are a second source of contamination. However, the content of the lake is monitored at several stations around it. Lying within the part of the province of Viterbo that is called Alto Lazio or Tuscia. The lake is bordered on one side by updated forms of the Roman consular road Via Cassia, in addition to the historic sites of all periods, Lake Bolsena is currently surrounded by numerous tourist establishments, largely for camping, agrotourism and bed and breakfasts. One third of the lake was donated to the Catholic church by the noble family Alberici of Orvieto, in recognition of the donation the Alberici family was honored with a ceremony three times a year performed by the Bishop of Orvieto. The lake has a shape typical of crater lakes. The long axis of the ellipse is aligned in a north-south direction, the bottom is roughly conical reaching a maximum depth at a point in the middle. The entire lake is surrounded by hills on the flanks and summits of which are the comuni, the watershed was home to 22,000 permanent residents in 2004, and 35,000 in the summer season. Elevations on the north of the lake are the highest, with a maximum of 702 m, as the lake is at 305 m, no hill is more than 397 m higher than it. On the northern rim of the caldera is San Lorenzo Nuovo, the northern shore of the lake once featured marshes, breeding grounds for the mosquitos that carry the disease. At the site of old San Lorenzo are Etruscan antiquities, to the north of San Lorenzo Nuovo and the caldera rim is Acquapendente. The hills to the east are 600 m to 650 m, Bolsena extends upward on the northeast shore, with Orvieto 14 km further to the northeast, at the edge of the volcanic region. On the southeast of the lake is Montefiascone at an elevation of 633 m, to the south of the lake is Marta, on the right bank of the Marta River, sole effluent of the lake. The shore there is straight and developed, elevations are within 100 m of the lake. Next to Marta are Valentano and Capodimonte, the latter being built on and around nearly the only headland on the lake, about 15 km to the south are Tuscania and Viterbo, the latter being the regional capital
Lake Bolsena
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Wideangle view
Lake Bolsena
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The southernmost end of the lake viewed from the ridge of Montefiascone caldera. Martana is on the left and Bisentino on the right. The straight shore to the far left is Marta. To the left of Martana is the headland of Capodimonte.
Lake Bolsena
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The western and northern shores viewed from the eastern shore. The large settlement to the right is
Bolsena, at the foot of the northern hills.
Lake Bolsena
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The eastern shore viewed from highway SS312 Castrense between
Valentano and
Latera on the western shore. Center is Bisentina, with Martana to the right and the headland of
Capodimonte to the right of it. The city on the left of the far shore is
Bolsena
21.
Lake Nemi
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Lake Nemi is a small circular volcanic lake in the Lazio region of Italy 30 km south of Rome, taking its name from Nemi, the largest town in the area, that overlooks it from a height. The lake is famous for its sunken Roman ships and these ships were very large and technologically advanced for their time. The lake was sacred to the goddess Diana Nemorensis and the site of the festival Nemoralia, near the sanctuary of Diana were found a number of diminutive bronze statues of draped women and men, each holding libation bowls and incense boxes. Four of these figures are now in the British Museums collection, emperors Caligula and Tiberius sailed Lake Nemi not merely to cool off in summer, but to assert themselves as Nemorensis, rulers aligning with the Stars, wedded to Earths perpetual life-force. Near the temple of Diana was the sacred grove of Aricia, here there was a priest called the Rex Nemorensis who would reign until he was killed by a challenger. This practice is described in the chapter of The Golden Bough by James George Frazer. Lake Nemi has been the subject for works by artists as John Robert Cozens, George Inness. Muriel Sparks 1976 novel The Takeover is set in three fictitious villas overlooking Lake Nemi, Lake Nemi inspired the first name of Norwegian comic character Nemi Montoya. Alban Hills Lake of Albano Nemi Genzano di Roma Ariccia Rex Nemorensis Diana Nemorensis The Golden Bough Nemi ships Nemi Ships Nemi to Nottingham project
Lake Nemi
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Panoramic view
Lake Nemi
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Painting by
John Robert Cozens (c. 1777)
22.
Lago di Rascino
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Lago di Rascino is a lake karst mountain in the Province of Rieti, Lazio, Italy, in the territory of Fiamignano, in Cicolano. At an elevation of 1146 m, its area is 0.283 km². It is located at the edge of the large karst plateau. Not having tributaries, the reservoir collects rainwater and snow and the presence of karst sinkholes allows the outflow, pike Tench Rudd Carp Perch Carling
Lago di Rascino
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Lago di Rascino
23.
Lake Vico
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Lake Vico is a caldera lake in the northern Lazio region, central Italy. It is one of the highest major Italian lakes, with an altitude of 510 m, administratively, it is part of the municipalities of Caprarola and Ronciglione. The lake is surrounded by the Cimini Hills, in particular by the Fogliano and it is part of the Lake Vico Natural Reserve. According to legend, the lake was created by Hercules, who defied the local inhabitants by wielding his club, when he did this, a stream sprang up and formed the lake. Lake Vico occupies the caldera of Vico Volcano. A volcanic cone was built up in a series of eruptions that occurred 305,000 to 258,000 years ago, the lake is drained by the River Vicano. Before the construction of a tunnel by the Etruscans, the lake was deeper than today. The area is famous for its extensive beech forest, which is one of the most southerly in Europe, the elevation, plus the surrounding sides of the crater, create cool enough conditions for the continued survival of the trees. A large part of the side of the crater is a nature reserve to protect this forest. An incomplete list of wildlife present in the Vico Natural Preserve include, Ronciglione Caprarola Viterbo Vetralla Capranica Lake Vico VR panoramas at Tuscia 360
Lake Vico
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Lake Vico Lago di Vico
Lake Vico
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View from space of Lake Vico and surroundings including Rome
24.
Seven hills of Rome
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The Seven Hills of Rome east of the river Tiber form the geographical heart of Rome, within the walls of the city. The seven hills denizens began to participate in a series of religious games, the city of Rome, thus, came into being as these separate settlements acted as a group, draining the marshy valleys between them and turning them into markets. Later, in the early 4th century BCE, the Servian Walls were constructed to protect the seven hills, of the seven hills of current Rome, five are populated with monuments, buildings, and parks. The Capitoline Hill now hosts Romes city hall, and the Palatine Hill belongs to the archaeological area. Constantinople is claimed to have built on its own seven hills
Seven hills of Rome
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Schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills.
25.
Monte Cavo
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Monte Cavo, or less occasionally, Monte Albano, is the second highest mountain of the complex of the Alban Hills, near Rome, Italy. An old volcano extinguished around 10,000 years ago, it lies about 20 km from the sea and it is the dominant peak of the Alban Hills. The current name comes from Cabum, an Italic settlement existing on this mountain, volcanic activity under king Tullus Hostilius on the site was reported by Livy in his book of Roman history. there had been a shower of stones on the Alban Mount. On the Mons Albanus, between January and March, the Latin Festivals were held, the newly chosen Consuls had to sacrifice to Jupiter Latiaris and to announce the Latin Holidays. When the Consul obtained a victory in war he also had to celebrate the triumph on the Alban Mount, here in the Latium temple were celebrated every year the Feriae Latinae for four days by the representatives of 47 cities. In 531 BC, King Tarquinius Superbus built here a temple shared with the Latins, the Hernici and the Volsci, in return, Jupiter Latiaris conferred upon whoever was elected head of the Latin confederation, the power of dictator latinus. A triumphal procession along this sacred way left the Appian Way at Ariccia, more than 5 km of this way is well preserved through the woods. The history of the Pagan temple of Iuppiter Latiaris was interrupted in the early Middle Ages and it was visited by Pope Pius II in 1463, and subsequently by Pope Alexander VII. After the Dalmatian hermits the Polish religious order of Edmondo of Buisson was established there, then the Trinitarian Spaniards, then the hermitage was converted to a monastery. The Passionists came in 1758 and restored it in 1783, using the materials of the temple of Jupiter, as found and raised by Henry Benedict Stuart, Duke of York, bishop of Frascati. During this period there were guests in the monastery, the king Francis II of Naples in 1865, the contemplative-missionaries abandoned the monastery in 1889. From 1942 the hotel was used as base for radio communications by the German Wehrmacht. On June 3,1944, soldiers of 142nd Regiment-36th Infantry Division, in the post-war era the structure became a telecommunications station. Access is prohibited to unauthorized persons, a few blocks of the ancient temple are still visible behind the fenced area. The unsightly presence of the antennae has been a cause of some civil complaint, strabo - Geographica book V chapter 3 - Rome 20 BC This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. T. J. Cornell - The beginnings of Rome, Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to Punic War - London 1995 - ISBN 0-415-01596-0 Livy, Ab urbe condita Book I cap
Monte Cavo
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Monte Cavo (on the right of
Alban Hills)
Monte Cavo
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Hotel Monte Cavo at the beginning of the 20th century.
