1.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
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Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
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Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
2.
Hussein of Jordan
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Hussein bin Talal was King of Jordan from the abdication of his father, King Talal, in 1952, until his death. Husseins rule extended through the Cold War and four decades of Arab–Israeli conflict and he recognized Israel in 1994, becoming the second Arab head of state to do so. Hussein claimed to be the 40th descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his belonging to the ancient Hashemite family, King Hussein was born in Amman on 14 November 1935 to King Talal bin Abdullah and Princess Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil. After completing his education in Amman, he was educated at Victoria College in Alexandria. He proceeded to Harrow School in England, where he befriended his second cousin Faisal II of Iraq and he pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Abdullah was killed, but the 15-year-old Hussein survived the assassination attempt, witnesses reported that the gunman turned his weapon on the young prince, who was saved when the bullet was deflected by a medal on his uniform which had been given to him by his grandfather. Hussein was appointed Crown Prince of Jordan on 9 September 1951, abdullahs eldest son, Talal, became King of Jordan, but thirteen months later was forced to abdicate owing to his mental state. King Talals son, Crown Prince Hussein, was proclaimed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 11 August 1952, a Regency Council was appointed until he came of age. He was enthroned on 2 May 1953, in March 1956, Hussein asserted Jordanian independence by dismissing Glubb Pasha as the commander of the Jordanian Army, and replacing all the British officers with Jordanians. This now mainly Bedouin army was fiercely loyal to him, due to tribal connections, Husseins rule was marked by repeated efforts to secure peace in the region. Meetings between King Hussein and Israeli foreign ministers Abba Eban and Golda Meir began on or before 1963, Jordan, sharing Israels longest contiguous border, was interested in maintaining a peaceful coexistence with Israel. Avi Shlaim claims that Husseins intentions. throughout the 1960s was to see if there was any way to resolve the dispute with Israel peacefully, King Hussein sought to understand Israels position and preferred dialogue to the futility of war. Much of this desire grows out of the threat from other Arab states, specifically the Baathist regimes in Iraq and Syria and Nassers ideology of Arab nationalism which had heavily influenced the Army. The first secret meeting place on 24 September 1963 between King Hussein and Yaacov Herzog, a diplomat with wide experience and special emissary of prime minister Levi Eshkol. Among other things such as discussions regarding water rights, the purpose of the meetings were to plan and support Israeli and Jordanian initiatives in combating Fatah guerrillas. He would later state I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid, on 13 November 1966, Israeli military conducted a major incursion into Jordanian territory, violating their secret agreement with King Hussein, in what became known as the Samu Incident. Two days later, in response to the incident, in a memo to U. S. President Lyndon B, johnson, his Special Assistant Walt Rostow wrote, retaliation is not the point in this case. Weve spent $500 million to him up as a stabilizing factor on Israels longest border and vis-à-vis Syria
Hussein of Jordan
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Hussein
Hussein of Jordan
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Hussein bin Talal (1950)
Hussein of Jordan
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King Hussein (right) and Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser at the
1964 Arab League Summit in
Alexandria,
Egypt
Hussein of Jordan
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Iraqi stamp about the
Arab Cooperation Council (ACC), founded by King Hussein,
Hosni Mubarak of Egypt,
Saleh of (North) Yemen and
Saddam Hussein of Iraq
3.
Prince Hamzah bin Hussein
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Prince Hamzah bin Hussein is the son of King Hussein of Jordan and his American-born fourth wife, Queen Noor. He was named Crown Prince of Jordan in 1999, a position he held until it was rescinded in 2004 by his half-brother, Queen Noor states in her autobiography that she and King Hussein named their son after Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib. Born on 29 March 1980, Prince Hamzah ibn Al Hussein claims ancestry with the Islamic Prophet Mohammad through the Hashemite family, King Abdullah II officially named him as Crown Prince of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 7 February 1999, a position he held until 28 November 2004. Prince Hamzah received his education in Jordan and Amman. Serving then as an officer in the Jordan Arab Army’s 40th Armored Brigade, Prince Hamzah attended a number of courses and attachments in Jordan, the UK, Poland, Germany. Currently holding the rank of Colonel in the Jordan Arab Army, in the year 2006, he graduated from Harvard University. Prince Hamzah was sworn in as Regent on numerous occasions and deputized for King Abdullah II on a number of missions in the Kingdom and he heads the Royal Advisory Committee on the Energy Sector. Prince Hamzah is a rotor and fixed wing aircraft pilot and enjoys other sports such as Jujitsu. The prince attended Harrow, UK, and graduated from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts and he also graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, UK. He has conducted a variety of courses as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Arab Jordanian Army, nearly six years later, on 28 November 2004, King Abdullah removed Hamzah as crown prince. No successor to the title was named, but some believed it probable that Abdullah intended to name his own son, Prince Hussein. Prince Hamzah married his cousin, Princess Noor bint Asem bin Nayef. The official wedding was held on 27 May 2004, Prince Hamzah and Princess Noor divorced on 9 September 2009. The couple had one daughter, Her Royal Highness Princess Haya bint Hamzah On 12 January 2012 Prince Hamzah married Basmah Bani Ahmad, brazilian jiu-jitsu is among his interests. He also spends time reading, particularly books and biographies
Prince Hamzah bin Hussein
4.
Prince Hashim bin Hussein
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Prince Hashim bin Hussein is the younger of the two sons of King Hussein and Queen Noor. In her autobiography, Queen Noor states that Hashim was named after the clan of Hashim and he is in the line of succession to the Jordanian throne. Prince Hashim was born on 10 June 1981 and he received his elementary education in Amman at the Amman Baccalaureate School and then attended the schools of St. Marks and Fay School in the United States and he later graduated from Maret School in Washington, D. C in 1999. Prince Hashim went to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 2000 and he was awarded the Prince Saud Bin Abdullah Prize, presented to the cadet with the highest aggregate mark. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he attended Duke University, in August 2005, the prince obtained an undergraduate degree in Comparative Studies from Georgetown Universitys Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. He later graduated in Quran studies at Balqa Applied University in Jordan on 5 September 2006, while serving as a Captain in the Jordanian Armed Forces 3rd Royal Ranger Battalion, the prince attended several military and security courses. On 6 January 2006, Prince Hashim was engaged to Fahdah Mohammed Abunayyan from Saudi Arabia, the brides father is Mohammad bin Ibrahim Abunayyan and her maternal grandfather is Prince Turki bin Khaled bin Ahmed Al Sudairi, head of the Saudi Human Rights Commission. The Hashemite Royal Court announced that Prince Hashim and Princess Fahdah had their first daughter, Princess Haalah bin Hashim, the Hashemite Royal Court announced that Prince Hashim and Princess Fahdah had their second daughter, Princess Rayet Al Noor bin Hashim, born on 4 July 2008. The couple had a daughter, Princess Fatima Al Alia bin Hashim. The Hashemite Royal Court announced that Prince Hashim and Princess Fahdah had their first son, Prince Hussein Haidara bin Hashim, on 15 June 2015
Prince Hashim bin Hussein
5.
Princess Iman bint Hussein
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Princess Iman bint Hussein is the daughter of King Hussein and Queen Noor of Jordan. She has two brothers, Hamzah and Hashim, and a younger sister, Princess Raiyah. She is a half-sister to King Abdullah II of Jordan, Princess Iman studied at the Fay School in Massachusetts and the Maret School in Washington, D. C. She joined the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 2002, and finished her training there on 8 August 2003 and she has enrolled at American University in Washington, D. C. and is currently pursuing a higher degree in veterinary medicine. On 20 December 2012, the Royal Court of Jordan announced Princess Imans engagement to businessman Zaid Azmi Mirza and they married on 22 March 2013. She gave birth to a son, Omar, on 8 October 2014
Princess Iman bint Hussein
6.
Princess Raiyah bint Hussein
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Princess Raiyah bint Hussein is the youngest daughter of King Hussein of Jordan and Queen Noor. She has two brothers Hamzah and Hashem and an elder sister Princess Iman, Princess Raiyah attended Atlantic College in Wales and received her undergraduate degree in Japanese at the University of Edinburgh. She took a year studying at Ritsumeikan University in Japan. Upon graduation, she moved to Tokyo where she spent three years working in the field of human development and she participated in the official visit to Japan by King Abdullah II in April 2009. She is a half-sister to King Abdullah II of Jordan
Princess Raiyah bint Hussein
7.
Hashemites
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The House of Hashim, better known as the Hashemites Hashmi, are the royal family of the Hejaz, Iraq, and Jordan. Their eponymous ancestor is Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, great-grandfather of the Islamic prophet and his sons Abdullah and Faisal assumed the thrones of Jordan and Iraq in 1921. The dynasty is the oldest ruling dynasty in the Islamic World, the early history of the Hashemites saw them in a continuous struggle against the Umayyads for control over who would be the caliph or successor to Muhammad. The Umayyads were of the tribe as the Hashemites, but a different clan. After the overthrow of the Umayyads, the Abbasids would present themselves as representatives of the Hashemites, as they claimed descent from Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of Muhammad. Muhammads father had died before he was born, and his mother died while he was a child, so Muhammad was raised by his uncle Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, chief of the Hashemites. From the 10th century onwards, the sharif of Mecca and its Emir was, by traditional agreement, before World War I, Hussein bin Ali of the Hashemite Dhawu-Awn clan ruled the Hejaz on behalf of the Ottoman sultan. For some time it had been the practice of the Sublime Porte to appoint the Emir of Mecca from among a group of candidates. In 1908, Hussein bin Ali was appointed to the Emirate of Mecca and he found himself increasingly at odds with the Young Turks in control at Istanbul, while he strove to secure his familys position as hereditary Emirs. Sharif Hussein bin Ali rebelled against the rule of the Ottomans during the Arab Revolt of 1916. Between 1917 and 1924, after the collapse of Ottoman power, Hussein bin Ali ruled an independent Hejaz, of which he proclaimed himself king and his supporters are sometimes referred to as Sharifians or the Sharifian party. Hussein bin Alis chief rival in the Arabian Peninsula, the king of the Najd, Ibn Saud, annexed the Hejaz in 1925 and established his own son, Faysal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the region was later incorporated into Saudi Arabia. Hussein bin Ali had five sons, Ali, who succeeded to the throne of Hejaz before its loss to the Saud family in 1925. Abdullah, became the amir of Transjordan in 1921 and king of Jordan in 1946, Faisal, briefly proclaimed King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in 1920, became King of Iraq in 1921. Prince Zeid bin Hussein, who moved to Jordan when his brothers grandson, King Faisal II of Iraq, was overthrown, hassan, died at a young age. Line of succession to the Jordanian throne Line of succession to the Iraqi throne Hashemite Lineage
Hashemites
Hashemites
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Coats of arms of Jordan, Iraq, and Hejaz
Hashemites
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The Hashemite banner used ceremoniously by the Kingdom Of Jordan
8.