Monte Cavo
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The same structure used as a telecommunications station at the end of the 20th century.
26.
Cimini Hills
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The Monti Cimini, in English, Cimini Hills, are a range of densely wooded volcanic hills approximately 56 km north-west of Rome. They are part of the Antiapennine range, facing the Apennines main range towards the Tyrrhenian Sea and they are situated in the centre of Tuscia Viterbese, the highest point at Mount Cimino,1,053 m above sea level. Lake Vico, a crater lake, is situated in the hills. The vegetation is predominantly beech forestation, the area is renowned for its hot springs, renaissance villas and Etruscan ruins
Cimini Hills
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The Mount Fogliano and
Lake Vico.
27.
Monti della Laga
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Monti della Laga is a mountain range in the central Apennines of Italy. Their ruggedness and inaccessibility makes them one of the known areas of the Italian peninsula. The mountains run for a length of about 24 kilometres between the Italian Regions of Abruzzo, Marche and Lazio, in doing so they border the Italian Provinces of Teramo, LAquila, Ascoli Piceno and Rieti. Monti della Laga is cut off from the Gran Sasso dItalia mountain chain by the narrow Vomano Valley which itself leads to Passo delle Capannelle, within the Vomano Valley is the State Road SS80. Also present are traces of a branch of the ancient Via Cecilia, the landscapes differ on the various sides of Monti della Laga. The Marche area is noted its harshness, Lazio for its profound steep banked gorges, the crest line begins at Monte Comunitore and leads up to the peak of Macera della Morte. It then rises again to a height of 2,458 metres at Monte Gorzano, the highest peak in this chain. Nearby mountain peaks of note include Cima Lepri, Pizzo di Sevo, Pizzo di Moscio and, standing at the southernmost point of the Monti della Laga mountain chain, Monte di Mezzo. The landmass of Monti della Laga has a rounded off characteristic in comparison with many of the other Apennine areas. This phenomenon is because the soil is far more arenaceous and has marble formations that are not found in parts of the central Apennine Mountains farther to north. Hence the geological name given to the area, Formazione di Laga, more characteristic of the Apennine mountains are soils, rocks, and land formations made up of coal and dolomitic limestone. The soil of this tends to be rather impermeable, which leads to a good many streams. The irregularity of the results in several magnificent waterfalls. Among the most beautiful and best known are those of Morricana al Ceppo, Volpara a Umito, Le Barche, Le Scalette, in the cold winter months they sometimes freeze over, thereby offering ice climbing opportunities. The area is not densely inhabited but is dotted with numerous small, living in this mountainous zone are numerous species of wild animals including the Apennine wolf, deer, badgers, and the extremely rare brown Marsican bear. The area is known for its vast and lush forests of beech, white pine, oak, chestnut, maple, basswood, ash, elm, several uncommon silver birch stands can be found. A variety of orchids abound, including one species that has no leaves. Located in this area are several trails containing vado, that is and they serve to link the opposing sides of the narrow valley passes and are now most used for hiking excursions
Monti della Laga
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Monti della Laga as seen from the Province of Teramo.
28.
Monti Sabatini
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The mountains are part of the Lazios Anti-Apennines. Included between the Monti Sabatini is the Lake Bracciano, which is a depression formed about 3.7 Ma. The sedimentary base of the Sabatini complex lies buried under 200 m of volcanic ash, the highest point is Monte Rocca Romana, at 612 m. Other mountains in the area include Monti della Tolfa, Monte Soratte, list of volcanoes in Italy Monti Volsini Monti Cimini Sabatini Volcanic Complex
Monti Sabatini
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A view from the space of the Sabatini region, showing Lake Bracciano as the dark round structure. Source: Nasa Shuttle.
Monti Sabatini
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Lake Bracciano.
29.
Monte Soratte
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Monte Soratte is a mountain ridge in the province of Rome, Italy. It is a narrow, isolated limestone ridge with a length of 5.5 km, located some 10 km south east of Civita Castellana and c.45 km north of Rome, it is the sole notable ridge in the Tiber Valley. The nearest settlement is the village of SantOreste, saint Orestes or Edistus, after whom the settlement is named, is said to have been martyred near Monte Soratte. The highest summit is 691 m above sea-level, the ridge is part of a 444-hectare Natural Reserve housing a variety of vegetation and fauna. It is also characterized by the so-called Meri, pits which can be up to 115 metres deep, the area was used by the ancient Italic tribes of the area for the cult of the God Soranus. Mount Soratte was mentioned by Horace, and Virgil, who stated that Apollo was its guardian deity, the hermitage of St. Sylvester is just below the summit. According to a legend, its church was founded by Pope Sylvester, the church houses 14th- and 15th-century frescoes. Another four hermitages are on the ridge, the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie was built in 1835 over a pre-existing 16th-century edifice and houses a once highly venerated image of the Madonna. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe mentioned the peak in Italian Journey, his diary of his travels through Italy from 1786–1788 and he wrote that Soracte stands out by itself in magnificent solitude. Probably this mountain is made of limestone and belongs to the Apennines, during World War II, after the 8 September 1943 bombing raid of Frascati, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring moved his headquarters from Frascati to the bunkers in Monte Soratte. Mount Soratte was also nicknamed Mount of Mussolini, as its profile seen from Magliano Sabina mimics that of the former Italian duce wearing a helmet
Monte Soratte
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Mount Soratte seen from
Via Flaminia
30.
Monte Terminillo
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Monte Terminillo is a massif in the Monti Reatini, part of the Abruzzi Apennine range in central Italy. It is located some 20 km from Rieti and 100 km from Rome and has a highest altitude of 2,217 metres and it is a typical Apennine massif, both for its morphology, articulated but not exceedingly sharp, and for the fauna and vegetation. On the opposite sides are the Valle dellInferno and Valle degli Angeli leading to Rietis plain, the Terminillo is an active ski resort. Sabena Flight 503 Media related to Monte Terminillo at Wikimedia Commons monteterminillo. net terminillo. it
Monte Terminillo
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Terminillo seen from the east
31.
Monti della Tolfa
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The Monti della Tolfa or Tolfa Mountains are a volcanic group in the Anti-Apennines of the northern part of the Lazio region of central Italy. They are bounded by the Tyrrhenian Sea coast to the west, by the Monti Sabatini to the east, and by the Monti Cimini, Tolfa and Allumiere are the principal towns. The highest peak is the Monte della Grazie, at 616 m above sea level, the Monti della Tolfa consists mostly of trachytes formed during the Eocene and the early Pleistocene. The mountains are an important source of alunite, from which alum is extracted. The mineral was discovered there in 1461, and extensively mined until the mine closed in 1941, after almost 500 years, the Tolfetano breed of horse originates in the area, and takes its name from it
Monti della Tolfa
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A view in the Monti della Tolfa.
32.