Queen Rania of Jordan
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Rania Al-Abdullah is the queen consort of Jordan. She is also a user of social media and she maintains pages on Facebook, YouTube, Instagram. She has two daughters and two sons and has given various decorations by governments. Rania Al-Yassin was born in Kuwait, to Palestinian parents Faisal Sedki al-Yassin and she attended the New English School in Jabriya, Kuwait, then received a degree in Business Administration from the American University in Cairo. Upon her graduation from the American University, she worked briefly in marketing for Citibank and she further noted that modern Islamic women must be entitled to wear any veil of their own individual choice and not be pressured by a traditionalist interpretation of Islamic law in society. Rania herself has been wearing a veil or a styled hat only on televised royal weddings. Since her marriage, Queen Rania has used her position to advocate for various sectors of society in Jordan, over the past few years, Queen Rania has launched, championed, and given patronage to several initiatives in education and learning. In July 2005, in partnership with the Ministry of Education, the King and Queen launched an annual teachers’ award, the Queen is Chairperson of Jordans first interactive childrens museum. Opened in May 2007, it aims to encourage and nurture lifelong learning for children, in April 2008, the Queen launched “Madrasati”, a public-private initiative aimed at refurbishing 500 of Jordan’s public schools over a five-year period. In higher education, the Queen Rania Scholarship Program partners with universities from around the world. Queen Rania is also Chairperson of the Royal Health Awareness Society, Queen Ranias first venture was the establishment of the Jordan River Foundation in 1995. The Jordan River Children Program was developed by Queen Rania to place children’s welfare above political agendas, Queen Rania has stated that an essential aspect of education is to equip young people with the necessary skills to perform well in the workplace. She initiated the Al-Aman Fund for the Future of Orphans in 2003 and she supports INJAZ Al-Arab, which was established by Save the Children in 1999, and later on with Junior Achievement and launched as a Jordanian non-profit organization by the Queen in 2001. In November 2000, in recognition of her commitment to the cause of children and youth, the Queen worked alongside other world leaders, including former South African President Nelson Mandela, in a global movement seeking to improve the welfare of children. In January 2007, Queen Rania was named UNICEFs first Eminent Advocate for Children, in August 2009, Queen Rania became Honorary Global Chair of the United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative. As a longtime supporter of the Global Campaign for Education, Queen Rania met with children and inspirational women in South Africa, Queen Rania and the women took turns reading a short story out of The Big Read to the children, in an effort to encourage literacy. One of the stories in the book, “Maha of the Mountains”, was contributed by Queen Rania, in Soweto, she was the first to write her name in the back of the Big Read, before passing it on to everyone else to write their name. She was also hosted by first lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, Queen Rania spoke of the need to turn this “tragedy into triumph” and called on political leaders to stand by their aid commitments
Queen Rania of Jordan
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Rania at
Davos in 2007
Queen Rania of Jordan
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Queen Rania -
World Economic Forum on the Middle East held at the
Dead Sea, Jordan, in 2007
Queen Rania of Jordan
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Michelle Obama hosts Queen Rania in the
Yellow Oval Room
Queen Rania of Jordan
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Queen Rania at the 2003
World Economic Forum in
Davos,
Switzerland
9.
Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
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Crown Prince Hussein bin Abdullah is the heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Jordan and the eldest child of King Abdullah II and Queen Rania. He replaced his half-uncle, Prince Hamzah, as apparent in 2004. Since reaching the age of majority in 2012, Hussein has functioned as regent on several occasions, Hussein was named after his paternal grandfather, the then-reigning king Hussein. His paternal grandmother is the English-born Princess Muna, Husseins father was not expected to succeed to the throne despite being King Husseins eldest son, as the King had appointed his younger brother Hassan as heir designate in 1965. Shortly before his death on 7 February 1999, the King replaced Hassan with Abdullah, in accordance with his fathers wishes, King Abdullah II named his younger half-brother, Prince Hamzah, as heir designate on his accession. His sisters are Princess Iman and Princess Salma, while his youngest sibling is Prince Hashem, on 28 November 2004, King Abdullah II stripped Crown Prince Hamzah of his title and status as heir-apparent. He thus became heir apparent as soon as his half-uncle lost the status, the title was conferred on 2 July 2009, when a royal decree was issued naming Hussein as crown prince effective immediately. He received primary and preparatory education at the International School of Choueifat in Amman, in 2007, Crown Prince Hussein enrolled at Kings Academy in Madaba, which was founded by his father and opened just in time for Hussein to join the first intake. He graduated from the academy in 2012 and he finished studying at Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. in 2016, majoring in international history. Crown Prince Hussein is currently a student at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, unlike the Kings, the Crown Princes role is mostly ceremonial under the Constitution, and the title is not associated with any political post. Hussein performed his first official engagement in June 2010, when he represented his father at the celebrations of the anniversary of the Arab Revolt, the Crown Prince holds the rank of first lieutenant in the Jordanian Armed Forces. He has accompanied his father on official and military missions. Hussein has also served several times as regent during the Kings absence from the country, the ceremony was attended by members of the Cabinet and by his uncle, Prince Feisal. The Crown Prince then met with the prime minister Awn Khasawneh accompanied by his uncle. The Crown Prince is involved in youth empowerment efforts, and as part of initiative he started the “Haqeq” activity. In addition, Prince Hussein met Pope Benedict XVI in May 2009 and he is fluent in the Arabic language, English and conversational French. In 2013, he participated in a session with the members of the Jordanian special forces highly skilled 71st Counter Terrorism Battalion. On 14 July 2014, Prince Hussein visited the Abdullah Medical Centre in Amman where some injured Palestinians who fled Gaza were being held for medical treatment, on 23 April 2015, the then 20-year-old Prince Hussein became the youngest person ever to chair a UN Security Council meeting
Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
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The Crown Prince Hussein
Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
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The Crown Prince and the King greeting US Secretary of State
John Kerry
10.
Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad
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Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad of Jordan, is the second wife of Prince Hamzah bin Hussein of Jordan. Her father is Mahmoud Hassan Bani-Ahmad, who was born and raised in the town of Kufr Khall north of Jerash, Princess Basmah has three siblings, Bassam Bani-Ahmad, Nader Bani-Ahmad and Yesmeen Bani-Ahmad. Princess Basmah enrolled at Stratford Central Secondary School and she attended Fanshawe College in London, Ontario before enrolling at the University of Western Ontario. She left her studies in Mathematics at the University of Western Ontario to practice the art of aviation as a hobby in Canada, before moving to Jordan in 2005. In Jordan she trained with The Middle East Aviation Academy in Amman to obtain a flight instructor license and after, in 2007 and she worked as a chief pilot at The Royal Aero Sports Club of Jordan in Aqaba and Wadi Rum, of which Prince Hamzah is President. She was Jordans first female pilot to obtain a basic aerobatics certificate and she met Prince Hamzah at the Dubai Air Show in November 2011. On 12 January 2012, the Royal Jordanian Court announced Prince Hamzahs marriage to Basmah Bani Ahmad, the marriage ceremony was held at the Amman home of the Princess grandfather. The ceremony was attended by King Abdullah II, Queen Rania, Queen Noor, a number of Royal family members, Mahmoud Hassan Bani Ahmad, his wife and other family members
Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad
11.
Princess Haya bint Hussein
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Princess Haya bint al Hussein is the daughter of King Hussein of Jordan and his third wife, Queen Alia, and the half-sister of King Abdullah. Princess Haya is the wife of the United Arab Emirates prime minister, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. In addition she engages in a variety of charitable activities, the babys birth coincided with the United Arab Emirates 36th celebration of its National Day, on 2 December. On 7 January 2012, she gave birth to her second child and they are also known as Their Royal Highness in Jordan. Princess Haya began horse riding internationally when she was 13, in 1992 she took the bronze medal in individual Jumping at the seventh Pan Arab Games in Damascus, Syria. and in 1993 was named Jordan’s athlete of the year. Princess Haya was the first woman to represent her native Jordan in international equestrian sport, on 7 June 2008, New Approach, a three-year-old colt owned by Princess Haya, trained in Ireland by Jim Bolger and ridden by Kevin Manning, won the Derby Stakes. On 25 October 2008, her three-year-old colt, Ravens Pass, after being named the European champion 2-year-old in 2007 and winning the 2008 Epsom Derby, New Approach was retired at the end of the 2008 racing season. In 2009, due to her contribution to the equine world, Princess Haya serves as president of the International Jordanian Athletes Cultural Association, which she founded to provide athletes with needed national incentive and support. Princess Haya participated in the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games at Jerez de la Frontera in Spain and she was elected president of the International Equestrian Federation in 2006 for an initial four-year term in the FEIs first contested presidential race. She made history a second time in 2010, becoming the first sitting FEI president to be challenged in a re-election bid and she succeeded, however, in winning a second and final four-year term, receiving 75 percent of the vote to soundly defeat her two European rivals. Nonetheless, during the FEIs campaign to eliminate doping and horse abuse in sport, Princess Hayas husband. Princess Haya ceded presidential powers to a colleague for the FEI disciplinary processes on the matter. She later complained that the issue would be used to injure and damage the reputations of myself, tkiyet Um Ali is intended to expand to reach all Jordanian families with insufficient income to meet basic food needs. In addition, a parallel jobs creation program to help TUA beneficiaries become more self-sufficient was announced—Dar Abu Abdullah, Princess Haya chairs Dubais International Humanitarian City which is the worlds largest operational center for the delivery of aid, both in emergencies and for long-term development. The IHC has also hosted UN and NGO staff evacuated during emergencies, Princess Haya was an ambassador for the World Food Programme 2005-2007, and then appointed a UN Messenger of Peace in July 2007 by Secretary-General Ban-Ky Moon. In August 2012, she supported the 2012 United Nations World Humanitarian Day in Dubai, under Her patronage, Dubai hosted the Global Meeting of the World Food Programme for 2012 and is increasingly a center for United Nations and regional meetings on development and humanitarian aid. She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee
Princess Haya bint Hussein
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Princess Haya (right) congratulating
FEI 2012 award winner Courtney King-Dye
12.
Prince Ali bin Hussein
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Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan is the third son of King Hussein, and the second child of the king by his third wife, Queen Alia. He is also the brother of King Abdullah II. He is a member of the Hashemite family, which has ruled Jordan since 1921, in September 2015, Prince Ali announced his candidacy in the FIFA presidential election following Sepp Blatters resignation. Ali spent his summers in 1984 and 1986 at Camp Agawam in Raymond, Prince Ali began his primary education at the Islamic Educational College in Amman. He continued his studies in the United Kingdom, the United States and graduated from Salisbury School in Connecticut in 1993 and he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom. Ali was commissioned as an officer in December 1994 and was awarded the Brunei Medal for serving in Brunei, before continuing his studies in the United States, he served in the Jordanian Special Forces as a pathfinder, earning his military freefall parachute wings. He completed his education at Princeton University in 1999. Prince Ali is fluent in Arabic, English, and Circassian, in 1998 Prince Ali went on a publicized horseback journey to the Caucasus, from Jordan through Syria and Turkey, to raise awareness of the Circassian diaspora worldwide. The trip traced the path of the exodus that brought the Circassians to Jordan, in 1999, Prince Ali was asked to serve as commander of King Abdullah II′s Special Security in the Royal Guards. He served in capacity until 28 January 2008, when the king entrusted Prince Ali with establishing and directing the National Centre for Security. He is also the chairman of Jordans Royal Film Commission, Prince Ali is president of the Jordan Football Association. He is also the founder and president of the West Asian Football Federation, Prince Ali announced his candidacy for FIFA President, representing Asia, on 7 October 2010. Alis campaign focused on change, football ideals, and uniting and raising the profile of Asian countries, within FIFA, Prince Ali won the election for the position of FIFA vice president, representing Asia at the AFC Congress in Doha, Qatar, on 6 January 2011. As FIFA vice president, Prince Ali served as a member of both the FIFA Executive Committee and the AFC Executive Committee, Prince Ali successfully championed the lifting of FIFAs ban on the hijab in womens football. Ali was one of a number of FIFA officials to call for the publication of the Garcia Report into allegations of corruption surrounding Russia, Ali lost the 2015 FIFA Presidency election to Sepp Blatter after resigning before second round voting took place. Ali finished third in the first round behind Gianni Infantino and Salman Bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa, in the second round, Ali again finished third behind the aforementioned duo, garnering a greatly reduced total of 4 votes. The marriage was celebrated on 7 September 2004
Prince Ali bin Hussein
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Prince Ali during the International Sport Security Conference in
Doha in 2012
13.
Princess Rym al-Ali
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Princess Rym al-Ali is the Algerian wife of Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan, whom she married on September 7,2004. She is the daughter of Lakhdar Brahimi, former Algerian Minister for Foreign Affairs and she was raised in Great Britain and Algeria. She was educated in France and the United States and she and Prince Ali live in Amman with their two children Princess Jalila bint Ali and Prince Abdullah bin Ali. She has been the Executive Commissioner of the Royal Film Commission - Jordan since 2006 and she is the founder of the Jordan Media Institute, a non-profit body whose aim is to establish an Arab Center of Excellence for Journalism Education with a Masters’ programme at its core. Princess Rym Ali received a award from the Columbia University School of Journalism in April 2011. The Alumni Awards are presented annually for a journalism career. In July 2011, was awarded the “Best International Journalist” prize at the 32nd Ischia International Journalism Awards Ceremony, on September 20,2011, Princess Rym Ali was decorated with French Knight of the Legion of Honour by French Ambassador to Jordan. In October 2012, she was awarded the Global Thinkers Forum 2012 Award for Excellence in Media for her work with the Jordan Media Institute
Princess Rym al-Ali
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Princess Rym
14.
Princess Muna al-Hussein
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Princess Muna al-Hussein is the mother of King Abdullah II of Jordan. Until their divorce on 21 December 1972, she was the wife of Hussein. She was born in the United Kingdom, is ethnically English and is British by citizenship but in keeping with Islamic culture, toni Gardiner was born in Chelmondiston, the daughter of Doris Elizabeth and Walter Percy Gardiner. The school closed when British Forces withdrew from Malaya, gardiners father was a high-ranking British Army Officer stationed at Long Marston in Warwickshire in the 1960s. Gardiner met the King of Jordan, Hussein, while working as an assistant on the film set of Lawrence of Arabia. The King had allowed his troops to work as extras on this film, however, there is another report, stating that Gardiner and the King met when her father began to work as a Military Adviser in Jordan. Gardiner married King Hussein in Amman, Jordan, on 25 May 1961, the Jordanian constitution requires that any heir to the throne be born of a legitimate couple, and both parents should be Muslims. She kept the title Her Royal Highness Princess Muna al-Hussein after the divorce, together they had four children, Abdullah. They were divorced on 21 December 1972, after her divorce, she was allowed to keep the style of Royal Highness and the title of Princess of Jordan. She continues to work and live in Jordan and she is involved in the development of nursing in Jordan, founding the Princess Muna Scholarship Fund for Nursing. In 1962, Princess Muna founded the Princess Muna College of Nursing, now the Princess Muna College of Nursing and Allied Health Professions
Princess Muna al-Hussein
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Princess Muna with sons Feisal and Abdullah (right) in 1964
15.
Princess Aisha bint Hussein
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Princess Aisha bint Hussein is the sister of King Abdullah II of Jordan and is the twin sister of Princess Zein. Her parents are Princess Muna al-Hussein and King Hussein, Aisha was born in Amman, Jordan. She was educated up to age eight in Jordan, at the American community school and she moved to the U. S. to pursue her education for ten years. She attended Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, MD, through the 8th grade and she graduated from Dana Hall School in Wellesley, Massachusetts, in 1986. She then attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom and she then completed an undergraduate degree in Modern Middle East History and Politics from Pembroke College, Oxford. In June 2010 she completed her Masters of Arts degree in Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs, at the National Defense University, after graduation from Sandhurst, the princess served in Jordan’s special forces and completed several additional parachuting courses. Since 1996, she has part in several conferences by the Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women. She has also completed an open water diving course at the Scuba Schools International in New Jersey and she travels abroad frequently to further enhance her knowledge of military-related issues, particularly the role of women in the military. She is currently assigned as the defense attaché with the Jordanian embassy to the United States, in 1990, Aisha married Zeid Saadedine Juma in Amman, the couple later divorced. She currently resides in the United States of America and has a son Aoun Juma, born on May 27,1992, Aoun Juma has attended the London campus of Coventry University and is expected to study at the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst. On January 27,2016, Princess Aisha married Ashraf Banayoti, edward Banayoti took the Muslim name Ashraf Banayoti when he converted to Islam. HRH Princess Aisha Bint Al Hussein and Ashraf Banayoti divorced in 2016, according to the Royal Hashemite Court
Princess Aisha bint Hussein
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Princess Aisha bint Hussein
16.
Princess Zein bint Hussein
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Princess Zein bint Hussein is the sister of King Abdullah II of Jordan and is the twin sister of Princess Aisha bint Hussein. She attended Westover School, where she captained the team and graduated in 1986. She married Majdi Farid al-Saleh on 3 August 1989, together, they have two biological children, Jaafar al-Saleh, born 9 November 1990, and Jumana al-Saleh. They also have a daughter, Tahani al-Shahwa. Princess Zein has been involved in humanitarian efforts since the 1990s and she offered financial support to the Gulf Peace Team, a nonviolent protest group during the Gulf War. In 1997, King Hussein ordered Hashemiyeh Palace, then used to house foreign dignitaries and he selected Princess Zein to run the new facility and act as its patron, it opened nine months later as Dar Al Bir. In 2013, she visited Miami Childrens Hospital for a demonstration of telehealth programs and she and her husband also own Royal Jaafar Stud, where they breed Arabian horses
Princess Zein bint Hussein
17.
Princess Alia bint Hussein
–
Princess Alia bint Hussein of Jordan is the eldest child of King Hussein of Jordan from his first wife, Sharifa Dina bint Abdul-Hamid. Princess Alia received her education in Amman, attending Ahliyyah School for Girls and Rosary College. Princess Alia graduated with honours from the University of Jordan in 1977, Princess Alia worked as registrar and artist with the British School of Archaeology under Crystal Benett OBE, and has been a member of Fakherelnissa Zeids Art Group since the 1980s. She has also founded the Princess Alia Foundation, a non-profit and its stated motto is Respect and Compassion towards Creation. Royal Heritage - the story of Jordans Arab Horses, co-authored by Peter Upton, Princess Alia married Lieutenant-Colonel Nasser Wasfi Mirza on 12 April 1977 in the Raghadan Palace, and has one son from the marriage, HH Prince Hussein Mirza. Alia and Mirza divorced in 1988 and she married Sayyid Mohammed Al-Saleh in Amman on 30 July 1988. They have two children, Talal Al-Saleh Abdul Hamid Al-Saleh
Princess Alia bint Hussein
18.
Princess Ghida al-Talal
–
Princess Ghida al-Talal is the Chairperson of the Board of Trustees of the King Hussein Cancer Foundation, based in Amman, Jordan. Princess Ghida lives in Jordan with her husband and is a mother to three children, Prince Hussein and twins Princess Rajaa and Prince Muhammad, Princess Ghida Talal was born 11 July 1963 in Beirut, Lebanon to Hany Salaam and Rajaa Arab. She is the eldest of four children, the Salaam family is a politically prominent family in Lebanon. Her great-uncle Saeb Salaam served as Prime Minister of Lebanon several times and her paternal grandmother was a scion of the leading family of scholars from Jerusalem, the Khalidis. Princess Ghida attended school in Beirut at the College Protestant Francais and graduated with the French, after finishing high school in Beirut, she began her college education in the United States. She speaks and writes fluent Arabic, French, English and Spanish, after university, she began a career in journalism, starting with a job as a researcher for the American Broadcasting Corporation News in London. She then moved to Argentina as a correspondent for the London-based Sunday Times Newspaper and she then moved back to Beirut where she covered Lebanese politics for Reuters. Her last work as a journalist was with the Financial Times of London, Princess Ghida moved to Jordan when she married Prince Talal Bin Muhammad in 1991. The late King Hussein asked her to establish the International Press Office of the Royal Hashemite Court, in that capacity, she oversaw all press activities for the King and led a team of writers and press officers who covered the King’s official activities. Princess Ghida also directed research projects and produced political and economic publications about Jordan. She served as Press Secretary until King Husseins death in 1999, in 2001, King Abdullah II appointed Princess Ghida as full-time Chairperson of the Board of Trustees of the King Hussein Cancer Foundation. The King Hussein Cancer Center is one of the most prominent comprehensive cancer centers in the Middle East that treats both adult and pediatric patients, KHCC treats over 4000 new cancer patients each year from Jordan and the region. It is equipped with state-of-the- art medical equipment and services, including 8 operating rooms and 170 beds and it houses 18 intensive care units, including 6 ICU specialized for pediatric care. KHCC has established programs that focus on all stages of cancer care, from prevention and early detection, through diagnosis and treatment. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, Georgetown University’s Lombardi Cancer Center and Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Princess Ghida remained active in other pursuits. In 2007, she played a role in the Iraq Scholar Rescue Project, an Institute of International Education. Princess Ghida helped find them safe havens at host universities across Europe, the U. S and she was awarded IIE’s Humanitarian Award for International Cooperation in 2008. Princess Ghida has a page on Facebook dedicated to raising awareness about the fight against cancer
Princess Ghida al-Talal
–
Princess Ghida al-Talal
19.
Princess Sarvath al-Hassan
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Princess Sarvath El Hassan is Pakistani-Jordanian royal and the wife of Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan. She was born in Calcutta, then part of the British Raj on 24 July 1947 and her father, the Bhopal-born Mohammed Ikramullah, was a senior member of the Indian Civil Service in the Government of British India prior to Partition. His last post was as chairman of the Commonwealth Economic Committee, sarvaths Bengali mother, the Kolkata-born Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, was a writer and one of Pakistans first two female members of Parliament. Begum Ikramullah also served as Ambassador to Morocco and several times as a delegate to the United Nations, Princess Savrath has three siblings, including the late Bangladeshi barrister Salma Sobhan and the British-Canadian filmmaker Naz Ikramullah. The Princess paternal uncle, Mohammad Hidayatullah, was Vice-President of India and her maternal uncle, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, was the Prime Minister of Bengal and the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Her mothers paternal family are descendants of the 14th-century Persian Sufi philosopher. Many of her male and female forebearers, on sides of her family, were poets, writers and academics. She lived in all the countries that her parents were posted to, but mostly received her education in Britain and she first met Prince Hassan in London in 1958, when they were both 11 years old. Princess Sarvath married Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan, in Karachi, Pakistan, much of her work focuses on promoting education about various topics, assisting disadvantaged women, encouraging community service and helping people with mental and learning disabilities. In 2013, she rode in the carriage of Queen Elizabeth II at Royal Ascot, there have been tensions between Princess Sarvath and her sister-in-law, Queen Noor. This allegedly occurred while the King was undergoing chemotherapy in the United States, on the contrary, other sources state that the Princess only gave orders for some state apartments to be spruced up in preparation to receive a foreign delegation. Still other accounts imply that only a kitchen was renovated for the visit of Germanys then President, Roman Herzog, some people believe that the Princess Pakistani roots may have been an obstacle in reference to her husbands accession. Others hold the viewpoint that the change had to do with completely different reasons. She received a degree of Doctor of Education from the University of Bath in 2015 to mark her achievements as a longstanding. Her hobbies include reading, embroidery, cooking and gardening and she also enjoys various outdoor activities, including skiing. The Princess is Honorary President of the Jordanian Badminton Federation and was the first woman in Jordan to obtain a black belt in Taekwondo. Princess Sarvath El Hassan | Patron The Citizens Foundation, Princess Sarvath El Hassan Visits TCF School The National Commission for Human Development, The Pakistan Human Development Fund | Patrons
Princess Sarvath al-Hassan
Princess Sarvath al-Hassan
–
The princess in 2009
20.
Princess Rahma bint Hassan
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Princess Rahma bint Hassan is a Jordanian princess. Her father is Prince Hassan bin Talal and her mother is Princess Sarvath El Hassan and her husband is the countrys current Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. They have two children together, Aysha El Batayneh Arif El Batayneh Princess Rahmas work presently involves education, jordan, Grand Cordon of the Order of the Independence Netherlands, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Princess Rahma bint Hassan
21.
Princess Yasmine bint Asem
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Princess Yasmine bint Asem was born in Amman. Her father is Prince Asem bin Al Nayef and her mother is Firouzeh Vokhshouri, Princess Yasmines parents divorced in 1985 and in 1986 her father married Princess Sana Asem. She also has three paternal half-siblings, Prince Nayef, Princess Salha, and Princess Nejla and her stepmother is her fathers current wife, Princess Sana Asem. On 31 August 2005, she married a Jordanian named H. E, mr. Basel Yaghnam at her fathers house in Amman, through a Nikah ceremony. Their official wedding took place on 2 September 2005 in Aqaba, on 28 April 2008 Princess Yasmine gave birth to her first child, a boy called Hamzah Basel Yaghnam in Boston. On 22 June 2009 Princess Yasmine gave birth to her second child, Jordan - Al-Hashimi Dynasty, Genealogy Royal News, September 2005
Princess Yasmine bint Asem
22.
Arabic language
–
Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
Arabic language
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The Galland Manuscript of
One Thousand and One Nights, 14th century
Arabic language
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al-ʿArabiyyah in written Arabic (
Naskh script)
Arabic language
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Bilingual traffic sign in
Qatar.
Arabic language
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Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works.
23.