Monti Volsini
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The Monti Volsini or Vulsini are a minor mountain range in northern Lazio, Italy, near the Lake Bolsena. The highest point is that of Passo della Montagnola, in the comune of Latera, the area is the relic of an ancient volcano. In the area grape and olives are cultivated, while vegetation include Oak, Alder. Boar is also present in the Volsini region, the range takes its name from the ancient Etruscan city of Vulsinii
Monti Volsini
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The lake seen from the Mountains Vulsini at Gradoli.
33.
Monte Cassino
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Monte Cassino is a rocky hill about 130 kilometres southeast of Rome, Italy,2 kilometres to the west of the town of Cassino and 520 m altitude. Site of the Roman town of Casinum, it is best known for its historic abbey, St. Benedict of Nursia established his first monastery, the source of the Benedictine Order, here around 529. The hilltop sanctuary was the site of the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944, the site has been visited many times by Popes and other senior clergy, including Pope Benedict XVI in May 2009. Since the reforms of the Second Vatican Council the monastery is one of the few remaining territorial abbeys within the Catholic Church, on 23 October 2014, Pope Francis applied the norms of the motu proprio Ecclesia Catholica to the Abbey. This act removed from its jurisdiction all 53 parishes and reduced its territory to the Abbey itself - while retaining its status as a Territorial Abbey. The former territory of the Abbey, except the land on which the Abbey Church and monastery sit, was transferred to the local diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo. The history of Monte Cassino is linked to the town of Cassino which was first settled in the fifth century B. C. by the Volsci people who held much of central. It was the Volsci who first built a citadel on the summit of Monte Cassino, the Volsci in the area were defeated by the Romans in 312 B. C. The Romans renamed the settlement Casinum and build a temple to Apollo at the citadel, modern excavations have found no remains of the temple, but ruins of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a mausoleum indicate the lasting presence the Romans had there. Generations after the Roman Empire adopted Christianity the town became the seat of a bishopric in the fifth century A. D, lacking strong defences the area was subject to barbarian attack and became abandoned and neglected with only a few struggling inhabitants holding out. According to Gregory the Greats biography of Benedict, Life of Saint Benedict of Nursia, the monastery was constructed on a pagan site. The biography records that the area was still pagan at the time and Benedicts first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo. He then reused the temple, dedicating it to Saint Martin, archaeologist Neil Christie notes that it was common in such hagiographies for the protagonist to encounter areas of strong paganism. Once established at Monte Cassino, Benedict never left and he wrote the Benedictine Rule that became the founding principle for Western monasticism, received a visit from Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, and died there. The Rule of St. Benedict mandated the moral obligations to care for the sick, so in Monte Cassino St. Benedict founded a hospital that is considered today to have been the first hospital in Europe of the new era. There Benedictine monks took care of the sick and wounded according to the Benedict’s Rule, the monastic routine called for hard work. The care of the sick was such an important duty that those caring for them were enjoined to act as if they served Christ directly, Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at nearby Subiaco, where hospitals were settled too as adjuncts to the monasteries in order to provide charity. Soon many monasteries were founded throughout Europe, and everywhere there were hospitals like in Monte Cassino, Monte Cassino became a model for future developments
Monte Cassino
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The rebuilt Abbey of Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino
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View across the valley
Monte Cassino
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The façade of the church
Monte Cassino
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Monte Cassino in ruins after Allied bombing in February 1944
34.
Mount Circeo
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Monte Circeo or Cape Circeo is a mountain remaining as a promontory that marks the southwestern limit of the former Pontine Marshes. Although a headland, it was not formed by coastal erosion – as headlands are usually formed – but is a remnant of the processes that created the Apennines. At the northern end of the Gulf of Gaeta, it is about 5 kilometres long by 1.5 kilometres wide at the base, running from east to west and surrounded by the sea on all sides except the north. The land to the north of it is 15 metres above sea level, while the headland is quite steep and hilly, the land immediately to the east of it is low-lying and very swampy. Most of the ancient swamp has been reclaimed for agriculture and urban areas, the mountain is composed mostly of marl and sandstone from the Paleogene and of limestone from the lower Early Jurassic. In 1939, the skull of a Neanderthal man was found in the Guattari Cave by a led by Alberto Carlo Blanc. Several other findings also prove that the mountain was inhabited in prehistorical times, upon the east end of the promontory ridge are the remains of an enceinte, a polygonal structure that roughly forms a rectangle and that measures about 200 by 100 metres. The blocks are carefully cut and jointed, right angles were intentionally avoided. The wall stands almost entirely free, as at Arpinum – polygonal walls in Italy typically form embanking walls –, the blocks of the inner face are much less carefully worked both here and at Arpinum. It seems to have been an acropolis, and contains no traces of buildings, except for a cistern, circular. Circeii, as it was known, was founded as a Roman colony at an early date – according to some authorities in the time of Tarquinius Superbus, –. The Roman colonists were expelled by the Volsci in around 490 BC during a war between two states.5 kilometres north of the west end of the promontory. An inscription speaks of an amphitheatre, of which no remains are visible, the transference of the city did not, however, mean the abandonment of the east end of the promontory, on which stand the remains of several very large villas. An inscription, indeed, cut in the rock near San Felice, speaks about this part of the Latin, on the south and north sides of the promontory, there are comparatively few buildings while at the west end there is a sheer precipice to the sea. The town only acquired municipal rights after the Social War and was unimportant except as a seaside resort, cicero compares its villas with those at Antium, and probably both Tiberius and Domitian resided there. Presumably, Domitians villa contained important artistic works, such as the Apollo and the Faun With the Transverse Flute, the view from the highest summit of the promontory is remarkably beautiful, the whole mountain is covered with fragrant shrubs. From any point in the Pontine Marshes or on the coast-line of Latium, mount Circeo is today included in the National Park of Circeo, established in 1934 on 5,616 ha over the territories of Latina, Sabaudia, San Felice Circeo and Zannone Island
Mount Circeo
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Mount Circeo as seen from
Terracina, Italy
Mount Circeo
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Mount Circeo as seen from the beach of dunes in Sabaudia, Italy.
Mount Circeo
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"Torre Paola" at Sabaudia, a 16th-century watchtower built by will of
Pope Pius IV at the west end of the promontory, guarding the canal.
35.
Mainarde
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The Monti della Meta are a massif of central Italy located around the junction point of the boundaries between the regions of Lazio, Abruzzo and Molise. The major of three massifs of the Parco Nazionale dAbruzzo, Lazio e Molise, they take their name one of the peaks. The massif covers a map area of about 93.29 km2, with an altitude of 450 m, a maximum altitude of 2,249 m. All the highest peaks show traces of Quaternary glaciation, valleys in the chain include those of the Melfa and Mollarino rivers in the province of Frosinone, and the Rio Torto in the province of LAquila. The southern part of the massif, on the boundary between Molise and Lazio, is the Monti delle Mainarde, here, historically, the human presence has been not seasonal as in the highest slopes. Caruso, F. Nel parco nazionale dAbruzzo
Mainarde
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Monte Meta seen from
Picinisco
36.
Castelli Romani
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The so-called Roman Castles are a group of comunes in the Metropolitan City of Rome. They are located at short distance south-east of the city of Rome, at the feet of the Alban Hills, the area of the castles occupies a fertile volcanic area which has allowed since ancient times a flourishing agriculture. The former crater is occupied by two lakes, the Lake of Nemi and that of Albano, families which ruled in the castles include Orsini, Colonna, Chigi, Aldobrandini, Savelli, Annibaldi and Ruspoli. The DOC red and rosés are composed of Cesanese Comune, Merlot, Montepulciano, Nero Buono, the white wines of the region are composed of Malvasia Candia, Puntinata and Trebbiano with up to 30% of other local white grape varieties. Ariccia is celebrated for its porchetta, local sweets include maritozzi, a kind of sweet bun. History of Rome History of Lazio Castelli Romani Portal of the Castelli Romani Cultural/tourist Portal of the Castles Roman Italy Travel video in English of the Castelli Romani
Castelli Romani
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The Savelli Castle in Rocca Priora
Castelli Romani
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The Lake Albano. In the background Castel Gandolfo
37.