Queen dowager
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A queen dowager, dowager queen or queen mother is a title or status generally held by the widow of a king. In the case of the widow of an emperor, the title of empress dowager is used, a queen mother is a dowager queen who is the mother of the reigning monarch. Currently there are four queens dowager, Kesang Choden of Bhutan, Norodom Monineath of Cambodia, Lisa Najeeb Halaby, Queen Ratna of Nepal was queen dowager and queen mother until the abolition of the Nepalese monarchy in 2008. A queen mother is a type of queen dowager who is simultaneously a former queen consort. Therefore, every mother is by definition also a queen dowager. However, not all queens dowager are queens mother, they may have a relation other than mother to the monarch, such as aunt or grandmother. For example, Mary, Queen of Scots, was queen dowager of France after the death of her husband Francis II, similarly, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen was queen dowager after her husband William IV was succeeded by his niece Victoria. Not every mother of a monarch is a queen mother or a queen dowager. For example, the mother of Queen Victoria of United Kingdom, Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was never a queen dowager because her husband, Edward Augustus, instead, Augusta held the title of ”Dowager Princess of Wales”, Srinagarindra meanwhile received the designation ”Princess Mother. Finally, it is possible for there to be a queen mother and this situation occurred in the Commonwealth realms in the period between the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952 and the death of her paternal grandmother on 24 March 1953. For slightly over a year, there were three queens alive, Queen Elizabeth II, the reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, the widow of the deceased King George VI and the mother of the reigning queen. Queen Elizabeth, the queen consort, specifically adopted the appellation Queen Mother to distinguish herself from her daughter. She reportedly loathed being referred to as a dowager queen, Queen Mary, the widow of King George V, the mother of the former king Edward VIII and of the late King George VI. Queen Mary had been the queen mother between the death of her husband in 1936 and before the accession of her granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II, after her accession, Queen Mary became Mary, the Queen Dowager. However, she continued to be titled and styled Her Majesty Queen Mary, a queen dowager continues to enjoy the title, style, and precedence of a queen. However, many queens consort do not formally use the word dowager as part of their titles. There were several former queens consort of England, Scotland, and later the United Kingdom, adeliza of Louvain 1 December 1135 –23 April 1151, wife of Henry I of England, remarried to William dAubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel in 1139. Eleanor of Aquitaine 6 July 1189 –1 April 1204, wife of Henry II of England, queen mother to Richard I, berengaria of Navarre 6 April 1199 –23 December 1230, wife of Richard I of England
Queen dowager
–
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
24.
International Commission on Missing Persons
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It is headquartered in The Hague, The Netherlands. In December 2014, a treaty was signed which established the commission as an International Organisation in its own right, which has 5 signatories, the treaty designates The Hague as the seat of the organization. ICMP was first chaired by former U. S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, ICMP’s current Chairman is Thomas Miller. S. State of Louisiana following Hurricane Katrina, in 2001, at the request of New York City authorities, ICMP also sent two of its leading forensic scientists to the U. S. following the September 11,2001, attacks on the World Trade Center. ICMP currently has three facilities, two of which focus on human remains related to the fall of Srebrenica. These are the Podrinje Identification Project and the Lukavac Reassociation Centre, the Krajina Identification Project is the primary facility for remains related to the area of Sanski Most and Prijedor. ICMP has offices in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka, Baghdad and Arbil, by the end of August 2011, ICMP’s efforts had resulted in DNA-assisted identifications of 16,289 individuals from the former Yugoslavia. In June 2008, the Philippines was struck by Typhoon Frank which caused over 1,000 deaths, previous chairs include Bob Dole and Cyrus Vance. On 15 December 2014 the Agreement on the status and functions of the International Commission on Missing Persons was signed, the treaty was signed in Brussels by 5 countries and will remain open for signature in The Hague until 16 December 2015. It will enter into force on 14 May 2015 following ratification of Sweden, the treaty establishes The Hague as the seat of the Commission and establishes a Conference of States Parties, a Financial Committee, a Board of Commissioners and a Director-General
International Commission on Missing Persons
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CMP's Podrinje Identification Project (PIP) was formed to deal with the identification primarily of victims of 1995
Srebrenica massacre. PIP includes a facility for storing, processing, and handling exhumed remains. Much of the remains are only fragments or commingled body fragments since they were recovered from secondary
mass graves. The photo depicts one section of the refrigerated mortuary.
25.
Global Zero (campaign)
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Global Zero is an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving the elimination of nuclear weapons. The initiative, launched in December 2008, promotes a phased withdrawal, the Global Zero campaign works toward building an international consensus and a sustained global movement of leaders and citizens for the elimination of nuclear weapons. Global Zero works to expand the diplomatic dialogue with key governments, phase 1 Following conclusion of a START replacement accord, negotiate a bilateral accord for the United States and Russia to reduce to 1,000 total warheads each. Phase 2 In a multilateral framework, the U. S, establish a comprehensive verification and enforcement system, and strengthen safeguards on the civilian nuclear fuel cycle to prevent diversion of materials to build weapons. Phase 3 Negotiate a global zero accord, signed by all nuclear capable countries, for the phased, verified, phase 4 Complete the phased, verified, proportional reduction of all nuclear arsenals to zero total warheads by 2030 and continue the verification and enforcement system. Global Zero was launched in Paris in December 2008 by more than 100 political, civic, there, they announced a framework plan for the elimination of nuclear weapons, starting with deep reductions to the U. S. and Russian arsenals. Global Zero Commissioners Senator Chuck Hagel and Ambassador Richard Burt met with President Medvedev in Moscow, on the day of the meeting, the Times published an op-ed authored by six Global Zero leaders. Negotiations began between the two countries for a New START nuclear arms reduction treaty, Security Council session on proliferation and disarmament convened by President Obama. President Obama received the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize in acknowledgment to his efforts for nuclear disarmament, during 2010, the initiative has continued with the Global Zero Summit, signing of the New START treaty, the Nuclear Security Summit and the Non Proliferation Treaty Review Conference. Building public opinion supportive of the elimination of weapons is part of the goal of the Global Zero campaign. A poll conducted in 2008 in 21 countries found that 76% of over 19,000 people surveyed favored the elimination of nuclear weapons. That drastic reductions make sense, and that some measure to reduce alert status do, too, schelling argues that prospects for significant reductions in nuclear arms between Russia and the United States are good and should contribute to nuclear quiescence. Except for some rogue threats, there is little that could disturb the quiet nuclear relations among the recognized nuclear nations and this nuclear quiet should not be traded away for a world in which a brief race to reacquire nuclear weapons could become every former nuclear states overriding preoccupation
Global Zero (campaign)
26.
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great leaders and thinkers throughout the world. Funding from the Awards supports additional research, scholars, and programs in Washington, recipients of this award share Woodrow Wilson’s steadfast belief in public discourse, scholarship, and the extension of the benefits of knowledge in the United States and around the world. The Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship is given to executives who demonstrate a commitment to the common good—beyond the bottom line and they are the people who demonstrate that private firms should be good citizens in their own neighborhoods, as well as in the world. The award is given to those who have done work in improving their local communities. The Wilson Center is the memorial to President Woodrow Wilson, with headquarters in Washington. The Center was established as part of the Smithsonian in 1968 by an act of the United States Congress and it is a nonpartisan research institution that is committed to fostering research, study, and discussion of national and global affairs. The Center promotes collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national, the mission of the Center is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of President Wilson by providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy. Lee H. Hamilton is the president and director of the Wilson Center, the Woodrow Wilson Center is a research body kim belonging to the Smithsonian Institution. Most of its facilities are located in Washington, D. C. but its 19 museums, zoo, mental hospitals and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama and it has over 142 million items in its collections. Awardees are chosen by the Wilson Center Board of Trustees in recognition of their work to benefit society, in line with President Wilsons vision, honorees participate in efforts to improve the global community through collaboration and open dialogue. They have made contributions to education, peace, health care, culture, legislation, sportsmanship, technology, scholastic research. Woodrow Wilson Awards have gone to a set of professionals, including scientists, politicians, entertainers, diplomats, athletes, business executives, doctors. Among business executives, their industries include health care, hotels, restaurants, hospital Corporation of America Steve and Jean Case, AOL Clarence P. Cazalot, Jr. Gildenhorn, The JBG Companies Richard F. Haskayne, Canadian Wealth Management Ray L. Hunt, Hunt Oil Company Irwin M. Jacobs, QUALCOMM, at each dinner, the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship are presented. In some places, the Wilson Center will host events where different scholars talk about policy issues
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Woodrow Wilson Award
Woodrow Wilson Awards
–
President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew accepts Woodrow Wilson Award in New York City
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Ahn Sang-soo and Yong Nam receive their Awards in Seoul, Korea in 2009
27.
Swedish people
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
Swedish people
–
Eric the Victorious praying to
Odin, Eric was the first king to rule over both the
Swedes and the
Goths; 1895 illustration by
Jenny Nyström.
Swedish people
–
Swedes
Swedish people
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Gustav Vasa starts a revolution in Dalarna. After the
Swedish War of Liberation Sweden is a free nation in 1523 after 126 years of the Danish-dominated
Kalmar Union; idealized depiction by
Johan Gustaf Sandberg, 1836
Swedish people
–
Death of
Gustav II Adolf at the
Battle of Lützen
28.
Harry S. Truman
–
Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
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Truman in uniform ca. 1918
Harry S. Truman
–
Drawer from the Senate desk used by Truman
Harry S. Truman
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Roosevelt /Truman poster from 1944
29.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
John F. Kennedy
–
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
–
The Kennedy family at
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
John F. Kennedy
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Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the
PT-109, 1943.
30.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower
Federal Aviation Administration
–
FAA Headquarters,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Aviation Administration
–
FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar,
Canton, Michigan
31.
Neiman Marcus
–
Neiman Marcus, originally Neiman-Marcus, is an American luxury department store owned by the Neiman Marcus Group, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Neiman Marcus is currently owned by the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, in 1907 the trio found themselves with $25,000 from the successful sales-promotion firm they had built in Atlanta, Georgia, and two potential investments into which to invest the funds. Rather than take a chance on an unknown sugary soda pop business, for this reason, early company CEO Peb Atera was quoted in 1957 as saying in jest that Neiman Marcus was founded on bad business judgment. The store, established on September 10,1907, was furnished and stocked with clothing of a quality not commonly found in Texas. Within a few weeks, the initial inventory, mostly acquired on a buying trip to New York made by Carrie, was completely sold out. Oil-rich Texans, welcoming the opportunity to flaunt their wealth in more sophisticated fashion than was previously possible, flocked to the new store. In spite of a financial panic set off only a few weeks after its opening, Neiman Marcus was instantly successful. In 1914 a fire destroyed the Neiman Marcus store and all of its merchandise, a temporary store was set up and opened in 17 days. By the end of 1914, Neiman Marcus opened in its new, permanent location at the corner of Main Street and Ervay Street. In its first year at the new building, Neiman Marcus recorded a profit of $40,000 on sales of $700,000, in 1927 the store expanded and Neiman Marcus premiered the first weekly retail fashion show in the United States. The store staged a show called One Hundred Years of Texas Fashions in 1936 in honor of the centennial of Texas independence from Mexico. During the 1930s and 1940s Neiman Marcus began to include less expensive clothing lines along with its high-end items, in response to the Great Depression, between 1942 and 1944, sales at Neiman Marcus grew from $6 million to $11 million. Despite a major fire in 1946, the continued to profit. Herbert Marcus, Sr. died in 1950, and Carrie Neiman died two years later, leaving Stanley Marcus in charge of the companys operations, the 1950s saw the addition of a $1.6 million store at 8300 Preston Road. It was 63, 000-square-foot, inspired by the art and culture of Southwestern Indians, copied from Indian weaving, pottery, and sand paintings. The themed decor included Kachina figures on colored-glass murals and an Alexander Calder mobile named Mariposa, area teachers cited the Gauguin exhibits as spurring a dramatic increase in art study. In the 1950s and 1960s Gittings operated a studio in Neiman Marcus. Clients included Hope Portocarrero, Lyndon Johnson, Howard Hughes, a late 1960s Christmas Book featured portraits of Wyatt Cooper, his wife Gloria Vanderbilt, and children Carter and Anderson Cooper
Neiman Marcus
Neiman Marcus
–
The
Neiman Marcus Building is the headquarters and flagship store in
Dallas, Texas.
Neiman Marcus
–
Flagship Store Interior
Neiman Marcus
32.