Ciociaria
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Ciociaria is an area of Central Italy roughly corresponding to the province of Frosinone, but without a defined border nor historical identity. The name was adopted by a fascist movement of Frosinone as an ethnical denomination for the province of Frosinone, in the Middle Ages, this region was referred to as Campagna. The local dialect, now known as ciociaro, was referred to as campanino. The term first appears in a map of the Papal States, the variant Cioceria has been used since the 18th century. The name Ciociaria comes from the primitive footwear of its inhabitants and these shoes are rarely used nowadays, but remain as a local symbol, used by folklore groups, and for historical celebrations. Ciociaria has annual food fairs, entertainment events and music festivals, religious, country and rural traditions are still strong and alive. During popular events people wear costumes with the typical footwear, the ‘cioce’. Part of the Ciociarian folklore are the songs, both sacred and profane, dances such as the saltarello, accompanied by music and the dishes of local cuisine. The Symbol of Ciociara is a copper amphora called Conca, formerly used to water from the fountains. Wicker and “vinchio” are woven in the shape of baskets, hampers, bags, gold and coral jewellery have always been worn by the famous “balie ciociare”. The main producing towns are Alatri, Anagni, Fiuggi, Veroli, works in copper and wrought iron can be found in Ferentino, Serrone and Frosinone, in Veroli there is an “Exhibition of Wrought-Iron” held every two years. The travertine of Anagni is extracted from local quarries, there are embroideries, like the embroidered towels and tablecloths of Veroli and Boville Ernica and the holy vestments of Anagni, “the Town of Popes”. The day following the Battle of Monte Cassino, Goumiers rampaged through the surrounding countryside committing mass rape in Ciociaria, victims of such crimes became known in Italy as marocchinate, literally translatable as Moroccaned. Alberto Moravia wrote a novel on the event, which was made into a movie directed by Vittorio de Sica. Ciociaria in cinematography Media related to Ciociaria at Wikimedia Commons CiociariaTurismo, official turist site of Ciociaria
Ciociaria
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Fresco representing the
Campagne and Maritime Province, in
Vatican Museums
Ciociaria
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Ciociara (woman from Ciociaria) by
Enrique Simonet.
Ciociaria
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Cioce as they appear in the real rural usage
Ciociaria
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Linguistic map of Ciociaria:
Central Italian in pink and Southern Italian (
Neapolitan language) in magenta.
38.
Roman Campagna
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The Roman Campagna, or just Campagna, is a low-lying area surrounding Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy, with an area of approximately 2,100 square kilometres. It is bordered by the Tolfa and Sabatini mountains to the north, the Alban Hills to the southeast, the rivers Tiber and Aniene run through the area. During the Ancient Roman period, it was an important agricultural and residential area, the pastoral beauty of the Campagna inspired the painters who flocked into Rome in the 18th and 19th centuries. During that time, the Campagna became the most painted landscape in Europe, an excursion into the Roman countryside was an essential part of the Grand Tour. The region was reclaimed in the 19th and 20th centuries for use in mixed farming, starting with the 1950s, the expansion of Rome destroyed large parts of the Campagna, all around the city. The only continuous green area where the resources of the region were saved from overbuilding is along the Appian Way
Roman Campagna
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William Stanley Haseltine - Morning Light, Roman Campagna, 1871
Roman Campagna
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By
Massimo d'Azeglio
Roman Campagna
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By
Johann Wilhelm Schirmer
Roman Campagna
39.
Sabina (region)
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For the Roman Catholic/Eastern Orthodox Saint, see at the Basilica of Santa Sabina, and for Hadrians wife, see Vibia Sabina. Sabina, also called the Sabine Hills, is a region in central Italy. It is named after Sabina, the territory of the ancient Sabines and it was separated from Umbria by the River Nar, todays Nera, and from Etruria by the River Tiber. Today, Sabina is mainly northeast of Rome in the regions Lazio, Umbria, upper Sabina is in the province of Rieti. Sabina Romana is in the province of Rome, part of Sabina is in the regions of Umbria and Abruzzo. Some Sabines who lived in two of the Seven Hills of Rome formed part of the postulation of Rome at the time of its foundation, the second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, was from Cures, the capital of Sabina. During the reigns of the Roman kings Ancus Marcius and Tarquinius Priscus the Sabines attacked roman territory several times and this also occurred during the early period of the Roman Republic. After the Third Samnite War, the Romans moved to crush the Sabines, the Roman consul Manius Curius Dentatus pushed deep into Sabina in the area between the rivers Nar and Anio and the source of the River Avens. Spurius Carvilius confiscated large tracts of land in the plain around Reate and Amiternum, florus did not give the reasons for this campaign. The modem historian Salmon speculates that it might have been because of the part they had played or failed to play in the events of 296/295. That is, they let the Samnites cross their territory to go to Etruria and join forces with the Etruscans, Umbrians, forsythe also speculates that it may have been a punishment for this. Livy mentioned that Dentatus subdued the rebellious Sabines, the Sabines were given citizenship without the right to vote, which meant that their territory was effectively annexed to the Roman Republic. Reate and Amiternum were given full Roman citizenship in 268 BC, in the Augustan division of Italy, Sabina was included in the region IV Samnium. With Diocletians late 3rd-century administrative reforms, Italy became a Roman diocese and was subdivided into Roman provinces, Sabina became part of the province of Samnium. Constantine the Great turned Italy into a praetorian prefecture and subdivided it into two dioceses, Sabina fell under the diocese of Italia suburbicaria as the province of Valeria. With the Lombard invasion of Italy in the Early Middle Ages, with the Byzantine reconquest of central Italy, it came under the Duchy of Rome of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. With the rise of the Papal States, Sabina was governed directly by the pontificate or indirectly, by the counts of Sabina, a title of the noble Crescentii family in the 10th and 11th centuries. During the late 9th to early 10th century, the region was, along much of central Italy
Sabina (region)
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Landscape of Sabina at
Norcia.
40.
Affile
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Affile is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Latium, located about 50 kilometres east of Rome. Archaeology has showed the existence of a pre-Roman centre here, on the border of the lands of the Hernici, in the 1st century AD it is mentioned as oppidum Afile by Frontinus. It was crossed by the Via Sublacense, in the 10th century a village existed in the former Roman oppidum, centred on the church of St. Peter. In 1013 a castle is cited in Affile, which in 1109 was ceded by Pope Paschal II to the Abbey of St. Scholastica of Subiaco, later it was a possession of the Altieri and Braschi families. In 999 emperor Otto III founded in the site a church, church of St. Peter, known from the early 6th century. The last renovation is from the 15th century and it has frescoes from the 13th and 16th-17th centuries. Church of Santa Felicita Castrum, site on a different hill of the site of Affile around St. Peters church. It had once numerous towers, gates and massive walls, of which traces remain. On 11 August 2012 a publicly funded mausoleum and memorial park was unveiled in the town to Rodolfo Graziani, the event was met with widespread criticism in the national and international media. The mausoleum was reported to cost Euro 127,000, paid for by taxpayers from regional funds and he later defended the council’s decision by stating that “Graziano was not a war criminal” However, demonstrations against the memorial were quickly organised. On 12 September the monument was damaged and covered in graffiti, the monument has also been denounced in Ethiopia. Speaking after the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, historian Bahru Zewde said and he went on to fulfill that vow with indiscriminate use of chemical weapons and the massacre of thousands of Ethiopians. Graziani was never tried for his war crimes in Africa, had he been alive, there is no doubt that he would have been forced to face justice at the International Criminal Court. The erection with public funds of a monument for someone who has the blood of so many Africans on his hands is therefore adding insult to injury. Elsewhere, a protest was held in London on 31 August 2012 outside the Italian Ambassador’s Residence, which was followed by a further demonstration in Washington on 5 November 2012
Affile
–
Affile
41.