Syrian American
–
Syrian Americans are Americans of Syrian descent or background. Syrian Americans may be members of a number of differing ethnicities, including Arabs, Armenians, Arameans, Assyrians, Syrian Jews, Kurds and it is believed that the first significant wave of Syrian immigrants to arrive in the United States was in 1880. Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled in New York City, Boston, Immigration from Syria to the United States suffered a long hiatus after the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration. More than 40 years later, the Immigration Act of 1965, abolished the quotas, an estimated 64,600 Syrians emigrated to the United States between 1961 and 2000. The overwhelming majority of Syrian immigrants to the U. S. from 1880 to 1960 were Christian, according to the United States 2000 Census, there were 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry, about 12% of the Arab population in the United States. The first Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States from Ottoman Syria, most of them came from Christian villages around Mount Lebanon, while around 5-10% were Muslims of different sects. A small number were also Palestinians, according to historian Philip Hitti, approximately 900,000 Syrians arrived in the United States between 1899 and 1919. An estimated 1,000 official entries per year came from the governorates of Damascus and Aleppo, early immigrants settled mainly in Eastern United States, in the cities of New York, Boston and Detroit and the Paterson, New Jersey area. In the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from Mount Lebanon began to refer to themselves as Lebanese instead of Syrians, Syrians, like most immigrants to the United States, were motivated to pursue the American Dream of economic success. Thousands of immigrants returned to Syria after making money in the United States, many settlers also sent for their relatives. Although the number of Syrian immigrants was not sizable, the Ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in Greater Syria, the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which greatly reduced Syrian immigration to the United States. However, the quotas were annulled by the Immigration Act of 1965,4,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the mid-1960s. An estimated 64,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the period between 1961 and 2000, of ten percent have been admitted under the refugee acts. According to the United States 2000 Census, there are 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry living in the United States, New York City has the highest concentration of Syrian Americans in the United States. Other urban areas, including Paterson, New Jersey, Boston, Dearborn, New Orleans, Toledo, Cedar Rapids, and Houston have large Syrian populations. Syrian Americans are also numerous in Southern California and Arizona, many are descendants of farm laborers invited with their skills to irrigate the deserts in the early 20th century. Many recent Syrian immigrants are medical doctors who studied at Damascus and Aleppo Universities and pursued their residencies, the traditional clothing of the first Syrian immigrants in the United States, along with their occupation as peddlers, led to some xenophobia. Dr. A. J. McLaughlin, the United States health officer at Marine Hospital, however, Syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture
Syrian American
–
Notable Syrian Americans
Raphael of Brooklyn •
Tige Andrews •
Michael Ansara Yasser Seirawan •
Steve Jobs •
Mona Simpson Callie Khouri •
Mitch Daniels •
Wafa Sultan Paula Abdul •
Jerry Seinfeld •
Shannon Elizabeth Zuhdi Jasser •
Queen Noor of Jordan •
Brandon Saad Malek Jandali •
Moustapha Akkad
Syrian American
Syrian American
Syrian American
33.
Ottoman Empire
–
After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society, however, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian Empires. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent. Starting before World War I, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The word Ottoman is an anglicisation of the name of Osman I. Osmans name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān, in Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti, the Turkish word for Ottoman originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empires military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term Turk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, the term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. In Western Europe, the two names Ottoman Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations and this dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms Turkey, Turks, and Turkish when referring to the Ottomans, as the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman, osmans early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River and it is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period. One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam, in the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans. Osmans son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and this conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387, the Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe
Ottoman Empire
–
Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Painting from 1523.
Ottoman Empire
–
Flag (1844–1923)
Ottoman Empire
–
Battle of Mohács in 1526
Ottoman Empire
–
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeats the
Holy League of
Charles V under the command of
Andrea Doria at the
Battle of Preveza in 1538.
34.
National Cathedral School
–
National Cathedral School is an independent Episcopal private day school for girls located on the grounds of the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D. C. NCS has about 580 students in grades 4 through 12, kathleen ONeill Jamieson is the Head of School. The school motto is Noblesse Oblige, graduation is held in the Washington National Cathedral. However, students of various religions attend the school, and the services are generally ecumenical in nature. Flag Day, when academic awards are given to students, is held the day before commencement, the ceremony is held on the northwest lawn of the Cathedral grounds, next to Hearst Hall. Graduating seniors wear white dresses or pantsuits and carry a bouquet of roses as they process into the outdoor ceremony, the final award, given to the graduating senior with the highest grade point average, is an American flag. The schools patron saint is Hilda of Whitby, the school has charity functions and music and choral performances. Students from classes 7-12 can serve as acolytes for the schools Cathedral services, NCS students also have the unique opportunity of participating in the Whitechapel Guild to learn traditional change ringing on the Cathedral bells. S. Congresswoman, 1978–93 Liz Clarke, American sportswriter Kate Collins, actress Ethel Roosevelt Derby, spokesperson for Civil Rights Karen C
National Cathedral School
–
Noblesse Oblige (
French)
35.
Concord Academy
–
Concord Academy is a coeducational, independent, college preparatory school for grades nine through twelve, located in Concord, Massachusetts. The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013-2014, in 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls boarding school in New England to shift to a coeducational model. Concord Academy ranks in the top 15 of U. S. boarding schools for student SAT scores, the school eliminated all AP courses several years ago due to the lack of depth in their curricula. They were replaced by advanced courses designed by teachers, though the school still offers AP exams, eighty percent of the students taking an AP exam score a 4 or 5. Teams compete in the Eastern Independent League, the dress code at Concord Academy is casual. The student body consists of 40% boarding students and 60% day students, boarding students live in three girls houses and three boys houses, each holding an average of 25 students. A little more than a third of the day students commute to school via the MBTA Commuter Rail, students participate in a variety of clubs, performing arts groups, and other activities. The campus is a walk from restaurants and shops in Concord and students have easy access to Cambridge. Concord Academys primary campus is located on 39 acres between Main Street and the Sudbury River in the center of Concord, Massachusetts, Concord Academy’s campus includes eleven historic houses on Main Street, all built as family homes between 1780 and 1830. The campus is a walk from the center of Concord. The campus includes buildings, such as the PAC and the MAC. The Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel is a 19th-century meetinghouse that was transported to Concord from Barnstead and it serves as a meeting place three times per week for the entire Concord Academy community. The new thirteen acre Moriarty Athletic campus, a mile from the campus, includes six tennis courts, a baseball field, a field hockey field. A field house contains changing rooms, a room. These new facilities freed up space on the campus for expansion of academic. Concord Academys mascot is the chameleon, chosen for the adaptability it implies, the Centipede, Concord Academy’s student newspaper, is published approximately eight times a year. The Chameleon, a literary and artistic magazine, is published annually, the Scallion, a satirical newspaper playing on the title of The Onion, has published as frequently as six times a year and as infrequently as never. Drop, a magazine that reviews, critiques and recommends the latest music that students are listening to, Concord Academy was established as a school for girls in September 1922
Concord Academy
–
Main Gate
36.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
–
A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
37.
Architecture
–
Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Architecture
–
Brunelleschi, in the building of the dome of
Florence Cathedral in the early 15th-century, not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the architect.
Architecture
–
Section of
Brunelleschi 's dome drawn by the architect
Cigoli (c. 1600)
Architecture
–
The
Parthenon,
Athens,
Greece, "the supreme example among architectural sites."
(Fletcher).
Architecture
–
The
Houses of Parliament, Westminster, master-planned by
Charles Barry, with interiors and details by A.W.N. Pugin
38.
Middle East
–
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
Middle East
–
The
Temple Mount in
Jerusalem
Middle East
–
Map of the Middle East (green).
Middle East
–
The
Kaaba, located in
Mecca,
Saudi Arabia
Middle East
–
Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East. Here, Muslim men are
prostrating during prayer in a mosque.
39.
Iran
–
Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
Iran
–
Cave painting in Doushe cave,
Lorestan, Iran,
8th millennium BC
Iran
–
Flag
Iran
–
A depiction of the united
Medes and
Persians in
Apadana,
Persepolis
Iran
–
Ruins of the
Gate of All Nations,
Persepolis
40.
Alia al-Hussein
–
Alia Baha ud-din Toukan was the Queen consort of Jordan and the third wife of King Hussein of Jordan from her marriage in 1972 until her death in a helicopter crash in 1977. The international airport in Amman is named after her and she was a daughter of Hanan Hashim and Sayyid Baha Uddin Toukan, former Jordanian ambassador to the Court of St Jamess, Italy, Turkey and Egypt. Alia was born in Cairo, Egypt in December 1948 and her father was a Palestinian from Nablus, who had settled in Salt, near Amman. He served King Abdullah I, helped write the Jordanian Constitution and she spent most of her childhood years travelling with her parents during her fathers career in Jordans diplomatic corps, she lived in Egypt, Turkey, London, the United States, and Rome. She attended Church School in London with her brothers, Alaa. She was educated at the Rome Center of Liberal Arts of Loyola University Chicago and she studied political science with a minor in social psychology, and public relations at Hunter College in New York. She was interested in sports and writing, and she wished to be a diplomat, in 1971, she moved to Jordan, where she worked for Royal Jordanian. She was asked by King Hussein bin Talal to oversee the preparations for the first International Water Skiing Festival held in Aqaba in September 1972, Alia married the King in a private ceremony on 24 December 1972, and was titled Queen Alia al Hussein. They had two children, Princess Haya and they also adopted Abir, a 5-year-old Palestinian girl whose mother had been killed by a plane crash at a refugee camp near the Amman airport. Queen Alia founded the Office of the Queen of Jordan and gave it an active, the active role she took in Jordan has been emulated by her successors. She financed social development projects, placing emphasis on women and children. She often made surprise visits to hospitals and national institutions, aiming to raise service standards, alias love of the arts and literature inspired the establishment of libraries throughout the country, including one at the Central Bank of Jordan and another in the King Hussein Medical City. Her interest in the led to the founding of the Haya Cultural Centre for Children, the National Folklore Troupe. It was also instrumental in conceiving the Jerash Festival for the Arts, in 1974, Alia called for women to be granted the right to vote and be elected for parliament. On 4 April 1974, a law was promulgated granting women this right, however, in 1976, Alia received the Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria. Alia died in a crash in Amman, Jordan on 9 February 1977. Ammans principal airport, Queen Alia International Airport, was completed in 1983 and it is located 32 km south of the city and replaced Amman Marka International Airport as the citys main gateway. 25 December 1948 -24 December 1972, Miss Alia Baha ud-din Toukan,24 December 1972 -9 February 1977, Her Majesty Queen Alia, The Queen of Jordan
Alia al-Hussein
–
Alia Baha ud-din Toukan
Alia al-Hussein
–
Queen Alia (left) with her husband following state dinner with
Betty and
Gerald Ford on 30 March 1976.
41.
Hamburg, Germany
–
Hamburg, officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area and its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe, the official long name reflects Hamburgs history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a sovereign state. Prior to the changes in 1919, the civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Though repeatedly destroyed by the Great Fire of Hamburg, the floods and military conflicts including WW2 bombing raids, the city managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. On the river Elbe, Hamburg is a port and a global service, media, logistics and industrial hub, with headquarters and facilities of Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf. The radio and television broadcaster NDR, Europes largest printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of Germanys oldest stock exchange and the worlds second oldest bank, Berenberg Bank. The city is a fast expanding tourist destination for domestic and international visitors. It ranked 16th in the world for livability in 2015, the ensemble Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research and education hub with several universities and institutes and its creative industries and major cultural venues include the renowned Elbphilharmonie and Laeisz concert halls, various art venues, music producers and artists. It is regarded as a haven for artists, gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule. Hamburg is also known for theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Paulis Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts, Hamburg is on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the north-east. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster, the city centre is around the Binnenalster and Außenalster, both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region, neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburgs highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres AMSL. Hamburg has a climate, influenced by its proximity to the coast
Hamburg, Germany
–
1st row: View of the
Binnenalster; 2nd row:
Große Freiheit,
Speicherstadt,
River Elbe; 3rd row: Alsterfleet; 4th row:
Port of Hamburg, Dockland office building
Hamburg, Germany
–
Hamburg, seen from the
International Space Station
Hamburg, Germany
–
Hamburg in 1150
Hamburg, Germany
–
Seal of 1241 (Replica)
42.