Anguillara Sabazia
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Anguillara Sabazia is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy, around 30 kilometres northwest of Rome. It nestles on a cape on the coast of Lake Bracciano, its medieval center. Anguillara is served by a train which connects it with Rome in around 40 minutes. About 3 kilometres east of the lies the small, volcanic Lake Martignano. The two lakes and the area have been declared a Regional Park and are under a strict naturalistic control. A two-part episode of the American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond was shot in the town
Anguillara Sabazia
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Sight of Anguillara Sabazia on
Lake Bracciano.
Anguillara Sabazia
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Anguillara Sabazia on
Lake Bracciano, 2014
42.
Anticoli Corrado
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Anticoli Corrado is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Latium, located about 40 kilometres northeast of Rome. Anticoli Corrado borders the municipalities, Mandela, Marano Equo, Rocca Canterano, Roviano. Anticoli became known in the 19th century because its inhabitants used to pose as models for the community of artists living near Piazza di Spagna in Rome. Some artists eventually went to see the birthplace of their models, the town attracted artists until World War II. Stanley Kramers The Secret of Santa Vittoria was almost entirely shot here, church of St. Arcos de la Frontera, Spain
Anticoli Corrado
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Anticoli Corrado
43.
Cave, Lazio
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Cave is a town and comune in the Latium region of Italy,42 kilometres southeast of Rome. As of 2011 its population was of 10,421, the town was mentioned first in 998 AD, and was later a fief of the Colonna family. In 1482 it was besieged by Pope Sixtus IV and obliged to surrender and it is especially known for the Treaty of Cave, signed on 12 September 1557 by plenipotentiaries of Pope Paul IV and Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the Spanish viceroy of Naples. Cave borders with Castel San Pietro Romano, Genazzano, Palestrina, Rocca di Cave and it counts the hamlets of Collepalme and San Bartolomeo. Media related to Cave at Wikimedia Commons Cave official website
Cave, Lazio
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Cave within the Province of Rome
44.
Ciampino
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Ciampino is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, Italy. It was a frazione of Marino until 1974, when it became a comune, the city is named after Giovanni Giustino Ciampini, a religious, scientist and archaeologist who lived here in the 17th century. It grew from 5,000 inhabitants in 1951 to 28,000 in 1971, today, the city has circa 37,000 inhabitants. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ciampino has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the citys climate is basically Mediterranean type, but there are rare continental peaks, especially in winter. The autumn and spring seasons are particularly rainy and with mild temperatures, snow is a very rare phenomenon, they are mostly timid sleet or downpour of graupel. The summer is hot, humid and potentially drought. Therefore, the rainfall will have on the foothills of the hills, facing the sea, towards the south-west. In the summer, in conditions of heat waves particularly. Media related to Ciampino at Wikimedia Commons
Ciampino
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Ciampino International Airport
45.
Fiumicino
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Fiumicino is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 77,870. It is famous for the presence of the Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, the busiest airport in Italy, the name literally means little river. The town of Fiumicino should not be confused with its namesake, Fiumicino, Fiumicino became a comune in 1992, previously it was part of the municipality of Rome, being almost totally included in the former Municipio XIV. On 24 August 2013, a mud volcano popped up at the centre of the via Coccia di Morto roundabout. Fiumicino borders with the municipalities of Anguillara Sabazia, Cerveteri, Ladispoli and it lies in the northern side of the mouth of Tiber river, next to Ostia. Fiumicino is home to the largest airport in Italy, the Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, the city also houses the head offices of Alitalia and Blue Panorama Airlines. All Nippon Airways has its Rome Sales Office in the Room 447 in the, cathay Pacific has an office in the airports Torre Uffici 2. In addition Small Planet Airlines has an office in Fiumicino, in addition, Fiumicino has a large fishing center on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast and a sea resort. The Istituto di Instruzione Superiore Leonardo da Vinci is in Fiumicino, the Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport, also known as Rome-Fiumicino, lies in the north-eastern suburb of the town. It is served by the A91 motorway from Rome and by the Roman Suburban Railway line FL1, the municipality counts the railway stations of Fiumicino Aeroporto and Parco Leonardo, both on the line FL1. Airport station is served by a non-stop train from/to Roma Termini named Leonardo Express. The other stations within the municipality, Maccarese-Fregene and Torre in Pietra-Palidoro, are part of the Rome-Pisa line, the branch line from Parco Leonardo to the towns centre, counting the stations of Porto, Fiumicino and Fiumicino Porto Canale, was closed in 2000. it
Fiumicino
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Aerial view of Fiumicino
46.
Formello
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Formello is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome. It is located southwest of the Monti Sabatini, within the Regional Park of Veii, the communal territory is mostly composed by tuff, and is intensively cultivated. The area has settled since prehistoric times. As an Italian comune, it some of the archaeological sites associated with the former Etruscan city of Veii, north of the village of Isola Farnese. Settlement in the region declined after Veiis destruction in 396 BC, the domus territories included a fundus Formellum, where a settlement developed that was first mentioned in 1027. In the 11th century it was a possession of the Roman Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, in 1279 it became a fief of the Orsini family, who sold it to the Chigi in 1661. It received a tower in the fifteenth century, and was renovated in 1574 with the addition of the two aisles. The left one houses frescoes by Donato Palmieri and it was built by the Orsini, probably over the pre-existing castrum mentioned in the 11th century. It houses the Archaeological Museum of the Countryside of Veii Church of San Michele Arcangelo, the ruined Villa Chigi-Versaglia, built by cardinal Flavio Chigi in the 17th century. Formello is home to the grounds and base of Italian Serie A side S. S. Lazio
Formello
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Formello
Formello
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Façade of Palazzo Chigi.
Formello
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Formello Storic Center
Formello
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San Lorenzo Church (internal)
47.
Frascati
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Frascati is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy. It is located 20 kilometres south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum, Frascati is closely associated with science, being the location of several international scientific laboratories. Frascati produces the wine with the same name. It is also a historical and artistic centre, the most important archeological finding in the area, dating back to Ancient Roman times, during the late Republican Age, is a patrician Roman villa probably belonging to Lucullus. In the first century AD its owner was Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and his properties were later confiscated by the Flavian imperial dynasty. Consul Flavius Clemens lived in the villa with his wife Domitilla during the rule of Domitian, according to the Liber Pontificalis, in the 9th century Frascati was a little village, probably founded two centuries earlier. The name of the city comes from a typical local tradition of collecting firewood —many place-names around the town refer to trees or wood. After the destruction of nearby Tusculum in 1191, the population increased. It was owned by various families, including the Colonna, until, in 1460. In 1515 Colonna gave Frascati its first statute, Statuti e Capituli del Castello di Frascati, in 1518 a hospital was built, named after St. Sebastiano, in memory of the old basilica destroyed in the 9th century. After Prince Colonnas death in 1522, Lucrezia della Rovere sold Frascati to Pier Luigi Farnese, on May 1,1527 a Landsknecht company, after having sacked Rome, arrived out of the bordering villages. However, the changed the direction of their movement next to a niche, a Rural Aedicule consecrated to the Virgin Mary. This event is commemorated by a church now called Capocroce, in 1538, Pope Paul III conferred the title of Civitas to Frascati, with the name Tusculum Novum. In 1598 construction began on a new cathedral dedicated to St. Peter, on September 15,1616 the first public and free school in Europe was established on the initiative of Saint Joseph Calasanz. On June 18,1656 a part of the plaster peeled off a wall inside the Church of St. Mary in Vivario, and it was the image of Saints Sebastian and Roch, protector from the plague. In that same year there was an epidemic of plague in Rome, since that year, the two Saints have been co-patron Saints of the city. There are statues of the two saints in the façade of the Cathedral, between 1713 and 1729, the head from a colossus of Antinous was discovered in the area, and displayed in the Villa Mondragone. In 1757 the Valle theater opened in the centre of the town, in 1809 Frascati was annexed to the French Empire, and selected as the capital of the Roman canton
Frascati
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Cathedral of San Pietro Apostolo.
Frascati
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Print of
Matteo Greuter (1620).
Frascati
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Religious holiday in Frascati: arrival of St Joseph Calasanz and the image of Our Lady (1823).
Frascati
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Villa Aldobrandini.
48.
Genzano di Roma
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Genzano di Roma is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, in the Lazio region of central Italy. It is one of the Castelli Romani, at a distance of 29 kilometres from Rome, the origin of the name Genzano is still disputed. According to one version, the hill overlooking the Lake of Nemi on which the city is situated was once devoted to the goddess Cynthia, another version relates its origin to the Gentiani family. For others the presence on the hills, at time of the tribus or gens Cynthia originators and custodians of the cult of courage. During the Roman empire the area was inhabited by wealthy Roman citizens who wished to benefit from the cleaner air, the remains of many ancient Roman villas are to be found in the surroundings. The most impressive being the walls of the Villa of the Antonini where the later Roman emperor Antoninus Pius was born, the Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano, currently in the British Museum was found here. In the 12th century a tower of the Gandolfi family, lord of Castel Gandolfo, in 1183 Pope Lucius III gave it to the Cistercian monks of St. Anastasius of Aquae Salviae in Rome. In 1235 they built a castle around which the town later grew. In 1378 the Popes assigned it to Giordano Orsini, the Cistercians and the Colonna alternatively ruled Genzano until 1563, when the castle was ceded for 150,000 scudos to the Massimi, from which it was bought by Giuliano Cesarini. The painter Maratti was one of the citizens who settled in Livia Sforza-Cesarinis new town, in 1873 it was decided that the name of the town should be changed to Genzano di Roma to avoid confusion within the postal service as there are two towns in Italy called Genzano. In the 19th and early 20th century it was seat of numerous peasant revolts, during World War II it suffered damage under Allied bombings. A whole street is covered with carpets of flowers and a masked parade walk on these. The event was held for the first time in 1778, each year the artists suggestions must conform to a previously agreed upon theme, such as The Colours of Michelangelo, or The Designs of Bernini. In Spring it has become traditional a mini Infiorata made by the children from the local schools. Châtillon, France Merseburg, Germany Mokotów, Poland Official website of Infiorata
Genzano di Roma
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Panorama of Genzano
49.
Grottaferrata
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Grottaferrata is a small town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, situated on the lower slopes of the Alban Hills,20 kilometres south east of Rome. Nearby communes include Frascati, Rocca di Papa, Marino and Rome, the history of Grottaferrata identifies largely with that of the Basilian Monastery of Santa Maria, founded here in 1004 by Saint Nilus the Younger. The founding legend narrates that, at the spot where the now stands. Its iron window grates gave the site the name, first of Cryptoferrata then of Grottaferrata, from the site, a Roman bronze of a man and a cow attracted the antiquarian attention of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who had the group removed to Lucera. Nilus died soon afterwards in the Sant Agata monastery in Tusculum, the monastic building was carried out by his successors, especially the fourth abbot, Saint Bartholomew, who is usually considered the second founder. Building materials scavenged from the villa were incorporated into the new structure, marble columns, sections of carved cornice. The sanctuary was complete enough in 1024 to be consecrated by the Tusculan Pope John XIX, the high repute of the monks attracted many gifts, eleventh- and thirteenth-century mosaics remain, but of the ambitious ensemble of Cosmatesque inlay, only the polychrome stone paving remains. The abbeys possessions in lands were numerous and widespread, and in 1131 King Roger II of Sicily made the abbot Baron of Rossano with an extensive fief. Between the 12th and 15th centuries the monastery suffered from the strife of warring factions, Romans and Tusculans, Guelphs and Ghibellines, popes and antipopes, Colonna. From 1163 till the destruction of Tusculum in 1191, the part of the monastic community sought refuge in a dependency of the abbey. In the middle of the 13th century the Emperor Frederick II made the abbey his headquarters during the siege of Rome, the fifteenth century saw the bloody feuds of the Colonna and the Orsini raging round the walls. According to the humanist Ambrogio Traversari, in 1432 the appearance of the abbey was that of a rather than a monastery. In 1462 began a line of non-resident abbots in commendam, fifteen in number, of whom all, the most distinguished were the Greek Bessarion, Giulio della Rovere, and the last of the line, Cardinal Consalvi, secretary of state to Pius VII. Cardinal Bessarion, himself a Basilian monk, increased the scanty and impoverished community, Cardinal Giulio della Rovere, for more selfish motives, erected the castle and surrounded the whole monastery with the imposing fortifications that still exist. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese replaced the ceiling, gian Lorenzo Bernini was commissioned by Cardinal Francesco Barberini to provide the high altar, completed in 1665. Till 1608 the community was ruled by priors dependent on abbots in commendam, the revenues of the community were separated from those of the commendatory abbots, and the first of a series of triennially appointed regular abbots was appointed. The triennial system survived the suppression of the commendam and lasted till the end of the century, with one break from 1834 to 1870. In 1901, new constitutions came into force and Arsenio Pellegrini was installed as the first perpetual regular abbot since 1462
Grottaferrata
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Grottaferrata
50.
Ladispoli
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Ladispoli is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy. Lies about 35 kilometres west of center of Rome on the Mediterranean Sea, Ladispoli occupies the area existed the ancient Alsium, the port of the Etruscan city of Cerveteri and later a Roman colony cited by Cicero. Alsium was destroyed in the 6th century AD, during the Gothic War, later a castle, named Palo, was built in the area, it was a fief of the Orsini and, from 1693, of the Odescalchi family. Modern Ladispoli was founded in 1888 by Ladislao Odescalchi, whom its name stems from, in the late 1970s and until the early 1990s, parts of Ladispoli served as refugee camps for Soviet emigrants seeking political and/or religious asylum in Western countries. The experience of Jews from the former USSR staying in Ladispoli in the 1980s was first described in English by Maxim D. Shrayer in his literary memoir Waiting for America, the Etruscan necropolis of Monteroni and Vaccina. The Castellaccio, a country residence. The Giardino delle Orchidee Spontanee del Mediterraneo, a botanical garden According to ISTAT figures at 31 December 2010 foreign nationals were 7711 people
Ladispoli
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Housing in Ladispoli
51.
Marino, Lazio
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Marino is an Italian city and comune in Lazio, on the Alban Hills, Italy,21 kilometres southeast of Rome, with a population of 37,684 and a territory of 26.10 square kilometres. It is bounded by communes, Castel Gandolfo, Albano Laziale, Rocca di Papa, Grottaferrata. Marino is famous for its wine, and for its Grape Festival. The territory of Marino was inhabited by Latin tribes from the 1st millennium BC, the ancient cities of Bovillae, Mugilla and Ferentum were part of the Latin League. Under the Roman Republic it was a resort for Roman patricians. From 1090 it was a dominium of the Counts of Tusculum, and later a fief of the Frangipane and, beginning in 1266, in 1272, San Bonaventura founded the first confraternity of Italy there. In 1347 it was besieged in vain by Cola di Rienzo, fifty years later, it was the site of the battle between Alberico da Barbiano and the French troops supporting Antipope Clement VII. In 1419 it was bought by the Colonna, who maintained it until 1914, Marino hosted famous historical figures, from Charles VIII of France to Alfonso II dEste and many others. Vittoria Colonna was born in Marino in 1492 and lived there for part of her life, in 1571, Marinos people welcomed Marcantonio Colonna, a protagonist of the Battle of Lepanto, with a triumph, remembered yearly by a festival. It became part of Italy in 1870, on 14 March 1880 the railway Rome-Ciampino-Marino was opened for service. On 1 April 1906 an electric tram replaced the former. In 1954 the electric line was replaced by buses. On 2 February 1944, during World War II, Marino was heavily bombed by USAAF B-25 aircraft from the US XII Air Force and it is in Baroque style, with an imposing façade dating to 1653, and a Latin-cross plan with a nave and two aisles. Among other works of art, it houses the Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew by Guercino and it houses a Mystery of the Holy Trinity, now recognized as from a pupil of Guido Reni. It has a nave with side chapels. It is home to a painting of St. Roch attributed to Domenichino and, in a niche at the high altar, rosario, an example of Rococo art. Palazzo Colonna Fontana dei Mori, depicting prisoners from the aforementioned Battle of Lepanto, mithraeum, with an important fresco portraying the God Mithras slaughtering the bull. Grape Festival, Every 1st Sunday of October, doughnut Festival, Every 2nd Sunday of October
Marino, Lazio
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View of the historical centre.