President of Germany
–
The President of Germany, officially the President of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of state of Germany. Germany has a system of government in which the Chancellor is the nations leading political figure. However, the President has a role which, while not an executive post, is more than ceremonial, Presidents have extensive discretion regarding the way they exercise their official duties. The President gives direction to general political and societal debates and has some important reserve powers in case of political instability. Furthermore, all laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect. The President, by his or her actions and public appearances, represents the state itself, its existence, its legitimacy, the Presidents office involves an integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the constitution. In order to exercise power, he/she traditionally acts above party politics. The 12th and current officeholder is Frank-Walter Steinmeier who was elected on 12 February 2017, the convention consists of all Bundestag members as well as an equal number of electors elected by the state legislatures in proportion to their respective population. However it is not required that state electors themselves be members of a legislature, the body is convened and chaired by the President of the German Bundestag. From 1979 to 2009, all these conventions were held on 23 May, in the first two rounds of the election, the Federal Convention attempts to elect a president by an absolute majority of votes cast. If, after two votes, no candidate has received this level of support, in the third. The result of the election is determined by party politics. Usually, the candidate of the majority party or coalition in the Bundestag is considered to be the likely winner, however, if the opposition has turned in a strong showing in state elections, it can potentially have enough support to defeat the governments candidate. For this reason, presidential elections can indicate the result of a general election. According to a long-standing adage in German politics, if you can create a president, you can form a government. The office of president is open to all Germans who are entitled to vote in Bundestag elections and have reached the age of 40, but no one may serve more than two consecutive five-year terms. As yet, only four Presidents have been elected for a second term, the president must not be a member of the federal government or of a legislature at either the federal or state level. On taking office the President must take the oath, stipulated by Article 56 of the Basic Law, in a joint session of the Bundestag
President of Germany
–
Incumbent
Joachim Gauck since 18 March 2012
President of Germany
–
Standard of the President
President of Germany
–
Bellevue Palace, Berlin (primary seat)
President of Germany
–
Hammerschmidt Villa, Bonn (secondary seat)
43.
Amman
–
Amman is the capital and most populous city of Jordan, and the countrys economic, political and cultural centre. Situated in north-central Jordan, Amman is the centre of the Amman Governorate. The city has a population of 4,007,526, today, Amman is considered to be among the most liberal and westernized Arab cities. It is a major tourist destination in the region, particularly among Arab, the earliest evidence of settlement in the area is a Neolithic site known as Ain Ghazal. Its successor was known as Rabbath Ammon, which was the capital of the Ammonites, then as Philadelphia and it was initially built on seven hills but now spans over 19 hills combining 27 districts, which are administered by the Greater Amman Municipality headed by its mayor Aqel Biltaji. Areas of Amman have either gained their names from the hills or valleys they lie on, such as Jabal Lweibdeh, East Amman is predominantly filled with historic sites that frequently host cultural activities, while West Amman is more modern and serves as the economic center of the city. Approximately 2 million visitors arrived in Amman in 2014, which ranked it as the 93rd most visited city in the world, Amman has a relatively fast growing economy, and it is ranked Beta− on the global city index. Moreover, it was named one of the Middle East and North Africas best cities according to economic, labor, environmental, the city is among the most popular locations in the Arab world for multinational corporations to set up their regional offices, alongside Doha and only behind Dubai. It is expected that in the next 10 years these three cities will capture the largest share of multinational corporation activity in the region. Amman derives its name from the 13th century BC when the Ammonites named it Rabbath Ammon, over time, the term Rabbath was no longer used and the city became known as Ammon. The influence of new civilizations that conquered the city changed its name to Amman. In the Hebrew Bible, it is referred to as Rabbat ʿAmmon, however, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Macedonian ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom who reigned from 283 to 246 BC, renamed the city to Philadelphia after occupying it. The name was given as an adulation to his own nickname, in the outskirts of Amman, one of the largest known ancient settlements in the Near East was discovered. The site, known as Ain Ghazal which is situated on a valley-side, dates back to 7250 BC and it was a typical average sized aceramic Neolithic village that accommodated around 3,000 inhabitants. Its houses were rectangular mud-bricked buildings that included a main square living room, the site was discovered in 1974 as construction workers were working on a road crossing the area. By 1982 when the excavations started, around 600 meters of road ran through the site, despite the damage brought by urban expansion, the remains of Ain Ghazal provided a wealth of information. These statues are human figures made with white plaster, the figures have painted clothes, hair, and in some cases ornamental tattoos. Thirty-two figures were found in two caches, fifteen of them full figures, fifteen busts, and two fragmentary heads, three of the busts were two-headed, the significance of which is not clear
Amman
–
Amman city landmarks, from right to left and above to below: the
Abdali Project dominating Amman's skyline as seen from Sport city,
Temple of Hercules at
Amman Citadel,
King Abdullah I Mosque and
Raghadan Flagpole,
Abdoun Bridge,
Umayyad Palace, Ottoman
Hejaz Railway station and
Roman theater.
Amman
–
Rujm Al-Malfouf Ammonite watch tower
Amman
–
View of
Qasr Al-Abd
Amman
–
Hand of Hercules at the temple of Hercules in
Amman Citadel.
44.
Jordanian people
–
It is estimated that half of Jordanians are of Palestinian roots, meaning that the two populations interbred. In addition, there are such as Circassians, Chechens, Armenians and refugees such as Iraqis, Syrians. There are also hundreds of thousands of guest workers from Egypt, Syria, Indonesia, and South Asia, english is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordans population is urban, less than 6% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most people live where the rainfall supports agriculture, the territory of Jordan can be defined by the history of its creation after the end of World War I, the League of Nations and redrawing of the borders of the Eastern Mediterranean littoral. The ensuing decisions, most notably the Sykes–Picot Agreement, which created the Mandatory Palestine, fertility Rate and CBR, Structure of the population Structure of the population, refugees. Along with indigenous communities in Al Husn, Aqaba, Irbid, Al Karak, Madaba, Jerash, Ajloun, Fuheis and Pella. In Jordan, there is no census data for how many inhabitants have Palestinian roots but they are estimated to constitute half of the population. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics put their number at 3.24 million in 2009, there are more than two million registered Palestinian refugees in Jordan as of January 2012. Around 58,000 Iraqis are estimated to live in Jordan as of January 2015, there are a few thousand residents of Lebanese origin who came to Jordan when civil strife and war broke out in their native country. There were an estimated 5,000 Armenians living within the country in 2009, an estimated 4,500 of these are members of the Armenian Apostolic Church, and predominantly speak the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This population makes up the majority of non-Arab Christians in the country, there is an Assyrian refugee population in Jordan. Many Assyrians have arrived in Jordan as refugees since the invasion of Iraq, Circassians obtained Ottoman citizenships since 1887, immigrated to Jordan and they selected Amman. They settled in cities such as Jerash and Zarqa, and established their own village. The Circassians are Sunni Muslims and are estimated to number 120,000 persons, or 2% of Jordanian population, there are about 10,000 Chechens estimated to reside in Jordan. Until recently, most Mandaeans were Iraqi, but this religious minority fled the country in the face of violence. The era of king Hussein of Jordan saw increased enrollment rates. At the beginning of his reign in 1952 the literacy rate was 33% and grew to 85% in 1996, according to the 2009 estimate, the following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated
Jordanian people
–
Circassian
horsemanship in
Transjordan, April 1921
Jordanian people
–
The population of Jordan since 1952.
Jordanian people
–
Young girls reading in Amman, Jordan
45.
Economy of Jordan
–
Jordans GDP per capita rose by 351% in the 1970s, declined 30% in the 1980s, and rose 36% in the 1990s. Jordan is classified as an emerging market, after king Abdullah IIs accession to the throne in 1999, liberal economic policies were introduced that resulted in a boom that continued through 2009. Jordan has a banking sector that attracts investors due to conservative bank policies that enabled the country to weather the global financial crisis of 2009. Jordans economy has been growing at a rate of 7% after King Abdullah IIs accession to throne in 1999. As of 2015, Jordan boasts a GDP worth $37.6 USD bn, Jordan has FTAs with the United States, Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, the European Union, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Turkey and Syria. More FTAs are planned with Iraq, the Palestinian Authority, the GCC, Lebanon, the main obstacles to Jordans economy are scarce water supplies, complete reliance on oil imports for energy, and regional instability. Just over 10% of its land is arable and the supply is limited. Rainfall is low and highly variable, and much of Jordans available ground water is not renewable, Jordans economic resource base centers on phosphates, potash, and their fertilizer derivatives, tourism, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. These are its principal sources of hard currency earnings, lacking coal reserves, hydroelectric power, large tracts of forest or commercially viable oil deposits, Jordan relies on natural gas for 10% of its domestic energy needs. Jordan used to depend on Iraq for oil until the American-led 2003 invasion of Iraq, rapid privatization of previously state-controlled industries and liberalization of the economy is spurring growth in urban centers like Amman and Aqaba. Jordan has six special economic zones that attract large-scale investment, Aqaba, Mafraq, Maan, Ajloun, the Dead Sea, Jordan also has a plethora of industrial zones producing goods in the textile, aerospace, defense, ICT, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. In the last few years Jordans economic growth has slowed, averaging around 2%.4 million Syrian refugees, all of this has contributed for the swelling of Jordans public debt, which reached 95% of its GDP in 2016. The regional situation has made Jordan increasingly reliant on foreign aid, according to the World Bank, Syrian refugees have cost Jordan more than $2.5 billion a year, amounting to 6% of the GDP and 25% of the governments annual revenue. Foreign aid covers only a part of these costs, 63% of the total costs is covered by Jordan. This is a chart of trend of gross product of Jordan at market prices by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Jordanian Dinars. For purchasing power parity comparisons, the Jordanian Dinar is exchanged per US dollar at 0.359, Jordans population is 6,342,948 and mean wages were $4.19 per man-hour in 2009. Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a middle income country. Jordan ranked as having the 35th best infrastructure in the world, the Kingdom scored higher than many of its peers in the Persian Gulf and Europe like Kuwait, Israel
Economy of Jordan
–
1 Jordanian Dinar
Economy of Jordan
–
A
recycling project situated a few km outside
Amman. The men who work there are usually
Egyptian immigrants who work for a few hundred pounds a month in a dangerous working environment, full of toxic fumes where they are required to carry out hard manual tasks.
Economy of Jordan
–
Arab Bank headquarters in
Amman
46.
Princess Haya bint Al Hussein
–
Princess Haya bint al Hussein is the daughter of King Hussein of Jordan and his third wife, Queen Alia, and the half-sister of King Abdullah. Princess Haya is the wife of the United Arab Emirates prime minister, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. In addition she engages in a variety of charitable activities, the babys birth coincided with the United Arab Emirates 36th celebration of its National Day, on 2 December. On 7 January 2012, she gave birth to her second child and they are also known as Their Royal Highness in Jordan. Princess Haya began horse riding internationally when she was 13, in 1992 she took the bronze medal in individual Jumping at the seventh Pan Arab Games in Damascus, Syria. and in 1993 was named Jordan’s athlete of the year. Princess Haya was the first woman to represent her native Jordan in international equestrian sport, on 7 June 2008, New Approach, a three-year-old colt owned by Princess Haya, trained in Ireland by Jim Bolger and ridden by Kevin Manning, won the Derby Stakes. On 25 October 2008, her three-year-old colt, Ravens Pass, after being named the European champion 2-year-old in 2007 and winning the 2008 Epsom Derby, New Approach was retired at the end of the 2008 racing season. In 2009, due to her contribution to the equine world, Princess Haya serves as president of the International Jordanian Athletes Cultural Association, which she founded to provide athletes with needed national incentive and support. Princess Haya participated in the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games at Jerez de la Frontera in Spain and she was elected president of the International Equestrian Federation in 2006 for an initial four-year term in the FEIs first contested presidential race. She made history a second time in 2010, becoming the first sitting FEI president to be challenged in a re-election bid and she succeeded, however, in winning a second and final four-year term, receiving 75 percent of the vote to soundly defeat her two European rivals. Nonetheless, during the FEIs campaign to eliminate doping and horse abuse in sport, Princess Hayas husband. Princess Haya ceded presidential powers to a colleague for the FEI disciplinary processes on the matter. She later complained that the issue would be used to injure and damage the reputations of myself, tkiyet Um Ali is intended to expand to reach all Jordanian families with insufficient income to meet basic food needs. In addition, a parallel jobs creation program to help TUA beneficiaries become more self-sufficient was announced—Dar Abu Abdullah, Princess Haya chairs Dubais International Humanitarian City which is the worlds largest operational center for the delivery of aid, both in emergencies and for long-term development. The IHC has also hosted UN and NGO staff evacuated during emergencies, Princess Haya was an ambassador for the World Food Programme 2005-2007, and then appointed a UN Messenger of Peace in July 2007 by Secretary-General Ban-Ky Moon. In August 2012, she supported the 2012 United Nations World Humanitarian Day in Dubai, under Her patronage, Dubai hosted the Global Meeting of the World Food Programme for 2012 and is increasingly a center for United Nations and regional meetings on development and humanitarian aid. She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee
Princess Haya bint Al Hussein
–
Princess Haya (right) congratulating
FEI 2012 award winner Courtney King-Dye
47.
Prince Ali bin Al Hussein
–
Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan is the third son of King Hussein, and the second child of the king by his third wife, Queen Alia. He is also the brother of King Abdullah II. He is a member of the Hashemite family, which has ruled Jordan since 1921, in September 2015, Prince Ali announced his candidacy in the FIFA presidential election following Sepp Blatters resignation. Ali spent his summers in 1984 and 1986 at Camp Agawam in Raymond, Prince Ali began his primary education at the Islamic Educational College in Amman. He continued his studies in the United Kingdom, the United States and graduated from Salisbury School in Connecticut in 1993 and he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom. Ali was commissioned as an officer in December 1994 and was awarded the Brunei Medal for serving in Brunei, before continuing his studies in the United States, he served in the Jordanian Special Forces as a pathfinder, earning his military freefall parachute wings. He completed his education at Princeton University in 1999. Prince Ali is fluent in Arabic, English, and Circassian, in 1998 Prince Ali went on a publicized horseback journey to the Caucasus, from Jordan through Syria and Turkey, to raise awareness of the Circassian diaspora worldwide. The trip traced the path of the exodus that brought the Circassians to Jordan, in 1999, Prince Ali was asked to serve as commander of King Abdullah II′s Special Security in the Royal Guards. He served in capacity until 28 January 2008, when the king entrusted Prince Ali with establishing and directing the National Centre for Security. He is also the chairman of Jordans Royal Film Commission, Prince Ali is president of the Jordan Football Association. He is also the founder and president of the West Asian Football Federation, Prince Ali announced his candidacy for FIFA President, representing Asia, on 7 October 2010. Alis campaign focused on change, football ideals, and uniting and raising the profile of Asian countries, within FIFA, Prince Ali won the election for the position of FIFA vice president, representing Asia at the AFC Congress in Doha, Qatar, on 6 January 2011. As FIFA vice president, Prince Ali served as a member of both the FIFA Executive Committee and the AFC Executive Committee, Prince Ali successfully championed the lifting of FIFAs ban on the hijab in womens football. Ali was one of a number of FIFA officials to call for the publication of the Garcia Report into allegations of corruption surrounding Russia, Ali lost the 2015 FIFA Presidency election to Sepp Blatter after resigning before second round voting took place. Ali finished third in the first round behind Gianni Infantino and Salman Bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa, in the second round, Ali again finished third behind the aforementioned duo, garnering a greatly reduced total of 4 votes. The marriage was celebrated on 7 September 2004
Prince Ali bin Al Hussein
–
Prince Ali during the International Sport Security Conference in
Doha in 2012
48.
Crown Prince
–
A crown prince or crown princess is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a prince is also titled crown princess. The term is now borne as a title mainly in Asia, Scandinavia, and the Middle East, however, heirs apparent to non-imperial and non-royal monarchies, crown prince is not used as a title, although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent. g. Former Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan, compare heir apparent and heir presumptive. In Scandinavian kingdoms, the heir presumptive to the crown may hold a different title than the heir apparent and it is also the title borne by the heir apparent of Liechtenstein, as well as the heir apparent or presumptive of Monaco. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld, reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran. Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia, Egypt, Prince of the Said, meaning Prince of Upper Egypt Persia, Pahlavi dynasty and Qajar dynasty, the full style was Vala Hazrat-i-Humayun Vali Ahd, Shahzada, i. e. His August Imperial Highness the Heir Apparent, Prince, the above component vali ahd meaning successor by virtue of a covenant was adopted by many oriental monarchies, even some non-Muslim, e. g. g. He was not necessarily the son, wonja. Southeast Asian traditions, Siam Makutrajakuman in Thailand since 1886, krom Phrarajawangboworn Sathanmongkol or Phra Maha Uparaja or commonly called Wang Na in Thailand prior to 1886. Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom in Yogyakarta sultanate and Surakarta, Indonesia, raja Muda or Tengku Mahkota in the Malay sultanates of Malaysia. org- here napoleonic section
Crown Prince
–
Throngs before the
Imperial Palace in Japan awaiting the appearance of the Crown Prince
Hirohito for the recent proclamation of his official recognition as the
heir apparent to the
Japanese Imperial Throne -- New York Times, 1916.
49.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
50.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
51.
Berkshire
–
Berkshire is a county in south east England, west of London. It was recognised as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of Windsor Castle by the Queen in 1957, Berkshire is a county of historic origin and is a home county, a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council. Berkshire County Council was the main county governance from 1889 to 1998 except for the separately administered County Borough of Reading, in 1974, significant alterations were made to the countys administrative boundaries although the traditional boundaries of Berkshire were not changed. The towns of Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire, Slough was gained from Buckinghamshire, since 1998, Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham. It borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Surrey, according to Asser, it takes its name from a large forest of box trees that was called Bearroc. Berkshire has been the scene of notable battles through its history. Alfred the Greats campaign against the Danes included the Battles of Englefield, Ashdown, Newbury was the site of two English Civil War battles, the First Battle of Newbury in 1643 and the Second Battle of Newbury in 1644. The nearby Donnington Castle was reduced to a ruin in the aftermath of the second battle, another Battle of Reading took place on 9 December 1688. It was the only military action in England during the Glorious Revolution. Reading became the new county town in 1867, taking over from Abingdon, boundary alterations in the early part of the 20th century were minor, with Caversham from Oxfordshire becoming part of the Reading county borough, and cessions in the Oxford area. On 1 April 1974 Berkshires boundaries changed under the Local Government Act 1972, Berkshire took over administration of Slough and Eton and part of the former Eton Rural District from Buckinghamshire. 94 Signal Squadron still keep the Uffington White Horse in their insignia, the original Local Government White Paper would have transferred Henley-on-Thames from Oxfordshire to Berkshire, this proposal did not make it into the Bill as introduced. On 1 April 1998 Berkshire County Council was abolished under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, unlike similar reforms elsewhere at the same time, the non-metropolitan county was not abolished. Berkshire divides into two distinct sections with the boundary lying roughly on a north-south line through the centre of Reading. The eastern section of Berkshire lies largely to the south of the River Thames, in two places the county now includes land to the north of the river. Tributaries of the Thames, including the Loddon and Blackwater, increase the amount of low lying land in the area. Beyond the flood plains, the land rises gently to the county boundaries with Surrey, much of this area is still well wooded, especially around Bracknell and Windsor Great Park. In the west of the county and heading upstream, the Thames veers away to the north of the county boundary, leaving the county behind at the Goring Gap
Berkshire
–
Windsor Castle, viewed from the Long Walk
Berkshire
–
Berkshire shown within England
Berkshire
–
Aerial view of
Virginia Water Lake on the southern edge of
Windsor Great Park
Berkshire
–
Physical map of Berkshire. From a book called Berkshire, by H. W. Monckton, published by Cambridge University Press, 1911. Map is credited to George Philip & Son, Ltd.
52.
Order of the Star of Jordan
–
The Order of the Star of Jordan or The Order of Hussein ibn Ali is an award and military decoration of the sovereign state of Jordan and is awarded for military or civil merit. It was founded in honour of his father, by King Abdullah I on 22 June 1949, the Grand Cordon class was introduced by King Hussein on 23 September 1967. It is awarded to members of the Royal Family in two classes, the award possesses 5 Grades, plus a medal. These may be awarded to anyone deserving, a Ribbon is issued for members of the military, Dark green with narrow purple edge stripes. Recipients use the postnomials SJ which are altered depending on the awarded, GCSJ for Grand Cordon, GOSJ for Grand officer, CSJ for Commander, OSJ for Officer. Al-Kawkab Al-Urduni is a transliteration of, a given to a shield that is given in Jordan. It is usually given by Head of state King Abdullah to reward extraordinary achievements, usually by military officials and it is given in a ceremony on the Independence Day of Jordan,25 May. The Order of the Star is awarded to members of the Hashemites by convention, col Muhammad Iqbal Sarfraz, Commanding Officer 75 Lt Anti Aircraft Regiment, Pakistan Army. Awarded to the regiment in 1971, Prince Asem bin Al Nayef Prince Rashid bin El Hassan Prince Talal bin Muhammad Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
Order of the Star of Jordan
–
الكوكب الأردني Order of the Star of Jordan
53.
Austria
–
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
Austria
–
First appearance of the word "ostarrichi", circled in red. Modern Austria honours this document, dated 996, as the founding of the nation.
Austria
–
Flag
Austria
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Venus of Willendorf, 28,000 to 25,000 BC.
Museum of Natural History Vienna
Austria
–
"Heidentor" – Remains of the
Roman military city of
Carnuntum
54.
Brunei
–
Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is surrounded by the state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang, Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, the remainder of the islands territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Bruneis population was 408,786 in July 2012, the maritime state was visited by Spains Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castille War. During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline, the Sultanate ceded Sarawak to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906, after the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was written. In 1962, an armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British. Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s, with the GDP increasing 56% from 1999 to 2008, transformed Brunei into an industrialised country. It has developed wealth from petroleum and natural gas fields. Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations, after Singapore, according to the International Monetary Fund, Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries with a debt at 0% of the national GDP. Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182, based on its petroleum, according to legend, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah. He moved from Garang, a place in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary, according to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, Baru nah, from which the name Brunei was derived. He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei, before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah Dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers. It was renamed Barunai in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word varuṇ, the word Borneo is of the same origin. In the countrys name, Negara Brunei Darussalam, darussalam means abode of peace. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill and their colour is whiter than that of the other sort. in this island justice is well administered. One of the earliest Chinese records is the 977 AD letter to Chinese emperor from the ruler of Po-ni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo
Brunei
–
The tomb of a ruler of Po-ni in
Nanjing,
China.
Brunei
–
Flag
Brunei
–
Ahmad Tajuddin, the
27th Sultan of Brunei with members of his court in April 1941, eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei.
Brunei
–
Japanese battleships at Brunei in October 1944.
55.
Denmark
–
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
Denmark
–
The gilded side of the
Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Denmark
–
Flag
Denmark
–
The
Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.
Denmark
–
Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by
Harald Bluetooth.
56.
Egypt
–
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
Egypt
–
The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.
Egypt
–
Flag
Egypt
–
The Greek Ptolemaic queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion at the
Temple of Dendera.
Egypt
–
The 1803
Cedid Atlas, showing
Ottoman Egypt.
57.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
58.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
59.
Luxembourg
–
Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east and its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. It comprises two regions, the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres, it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe, Luxembourg had a population of 524,853 in October 2012, ranking it the 8th least-populous country in Europe. As a representative democracy with a monarch, it is headed by a Grand Duke, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a country, with an advanced economy and the worlds highest GDP per capita. Luxembourg is a member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux, reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic, political. The city of Luxembourg, which is the capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, around this fort, a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors, in the following centuries, Luxembourgs fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons, Habsburgs, Hohenzollerns and the French. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands and this arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London, from which date Luxembourgs full independence is reckoned. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union, the King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III, the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina and this allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there. In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourgs neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France and this allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence, in 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourgs neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, entirely without justification. A government in exile based in London supported the Allies, sending a group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourgs neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, in 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held
Luxembourg
–
Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg city's fortifications
Luxembourg
–
Flag
Luxembourg
–
Photograph of the fortress of Luxembourg prior to demolition in 1867
Luxembourg
–
Luxembourg City: The Passerelle, also known as the viaduct or old bridge, over the
Pétrusse river valley, opened 1861
60.