Marino, Lazio
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View of the city.
Marino, Lazio
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Mithraeum of Marino
Marino, Lazio
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Fountains giving wine.
52.
Mazzano Romano
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Mazzano Romano is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Latium, located about 35 kilometres north of Rome. Mazzano Romano borders the municipalities, Calcata, Campagnano di Roma, Castel SantElia, Faleria, Magliano Romano. First mentioned in 945, it is one of the villages formed from the great estate assembled by Pope Adrian I about 780. It includes the Regional Park of Veii
Mazzano Romano
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Town Hall.
Mazzano Romano
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Coat of arms
53.
Mentana
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Mentana is a town and comune, former bishopric and presant Latin Catholic titular see in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy. It is located 29 kilometres north-east of Rome and has a population of about 21,000, mentanas name in ancient times was Nomentum, to which the Via Nomentana led from Rome. According to Livy, the town was part of the Latin League, Nomentum was one of a number of towns captured by Tarquinius. It was a Latin town, but was considered by some to be Sabine, and, like Fidenae and Ficulea, was excluded from the first region by Augustus, who made the Anio river its northern boundary. The city was part of the League defeated by Rome in the Battle of Lake Regillus, subsequently, Nomentum received the civitas sine suffragio, in its municipal constitution the chief magistrate even in imperial times bore the title of dictator. Pliny and Martial often praise the fertility of its neighbourhood, in 741 it was briefly occupied by the Lombards and the inhabitants moved to a new centre on the Via Nomentana which was more easily defendable. On 23 November 799, it was the site of the meeting of Pope Leo III, the Castle of Nomentum was a possession of the Roman family of the Crescenzi in the 10th and 11th century. In 1058 it was destroyed by the Normans and the population was drastically reduced, the castle was acquired by the Capocci family and, later, the Holy See entrusted it to the Benedictine monks of San Paolo fuori le Mura. In the 15th century it was control of the Orsini family. In 1484 it was damaged by an earthquake, in 1594 it became a fief of the Perett family, first under Michele Perett of Venafro, and then in 1655 it came under the control of Marcantonio Borghese and the House of Borghese. The battle ended in a victory by the French-Papal troops, in Mentana, the monument Ara dei Caduti is built over the mass grave of the Italian patriots who died in the battle. In 408 CE Nomento is mentioned as a see. In May 944 it was suppressed, its territory being merged into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vescovìo, the diocese was nominally restored as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric in 1966. The Castle, housing the Archaeological Museum and is a site of art exhibitions, palazzo Crescenzio Funerary Monument of the Appulei, a 2nd-century BC travertine frieze Museum of the Risorgimento Science Museum. The Nature Preserve of Nomentum includes the Trentani Park and the Macchia of Gattacieca, gCatholic, with titular incumbent biography links
Mentana
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Mentana
Mentana
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Inner square of the castle in Mentana.
54.
Monte Porzio Catone
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Monte Porzio Catone is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region Latium, located about 20 kilometres southeast of Rome, on the Alban Hills. Monte Porzio Catone borders the municipalities, Frascati, Grottaferrata, Monte Compatri. The Astronomical Rome Observatory is located 2 kilometres from the city centre and it was built starting from 1939, being finished in 1965. It rises above the remains of a Roman villa, the Matidias Villa, currently the observatory is endowed with the Astrolab and other didactic resources for initiatives to schools, university, associative and private groups. The Tusculan Hermitage Monastery was founded in 1607 by Camaldolese Monks of Monte Corona, in 1613 the building was completed. The convents church is devoted to Saint Romuald, the hospitality to male pilgrims by the hermits is guaranteed. Women are forbidden entry to the Hermitage, an inscription on the wooden door reads, in Latin, Ecce Elongavi Fugiens et Mansi In Solitudine. Other sights include the church of St. Gregory the Great, erected in 1666 by Carlo Rainaldi for the Borghese family, saint-Michel-lObservatoire, France Official website Official website of the Rome Astronomical Observatory
Monte Porzio Catone
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Monte Porzio Catone
Monte Porzio Catone
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Tusculan Hermitage of Camaldoli.
55.
Nerola
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Nerola is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome, Latium, Italy. The name Nerola is probably derived from the Sabine word nero or nerio, in the site traces of a Roman era villa have been found, which legend attributes as belonging to Nero himself. Within the comune is the frazione of Acquaviva, on the ancient Via Salaria, no longer a residential bishopric, Aquaviva is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. At the end of the 12th century, the fiefdom was granted to the Orsini family, at the end of the 15th century, the castle was subsequently reinforced with strong towers and other defensive fortifications around the village. Near the castle, the chiesa vecchia was built in 1483, in 1867, the castle was occupied by a contingent of partisans of Giuseppe Garibaldi who were fighting against papal troops. Since passing to Marquis Ferrari-Frey in 1939, the castle has been restored and now houses a hotel
Nerola
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The fountain in the town hall square.
Nerola
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Castello Orsini at Nerola.
56.
Palombara Sabina
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Palombara Sabina is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Italy. Savelli-Torlonia Castle, built from the 11th century by the Ottaviani, antipope Innocent III was arrested here in 1180. It was acquired by Luca Savelli, a nephew of pope Honorius III, in 1250 and it is now home to a library, an exhibition of Roman statues found nearby Palombara in 2008, and a natural sciences museum. Abbey of Saint John in Argentella Church of Santa Maria Annunziata Church of St. Blaise, fortified village of Castiglione, in the Monti Lucretili park, at 750 metres. Convent of St. Michael, in rural Romanesque style and it was built over a Roman villa, of which traces of opus reticulatum remain
Palombara Sabina
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View of Palombara Sabina
57.
Sacrofano
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Sacrofano is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Latium, located about 25 kilometres north of Rome. Located near the Monti Sabatini, at the feet of an extinct volcano, Sacrofano borders the following municipalities, Campagnano di Roma, Castelnuovo di Porto, Formello, Magliano Romano, Riano, Rome. They were originally part of the territory of the Etruscan city of Veii, later it was home to numerous Roman villas, which were abandoned in the 5th-6th centuries. A fundus Scrofanum is mentioned for the first time in 780, apart a short conquest by Cesare Borgia, they kept Sacrofano for nearly three centuries, in 1560 it was included in the Duchy of Bracciano. In 1662 the Orsini ceded it to the Chigi family, the Rocca The church of San Giovanni Battista, dating from the 12th century but restored in the 15th century. It has a bell tower from the 14th century. The church has a plan, with a single nave. The 1515 altar, in polychrome marbles, houses the relic of St. Justin Martyr, Sacrofano has a station on the Roma-Civitacastellana-Viterbo regional railway. It can be reached by car from Rome in c.20 minutes through the Via Flaminia and the Via Sacrofanese
Sacrofano
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Sacrofano
Sacrofano
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Coat of arms
Sacrofano
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An ancient tower in Sacrofano.
58.