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
–
The Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau is a chivalric order shared by the two branches of the House of Nassau. In the capacity of the Walram line the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau is the highest Luxembourgian national order and it may be awarded on foreign sovereigns, princes of sovereign houses, and heads of state for meritous service to Luxembourg and the Grand Duke. In the capacity of the Ottonian line the order is an order or dynastic order of the Dutch Royal House of Orange-Nassau. In this case the honour is conferred on a person who have rendered special service to the Royal House, the order was founded by Grand Ducal decree on 31 March 1858 by King-Grand Duke William III. The order originally included only one grade, but this was increased to four by William III in 1873, Grand Cross Grand Officer Officer Knight The further rank of Commander was introduced in 1882. None of the changes made by William III were confirmed by Adolphe, with whom the order was supposed to be shared, when William died without a male heir, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg passed to Adolphe, as dictated by the Nassau Family Pact. Two years later, he abolished the grades that William had created unilaterally, and, to this day, in 1905, Adolphe agreed with Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands to once again share the order between both ruling branches of the House of Nassau. At the present King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands as well Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are joint Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau, the order is awarded only on rare occasions in the Netherlands or Luxembourg. For example, the former Dutch Foreign Secretaries Max van der Stoel, the two Grand Masters made the South African President Nelson Mandela a knight during his state-visit in 1999 to the Netherlands. The knight wears the badge on a sash on the shoulder. The badge of the order is a white-enamelled golden Maltese Cross, the obverse central disc is in blue enamel, bearing the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau. The reverse central disc is also blue enamelled, with the motto Je maintiendrai in gold. The plaque is an 8-pointed star with silver rays, the same obverse of the badge of the order appears at its centre. The ribbon of the sash of the order is yellow-orange moiré with a blue stripe at each edge. The bestowal of the insignia is carried out by the Grand Duke or his specially appointed official representative, the brevet is awarded in agreement with the head of the Ottonian branch of the House of Nassau. Princes being a son or brother of the heads of the two lines of the House of Nassau are born knights of the order, in 1984, Queen Beatrix and Grand Duke Jean made an agreement that princesses receive the order at majority age. Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg received hers on her 18th birthday on 16 February 2009, the Grand-Duke awards the civil and military orders, while observing about this what the law provides. The dispositions taken by the Grand-Duc must be counter-signed by a member of the Government
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
–
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Ordre du Lion d'Or de la Maison de Nassau Huisorde van de Gouden Leeuw van Nassau
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
–
Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg and
The Grand Duke both wearing the insignia of the order. They are accompanied by Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg
61.
Order of Charles III
–
The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III was established by the King of Spain Carlos III by means of the Royal Decree of 19 September 1771, with the motto Virtuti et mérito. Its objective is to people for their actions in benefit to Spain. Since its creation, it has been the most distinguished award that can be granted in Spain. Today the Grand Master of the order is the monarch of Spain, although the Royal Decree of creation was in September 1771, Carlos III did not make public the orders that would regulate the distinction until 24 October. The reason for this lies in the origin of the Order, although the child and various brothers died soon after, Carlos III maintained his agreement, and the number of Crosses given was greatly reduced at the monarchs regret. The orders of creation demanded two requirements, to be worthy and affectionate of His Highness, two classes were created, the Great Crosses and the Pensioners, the monarch being discretional with his authorization, although it was limited to sixty of the former and two-hundred of the latter. In 1783 the classes were expanded to three with that of Supernumerary Knights, whose level of importance was between the previous two, the benefits of the members of the Order were of a different nature, later increasing with Pius VI. The government of the Order became more and more complex, although in truth it was the monarch, the meetings were held in the Church of San Gil in Madrid twice a year, one coinciding with the Immaculate Conception and the other with the Day of the Saints. With Carlos IV of Spain some reforms were made to the dress, in the end, these were abolished by the Napoleonic king. The maximum number of Grand Crosses are limited to one hundred, Knights Collar and Knights Grand Cross of the Order are entitled to be addressed with the style The Most Excellent in front of their name. Other members are entitled to the style of The Most Illustrious, the orders is currently conferred in the following classes, Collar – restricted to 25 Spanish citizens. Grand Cross – restricted to 100 Spanish citizens, commander by Number - restricted to 200 Spanish citizens. There are no restrictions on the number of foreigners that may be appointed to any of the classes, media related to Order of Charles III at Wikimedia Commons
Order of Charles III
–
Order of Charles III
62.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
Sweden
–
A
Vendel-era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities.
Sweden
–
Flag
Sweden
–
A
romantic nationalist interpretation of
Valdemar IV taking control over
Gotland. The final battle outside the walls of Visby in 1361 ended with a massacre of 1,800 defenders of the city.
Sweden
–
Stockholm in mid-17th century
63.
Royal Order of the Seraphim
–
The Royal Order of the Seraphim is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star. Since the reorganization of the orders in 1975, the Order of the Seraphim is only awarded to heads of state. The order has one class with the dignity of Knight. The three above-mentioned Orders together with the Order of Vasa form the Orders of His Majesty the King. A Swedish Knight of the Order of the Seraphim is not referred to as a Knight of the Seraphim, but rather as a Knight and Commander of the Orders of His Majesty the King. This form is used because the Swedish word orden is an old plural form which indicates that a knight has to be a Knight Grand Cross or Knight of at least one of the other Swedish Orders. Foreign Knights are for the greater part Knights of the Order of the Seraphim. A Knight of the Order may be styled Herr + surname, which used to be the style for Swedish secular Knights appointed by the Swedish King. Until 1975 the sons of the Swedish monarch received a version of the orders insignia at their baptism. As part of a reform on orders and decorations, a law was passed in 1974 restricting the conferral of orders to foreign citizens and this law was revised in 1995 to allow members of the Swedish Royal Family to receive the order. That year, on her 18th birthday, Crown Princess Victoria became a member of the order, prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeline likewise became a knight/member of the order on their 18th birthday. Princess Leonore, daughter of Princess Madeleine and Christopher ONeill, was conferred the order at her baptism on June 8,2014. This requirement eventually died out as boards of physicians and other professionals made such supervision by the Knights of the Seraphim anachronistic during the course of the 19th century. It seems reasonable to assume, at very least, that the accounts of these earlier knightly collars influenced the choice of design for the collar of the 1748 order. This medieval custom survived into the period of the Vasa dynasty as well, similarly, John III had bestowed the Order of the Lamb of God in 1569. Queen Christina founded an Order of the Amaranth, although not at her coronation. Because of these orders the first set of statutes described the Order as revived. Also like the French royal orders of chivalry the breast stars of the Swedish orders similarly took the form of silver crosses
Royal Order of the Seraphim
–
The Royal Order of the Seraphim Kungliga Serafimerorden
Royal Order of the Seraphim
–
The smaller badge and sash on infant
Princess Estelle on 22 May 2012
Royal Order of the Seraphim
–
The regular-sized badge and sash on
Prince Daniel
Royal Order of the Seraphim
–
Collar and badge of the Order of the Seraphim.
64.
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
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The orders approximately 25,000 members, known as confrères, are mostly of the Protestant faith, though those of other Christian denominations or other religions are accepted into the order. Except via appointment to government or ecclesiastical offices in some realms, membership is by invitation only. It is a constituent member of the Alliance of the Orders of St John of Jerusalem and its headquarters are in London and it is a registered charity under English law. This was to be achieved by issuing bonds in London to form an army of demobilized British soldiers using readily available. The council was reorganised and the Marquis de Sainte-Croix du Molay became its head, scotsman Donald Currie was in 1827 given the authority to raise £240,000. Anyone who subscribed to the project and all commissioned officers of the army were offered the opportunity of being appointed knights of the order. Few donations were attracted, though, and the Greek War of Independence was won without the help of the knights of the Council of the French Langues and it was headquartered at what Mortara called the Auberge of St. John, St Johns Gate, Clerkenwell. The creation of the langue has been regarded either as a revival of the Knights Hospitaller or the establishment of a new order, on 29 January 1831, in the presence of Philip de Castellane and the Agent-General of the French Langues, Peat was elected Prior ad interim. Sir Robert Peat died in April 1837 and Sir Henry Dymoke was appointed grand prior and re-established contact with the knights in France and Germany, into which the group had by that time expanded. This new entity grew its membership over the three decades and, in 1861, the Duke of Manchester agreed to become its grand prior. Additionally, an associated national hospitaller organisation was formed with a corps of ambulances, Sir Edmund Lechmere purchased St Johns Gate as the orders headquarters two years later, the property was initially leased from Lechmere before the order acquired the freehold in 1887. The name given when first constituted in 1888 as the present order of chivalry by Queen Victorias royal charter was Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in England. Its most recent royal charter was granted in 1955, with a charter issued in 1974. In 1999, the order received special status from the United Nations Economic. The Grand Prior may also appoint a secretary of the order, since the orders royal charter of 1888, the Grand Prior has been appointed by the Sovereign Head and has always been a member of the royal family. All Priors, should not already be in the grade or higher, are made a Knight or Dame of Justice upon their assignment. Knights and Dames receive the accolade from the grand prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes, bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross additionally have the right to be granted heraldic supporters for life. In 2013, the Priory of Kenya and in 2014 the Priory of Singapore were formed, each is governed by a prior and a priory chapter
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
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Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
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Priory of St John at Clerkenwell, London in 1661, by
Wenceslaus Hollar
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
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St John's Gate, 1880
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
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King
George V, Sovereign Head of the order (1910–36)
65.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
66.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
67.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
Twitter
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A blueprint sketch, c. 2006, by
Jack Dorsey, envisioning an
SMS -based
social network.
Twitter
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Twitter's homepage as of August 2015 (only in select countries)
Twitter
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Jack Dorsey, a co-founder and the chairman of Twitter, in 2009
Twitter
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Twitter's San Francisco, California headquarters, as seen from a corner on Market Street
68.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
69.
Alia Al-Hussein
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Alia Baha ud-din Toukan was the Queen consort of Jordan and the third wife of King Hussein of Jordan from her marriage in 1972 until her death in a helicopter crash in 1977. The international airport in Amman is named after her and she was a daughter of Hanan Hashim and Sayyid Baha Uddin Toukan, former Jordanian ambassador to the Court of St Jamess, Italy, Turkey and Egypt. Alia was born in Cairo, Egypt in December 1948 and her father was a Palestinian from Nablus, who had settled in Salt, near Amman. He served King Abdullah I, helped write the Jordanian Constitution and she spent most of her childhood years travelling with her parents during her fathers career in Jordans diplomatic corps, she lived in Egypt, Turkey, London, the United States, and Rome. She attended Church School in London with her brothers, Alaa. She was educated at the Rome Center of Liberal Arts of Loyola University Chicago and she studied political science with a minor in social psychology, and public relations at Hunter College in New York. She was interested in sports and writing, and she wished to be a diplomat, in 1971, she moved to Jordan, where she worked for Royal Jordanian. She was asked by King Hussein bin Talal to oversee the preparations for the first International Water Skiing Festival held in Aqaba in September 1972, Alia married the King in a private ceremony on 24 December 1972, and was titled Queen Alia al Hussein. They had two children, Princess Haya and they also adopted Abir, a 5-year-old Palestinian girl whose mother had been killed by a plane crash at a refugee camp near the Amman airport. Queen Alia founded the Office of the Queen of Jordan and gave it an active, the active role she took in Jordan has been emulated by her successors. She financed social development projects, placing emphasis on women and children. She often made surprise visits to hospitals and national institutions, aiming to raise service standards, alias love of the arts and literature inspired the establishment of libraries throughout the country, including one at the Central Bank of Jordan and another in the King Hussein Medical City. Her interest in the led to the founding of the Haya Cultural Centre for Children, the National Folklore Troupe. It was also instrumental in conceiving the Jerash Festival for the Arts, in 1974, Alia called for women to be granted the right to vote and be elected for parliament. On 4 April 1974, a law was promulgated granting women this right, however, in 1976, Alia received the Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria. Alia died in a crash in Amman, Jordan on 9 February 1977. Ammans principal airport, Queen Alia International Airport, was completed in 1983 and it is located 32 km south of the city and replaced Amman Marka International Airport as the citys main gateway. 25 December 1948 -24 December 1972, Miss Alia Baha ud-din Toukan,24 December 1972 -9 February 1977, Her Majesty Queen Alia, The Queen of Jordan
Alia Al-Hussein
–
Alia Baha ud-din Toukan
Alia Al-Hussein
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Queen Alia (left) with her husband following state dinner with
Betty and
Gerald Ford on 30 March 1976.
70.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
–
Screenshot 2012
71.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
.jpg)
Jordan: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali[18][19][20][21]
Austria: Grand Star of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria[20][24]
Brunei: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Royal Family of Brunei, Special Class[20]
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant[20][25]
Egypt: Grand Cross of the Order of the Virtues, Special Class[20]
France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour[22]
Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[20][22][26]
Luxembourg: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III[27]
Sweden: Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim[20]
United Kingdom: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John[20][22]
Media related to Queen Noor of Jordan at Wikimedia Commons