Segni
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Segni is an Italian town and comune located in Lazio. The city is situated on a hilltop in the Lepini Mountains, according to ancient Roman sources, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh king of Rome, established a Roman colony at the town, then known as Signia. Additional colonists were sent there in 495 BC. The ancient architectural remains at the site date mostly from the Republican period and these include a circuit of fortification walls built using polygonal masonry. The walls incorporated a system of gates, including the Porta Saracena which is covered by a large monolithic architrave, atop the ancient acropolis of Segni sits the podium of the temple of Juno Moneta, which now supports a Medieval church of Saint Peter. Segni was a refuge for various popes with Pope Eugene III erecting a palace in the middle of the twelfth century, the Counts of Marsi, hereditary enemies of the Orsini, obtained Segni in the twelfth century. The family called de Conti produced several popes and many cardinals, in 1558 Segni was sacked by the forces of the Duke of Alba in the war against Pope Paul IV, immense booty was captured, as the inhabitants of the other towns of the Campagna had fled thither. Politician Giulio Andreotti was born in Segni in 1919, co-cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, built in the early 17th century on the former temple of St. Bruno. The bell tower is from the 11th century, the interior has a painting by Francesco Cozza. The polygonal masonry fortification walls of the settlement are well preserved, the ancient acropolis of Segni is marked by the former site of the temple of Juno Moneta. The acropolis has recently been the site of renewed fieldwork undertaken by the British School at Rome, mykines, Greece This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. Segni
Segni
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Segni
Segni
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Edward Lear - Segni, 6 October 1838 - Google Art Project
59.
Tivoli, Lazio
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Tivoli is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, about 30 kilometres east-north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills. The city offers a view over the Roman Campagna. Catillus and his three sons Tiburtus, Coras, and Catillus drove out the Siculi from the Aniene plateau, according to a more historical account, Tibur was instead a colony of Alba Longa. Historical traces of settlement in the date back to the 13th century BC. The citys name may share a root with the river Tiber. Virgil in his Aeneid makes Coras and the younger Catillus twin brothers, from Etruscan times Tibur, a Sabine city, was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. In the nearby woods, Faunus had a sacred grove, at first an independent ally of Rome, Tibur allied itself with the Gauls in 361 BC. Vestiges remain of its walls of this period, in opus quadratum. In 338 BC, however, Tibur was defeated and absorbed by the Romans, the city acquired Roman citizenship in 90 BC and became a resort area famed for its beauty and its good water, and was enriched by many Roman villas. The most famous one, of which the ruins remain, is the Villa Adriana, maecenas and Augustus also had villas at Tibur, and the poet Horace had a modest villa, he and Catullus and Statius all mention Tibur in their poems. In 273, Zenobia, the queen of Palmyra, was assigned a residence here by the Emperor Aurelian. The 2nd-century temple of Hercules Victor is being excavated, the present Piazza del Duomo occupies the Roman forum. The name of the city came to be used in form as Tiburi instead of Tibur and so transformed through Tibori to Tiboli. But its inhabitants are still called Tiburtini and not Tivolesi, in 547, in the course of the Gothic War, the city was fortified by the Byzantine general Belisarius, but was later destroyed by Totilas army. After the end of the war it became a Byzantine duchy, after Italy was conquered by Charlemagne, Tivoli was under the authority of a count, representing the emperor. From the 10th century onwards Tivoli, as an independent commune governed by its elected consuls, was the fiercest rival of Rome in the struggle for the control over the impoverished central Lazio, Emperor Otto III conquered it in 1001, and Tivoli fell under the papal control. Reminders of the turbulence of communal life are the tower houses that may be seen in Vicolo dei Ferri, Via di Postera, Via del Seminario. In the 13th century Rome imposed a tribute on the city, in the 14th century Tivoli sided with the Guelphs and strongly supported Urban VI against Antipope Clement VII
Tivoli, Lazio
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Main attractions of Tivoli, Top left: View of big fountain in Villa d'Este; Top right: Rocca Pia Castle; Center: City panorama; Bottom left: Temple of Tiburtine Sibyl; Bottom middle: The Maritime Theater in Hadrian's Villa; Bottom right: Cathedral
Tivoli, Lazio
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Landscape showing the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, by
Adam Elsheimer, c. 1600
Tivoli, Lazio
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Waterfalls of Tivoli,
Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich, 1745–1750
Tivoli, Lazio
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The castle of Rocca Pia, built in 1461 by
Pope Pius II
60.
Trevignano Romano
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Trevignano Romano is a small town and comune near Rome. It has a population of about 5,000 and it is about 47 kilometres away from Rome. The Castle was erected around 1200 by order of Pope Innocent III and it once had 3 layers of massive walls, but the siege of Cesare Borgia in 1497 and subsequent earthquakes have reduced the structures to a state of poor-repair. It was the home of Professor Ernest Nash. It is also a town, with many clubs offering training in water activities
Trevignano Romano
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Trevignano Romano
Trevignano Romano
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Trevignano's old city centre
61.
Vicovaro
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Vicovaro is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about 45 kilometres northeast of Rome. The area of Vicovaro was inhabited as early as the Neolithic, during the Roman domination, it was known as Vicus Varronis, Vicus Vari or Vicus Valerius. In the 13th century it was a fief of the Orsini, palazzo Cenci Bolognetti, a former residence of the Orsini. It includes parts of a rocca with cylindrical towers, remains of the keep, church of San Giacomo, commissioned by Giovanni Antonio Orsini to Giovanni Dalmata and others. Church of San Pietro Monastery of San Cosimato Varia
Vicovaro
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Vicovaro
62.
Zagarolo
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Zagarolo is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, in the region of Lazio of central Italy. It has 17,803 inhabitants and a area of 28 square kilometres. It lies 34 kilometres south-east of Rome, and it borders the municipalities of Colonna, Gallicano nel Lazio, Monte Compatri, Palestrina, Rome, San Cesareo. Zagarolos town center lies on a narrow tuff hill,2 kilometres long and about 100 metres wide, at an elevation of 310 metres. The south continuation of the important pilgrim route Via Francigena passes through the countryside of Zagarolo, Zagarolo may have origins in Gabii, an ancient city founded in the 5th century, which is a few kilometers from Zagarolo. The town center is of medieval origin and its current urban plan was developed in the 16th century, Zagarolo is the birthplace of composer Goffredo Petrassi. Most of the attractions of Zagarolo are in the historical town center. For many centuries it remained under the Colonna influence, and was besieged and destroyed several times due to the rivalry between the papacy and the Colonna family. In the 16th century the Colonnas and the papacy started having peaceful relationships, the palace now was used as a residence and two major wings were added to it towards the piazza, frescoes were painted and a hanging garden was built. In 1591 a council of eight cardinals was held in the Palace, with the mission to revise the Bible for an edition, among them were Marcantonio Colonna. The building is characterized by frescoes painted by manierist artists of 16th century, attributed to Dutch painters, to Antonio Tempesta, in the Palace also worked Carlo Maratta and Ludovico Gimignani, who died in this palace in 1697. Later the Palace became property of the Pallavicini family, until it was sold to the comune in 1979, when the Rospigliosi acquired the duchy of Zagarolo in 1668, it became property of that family. During World War II the palace was transformed in a German military hospital, today the Library of Zagarolo and the Toy Museum are inside the palace, and it is used for conventions, exhibitions and other cultural events. Church of St. Lawrence Martyr, located in Piazza del Risorgimento, convent and Church of St. Mary of the Graces, located in Piazza Santa Maria Church of St. Annunziata, has a peculiar octagonal belltower, and dominates the skyline of Zagarolo. Church of St. Peter, a Baroque church built on the site of an ancient church. It has an elliptical dome 46 meters high, the first gate to be encountered entering the city center from the southeast is Porta Rospigliosi, decorated with bas-reliefs in the 16th century and Roman busts and theatrical masques. The other gate, at the northwest entrance to the city is Porta San Martino, the Zagarolo Toy Museum, located in Rospigliosi Palace. The Museum offers a reconstruction of toys and the act of playing in a series of sections that, through a historic excursus
Zagarolo
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Palazzo Rospigliosi
Zagarolo
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1927 postcard of the Zagarolo train station "Stazione Vicinale"
63.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
Italy
